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Narrator: a ghostly house
Built for a brutal dictator.
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This is clearly something
That is out of place.
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00:00:10,033 --> 00:00:14,367
This is a very strange design,
And it doesn't really fit.
4
00:00:14,367 --> 00:00:16,233
Narrator:
A colossal piece of engineering
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00:00:16,233 --> 00:00:19,633
Left to rust in the wilderness.
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This huge, metal tunnel
Floating in midair
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Just sort of arches
Down the mountain
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00:00:25,867 --> 00:00:28,067
And disappears into the trees.
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It looks like
It goes on forever.
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It looks like
It goes on forever.
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00:00:31,000 --> 00:00:33,633
Narrator: and towers
Battling violent storms
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00:00:33,633 --> 00:00:35,867
On the edge of the earth.
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00:00:35,867 --> 00:00:38,067
You've got the waves
Of the atlantic ocean
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Crashing beneath,
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00:00:39,800 --> 00:00:42,200
And it's just like at
Any moment,
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They could collapse
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And just fall
Into the water below.
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*
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00:00:54,933 --> 00:00:57,933
Narrator: engineering marvels
Now abandoned.
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Ruins shrouded in mystery.
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Ruins shrouded in mystery.
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Within these decaying structures
Are the echoes of history.
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They speak of death
And destruction,
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But also human ingenuity
And endeavor.
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Each haunted shell
Ready to be unmasked
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And tell its own unique story.
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*
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-- captions by vitac --
Www.Vitac.Com
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Captions paid for by
Discovery communications
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Captions paid for by
Discovery communications
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*
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In the east of
The mediterranean sea
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On the greek island of rhodes
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Is a building that's been
Under attack for decades.
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*
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It's a rather grand,
Impressive mansion,
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But clearly has been abandoned
Or misused
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For a great many years.
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It has been
Meticulously vandalized
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From top to bottom in such a way
And so purposefully
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From top to bottom in such a way
And so purposefully
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00:02:03,167 --> 00:02:04,433
That it suggests
That it was done
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00:02:04,433 --> 00:02:08,500
With a real sense
Of aggression or even hatred.
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00:02:08,500 --> 00:02:11,067
*
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Narrator: high above the towns
And coastline below,
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This building feels
Strangely at odds
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With the rest of the island.
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This is an alpine lodge,
Not something one would expect
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To see on a hot,
Mediterranean island.
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Narrator: this structure is not
Alone in its unfamiliar design.
51
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Narrator: this structure is not
Alone in its unfamiliar design.
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Curiously, next to the house
Itself is an abandoned hotel
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With abandoned barracks.
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And then off in the distance,
Not too far away,
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Is an abandoned village.
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So it's not an isolated case.
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Whatever happened here
In this house
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Also happened
In the surrounding area.
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*
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Narrator:
Hidden away in the woods,
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This building might appear
Insignificant and forgotten,
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But it contains evidence
Of a defining moment
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But it contains evidence
Of a defining moment
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00:03:02,833 --> 00:03:05,867
For rhodes during the 1930s.
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00:03:05,867 --> 00:03:08,967
As local expert
Chorafitis eleftherios
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Knows well.
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It is really unique and it
Was built at a period of time
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Where it was still kind of
A peaceful
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And romantic mixture
Of cultures.
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It's sad because
This kind of thing
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Suddenly is going
To change dramatically.
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Suddenly is going
To change dramatically.
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In a few years' time, everything
Is going to become darker.
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*
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Narrator: over 500 miles
From mainland italy,
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Rhodes sits
Within a group of islands
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Known as the dodecanese
That for 400 years
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Had been under the rule
Of the ottoman empire.
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The strategic advantage that
These islands afford
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Has been coveted for centuries,
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And come the 20th century,
That hasn't changed one bit.
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And come the 20th century,
That hasn't changed one bit.
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00:04:03,300 --> 00:04:08,233
In 1911, italy will go to war
With the ottoman empire,
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And some of the islands
Off the turkish coast
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Are seized by the italians
And become italian territory.
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00:04:16,400 --> 00:04:20,133
*
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Narrator:
Following the first world war,
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Italy fell under the fascist
Leadership of benito mussolini,
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And soon,
Expansion in the mediterranean
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Became a priority.
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00:04:30,000 --> 00:04:31,000
Became a priority.
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00:04:34,700 --> 00:04:37,767
Overlooking
The island and its people,
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This is villa de vecchi,
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A prized possession
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Of the feared
Italian governor of rhodes.
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De vecchi actually was
A very strict ruler.
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00:04:47,867 --> 00:04:52,800
He was a kind of a man that
He wanted to control everything.
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He actually didn't allow
The people
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To talk their own language.
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He forced them
To speak italian.
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You know, all of our grandpas
Speak perfect italian today.
102
00:05:00,000 --> 00:05:01,000
You know, all of our grandpas
Speak perfect italian today.
103
00:05:02,600 --> 00:05:06,433
Here we have this italian
Fascist governor,
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00:05:06,433 --> 00:05:11,733
And he's built his own
Personal palace and castle.
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It's a monument to the vanity
Of what is really
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A small-time,
Petty politician.
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Narrator: begun in the years
Leading up to his arrival,
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De vecchi
Would ultimately leave
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His own mark
On this residence.
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But right from the start,
As every detail shows,
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But right from the start,
As every detail shows,
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This place was built
For the elite.
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00:05:35,267 --> 00:05:38,667
Like every other part of
The house has been designed
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00:05:38,667 --> 00:05:40,933
And made
And constructed in italy.
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00:05:40,933 --> 00:05:44,067
This specific wood, for example,
The beachwood and the parquet
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Was all made in the north
Of italy.
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The materials, the designs,
Everything --
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Completely italian.
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00:05:49,700 --> 00:05:52,933
And the detail,
Very luxurious.
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It has to be somebody
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Who was really number one
On the island, right?
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And that means definitely
A commander,
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00:06:00,000 --> 00:06:01,000
And that means definitely
A commander,
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00:06:01,800 --> 00:06:04,467
A very luxurious person,
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00:06:04,467 --> 00:06:08,067
A very rich person,
Or even a king.
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00:06:08,067 --> 00:06:12,233
Narrator: this italianization
Was also seen in the towns
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And all across the island,
128
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But the villa was the jewel
In the crown.
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00:06:18,467 --> 00:06:21,067
What this villa is saying
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00:06:21,067 --> 00:06:23,600
With its quintessential
Italian design
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00:06:23,600 --> 00:06:25,833
Is that
"This is now the new italy.
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00:06:25,833 --> 00:06:27,467
"Rhodes is really
Important to us,
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00:06:27,467 --> 00:06:30,000
And it's part of our plans
For the future."
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00:06:30,000 --> 00:06:31,000
And it's part of our plans
For the future."
135
00:06:31,467 --> 00:06:34,867
Narrator: as the world sped
Toward the second world war,
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00:06:34,867 --> 00:06:38,767
Mussolini felt rhodes needed
A more domineering governor.
137
00:06:38,767 --> 00:06:42,567
So at this point, de vecchi
Stepped in to rule the land
138
00:06:42,567 --> 00:06:45,767
And add his own finishing
Touches to this project.
139
00:06:45,767 --> 00:06:49,800
He was someone with
An all-together more obsession
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00:06:49,800 --> 00:06:53,067
About power,
More obsession about fascism,
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00:06:53,067 --> 00:06:55,133
More obsession
About being a dictator.
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00:06:55,133 --> 00:06:58,400
And we see that in the refined
Architecture
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00:06:58,400 --> 00:07:00,000
And the additions
That he brought to the villa.
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00:07:00,000 --> 00:07:01,000
And the additions
That he brought to the villa.
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00:07:01,533 --> 00:07:06,067
*
146
00:07:06,067 --> 00:07:09,233
When you come to this point,
Not only that you
147
00:07:09,233 --> 00:07:10,533
Feel the absolute...
[ speaks indistinctly ]
148
00:07:10,533 --> 00:07:13,067
But you can see the whole
Of the coastline --
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00:07:13,067 --> 00:07:17,100
Asia minor, the coastline
Of turkey, the northeast sea,
150
00:07:17,100 --> 00:07:19,100
Actually the city of rhodes.
151
00:07:19,100 --> 00:07:23,567
If I was in his shoes, I would
Feel like zeus above olympus.
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You are the god of the gods,
And this is how he was feeling.
153
00:07:27,133 --> 00:07:29,067
The commander,
The absolute commander.
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He was above all the people.
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He was above all the people.
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00:07:30,867 --> 00:07:31,000
He was the god of them.
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00:07:32,500 --> 00:07:37,200
*
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00:07:37,200 --> 00:07:39,267
Narrator: with war looming
And weaker countries
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00:07:39,267 --> 00:07:41,200
Appearing vulnerable,
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00:07:41,200 --> 00:07:45,067
Mussolini was looking to expand
Italian control east,
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Giving rhodes
An elevated position.
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Any empire requires
Fort operating platforms,
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Staging posts, and bases
From which to consolidate,
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Command and control
The areas away from home.
165
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And for mussolini,
Rhodes was to be that place,
166
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And for mussolini,
Rhodes was to be that place,
167
00:08:02,400 --> 00:08:05,233
Which would act as the area
To command
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00:08:05,233 --> 00:08:10,067
The new eastern roman empire.
169
00:08:10,067 --> 00:08:12,367
Narrator:
So with a new focus on rhodes,
170
00:08:12,367 --> 00:08:15,067
Was this villa actually meant
For someone
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More important than de vecchi?
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*
173
00:08:30,067 --> 00:08:32,567
Narrator: with the italians
Looking to build an empire
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During the 1930s,
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This once lavishly decorated
Villa in occupied rhodes
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Appeared to be
The perfect residence
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For the guiding force
Behind it all.
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This was not just another villa
And in fact,
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Is part of a larger complex.
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Is part of a larger complex.
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There is space for soldiers.
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There is space for visitors.
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00:08:54,100 --> 00:08:56,533
This is clearly
A guarded environment.
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This is somewhere where very
Senior people,
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People like mussolini,
Could be.
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00:09:03,067 --> 00:09:06,300
You can see that there is
A desire
187
00:09:06,300 --> 00:09:11,067
To make rhodes
Into an important center
188
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For the new
Italian fascist empire.
189
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Narrator:
But although de vecchi
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00:09:16,433 --> 00:09:19,633
Had increased
The fascist hold on the island,
191
00:09:19,633 --> 00:09:19,799
Life on rhodes was about
To become even worse.
192
00:09:19,799 --> 00:09:20,000
Life on rhodes was about
To become even worse.
193
00:09:22,933 --> 00:09:27,367
*
194
00:09:27,367 --> 00:09:29,567
The second world war
Swiftly ended
195
00:09:29,567 --> 00:09:33,100
The idea of a new roman empire.
196
00:09:33,100 --> 00:09:37,333
And when the italians
Signed an armistice in 1943,
197
00:09:37,333 --> 00:09:40,500
They were now pitched against
Their former allies,
198
00:09:40,500 --> 00:09:44,833
The nazis, who quickly
Moved in to secure rhodes.
199
00:09:44,833 --> 00:09:49,333
Under the nazis, the amount
Of war crimes, atrocities,
200
00:09:49,333 --> 00:09:49,799
Brutality that the nazis
Will visit on the greek islands
201
00:09:49,799 --> 00:09:50,000
Brutality that the nazis
Will visit on the greek islands
202
00:09:54,833 --> 00:09:56,933
Is pretty horrendous.
203
00:09:56,933 --> 00:10:00,133
They murdered, they executed,
They tortured,
204
00:10:00,133 --> 00:10:03,733
Just to make it really clear,
"We are in charge now."
205
00:10:03,733 --> 00:10:06,767
*
206
00:10:06,767 --> 00:10:08,300
Narrator: following the war,
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00:10:08,300 --> 00:10:10,633
The villa was
Kept ready for the arrival
208
00:10:10,633 --> 00:10:16,533
Of any important figures,
But no one ever came.
209
00:10:16,533 --> 00:10:19,799
And in 1955,
It was abandoned for good.
210
00:10:19,799 --> 00:10:20,000
And in 1955,
It was abandoned for good.
211
00:10:20,500 --> 00:10:27,133
*
212
00:10:27,133 --> 00:10:29,867
While mussolini never set foot
Here and de vecchi
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00:10:29,867 --> 00:10:31,500
Had left the island,
214
00:10:31,500 --> 00:10:34,400
This villa came to represent
Those violent years
215
00:10:34,400 --> 00:10:39,033
Of oppression
And suffered as a result.
216
00:10:39,033 --> 00:10:43,033
Pretty much as soon as the villa
Falls into disuse,
217
00:10:43,033 --> 00:10:44,767
The people take revenge.
218
00:10:44,767 --> 00:10:46,000
They deface it.
219
00:10:46,000 --> 00:10:47,800
They try to humiliate it.
220
00:10:47,800 --> 00:10:49,799
It's their way of getting
A piece back at those
221
00:10:49,799 --> 00:10:50,000
It's their way of getting
A piece back at those
222
00:10:51,533 --> 00:10:53,433
Who had oppressed them.
223
00:10:53,433 --> 00:11:00,667
*
224
00:11:00,667 --> 00:11:03,467
Narrator: in the thick forests
Of west virginia,
225
00:11:03,467 --> 00:11:05,933
Deep in the appalachian
Mountains,
226
00:11:05,933 --> 00:11:10,367
A river snakes through
The formidable new river gorge.
227
00:11:10,367 --> 00:11:14,367
*
228
00:11:14,367 --> 00:11:18,400
You're deep in what feels like
A jungle or a tropical forest
229
00:11:18,400 --> 00:11:19,799
And you're heading into
The middle of nowhere.
230
00:11:19,799 --> 00:11:20,000
And you're heading into
The middle of nowhere.
231
00:11:21,733 --> 00:11:26,067
As you go through the trees, you
See these bits of rusting iron.
232
00:11:26,067 --> 00:11:30,700
There seems to be a scattering
Of abandoned machinery.
233
00:11:30,700 --> 00:11:33,300
And then scattered amongst
All of this machinery
234
00:11:33,300 --> 00:11:36,300
Are foundations of buildings,
Suggesting that, once,
235
00:11:36,300 --> 00:11:41,300
There must have been
Some kind of community there.
236
00:11:41,300 --> 00:11:42,800
Narrator: delving deeper,
237
00:11:42,800 --> 00:11:47,233
Objects all-together stranger
Begin to emerge.
238
00:11:47,233 --> 00:11:49,799
One of the most impressive sites
In the gorge
239
00:11:49,799 --> 00:11:49,800
One of the most impressive sites
In the gorge
240
00:11:49,800 --> 00:11:50,000
Is almost hidden by trees.
241
00:11:51,200 --> 00:11:52,633
You have to get up close to it,
242
00:11:52,633 --> 00:11:56,133
And then you realize
There's this massive structure
243
00:11:56,133 --> 00:11:59,800
Going up the side of the gorge.
244
00:11:59,800 --> 00:12:03,233
This huge, metal tunnel
Floating in midair
245
00:12:03,233 --> 00:12:06,333
Just sort of arches
Down the mountain,
246
00:12:06,333 --> 00:12:08,233
Disappears into the trees.
247
00:12:08,233 --> 00:12:12,500
It looks like
It goes on forever.
248
00:12:12,500 --> 00:12:15,800
Narrator: what is this bizarre
Contraption?
249
00:12:15,800 --> 00:12:18,533
The answer is linked
To a giant of industry
250
00:12:18,533 --> 00:12:19,799
And his stubborn obsession.
251
00:12:19,799 --> 00:12:20,000
And his stubborn obsession.
252
00:12:20,600 --> 00:12:27,533
*
253
00:12:27,533 --> 00:12:30,633
This tale begins
In the mid-19th century
254
00:12:30,633 --> 00:12:33,767
With a man of
Extraordinary ambition.
255
00:12:33,767 --> 00:12:36,800
Born in england and driven
By an american dream,
256
00:12:36,800 --> 00:12:41,167
His name was john nuttall.
257
00:12:41,167 --> 00:12:43,867
The story of john nuttall is
A classic example
258
00:12:43,867 --> 00:12:47,567
Of an ambitious young man who,
From the age of 11,
259
00:12:47,567 --> 00:12:49,799
Was working in the mines,
Saves his money,
260
00:12:49,799 --> 00:12:50,000
Was working in the mines,
Saves his money,
261
00:12:51,200 --> 00:12:54,633
And leaves england to seek
His fame and fortune
262
00:12:54,633 --> 00:12:58,300
In the promised land.
263
00:12:58,300 --> 00:13:02,300
Narrator: tragedy struck soon
After arriving on american soil.
264
00:13:02,300 --> 00:13:03,767
Nuttall's wife died,
265
00:13:03,767 --> 00:13:07,600
Leaving him to tend to their
Three young children alone.
266
00:13:07,600 --> 00:13:10,333
Yet, his thirst for adventure
Was undimmed.
267
00:13:10,333 --> 00:13:12,467
And one night,
He spotted something
268
00:13:12,467 --> 00:13:16,100
That would change his life.
269
00:13:16,100 --> 00:13:18,267
While standing in a tavern,
John nuttall noticed
270
00:13:18,267 --> 00:13:19,799
That they were using
A particular kind of high-grade,
271
00:13:19,799 --> 00:13:20,000
That they were using
A particular kind of high-grade,
272
00:13:22,067 --> 00:13:25,167
Smokeless coal.
273
00:13:25,167 --> 00:13:27,600
Then he discovers that
The railways are gonna be
274
00:13:27,600 --> 00:13:29,700
Coming through and he says,
"You know what?
275
00:13:29,700 --> 00:13:33,767
There's a fortune
To be made here."
276
00:13:33,767 --> 00:13:37,067
Narrator: at one dollar an acre,
Nuttall snapped up
277
00:13:37,067 --> 00:13:41,133
As much of this rugged
Mountainside as he could.
278
00:13:41,133 --> 00:13:43,500
When the chesapeake
And ohio railway line
279
00:13:43,500 --> 00:13:47,500
Was completed through
The gorge in 1873,
280
00:13:47,500 --> 00:13:49,799
John nuttall and the town
Were ready and waiting.
281
00:13:49,799 --> 00:13:50,000
John nuttall and the town
Were ready and waiting.
282
00:13:53,067 --> 00:13:56,833
*
283
00:13:56,833 --> 00:13:59,533
This is nuttallburg.
284
00:13:59,533 --> 00:14:04,167
Its arrival began in an era
Of rapid transformation.
285
00:14:04,167 --> 00:14:05,667
For a millennia,
The new river gorge
286
00:14:05,667 --> 00:14:09,433
Was a wild, natural area,
And then coal was discovered.
287
00:14:09,433 --> 00:14:13,600
It turned into this booming,
Industrial zone with rail lines,
288
00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:18,400
Coal trains rumbling through,
Mines operating day and night,
289
00:14:18,400 --> 00:14:19,799
Towns growing up
Up and down the gorge.
290
00:14:19,799 --> 00:14:20,000
Towns growing up
Up and down the gorge.
291
00:14:21,167 --> 00:14:25,500
*
292
00:14:25,500 --> 00:14:29,533
Narrator: but what made new
River coal so easy to access?
293
00:14:29,533 --> 00:14:31,800
*
294
00:14:31,800 --> 00:14:35,500
The river course cuts through
The appalachian mountains,
295
00:14:35,500 --> 00:14:37,267
Such that it could
Only have been there
296
00:14:37,267 --> 00:14:40,267
Before the mountains
Themselves rose.
297
00:14:40,267 --> 00:14:43,167
The rivers cut down
Through all of the geology,
298
00:14:43,167 --> 00:14:45,067
And in doing so,
It's actually exposed
299
00:14:45,067 --> 00:14:47,533
Four very nicely preserved
Coal seams,
300
00:14:47,533 --> 00:14:49,799
Which makes it
Also easy to get at.
301
00:14:49,799 --> 00:14:50,000
Which makes it
Also easy to get at.
302
00:14:52,333 --> 00:14:57,467
Narrator: easy to access, but
Grueling work for the miners.
303
00:14:57,467 --> 00:15:00,333
This particular layer of coal
Was actually very shallow --
304
00:15:00,333 --> 00:15:03,200
Just 3 1/2 feet deep.
305
00:15:03,200 --> 00:15:07,567
And so the conditions were
Actually really dangerous.
306
00:15:07,567 --> 00:15:11,833
The miners were often just lying
Horizontally on the ground
307
00:15:11,833 --> 00:15:14,367
Just chipping away at the coal.
308
00:15:14,367 --> 00:15:16,800
And the deeper they got,
The more danger there was
309
00:15:16,800 --> 00:15:19,799
Because the ceiling,
Essentially,
310
00:15:19,799 --> 00:15:19,833
Because the ceiling,
Essentially,
311
00:15:19,833 --> 00:15:20,000
Was becoming more
And more fragile.
312
00:15:22,233 --> 00:15:25,200
And if there was a collapse,
They had no way of getting out.
313
00:15:25,200 --> 00:15:27,667
*
314
00:15:27,667 --> 00:15:29,700
Narrator: despite the dangers,
315
00:15:29,700 --> 00:15:32,300
This coal
Was highly profitable.
316
00:15:32,300 --> 00:15:34,533
And though hard to imagine now,
317
00:15:34,533 --> 00:15:38,067
By the time of nuttall's death
In 1897,
318
00:15:38,067 --> 00:15:42,133
The town had developed into
A vibrant and diverse community.
319
00:15:42,133 --> 00:15:44,067
Nuttallburg was the most
Productive mine
320
00:15:44,067 --> 00:15:45,533
In the gorge for a time,
321
00:15:45,533 --> 00:15:48,800
And as such, it attracted
Workers from all over the world.
322
00:15:48,800 --> 00:15:49,799
You had italian-americans,
Eastern europeans,
323
00:15:49,799 --> 00:15:50,000
You had italian-americans,
Eastern europeans,
324
00:15:51,733 --> 00:15:55,233
African-americans,
All working in this area
325
00:15:55,233 --> 00:15:58,833
And in many cases,
Buying land and building homes.
326
00:15:58,833 --> 00:16:01,467
Narrator: but their lives
Were about to change.
327
00:16:01,467 --> 00:16:03,733
A famous pioneer was set
To arrive
328
00:16:03,733 --> 00:16:06,600
And put his own
Unique stamp on the town,
329
00:16:06,600 --> 00:16:10,333
Bringing with him
National attention.
330
00:16:12,100 --> 00:16:19,233
*
331
00:16:19,233 --> 00:16:22,833
Narrator: amongst the thick
Forests of the new river gorge
332
00:16:22,833 --> 00:16:25,767
Is a memorizing tunnel
Of steel
333
00:16:25,767 --> 00:16:28,800
That seemingly floats
Up the mountain.
334
00:16:28,800 --> 00:16:32,233
Its creator was none
Other than henry ford,
335
00:16:32,233 --> 00:16:35,133
Who arrived here in 1920.
336
00:16:35,133 --> 00:16:38,400
When henry ford bought up
Nuttallburg, the reaction --
337
00:16:38,400 --> 00:16:40,367
It was largely dismissive.
338
00:16:40,367 --> 00:16:41,270
In fact, one of the local
Journalists
339
00:16:41,270 --> 00:16:42,000
In fact, one of the local
Journalists
340
00:16:42,533 --> 00:16:45,567
Sarcastically wrote that
He would have been better off
341
00:16:45,567 --> 00:16:48,100
Using the old workings
He had just acquired
342
00:16:48,100 --> 00:16:52,367
For storing auto parts
As opposed to mining.
343
00:16:52,367 --> 00:16:53,767
Narrator:
Some felt the coal seams
344
00:16:53,767 --> 00:16:56,167
Had been largely worked out,
345
00:16:56,167 --> 00:16:58,500
But ford was undeterred.
346
00:16:58,500 --> 00:17:01,900
He wanted to get coal from
The seam hundreds of feet
347
00:17:01,900 --> 00:17:05,200
Above the river corridor
Down to the railway below
348
00:17:05,200 --> 00:17:08,067
In a faster
And more efficient way.
349
00:17:08,067 --> 00:17:10,867
The coal was extremely friable,
Or brittle,
350
00:17:10,867 --> 00:17:11,270
And so it had to be handled
With care,
351
00:17:11,270 --> 00:17:12,000
And so it had to be handled
With care,
352
00:17:12,800 --> 00:17:16,067
So henry ford built
This conveyor belt
353
00:17:16,067 --> 00:17:19,067
To transport it down
To the river.
354
00:17:19,067 --> 00:17:23,367
And that conveyor belt was one
Of the longest in the world.
355
00:17:23,367 --> 00:17:26,367
Narrator: it became the beating
Heart of the town,
356
00:17:26,367 --> 00:17:31,100
As park ranger
David fuerst explains.
357
00:17:31,100 --> 00:17:34,067
This is the most prominent
Feature in the town.
358
00:17:34,067 --> 00:17:35,267
It's the conveyor system,
359
00:17:35,267 --> 00:17:38,100
Which is
The heart of nuttallburg.
360
00:17:38,100 --> 00:17:39,767
And as you look up
The hill here,
361
00:17:39,767 --> 00:17:41,270
You can see it runs 1,400 feet
Down from the mine portal,
362
00:17:41,270 --> 00:17:42,000
You can see it runs 1,400 feet
Down from the mine portal,
363
00:17:43,967 --> 00:17:46,067
Which is above,
Down to the tipple.
364
00:17:46,067 --> 00:17:51,767
And the way it operated was
It carried the coal down a chute
365
00:17:51,767 --> 00:17:54,333
Using what's called
A rope-and-button system,
366
00:17:54,333 --> 00:17:57,733
Which was a very advanced
Technology at that time.
367
00:17:57,733 --> 00:17:59,900
Narrator: this rope-and-button
Conveyor belt
368
00:17:59,900 --> 00:18:03,567
Was part of
A cutting-edge process.
369
00:18:03,567 --> 00:18:08,267
Loaded coal cars exited the mine
And entered the head house.
370
00:18:08,267 --> 00:18:09,467
The cars were dumped,
371
00:18:09,467 --> 00:18:11,270
And the coal transferred
To the conveyor.
372
00:18:11,270 --> 00:18:12,000
And the coal transferred
To the conveyor.
373
00:18:12,733 --> 00:18:15,333
The brittle coal
Was transported downhill
374
00:18:15,333 --> 00:18:19,633
Slowly and gently to avoid
And risk of damage.
375
00:18:19,633 --> 00:18:23,667
At the bottom was the tipple,
Where the coal was sorted
376
00:18:23,667 --> 00:18:26,633
And loaded
Into waiting rail cars.
377
00:18:26,633 --> 00:18:29,433
125 tons of coal were moved
378
00:18:29,433 --> 00:18:33,100
By this efficient system
Every single hour.
379
00:18:33,100 --> 00:18:37,567
So why would ford's high-tech
Venture go down in flames?
380
00:18:37,567 --> 00:18:40,267
At this time,
Henry ford's plant in dearborn
381
00:18:40,267 --> 00:18:41,270
Was turning out model-t cars
At a terrific rate.
382
00:18:41,270 --> 00:18:42,000
Was turning out model-t cars
At a terrific rate.
383
00:18:44,200 --> 00:18:47,400
It took a huge amount of energy
To run what, at the time,
384
00:18:47,400 --> 00:18:50,533
Was one of the largest
Mechanized production facilities
385
00:18:50,533 --> 00:18:53,133
Ever built.
386
00:18:53,133 --> 00:18:56,700
Narrator: ford wanted to control
The supply of this energy,
387
00:18:56,700 --> 00:19:00,233
The fuel that would power
His factories.
388
00:19:00,233 --> 00:19:01,600
Henry ford wants to control
389
00:19:01,600 --> 00:19:04,067
Every aspect
Of the car-making process,
390
00:19:04,067 --> 00:19:06,067
Whether that was
The rubber for tires,
391
00:19:06,067 --> 00:19:08,067
The steel for the body work,
392
00:19:08,067 --> 00:19:11,270
And even the coal
For powering the factories.
393
00:19:11,270 --> 00:19:12,000
And even the coal
For powering the factories.
394
00:19:12,167 --> 00:19:13,933
Narrator:
His desire to monopolize
395
00:19:13,933 --> 00:19:15,933
Every stage of production
396
00:19:15,933 --> 00:19:19,267
Was known as
Vertical integration,
397
00:19:19,267 --> 00:19:21,867
But ford faced
One crucial obstacle.
398
00:19:21,867 --> 00:19:23,667
He bought the mine,
399
00:19:23,667 --> 00:19:26,600
But he couldn't afford
To buy the railroad,
400
00:19:26,600 --> 00:19:30,100
And the railroad was what
He needed to get the coal
401
00:19:30,100 --> 00:19:32,467
To his plant
In dearborn, michigan.
402
00:19:32,467 --> 00:19:34,467
If he couldn't predict exactly
403
00:19:34,467 --> 00:19:36,067
When the deliveries
Were gonna come,
404
00:19:36,067 --> 00:19:37,767
If he couldn't
Control the price,
405
00:19:37,767 --> 00:19:40,433
He realized
That controlling the mine
406
00:19:40,433 --> 00:19:41,270
Really didn't help him
That much.
407
00:19:41,270 --> 00:19:42,000
Really didn't help him
That much.
408
00:19:43,100 --> 00:19:45,667
Narrator: once ford realized
He could neither control
409
00:19:45,667 --> 00:19:47,367
Nor buy the railways,
410
00:19:47,367 --> 00:19:52,867
He swiftly abandoned
Nuttallburg, selling up in 1928.
411
00:19:52,867 --> 00:19:56,333
The mine finally closed
For good in 1958,
412
00:19:56,333 --> 00:20:00,900
And the last of the residents
Of nuttallburg moved away.
413
00:20:00,900 --> 00:20:02,633
They left their homes,
414
00:20:02,633 --> 00:20:05,667
And the forest
And the vegetation
415
00:20:05,667 --> 00:20:08,667
Began to creep back in
And take over once again.
416
00:20:08,667 --> 00:20:11,270
*
417
00:20:11,270 --> 00:20:12,000
*
418
00:20:12,867 --> 00:20:16,033
Narrator: today, the national
Parks service is engaged
419
00:20:16,033 --> 00:20:19,567
In a constant battle with
Mother nature to prevent her
420
00:20:19,567 --> 00:20:23,133
From consuming nuttallburg's
Industrial heritage.
421
00:20:23,133 --> 00:20:24,700
Today, the new river gorge
422
00:20:24,700 --> 00:20:27,633
Has returned to being
A near wilderness.
423
00:20:27,633 --> 00:20:31,667
Most of the visitors are people
Coming to enjoy wild nature,
424
00:20:31,667 --> 00:20:33,767
Rock climbing,
And white-water rafting,
425
00:20:33,767 --> 00:20:35,700
And the mines are silent.
426
00:20:35,700 --> 00:20:39,367
*
427
00:20:39,367 --> 00:20:41,270
Narrator: near the west coast
Of portugal,
428
00:20:41,270 --> 00:20:41,833
Narrator: near the west coast
Of portugal,
429
00:20:41,833 --> 00:20:42,000
High in the hills of sintra
Is a beguiling mix of structures
430
00:20:46,633 --> 00:20:50,600
Set within
A fantastical landscape.
431
00:20:50,600 --> 00:20:57,300
*
432
00:20:57,300 --> 00:20:58,900
The site's a little creepy,
433
00:20:58,900 --> 00:21:04,267
And the thing about it
Is that everything is hidden.
434
00:21:04,267 --> 00:21:05,967
The gardens are large and lush,
435
00:21:05,967 --> 00:21:08,600
But when you start
Walking around them,
436
00:21:08,600 --> 00:21:11,270
Things seem a little strange.
437
00:21:11,270 --> 00:21:12,000
Things seem a little strange.
438
00:21:12,967 --> 00:21:15,100
Gough: the entire place
Is like a labyrinth.
439
00:21:15,100 --> 00:21:18,067
You can go off this direction,
You can go off that direction.
440
00:21:18,067 --> 00:21:22,067
There's too many options for you
To logically sort of figure out.
441
00:21:22,067 --> 00:21:25,567
*
442
00:21:25,567 --> 00:21:30,600
At the center of it all is
A structure like nothing else.
443
00:21:30,600 --> 00:21:34,767
It looks like some kind of
Mythological entry
444
00:21:34,767 --> 00:21:39,067
To the gates of hell
Or the center of the world.
445
00:21:39,067 --> 00:21:40,900
It just feels powerful.
446
00:21:40,900 --> 00:21:41,270
It feels purposeful,
And you just want to descend.
447
00:21:41,270 --> 00:21:42,000
It feels purposeful,
And you just want to descend.
448
00:21:44,600 --> 00:21:47,267
You want to find out
What's down there.
449
00:21:47,267 --> 00:21:48,967
But as you start that journey,
450
00:21:48,967 --> 00:21:52,500
It's absolutely not clear
Where it's going.
451
00:21:52,500 --> 00:21:54,933
So there are still questions
About this place.
452
00:21:54,933 --> 00:21:59,567
We don't have all the answers
To the mysteries here.
453
00:21:59,567 --> 00:22:06,700
*
454
00:22:06,700 --> 00:22:09,933
Narrator: growing in the shadows
Of the enchanting mansion
455
00:22:09,933 --> 00:22:11,270
Of quinta da regaleira,
456
00:22:11,270 --> 00:22:12,000
Of quinta da regaleira,
457
00:22:12,967 --> 00:22:16,133
The gardens have a life
Of their own
458
00:22:16,133 --> 00:22:19,867
And hide a world full of secrets
And surprises.
459
00:22:19,867 --> 00:22:22,433
*
460
00:22:22,433 --> 00:22:23,933
When we walk in the garden,
461
00:22:23,933 --> 00:22:27,067
We are going to see lots of
Contrasts
462
00:22:27,067 --> 00:22:29,900
Between darkness and light,
463
00:22:29,900 --> 00:22:34,500
The green of nature
And the dark stone.
464
00:22:34,500 --> 00:22:38,867
It seems a labyrinth,
Not only the exterior,
465
00:22:38,867 --> 00:22:41,270
But also the tunnel.
466
00:22:41,270 --> 00:22:42,000
But also the tunnel.
467
00:22:42,700 --> 00:22:45,100
Narrator:
So where might this maze end,
468
00:22:45,100 --> 00:22:47,367
And for what strange ritual
469
00:22:47,367 --> 00:22:49,800
May this have been built for?
470
00:22:51,667 --> 00:23:00,067
*
471
00:23:00,067 --> 00:23:03,433
Narrator: hidden beneath
The trees of sintra, portugal,
472
00:23:03,433 --> 00:23:05,267
Is a mysterious private garden
473
00:23:05,267 --> 00:23:08,867
That was under lock-and-key
For most of the last century,
474
00:23:08,867 --> 00:23:11,967
But since its rediscovery,
Different theories
475
00:23:11,967 --> 00:23:14,600
Of what it was used
For have surfaced,
476
00:23:14,600 --> 00:23:18,067
And as local guide
Matilde almesh knows,
477
00:23:18,067 --> 00:23:20,869
With this place, there's always
More than first meets the eye.
478
00:23:20,869 --> 00:23:21,000
With this place, there's always
More than first meets the eye.
479
00:23:23,467 --> 00:23:27,200
There's always something
New to discover,
480
00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:29,667
A surprise in every corner.
481
00:23:29,667 --> 00:23:32,133
A cave or a tunnel
482
00:23:32,133 --> 00:23:36,200
Or something dark
That I didn't see before.
483
00:23:36,200 --> 00:23:37,967
*
484
00:23:37,967 --> 00:23:40,267
Gough: there's pathways
That lead to nowhere.
485
00:23:40,267 --> 00:23:43,400
You turn the corner,
There's a huge tower.
486
00:23:43,400 --> 00:23:46,367
The whole thing feels
Very surreal,
487
00:23:46,367 --> 00:23:50,300
As though it's a dream sequence
From a movie.
488
00:23:50,300 --> 00:23:50,869
*
489
00:23:50,869 --> 00:23:51,000
*
490
00:23:53,567 --> 00:23:57,733
Narrator: the theatrics of this
Environment were no mistake.
491
00:23:57,733 --> 00:24:00,700
Everything here came straight
From the imagination
492
00:24:00,700 --> 00:24:03,333
Of this site's two creators,
493
00:24:03,333 --> 00:24:06,867
Both with something to prove.
494
00:24:06,867 --> 00:24:09,767
It was built by a wealthy man
495
00:24:09,767 --> 00:24:13,500
Called antonio augusto
Carvalho monteiro.
496
00:24:13,500 --> 00:24:17,800
Carvalho monteiro was
The heir of a huge fortune.
497
00:24:17,800 --> 00:24:19,867
Meigs: monteiro worked with
An italian architect
498
00:24:19,867 --> 00:24:20,869
And stage designer
Named luigi manini.
499
00:24:20,869 --> 00:24:21,000
And stage designer
Named luigi manini.
500
00:24:22,567 --> 00:24:25,900
Well, manini must have felt
Like this was the ultimate.
501
00:24:25,900 --> 00:24:28,967
He had a client with
Unlimited amounts of money
502
00:24:28,967 --> 00:24:31,500
Who wanted to build
Some of the craziest,
503
00:24:31,500 --> 00:24:35,967
Most fanciful, most delightful
Stuff ever created.
504
00:24:35,967 --> 00:24:39,300
*
505
00:24:39,300 --> 00:24:42,200
Narrator: born from the melding
Of these two minds,
506
00:24:42,200 --> 00:24:46,967
This masterpiece of curiosity
Was completed in 1910,
507
00:24:46,967 --> 00:24:50,869
And the result was
Something entirely unique.
508
00:24:50,869 --> 00:24:51,000
And the result was
Something entirely unique.
509
00:24:51,367 --> 00:24:56,733
You see a promenade of statues
Of greek and roman gods,
510
00:24:56,733 --> 00:24:58,333
You see a chapel,
511
00:24:58,333 --> 00:25:01,500
You see a waterfall with
Stepping stones.
512
00:25:01,500 --> 00:25:05,767
Everywhere you turn you see
A different fantastical element
513
00:25:05,767 --> 00:25:09,500
Borrowed from history
With no real rhyme or reason
514
00:25:09,500 --> 00:25:13,067
For how it
All hangs together.
515
00:25:13,067 --> 00:25:17,567
Narrator: dramatic, baffling,
And intriguing,
516
00:25:17,567 --> 00:25:18,867
The route through the garden
517
00:25:18,867 --> 00:25:20,869
Continues towards
An unusual rock structure,
518
00:25:20,869 --> 00:25:21,000
Continues towards
An unusual rock structure,
519
00:25:22,733 --> 00:25:27,067
Which seems to reveal
The true purpose of this site.
520
00:25:27,067 --> 00:25:31,900
It's known as
The initiation well.
521
00:25:31,900 --> 00:25:35,233
The well is almost like
An optical illusion.
522
00:25:35,233 --> 00:25:38,967
It's like looking at
A medieval tower in reverse.
523
00:25:38,967 --> 00:25:41,067
Instead of rising up
Into the sky,
524
00:25:41,067 --> 00:25:45,667
It's a staircase that spirals
Down into the earth.
525
00:25:45,667 --> 00:25:49,133
Narrator: this spiraling descent
Into darkness
526
00:25:49,133 --> 00:25:50,869
Makes it apparent
This is all part of a journey,
527
00:25:50,869 --> 00:25:51,000
Makes it apparent
This is all part of a journey,
528
00:25:53,067 --> 00:25:56,767
But to where?
529
00:25:56,767 --> 00:25:58,433
We are at the top
Of the structure
530
00:25:58,433 --> 00:26:01,967
And we need to go down
Nine levels,
531
00:26:01,967 --> 00:26:06,067
And the idea is for us
To find the darkness down there.
532
00:26:06,067 --> 00:26:09,433
You don't really know what you
Are going to find down there.
533
00:26:09,433 --> 00:26:14,300
You don't know if you need to
Go up or if you have an exit.
534
00:26:14,300 --> 00:26:18,333
This is a test to make you
Feel the right way,
535
00:26:18,333 --> 00:26:20,869
To make you listen to your
Instincts, listen to yourself.
536
00:26:20,869 --> 00:26:21,000
To make you listen to your
Instincts, listen to yourself.
537
00:26:23,300 --> 00:26:25,267
Part of the really
Interesting symbolism
538
00:26:25,267 --> 00:26:29,267
Is the fact that there's nine
Levels to the initiation well,
539
00:26:29,267 --> 00:26:31,633
The journey itself,
And the number nine
540
00:26:31,633 --> 00:26:35,800
Is reminiscent of dante's
"Inferno," of dante's hell,
541
00:26:35,800 --> 00:26:40,900
So it's almost a symbolic
Journey to hell and back.
542
00:26:40,900 --> 00:26:42,567
*
543
00:26:42,567 --> 00:26:44,367
Narrator:
The symbols and references
544
00:26:44,367 --> 00:26:48,567
Appear to obscure
The meaning of this journey,
545
00:26:48,567 --> 00:26:50,869
But then one sign starts
To unlock the mystery.
546
00:26:50,869 --> 00:26:51,000
But then one sign starts
To unlock the mystery.
547
00:26:52,800 --> 00:26:56,400
*
548
00:26:56,400 --> 00:27:00,433
Okay, so we end down nine
Circles into the darkness,
549
00:27:00,433 --> 00:27:04,067
And we find a clue
Here on the floor.
550
00:27:04,067 --> 00:27:07,733
At first, it seems
An eight-pointed star,
551
00:27:07,733 --> 00:27:10,933
But it is a compass.
552
00:27:10,933 --> 00:27:13,067
As you continue to look
At the compass,
553
00:27:13,067 --> 00:27:15,967
Another major shape
Jumps out at you.
554
00:27:15,967 --> 00:27:18,833
It's a large cross.
555
00:27:18,833 --> 00:27:20,869
We believe it is
A knights templar's cross,
556
00:27:20,869 --> 00:27:21,000
We believe it is
A knights templar's cross,
557
00:27:21,800 --> 00:27:25,467
And this can be related
To some initiation rites
558
00:27:25,467 --> 00:27:30,433
Or the idea
Of initiation rituals.
559
00:27:30,433 --> 00:27:33,833
Narrator: the knights templar
Were a powerful religious order
560
00:27:33,833 --> 00:27:35,567
In the middle ages
561
00:27:35,567 --> 00:27:39,333
Known for their secret
Initiation ceremonies.
562
00:27:39,333 --> 00:27:43,267
So, that reference suggests this
Is linked to a similar ritual.
563
00:27:43,267 --> 00:27:46,300
*
564
00:27:46,300 --> 00:27:50,500
But if this was all about
Joining a secret society,
565
00:27:50,500 --> 00:27:50,869
Then which one,
566
00:27:50,869 --> 00:27:51,000
Then which one,
567
00:27:52,500 --> 00:27:56,667
And what would be
Discovered inside the tunnels?
568
00:27:58,667 --> 00:28:06,667
*
569
00:28:06,667 --> 00:28:08,433
Narrator: in sintra, portugal,
570
00:28:08,433 --> 00:28:11,833
Carvalho monteiro
And luigi manini
571
00:28:11,833 --> 00:28:16,233
Built a convoluted labyrinth
That's rumored to have been used
572
00:28:16,233 --> 00:28:19,333
As a site
For initiation rituals.
573
00:28:19,333 --> 00:28:21,833
But was this the real purpose?
574
00:28:21,833 --> 00:28:24,333
It seems as if monteiro
And manini,
575
00:28:24,333 --> 00:28:27,776
They wanted their visitors
To rely on their senses.
576
00:28:27,776 --> 00:28:27,900
They wanted their visitors
To rely on their senses.
577
00:28:27,900 --> 00:28:28,000
As you walk through the tunnel,
You can't really see anything,
578
00:28:32,167 --> 00:28:36,467
So you have to use
Your hearing to direct you.
579
00:28:36,467 --> 00:28:39,067
Initiation usually involves
Journey,
580
00:28:39,067 --> 00:28:42,333
And if you go back to some of
The earliest initiatory cults,
581
00:28:42,333 --> 00:28:44,700
They were physical journeys
Through tunnels
582
00:28:44,700 --> 00:28:47,633
Into different spaces
With different experiences,
583
00:28:47,633 --> 00:28:51,333
And here, one gets the sense
That a similar journey
584
00:28:51,333 --> 00:28:56,833
Might be being laid out
For the visitor.
585
00:28:56,833 --> 00:28:57,776
Any visitor brave enough
To venture
586
00:28:57,776 --> 00:28:58,000
Any visitor brave enough
To venture
587
00:28:59,467 --> 00:29:03,067
Toward the sound of the water
Is eventually rewarded
588
00:29:03,067 --> 00:29:06,967
By coming out in this lovely
Garden scene with its waterfall.
589
00:29:06,967 --> 00:29:09,633
*
590
00:29:09,633 --> 00:29:12,600
Narrator: while the journey of
Self-discovery and enlightenment
591
00:29:12,600 --> 00:29:15,867
Seems to be part
Of monteiro's intentions,
592
00:29:15,867 --> 00:29:18,333
If it was meant
For an initiation,
593
00:29:18,333 --> 00:29:23,233
Then into which group
Remains unclear.
594
00:29:23,233 --> 00:29:25,967
Everywhere you look, there's
This wild mishmash of symbolism.
595
00:29:25,967 --> 00:29:27,776
You have pagan symbols, tarot,
You have symbols
596
00:29:27,776 --> 00:29:28,000
You have pagan symbols, tarot,
You have symbols
597
00:29:29,667 --> 00:29:32,500
That are associated
With the knights templar,
598
00:29:32,500 --> 00:29:36,400
Even greek and roman gods.
599
00:29:36,400 --> 00:29:39,100
Narrator: but finally, as
The journey through the garden
600
00:29:39,100 --> 00:29:43,700
Draws to a close, the answer
To what it's all about
601
00:29:43,700 --> 00:29:47,500
Suddenly seems
To appear up ahead.
602
00:29:47,500 --> 00:29:50,500
Gough: so, you find yourself
At the end, in this chapel,
603
00:29:50,500 --> 00:29:52,733
This apparent house of god.
604
00:29:52,733 --> 00:29:54,833
You think,
"All right, this is it.
605
00:29:54,833 --> 00:29:57,776
This is where I'm supposed
To finish my journey.
606
00:29:57,776 --> 00:29:57,967
This is where I'm supposed
To finish my journey.
607
00:29:57,967 --> 00:29:58,000
It's all about god."
608
00:30:00,133 --> 00:30:02,200
Narrator:
Or perhaps, once again,
609
00:30:02,200 --> 00:30:05,633
The real meaning
Isn't so clear.
610
00:30:05,633 --> 00:30:09,867
This is no ordinary chapel.
611
00:30:09,867 --> 00:30:15,067
It's full of symbols that
Can have different meanings.
612
00:30:15,067 --> 00:30:16,900
Gough: one of the symbols
You notice right away
613
00:30:16,900 --> 00:30:18,367
Is the all-seeing eye.
614
00:30:18,367 --> 00:30:20,333
Now, of course,
That's a masonic symbol
615
00:30:20,333 --> 00:30:24,767
That says the eye of god
Is always watching.
616
00:30:24,767 --> 00:30:27,167
Narrator: but there is
Another interpretation
617
00:30:27,167 --> 00:30:27,776
Of what this could be linked to.
618
00:30:27,776 --> 00:30:28,000
Of what this could be linked to.
619
00:30:29,200 --> 00:30:33,667
The ropes around it,
A reference to freemasonry,
620
00:30:33,667 --> 00:30:38,633
Or a reference to the portuguese
Cavalries in the 16th century,
621
00:30:38,633 --> 00:30:42,867
Representing the vessels.
622
00:30:42,867 --> 00:30:44,733
Narrator:
While the freemasons are known
623
00:30:44,733 --> 00:30:47,267
For their initiation ceremonies
624
00:30:47,267 --> 00:30:51,333
And their use of a symbol
Of a rope or tow-line,
625
00:30:51,333 --> 00:30:53,667
The alternative
Maritime use of ropes
626
00:30:53,667 --> 00:30:57,200
Could be the key to
What monteiro was really up to.
627
00:30:57,200 --> 00:30:57,776
It may, of course, have nothing
To do with initiation at all.
628
00:30:57,776 --> 00:30:58,000
It may, of course, have nothing
To do with initiation at all.
629
00:31:01,667 --> 00:31:03,067
At the time it was built,
630
00:31:03,067 --> 00:31:05,533
Portugal was going through
Many changes.
631
00:31:05,533 --> 00:31:08,967
Those could have been felt
As very unstable times
632
00:31:08,967 --> 00:31:11,767
By someone like
The builder of this place,
633
00:31:11,767 --> 00:31:15,633
And he may well have been trying
To hark back to a time
634
00:31:15,633 --> 00:31:17,233
When things felt
A little more certain,
635
00:31:17,233 --> 00:31:21,100
When portugal was a stronger,
More international country.
636
00:31:21,100 --> 00:31:24,767
This may simply be
A reaffirmation of the solidity
637
00:31:24,767 --> 00:31:26,933
Of the portugal he remembered
638
00:31:26,933 --> 00:31:27,776
Rather than anything
Remotely arcane.
639
00:31:27,776 --> 00:31:28,000
Rather than anything
Remotely arcane.
640
00:31:31,133 --> 00:31:32,567
Narrator:
Following the assassination
641
00:31:32,567 --> 00:31:35,500
Of the portuguese king in 1908,
642
00:31:35,500 --> 00:31:38,967
The old order
Was being ripped up.
643
00:31:38,967 --> 00:31:42,500
For an aging, wealthy monarchist
Like monteiro,
644
00:31:42,500 --> 00:31:44,967
Perhaps this was his own
Elaborate,
645
00:31:44,967 --> 00:31:48,300
But private tribute
To a lost world.
646
00:31:48,300 --> 00:31:53,167
He tried to represent here
His ideals, his beliefs.
647
00:31:53,167 --> 00:31:55,500
That is why when we walk
Around the garden,
648
00:31:55,500 --> 00:31:57,776
And when we visit the chapel
And the palace,
649
00:31:57,776 --> 00:31:58,000
And when we visit the chapel
And the palace,
650
00:31:58,667 --> 00:32:02,433
It's like to take a glimpse
Into carvalho monteiro's mind.
651
00:32:02,433 --> 00:32:05,667
*
652
00:32:05,667 --> 00:32:09,067
Narrator: following monteiro's
Death in 1920,
653
00:32:09,067 --> 00:32:11,767
The house
And gardens were sold,
654
00:32:11,767 --> 00:32:14,233
And the initiation
Well forgotten about
655
00:32:14,233 --> 00:32:17,100
For the next 75 years.
656
00:32:17,100 --> 00:32:26,667
*
657
00:32:26,667 --> 00:32:27,776
Gough: this appears to be
An initiation center.
658
00:32:27,776 --> 00:32:28,000
Gough: this appears to be
An initiation center.
659
00:32:29,233 --> 00:32:32,067
But guess what?
We might be wrong.
660
00:32:32,067 --> 00:32:34,467
Monteiro, he never
Wrote it down,
661
00:32:34,467 --> 00:32:37,167
But what we do know,
Its real purpose,
662
00:32:37,167 --> 00:32:38,867
He's taken it to the grave.
663
00:32:38,867 --> 00:32:44,633
*
664
00:32:44,633 --> 00:32:46,367
Narrator:
Along the rugged coastline
665
00:32:46,367 --> 00:32:49,233
Of cornwall
In southwest england
666
00:32:49,233 --> 00:32:52,267
Is a stark and dramatic sight.
667
00:32:52,267 --> 00:32:57,776
*
668
00:32:57,776 --> 00:32:58,000
*
669
00:32:58,433 --> 00:33:00,533
It's an abandoned, isolated,
670
00:33:00,533 --> 00:33:03,633
But quite beautiful scene
Of these derelict buildings
671
00:33:03,633 --> 00:33:07,633
On top of these high,
Craggy cliffs with the vast,
672
00:33:07,633 --> 00:33:11,433
Crashing waves down below.
673
00:33:11,433 --> 00:33:14,500
Narrator: beneath the lush,
Green hills above,
674
00:33:14,500 --> 00:33:20,333
Man-made structures
Emerge from the rock face.
675
00:33:20,333 --> 00:33:21,733
It's all a bit dramatic.
676
00:33:21,733 --> 00:33:25,133
You've got these big structures
677
00:33:25,133 --> 00:33:27,776
Precariously balanced
On this clifftop.
678
00:33:27,776 --> 00:33:27,900
Precariously balanced
On this clifftop.
679
00:33:27,900 --> 00:33:28,000
You've got the waves
Of the atlantic ocean
680
00:33:30,300 --> 00:33:31,533
Crashing beneath.
681
00:33:31,533 --> 00:33:34,067
And it's just like at any time,
682
00:33:34,067 --> 00:33:38,433
These structures
Could fall into the sea.
683
00:33:38,433 --> 00:33:41,700
It's a startling and quite
Dramatic juxtaposition
684
00:33:41,700 --> 00:33:45,467
Between this rolling,
Gentle, calming,
685
00:33:45,467 --> 00:33:48,267
Poldark countryside
Just in land,
686
00:33:48,267 --> 00:33:53,200
And then this rough,
Violent, industrial scene.
687
00:33:53,200 --> 00:33:56,400
Narrator: a mixture of towers
And cavernous ruins
688
00:33:56,400 --> 00:33:57,776
Litter the hilltops.
689
00:33:57,776 --> 00:33:58,000
Litter the hilltops.
690
00:33:58,533 --> 00:33:59,700
The buildings themselves look
691
00:33:59,700 --> 00:34:02,133
So precarious
On the edge of the cliffs,
692
00:34:02,133 --> 00:34:04,733
And you really wonder "Why would
You need them to be there?
693
00:34:04,733 --> 00:34:06,233
They're not lighthouses."
694
00:34:06,233 --> 00:34:07,700
So were they getting something
For the sea?
695
00:34:07,700 --> 00:34:10,367
What was the reason for them
Being so close
696
00:34:10,367 --> 00:34:11,567
On the water's edge?
697
00:34:11,567 --> 00:34:17,433
*
698
00:34:17,433 --> 00:34:20,133
Narrator:
These structures stand defiantly
699
00:34:20,133 --> 00:34:22,567
Over the atlantic ocean,
700
00:34:22,567 --> 00:34:26,733
Yet the peaceful tranquility
Today is in stark contrast
701
00:34:26,733 --> 00:34:27,776
To the scene
Witnessed here centuries ago.
702
00:34:27,776 --> 00:34:28,000
To the scene
Witnessed here centuries ago.
703
00:34:30,200 --> 00:34:34,967
This was once at the center of
Cornwall's rich mining heritage.
704
00:34:34,967 --> 00:34:37,267
*
705
00:34:37,267 --> 00:34:39,400
Working in these mines
Would have just been
706
00:34:39,400 --> 00:34:41,600
An assault on the senses.
707
00:34:41,600 --> 00:34:44,900
It's a cacophony of noises.
708
00:34:44,900 --> 00:34:49,067
This would have been victorian
Industry at its most intense --
709
00:34:49,067 --> 00:34:51,800
The noise of the stamps
Crushing the tin ore
710
00:34:51,800 --> 00:34:55,067
Of the vast chains
Hauling the carts.
711
00:34:55,067 --> 00:34:56,733
This was an extraordinary
712
00:34:56,733 --> 00:34:57,776
Industrial hive of activity.
713
00:34:57,776 --> 00:34:58,000
Industrial hive of activity.
714
00:35:01,133 --> 00:35:03,433
Narrator:
Glimpses of powerful machinery
715
00:35:03,433 --> 00:35:05,833
Inside remaining stone towers
716
00:35:05,833 --> 00:35:10,633
Pay homage
To this mighty industrial past.
717
00:35:10,633 --> 00:35:14,333
This is botallack and levant,
718
00:35:14,333 --> 00:35:18,600
Two neighboring mines
On cornwall's wild tin coast,
719
00:35:18,600 --> 00:35:23,167
The site of tin and copper
Mining since roman times.
720
00:35:23,167 --> 00:35:27,776
These, however,
Are no ordinary mines.
721
00:35:27,776 --> 00:35:28,000
These, however,
Are no ordinary mines.
722
00:35:28,267 --> 00:35:30,533
What I love about
These structures
723
00:35:30,533 --> 00:35:34,567
Is they give a glorious window
724
00:35:34,567 --> 00:35:38,300
Into an incredible feat
Of victorian engineering.
725
00:35:38,300 --> 00:35:41,933
*
726
00:35:41,933 --> 00:35:44,700
Narrator: but why were
They built on the precipice,
727
00:35:44,700 --> 00:35:50,200
And what catastrophes brought
Them crashing down to earth?
728
00:35:52,133 --> 00:35:59,100
*
729
00:35:59,100 --> 00:36:03,267
Narrator: by the mid-1700s,
These two mines had established
730
00:36:03,267 --> 00:36:07,533
Themselves firmly on
The tin and copper mining map,
731
00:36:07,533 --> 00:36:10,733
But these weren't just
Your typical mine shafts,
732
00:36:10,733 --> 00:36:12,833
As illuminated by
Charlotte tomlinson
733
00:36:12,833 --> 00:36:15,267
Of the national trust.
734
00:36:15,267 --> 00:36:17,433
Tomlinson: this shaft is where
The skips came up.
735
00:36:17,433 --> 00:36:20,733
It's about 2,000 feet down,
And then it does go out
736
00:36:20,733 --> 00:36:21,382
Into the sea
About a kilometer as well.
737
00:36:21,382 --> 00:36:22,000
Into the sea
About a kilometer as well.
738
00:36:24,467 --> 00:36:26,333
What's incredible
About these mines is
739
00:36:26,333 --> 00:36:28,133
They weren't mining land.
740
00:36:28,133 --> 00:36:33,400
They were mining under the sea
And half a mile out at sea.
741
00:36:33,400 --> 00:36:36,333
Narrator:
These are submarine mines,
742
00:36:36,333 --> 00:36:38,267
Workings that follow seams
743
00:36:38,267 --> 00:36:42,467
Of precious minerals
Out under the seabed.
744
00:36:42,467 --> 00:36:45,100
Scott: so the way these mines
Worked was you would start
745
00:36:45,100 --> 00:36:46,333
By digging vertically,
746
00:36:46,333 --> 00:36:48,267
And you'd dig down
In a mine shaft,
747
00:36:48,267 --> 00:36:50,133
And then you'd start
Digging horizontally,
748
00:36:50,133 --> 00:36:51,382
And you'd just keep on digging.
749
00:36:51,382 --> 00:36:52,000
And you'd just keep on digging.
750
00:36:52,367 --> 00:36:55,367
But obviously, these places
Were full of water,
751
00:36:55,367 --> 00:36:57,233
And that's where
The beam engine came in
752
00:36:57,233 --> 00:36:59,267
'cause it would pump
The water out
753
00:36:59,267 --> 00:37:03,167
So you could access
The rock face.
754
00:37:03,167 --> 00:37:04,933
Narrator:
Beam engines were designed
755
00:37:04,933 --> 00:37:07,633
And developed
In the early 1700s
756
00:37:07,633 --> 00:37:10,767
Specially to remove flood water
From cornwall's
757
00:37:10,767 --> 00:37:12,967
Deep water mines.
758
00:37:12,967 --> 00:37:14,767
A form of steam engine,
759
00:37:14,767 --> 00:37:17,533
An overhead beam
Would pivot up and down,
760
00:37:17,533 --> 00:37:20,367
Applying force
From a vertical position.
761
00:37:20,367 --> 00:37:21,382
The driving motion of this
Piston powered a water pump
762
00:37:21,382 --> 00:37:22,000
The driving motion of this
Piston powered a water pump
763
00:37:23,967 --> 00:37:28,667
Using the pressure of steam
And atmospheric pressure.
764
00:37:28,667 --> 00:37:32,833
The miners could then
Continue their perilous work.
765
00:37:32,833 --> 00:37:34,167
And so, you could imagine,
You know,
766
00:37:34,167 --> 00:37:35,433
Particularly in the early days,
767
00:37:35,433 --> 00:37:38,467
They're just using,
You know, sheer brute force
768
00:37:38,467 --> 00:37:41,433
To break the rocks open
With pickaxes
769
00:37:41,433 --> 00:37:44,533
And a bit later with dynamite --
770
00:37:44,533 --> 00:37:46,900
You know, going deep down
771
00:37:46,900 --> 00:37:48,767
But then
Going out with sea above you.
772
00:37:48,767 --> 00:37:51,382
That's a really dangerous
And precarious thing to do.
773
00:37:51,382 --> 00:37:52,000
That's a really dangerous
And precarious thing to do.
774
00:37:52,833 --> 00:37:56,233
Narrator: despite the dangers,
The market value of tin
775
00:37:56,233 --> 00:37:59,733
Ensured healthy profits
For the owners.
776
00:37:59,733 --> 00:38:01,933
The value of tin at the time
777
00:38:01,933 --> 00:38:05,467
Meant that more risks
Were being taken.
778
00:38:05,467 --> 00:38:09,067
People would go to further
And further lengths
779
00:38:09,067 --> 00:38:13,200
To be able
To extract that metal.
780
00:38:13,200 --> 00:38:18,433
Narrator: and that meant pushing
Further and further out to sea.
781
00:38:18,433 --> 00:38:21,067
Now, remember, this is back
In the 18th century.
782
00:38:21,067 --> 00:38:21,382
We don't have the mechanical
Air drills,
783
00:38:21,382 --> 00:38:22,000
We don't have the mechanical
Air drills,
784
00:38:23,400 --> 00:38:26,233
We don't have
The tunneling machines.
785
00:38:26,233 --> 00:38:30,833
These are people working by hand
With chisel, hammers,
786
00:38:30,833 --> 00:38:33,600
And gunpowder.
787
00:38:33,600 --> 00:38:35,067
Narrator: for the miners,
788
00:38:35,067 --> 00:38:38,067
Every day meant
Descending into the depths
789
00:38:38,067 --> 00:38:40,100
And praying.
790
00:38:40,100 --> 00:38:42,200
This was very dangerous work
791
00:38:42,200 --> 00:38:44,100
And long
Before health and safety.
792
00:38:44,100 --> 00:38:46,733
The human casualty toll
Was high,
793
00:38:46,733 --> 00:38:49,867
Not only from the natural
Dangers --
794
00:38:49,867 --> 00:38:51,382
Falling rocks, injuries,
Disasters, accidents --
795
00:38:51,382 --> 00:38:52,000
Falling rocks, injuries,
Disasters, accidents --
796
00:38:53,633 --> 00:38:55,933
But also the long-term effects
797
00:38:55,933 --> 00:39:00,100
Of working
In such toxic environments.
798
00:39:00,100 --> 00:39:02,200
It was dark and dirty and hot,
799
00:39:02,200 --> 00:39:06,467
And the effects on their health
Of working underground were bad,
800
00:39:06,467 --> 00:39:08,633
And they had
Very short lifespans.
801
00:39:08,633 --> 00:39:11,467
They didn't really live past
30 quite often.
802
00:39:11,467 --> 00:39:14,800
That was the usual life
Expectancy of a miner.
803
00:39:14,800 --> 00:39:20,300
*
804
00:39:20,300 --> 00:39:21,382
Narrator: in the early 1800s,
805
00:39:21,382 --> 00:39:22,000
Narrator: in the early 1800s,
806
00:39:22,300 --> 00:39:26,067
A pumping engine was set up
At the base of the cliffs.
807
00:39:26,067 --> 00:39:28,567
These mines became
A hotbed of action,
808
00:39:28,567 --> 00:39:31,933
Producing tin, copper,
And arsenic
809
00:39:31,933 --> 00:39:36,067
With hundreds of women
And children working on-site.
810
00:39:36,067 --> 00:39:39,300
Botallack alone dumped
A staggering 1.5 million
811
00:39:39,300 --> 00:39:41,800
Tons of waste into the sea,
812
00:39:41,800 --> 00:39:44,467
Dyeing it a distinctive
Red color.
813
00:39:44,467 --> 00:39:46,833
As the industrial revolution
Roared into
814
00:39:46,833 --> 00:39:50,533
The mid-19th century,
New technology was introduced
815
00:39:50,533 --> 00:39:51,382
To streamline production
Even further.
816
00:39:51,382 --> 00:39:52,000
To streamline production
Even further.
817
00:39:53,433 --> 00:39:55,100
In 1865,
818
00:39:55,100 --> 00:39:59,900
Botallack became the center
Of national attention.
819
00:39:59,900 --> 00:40:02,633
At botallack, they had installed
A new winding engine,
820
00:40:02,633 --> 00:40:05,767
And it was so cutting-edge
And so innovative
821
00:40:05,767 --> 00:40:07,767
That the prince of wales
And his wife,
822
00:40:07,767 --> 00:40:10,300
The future king edward vii
And queen alexandra,
823
00:40:10,300 --> 00:40:11,600
Came to visit,
824
00:40:11,600 --> 00:40:14,600
And they went down the shaft
In the winding engine.
825
00:40:14,600 --> 00:40:18,500
This became such a topic of note
And such a tourist attraction
826
00:40:18,500 --> 00:40:21,382
That the mine was even able
To charge visitors a guinea
827
00:40:21,382 --> 00:40:21,467
That the mine was even able
To charge visitors a guinea
828
00:40:21,467 --> 00:40:22,000
To come in and look around.
829
00:40:24,767 --> 00:40:28,667
Narrator: this new technology
Vastly increased the speed
830
00:40:28,667 --> 00:40:33,600
And efficiency of moving men
In and out of the mine shafts,
831
00:40:33,600 --> 00:40:37,867
Yet dark days loomed
On the horizon.
832
00:40:37,867 --> 00:40:42,167
In the late 19th century,
Falling tin and copper prices
833
00:40:42,167 --> 00:40:44,400
Hit this region hard.
834
00:40:44,400 --> 00:40:48,267
Most of the mines closed,
Among them botallack,
835
00:40:48,267 --> 00:40:51,382
Which fell silent in 1895.
836
00:40:51,382 --> 00:40:52,000
Which fell silent in 1895.
837
00:40:52,600 --> 00:40:56,600
Then, in 1919,
Disaster struck at levant.
838
00:40:56,600 --> 00:40:58,033
The engine that powered men
839
00:40:58,033 --> 00:41:02,300
Up and down the main shaft
Gave way.
840
00:41:02,300 --> 00:41:04,767
A link between the rod
And the engine snapped,
841
00:41:04,767 --> 00:41:07,300
Sending 31 men
Plummeting to their deaths
842
00:41:07,300 --> 00:41:09,300
At the bottom of the shaft,
843
00:41:09,300 --> 00:41:13,067
And that led to the eventual
Decline of the mine,
844
00:41:13,067 --> 00:41:14,700
From which it never recovered.
845
00:41:14,700 --> 00:41:20,933
*
846
00:41:20,933 --> 00:41:21,382
*
847
00:41:21,382 --> 00:41:22,000
*
848
00:41:26,567 --> 00:41:30,333
Narrator: today, botallack
Is a world heritage site,
849
00:41:30,333 --> 00:41:33,067
And while the age of tin
May be over,
850
00:41:33,067 --> 00:41:36,400
The beam engine at levant
Has been lovingly restored,
851
00:41:36,400 --> 00:41:41,900
And tourists can now see this
Mighty engine in use once again.
852
00:41:41,900 --> 00:41:44,500
Tomlinson: I think levant
As a site is unique
853
00:41:44,500 --> 00:41:46,633
Because it's got
The working beam engine
854
00:41:46,633 --> 00:41:48,700
In its original place.
855
00:41:48,700 --> 00:41:51,382
Essentially, it could be doing
The job that it was doing,
856
00:41:51,382 --> 00:41:51,633
Essentially, it could be doing
The job that it was doing,
857
00:41:51,633 --> 00:41:52,000
You know, 178 years ago,
858
00:41:54,100 --> 00:41:56,933
And they can see
That working in action.
859
00:41:56,933 --> 00:42:03,800
*
67803
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