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Narrator: the remains of a
Sinister walled complex
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Lost to the freezing waters...
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Why was this area flooded?
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00:00:08,867 --> 00:00:11,467
What did it used to be?
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Narrator:
...A forgotten passageway
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Leading into the
Depths of a mountain
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Baffles anyone
Who may happen by...
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This gaping hole
In the rock face
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That looks like some kind of
Entrance into the underworld.
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Narrator: ...And strange
Military structures
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Hidden in
A snow-covered forest...
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Hidden in
A snow-covered forest...
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Caldwell-evans:
There's something not quite
Right about this structure.
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At first sight, you think
You know what it is.
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And then when you get closer,
It doesn't quite add up.
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*
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Narrator: once, they were some
Of the most advanced structures
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And facilities on the planet,
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At the cutting edge
Of design and construction.
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Today, they stand abandoned,
Contaminated,
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And sometimes deadly.
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00:00:56,567 --> 00:00:58,867
But who built them?
And how?
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And why were they abandoned?
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And why were they abandoned?
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-- captions by vitac --
Www.Vitac.Com
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Captions paid for by
Discovery communications
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*
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*
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In estonia, an eastern
European country
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Formerly occupied
By communist russia,
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Is a complex with
A troubled past.
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*
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*
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It's a sprawling,
Guarded compound
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Partly immersed in the
Freezing lake next to it.
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Gough:
This is such a curious site.
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There's this lovely lake.
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Only one problem --
There's big concrete structures
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In the middle of the lake.
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Jerram: what you see is
This weird landscape
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Nature's essentially
Kind of taken over.
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Nature's essentially
Kind of taken over.
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The way they sit there,
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00:02:03,200 --> 00:02:06,600
There's almost something
Apocalyptic about them.
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Narrator: in the depths of the
Lake is a bizarre sight --
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Forgotten machinery,
Lengths of barbed wire,
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And walls topped
With floodlights.
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The building's
Scrawled in graffiti,
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Juts imposingly out of the lake,
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And a hill that looks
Strangely out of place
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In what is otherwise
Very flat terrain.
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In what is otherwise
Very flat terrain.
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Narrator: sharp veins carved
Out of the steep slope
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Lead up to a tree-covered
Ridge high above.
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Could they give a clue as
To why these structures
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Have been left
To just crumble away?
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It was not a place
Anybody wanted to be.
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*
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00:02:53,933 --> 00:02:55,400
Narrator:
The answers are linked
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To the decades that followed
The 1940 occupation of estonia
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To the decades that followed
The 1940 occupation of estonia
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By communist russia.
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00:03:01,667 --> 00:03:05,567
The soviets were implementing
Huge infrastructure projects
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Across their empire,
But this created
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A desperate need
For construction materials,
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And this partly submerged
Site was vital to the answer.
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This is murru prison.
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00:03:21,533 --> 00:03:22,967
But how was this site linked
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To the soviet's search
For construction materials?
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00:03:28,767 --> 00:03:30,000
When the soviet union
Begins to occupy
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When the soviet union
Begins to occupy
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The baltic regions and estonia,
In particular,
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It gets really
Ugly very quickly.
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00:03:39,700 --> 00:03:44,433
Anyone who voices
Opposition to the soviets,
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More often than not,
They're put into a prison.
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This was one of the
Most oppressive prisons
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In all of europe.
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It was not a place
Anybody wanted to be.
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00:03:58,233 --> 00:04:00,000
The prisoners lived and
Worked in inhumane conditions
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The prisoners lived and
Worked in inhumane conditions
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00:04:02,500 --> 00:04:04,500
And were treated harshly.
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*
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Gough: it was a place where you
Were put as punishment,
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And the punishment
Was very severe.
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Narrator:
But in soviet russia,
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Prisons weren't just used
To lock up inmates.
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They were brutal places
Of hard labor.
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So, what did they need
An army of workers for
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So, what did they need
An army of workers for
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Here at murru prison?
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Gough: this part of estonia
Is really famous
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For its limestone quarries
That produce this material
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That was really easy to process.
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Jerram: pure ones have this
Kind of marble-like quality.
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They're very light in color.
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They don't have many impurities.
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And it means when you want to
Use them for things like cement
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00:04:54,533 --> 00:04:56,567
And when you want to use them
In the paper industry and so on,
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They're the ideal
Type of limestone.
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They're the ideal
Type of limestone.
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Narrator:
It may not look like much now,
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But in 1938, a quarry
Was built here at murru prison.
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Its aim was simple -- to dig
For vast amounts of limestone.
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And the size of
This strange hill
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00:05:18,167 --> 00:05:23,967
Is a clear sign that this
Was a huge operation.
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00:05:23,967 --> 00:05:26,867
In terms of mining,
A slag heap is essentially
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00:05:26,867 --> 00:05:28,767
The rocks that you don't want,
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00:05:28,767 --> 00:05:30,000
And so as you process
The rocks and mine them,
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00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:30,700
And so as you process
The rocks and mine them,
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If you've got an area
Which you're collecting
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00:05:32,767 --> 00:05:34,667
And say 50% of
The rocks are good
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00:05:34,667 --> 00:05:38,933
And the stuff that you want,
And the rest is really rubbish,
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If the mine has a
Long life to it,
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These slag piles can be
Almost like small mountains.
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*
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Narrator: but without giving
The inmates heavy machinery,
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How did they get
The limestone out?
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Jerram: they'd actually just
Blast the areas with dynamite
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And collect the
Limestone accordingly.
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00:06:00,000 --> 00:06:01,000
And collect the
Limestone accordingly.
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00:06:01,433 --> 00:06:03,233
The reason why the
Soviets built a prison
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00:06:03,233 --> 00:06:04,900
Next to this quarry is that
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00:06:04,900 --> 00:06:07,400
Really you just a need
Sort of brute force
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00:06:07,400 --> 00:06:09,900
To get the rocks
Into smaller pieces
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00:06:09,900 --> 00:06:13,367
So you can transport them away.
126
00:06:13,367 --> 00:06:16,267
So, if you can have
A large labor force,
127
00:06:16,267 --> 00:06:18,333
They don't have to be
Particularly that skilled,
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00:06:18,333 --> 00:06:21,233
That can attack the
Rock mass in terms of
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00:06:21,233 --> 00:06:22,933
Breaking it down
Into smaller pieces
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00:06:22,933 --> 00:06:27,267
So you can take it away,
Then that's ideal for you.
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00:06:27,267 --> 00:06:29,600
Narrator:
Keeping them from escaping,
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The site was protected
By security fences
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The site was protected
By security fences
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Lined with barbed wire.
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00:06:35,467 --> 00:06:40,633
But as demand increased, they
Soon faced a new complication.
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Could this overuse of labor
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Have somehow lead to
The site's flooding?
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00:06:46,067 --> 00:06:48,800
Jerram: as you go further, and
As you potentially go deeper,
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00:06:48,800 --> 00:06:50,633
Then you might
Encounter some problems.
140
00:06:50,633 --> 00:06:53,267
For example, you might start
To get into ground water,
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00:06:53,267 --> 00:06:56,967
And this is clearly an issue
That happened at rummu.
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Narrator:
As they dug down,
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Water would've poured in
Creating dangerous conditions
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00:07:00,000 --> 00:07:01,000
Water would've poured in
Creating dangerous conditions
145
00:07:02,933 --> 00:07:07,200
And bringing the work
To a grinding halt.
146
00:07:07,200 --> 00:07:12,567
To clear it out, pumps were
Installed in a central building.
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00:07:12,567 --> 00:07:14,900
Jerram: working the mines
Here would've been
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A very physical challenge,
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00:07:16,733 --> 00:07:18,200
And, clearly,
If you're in an environment
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00:07:18,200 --> 00:07:22,200
Where it can go
Below zero in winter,
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00:07:22,200 --> 00:07:24,800
They're constantly
Pumping ground water out,
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You're not being fed very much,
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This would've been very harsh
Conditions for anyone to work.
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This would've been very harsh
Conditions for anyone to work.
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00:07:32,067 --> 00:07:33,567
The sheer amount of ground water
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That's flooded
Back into the mine
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Shows you just how
Far they were going
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To extract the resource.
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Narrator: the site was
Originally constructed
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To house just 400 inmates.
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But when they struggled
To fulfill their quotas,
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The police had a simple solution
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00:07:51,433 --> 00:07:54,933
To increase the
Number of workers.
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The way the soviets coped
With the acute labor shortages
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Was by forced
Labor imprisonment,
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Was by forced
Labor imprisonment,
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00:08:02,733 --> 00:08:05,400
Forced labor of things
That nobody wanted to do
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00:08:05,400 --> 00:08:07,700
Even if you paid them well,
'cause they're difficult,
169
00:08:07,700 --> 00:08:10,533
They're back-breaking,
And they're long, long hours.
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No one's gonna sign up for that,
So what do you do?
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You make 'em do it.
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You put 'em in prison and say,
"This is your job."
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*
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Whenever they
Needed more workers,
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There'd be more arrests
For hooliganism.
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Many of the prisoners were
Sentenced for social crimes,
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00:08:28,067 --> 00:08:30,000
Effectively,
Public-order offenses.
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00:08:30,000 --> 00:08:30,700
Effectively,
Public-order offenses.
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00:08:30,700 --> 00:08:31,000
*
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00:08:34,367 --> 00:08:37,167
Narrator:
According to a c.I.A. Report,
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The local area was home
To three labor camps.
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Together, they had a combined
Work force of 5,200 prisoners.
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00:08:48,533 --> 00:08:51,967
Many prisoners died
Because of cruel treatment,
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00:08:51,967 --> 00:08:58,367
Poor food, and appalling
Working conditions.
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Gough:
There were rooms dedicated
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Gough:
There were rooms dedicated
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00:09:00,467 --> 00:09:01,000
To psychic and physical torture,
188
00:09:02,833 --> 00:09:05,333
And if you resisted too much,
189
00:09:05,333 --> 00:09:06,900
They took you into another room
190
00:09:06,900 --> 00:09:08,300
Where they asked
You to kneel down
191
00:09:08,300 --> 00:09:10,067
And put your head
Against the wall,
192
00:09:10,067 --> 00:09:12,800
And they shot you in
The back of the head.
193
00:09:12,800 --> 00:09:14,967
[ gunshot ]
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00:09:14,967 --> 00:09:17,400
*
195
00:09:17,400 --> 00:09:19,867
Narrator: so, how did this
Reign of terror
196
00:09:19,867 --> 00:09:21,233
Finally come to an end,
197
00:09:21,233 --> 00:09:23,733
And what caused
This site to be lost
198
00:09:23,733 --> 00:09:26,667
Beneath the surface
Of the water?
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00:09:27,900 --> 00:09:28,000
*
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00:09:33,100 --> 00:09:35,567
Narrator: in the waters
Beside murru prison,
201
00:09:35,567 --> 00:09:38,100
A former soviet
Forced-labor camp,
202
00:09:38,100 --> 00:09:40,867
Are the remains of
A limestone quarry,
203
00:09:40,867 --> 00:09:43,433
The site where
The inmates once worked
204
00:09:43,433 --> 00:09:46,533
Under brutal conditions.
205
00:09:46,533 --> 00:09:51,100
But how did this place end up
In its watery grave?
206
00:09:51,100 --> 00:09:55,167
When the cold war ended
And russia vacated estonia,
207
00:09:55,167 --> 00:09:57,567
There was no political appetite
Of any kind
208
00:09:57,567 --> 00:09:58,000
There was no political appetite
Of any kind
209
00:09:58,600 --> 00:10:01,433
To maintain what
They had created.
210
00:10:01,433 --> 00:10:03,133
And why would there be?
211
00:10:03,133 --> 00:10:05,133
It was a place of oppression.
212
00:10:05,133 --> 00:10:07,633
It was a place of death.
213
00:10:07,633 --> 00:10:10,733
And so, they just let it go.
214
00:10:10,733 --> 00:10:13,100
Narrator:
As communism withdrew,
215
00:10:13,100 --> 00:10:17,300
Conditions at the
Prison began to improve.
216
00:10:17,300 --> 00:10:21,100
Forced labor was stopped,
The quarry site was closed,
217
00:10:21,100 --> 00:10:24,767
And the pumps were switched off.
218
00:10:24,767 --> 00:10:27,567
If you're excavating below
The level of ground water,
219
00:10:27,567 --> 00:10:28,000
If you're excavating below
The level of ground water,
220
00:10:28,733 --> 00:10:32,233
And you're pumping the
Ground water out to suppress
221
00:10:32,233 --> 00:10:35,000
That ground water
From flooding the mine,
222
00:10:35,000 --> 00:10:38,367
Obviously, the minute
You turn the taps off,
223
00:10:38,367 --> 00:10:40,433
It's gonna start flooding again.
224
00:10:40,433 --> 00:10:43,400
*
225
00:10:43,400 --> 00:10:45,333
Narrator: the rising waters
226
00:10:45,333 --> 00:10:47,467
Swallowed up machinery
And buildings
227
00:10:47,467 --> 00:10:49,633
Before they could be saved,
228
00:10:49,633 --> 00:10:52,200
But the surviving
Section of murru prison
229
00:10:52,200 --> 00:10:55,433
Remained in use
For another 20 years,
230
00:10:55,433 --> 00:10:57,567
Finally being abandoned
For good in 2012.
231
00:10:57,567 --> 00:10:58,000
Finally being abandoned
For good in 2012.
232
00:11:00,433 --> 00:11:02,600
*
233
00:11:02,600 --> 00:11:05,333
Three miles southeast
Of waynesboro, virginia,
234
00:11:05,333 --> 00:11:09,167
In the blue ridge mountains
Is an ominous site.
235
00:11:09,167 --> 00:11:17,700
*
236
00:11:17,700 --> 00:11:21,133
In the depths of the
Forest is a hidden archway
237
00:11:21,133 --> 00:11:25,267
Cut straight into the
Middle of a hillside.
238
00:11:25,267 --> 00:11:27,567
You're faced with this
Gaping hole in the rock face
239
00:11:27,567 --> 00:11:28,000
You're faced with this
Gaping hole in the rock face
240
00:11:28,200 --> 00:11:33,633
That looks like some kind of
Entrance into the underworld.
241
00:11:33,633 --> 00:11:35,933
Once you get inside,
All you can make out
242
00:11:35,933 --> 00:11:38,467
Is this dark passageway
243
00:11:38,467 --> 00:11:42,067
Disappearing off
Into the distance.
244
00:11:42,067 --> 00:11:44,300
Narrator:
Almost a mile away,
245
00:11:44,300 --> 00:11:46,767
Buried far inside the woods,
246
00:11:46,767 --> 00:11:50,767
Is a second entrance
To this underground lair.
247
00:11:50,767 --> 00:11:53,100
Bell: there's something
Pretty spooky about it.
248
00:11:53,100 --> 00:11:55,133
You wouldn't want to go
Wandering off
249
00:11:55,133 --> 00:11:56,800
On your own too far.
250
00:11:56,800 --> 00:11:57,567
Narrator: but deep inside,
A wall blocks the route.
251
00:11:57,567 --> 00:11:58,000
Narrator: but deep inside,
A wall blocks the route.
252
00:12:01,667 --> 00:12:04,200
Did the two sides ever connect?
253
00:12:04,200 --> 00:12:09,867
And what exactly was this
Underground site built for?
254
00:12:09,867 --> 00:12:13,767
The clues are wrapped up in the
History of the united states
255
00:12:13,767 --> 00:12:16,633
As it underwent a
Dramatic transformation
256
00:12:16,633 --> 00:12:18,700
Around 200 years ago.
257
00:12:18,700 --> 00:12:21,667
The east coast
Towns were booming,
258
00:12:21,667 --> 00:12:23,367
But the blue ridge mountains,
259
00:12:23,367 --> 00:12:25,500
Part of the mighty appalachians,
260
00:12:25,500 --> 00:12:27,567
Formed a natural barrier to
The heart of the continent,
261
00:12:27,567 --> 00:12:28,000
Formed a natural barrier to
The heart of the continent,
262
00:12:29,133 --> 00:12:34,200
All but cutting off trade
Links to those central lands.
263
00:12:34,200 --> 00:12:37,333
Jerram: as a mountain range,
They're not particularly big,
264
00:12:37,333 --> 00:12:40,200
But they're made up of
Very, very hard rocks.
265
00:12:40,200 --> 00:12:42,067
There's old metamorphic rocks,
266
00:12:42,067 --> 00:12:43,433
There's granites in there,
267
00:12:43,433 --> 00:12:48,900
And so, any topography like that
Becomes a big, big problem.
268
00:12:48,900 --> 00:12:52,300
Bell:
To travel across the mountains,
You had two choices --
269
00:12:52,300 --> 00:12:56,100
Either along a canal
At a painful four miles an hour
270
00:12:56,100 --> 00:12:57,567
Or in a bone-rattling
Stagecoach.
271
00:12:57,567 --> 00:12:58,000
Or in a bone-rattling
Stagecoach.
272
00:13:00,067 --> 00:13:02,600
Narrator:
To speed up the crossing,
273
00:13:02,600 --> 00:13:06,900
Plans for a new tunnel
System were quickly drawn up,
274
00:13:06,900 --> 00:13:12,333
And in 1850, work started
On this unique design.
275
00:13:12,333 --> 00:13:15,567
That's quite an unusual
Shape to have for a tunnel.
276
00:13:15,567 --> 00:13:19,800
We're used to having quite
Rounded, gradual curves.
277
00:13:19,800 --> 00:13:26,900
It's narrow and high --
16 feet by 21 feet.
278
00:13:26,900 --> 00:13:27,567
Narrator: could its unusual
Shape have been its undoing?
279
00:13:27,567 --> 00:13:28,000
Narrator: could its unusual
Shape have been its undoing?
280
00:13:30,467 --> 00:13:32,833
*
281
00:13:32,833 --> 00:13:34,767
Allen hale is a local expert
282
00:13:34,767 --> 00:13:38,600
On the history
Of this structure.
283
00:13:38,600 --> 00:13:42,067
Initially, the impetus
Was to build canals,
284
00:13:42,067 --> 00:13:44,100
But, ultimately, it was seen
285
00:13:44,100 --> 00:13:46,467
That the best means
Of transportation
286
00:13:46,467 --> 00:13:49,900
As it came towards the
Middle of the 19th century
287
00:13:49,900 --> 00:13:51,867
Were railroads.
288
00:13:51,867 --> 00:13:54,433
Narrator: it was planned to be
289
00:13:54,433 --> 00:13:57,567
A near mile-long
Underground track.
290
00:13:57,567 --> 00:13:58,000
A near mile-long
Underground track.
291
00:13:58,733 --> 00:14:03,667
Masterminded by french
Engineer claudius crozet,
292
00:14:03,667 --> 00:14:07,867
This would become known
As the crozet tunnel.
293
00:14:07,867 --> 00:14:11,167
Jerram: this is a real feat
Of engineering
294
00:14:11,167 --> 00:14:15,433
And they did it by hand,
By sweat, blood, and tears
295
00:14:15,433 --> 00:14:17,333
With only, essentially,
296
00:14:17,333 --> 00:14:20,200
Gunpowder to help them
On the way.
297
00:14:20,200 --> 00:14:23,533
Narrator: but there are
No rail tracks here today,
298
00:14:23,533 --> 00:14:26,533
And walls inside
Block off the tunnel.
299
00:14:26,533 --> 00:14:27,567
So, what happened?
300
00:14:27,567 --> 00:14:28,000
So, what happened?
301
00:14:29,600 --> 00:14:31,333
When you want to build a tunnel
302
00:14:31,333 --> 00:14:32,933
From one side of a
Mountain to another,
303
00:14:32,933 --> 00:14:35,233
You look at the rock types.
304
00:14:35,233 --> 00:14:37,333
Ideally, you want
A soft enough rock
305
00:14:37,333 --> 00:14:38,600
That you can carve into,
306
00:14:38,600 --> 00:14:42,300
But it has to be hard
Enough to maintain a tunnel.
307
00:14:42,300 --> 00:14:44,767
And in the blue ridge mountains
There's a particular problem
308
00:14:44,767 --> 00:14:46,200
Because the rocks
Are quite hard.
309
00:14:46,200 --> 00:14:48,067
You've got granites on one side,
310
00:14:48,067 --> 00:14:49,567
And you've got
Greenstones on another,
311
00:14:49,567 --> 00:14:52,267
This kind of metamorphic
Volcanic rock
312
00:14:52,267 --> 00:14:54,433
That's very, very hard.
313
00:14:54,433 --> 00:14:57,567
Narrator:
How would they cut through
Almost a mile of solid rock?
314
00:14:57,567 --> 00:14:58,000
Narrator:
How would they cut through
Almost a mile of solid rock?
315
00:14:59,600 --> 00:15:02,333
Bell: construction techniques
For tunnels at the time
316
00:15:02,333 --> 00:15:05,233
Were a far cry from what
We've got available today,
317
00:15:05,233 --> 00:15:08,133
So much so that progress went
318
00:15:08,133 --> 00:15:11,867
About one foot a day
Into the mountainside.
319
00:15:11,867 --> 00:15:14,500
*
320
00:15:14,500 --> 00:15:18,367
Hale:
This tunnel was drilled by hand.
321
00:15:18,367 --> 00:15:21,267
You can see remnants
Of these drill holes.
322
00:15:21,267 --> 00:15:24,467
Here's one up on the wall there.
323
00:15:24,467 --> 00:15:27,567
One man swinging a sledgehammer
And another holding a bit,
324
00:15:27,567 --> 00:15:27,833
One man swinging a sledgehammer
And another holding a bit,
325
00:15:27,833 --> 00:15:28,000
Which turned and
Turned and turned.
326
00:15:30,133 --> 00:15:33,500
They would be about
Three feet at the most
327
00:15:33,500 --> 00:15:35,467
And then shot with black powder.
328
00:15:35,467 --> 00:15:39,633
*
329
00:15:39,633 --> 00:15:43,067
Narrator: so, would they ever
Make it through to other side?
330
00:15:43,067 --> 00:15:48,133
Or would the use of black powder
Spell disaster for the project?
331
00:15:51,267 --> 00:15:52,000
*
332
00:15:55,767 --> 00:15:59,900
Narrator: during the 1850s in
Virginia's blue ridge mountains,
333
00:15:59,900 --> 00:16:03,133
Work on a tall rail tunnel
Cutting straight through
334
00:16:03,133 --> 00:16:05,533
Almost a mile of solid rock
335
00:16:05,533 --> 00:16:08,667
Was moving at an
Incredibly slow pace.
336
00:16:08,667 --> 00:16:10,500
In a bid to speed
Up the process,
337
00:16:10,500 --> 00:16:15,433
They used an unstable
Explosive called black powder.
338
00:16:15,433 --> 00:16:20,067
Black powder is
Dangerous because, at best,
339
00:16:20,067 --> 00:16:21,016
It's unpredictable.
340
00:16:21,016 --> 00:16:21,567
It's unpredictable.
341
00:16:21,567 --> 00:16:22,000
Many deaths, many casualties
342
00:16:23,533 --> 00:16:25,867
Would've occurred
Because of that.
343
00:16:25,867 --> 00:16:30,500
Narrator: but this was not
The only danger they faced.
344
00:16:30,500 --> 00:16:32,333
As you tunnel
Through a rock mass,
345
00:16:32,333 --> 00:16:34,600
The nature of that
Rock mass changes,
346
00:16:34,600 --> 00:16:37,633
And where you get faults
Or cracks within the rocks
347
00:16:37,633 --> 00:16:39,467
Or you might get two
Different rock types
348
00:16:39,467 --> 00:16:40,833
Against each other,
349
00:16:40,833 --> 00:16:45,567
You can actually have water
Coming into those gaps.
350
00:16:45,567 --> 00:16:47,300
The worry is that these areas
351
00:16:47,300 --> 00:16:50,333
Where the water's coming
Through are actually weak.
352
00:16:50,333 --> 00:16:51,016
Agrawal: so, what they had to do
Was to shore that up,
353
00:16:51,016 --> 00:16:52,000
Agrawal: so, what they had to do
Was to shore that up,
354
00:16:53,333 --> 00:16:56,833
So they put in a
Thick wall of bricks
355
00:16:56,833 --> 00:17:00,067
To essentially line that
Portion of the tunnel
356
00:17:00,067 --> 00:17:04,267
To ensure that it
Remained safe and stable.
357
00:17:04,267 --> 00:17:07,500
Jerram: the dangers of rock fall
Are paramount.
358
00:17:07,500 --> 00:17:09,767
This is indeed what caused
Many of the injuries
359
00:17:09,767 --> 00:17:14,733
And fatalities during
The excavation of the tunnel.
360
00:17:14,733 --> 00:17:19,067
Narrator: at least 14 men would
Die whilst working here
361
00:17:19,067 --> 00:17:21,016
And many more would be injured.
362
00:17:21,016 --> 00:17:22,000
And many more would be injured.
363
00:17:23,133 --> 00:17:26,133
So, as we delve into
The tunnel here,
364
00:17:26,133 --> 00:17:29,233
You will see that all of
This is through solid rock
365
00:17:29,233 --> 00:17:34,767
And basically nothing has
Changed here from the 1850s
366
00:17:34,767 --> 00:17:38,300
When this was bored
Through the mountain.
367
00:17:38,300 --> 00:17:41,233
Narrator: as one of
The six contending lines
368
00:17:41,233 --> 00:17:44,300
Racing to cut through
To the central states,
369
00:17:44,300 --> 00:17:48,333
This virginia route had to be
Completed quickly.
370
00:17:48,333 --> 00:17:49,533
To double the speed,
371
00:17:49,533 --> 00:17:51,016
They went at it from
Both sides at once.
372
00:17:51,016 --> 00:17:52,000
They went at it from
Both sides at once.
373
00:17:53,533 --> 00:17:55,733
But did the slender
Design of the tunnel
374
00:17:55,733 --> 00:18:00,100
Offer another solution?
375
00:18:00,100 --> 00:18:02,933
Agrawal: the idea was, in these
Very difficult conditions
376
00:18:02,933 --> 00:18:04,400
With the hard material,
377
00:18:04,400 --> 00:18:07,800
To try and maximize
The amount of area of material
378
00:18:07,800 --> 00:18:10,367
That the men were working
On at any one point.
379
00:18:10,367 --> 00:18:12,767
People really doubted crozet
380
00:18:12,767 --> 00:18:15,133
And whether his design
Was actually gonna work,
381
00:18:15,133 --> 00:18:17,733
Whether he could
Really pull this off.
382
00:18:17,733 --> 00:18:21,016
Narrator: the tall shape meant
Two separate crews
383
00:18:21,016 --> 00:18:21,767
Narrator: the tall shape meant
Two separate crews
384
00:18:21,767 --> 00:18:22,000
Could work inside the tunnel.
385
00:18:24,067 --> 00:18:28,200
First, the header crew made
A start on the roof section.
386
00:18:28,200 --> 00:18:31,700
Next, the floorer crew
Cleared away the debris below
387
00:18:31,700 --> 00:18:35,433
To create the lower
Level of the route.
388
00:18:35,433 --> 00:18:39,067
It would help to slash
The construction time.
389
00:18:39,067 --> 00:18:42,167
But as they were digging
From both sides at once,
390
00:18:42,167 --> 00:18:46,633
Would the two tunnels line
Up and meet in the middle?
391
00:18:46,633 --> 00:18:49,400
So, nearly seven years
Had gone by.
392
00:18:49,400 --> 00:18:51,016
The workers had
Been working in very
393
00:18:51,016 --> 00:18:51,500
The workers had
Been working in very
394
00:18:51,500 --> 00:18:52,000
Back-breaking conditions,
395
00:18:53,067 --> 00:18:54,933
There were unstable explosives,
396
00:18:54,933 --> 00:18:57,600
They had one of the
Coldest winters on record,
397
00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:01,633
They were hit by cholera,
398
00:19:01,633 --> 00:19:04,467
But one day, they
Actually got to the point
399
00:19:04,467 --> 00:19:07,300
Where they created
About a two inch hole,
400
00:19:07,300 --> 00:19:08,467
And you could see through
401
00:19:08,467 --> 00:19:12,067
From one side of the tunnel
To the other.
402
00:19:12,067 --> 00:19:13,567
Jerram:
They were only a few inches out.
403
00:19:13,567 --> 00:19:15,367
They were almost dead on message
404
00:19:15,367 --> 00:19:17,433
In terms of where
They were predicting
405
00:19:17,433 --> 00:19:19,667
The one tunnel
Meeting the other.
406
00:19:19,667 --> 00:19:21,016
Amazing engineering
Feat for that time.
407
00:19:21,016 --> 00:19:22,000
Amazing engineering
Feat for that time.
408
00:19:23,367 --> 00:19:25,467
Narrator: when it opened,
409
00:19:25,467 --> 00:19:29,367
It was the longest mountain
Railroad tunnel in the world,
410
00:19:29,367 --> 00:19:34,067
Stretching 4,264 feet.
411
00:19:34,067 --> 00:19:35,100
Slashing the time it took
412
00:19:35,100 --> 00:19:37,567
To send goods across
The mountains,
413
00:19:37,567 --> 00:19:42,667
The valuable market in the west
Was now open for business.
414
00:19:42,667 --> 00:19:44,333
Despite its great success,
415
00:19:44,333 --> 00:19:47,433
As freight trains and
Carriages grew larger,
416
00:19:47,433 --> 00:19:51,016
Crozet's ingenious design
Became outdated and too small.
417
00:19:51,016 --> 00:19:52,000
Crozet's ingenious design
Became outdated and too small.
418
00:19:52,300 --> 00:19:54,667
Eventually, over 80 years later,
419
00:19:54,667 --> 00:19:58,233
This alternative route
Was opened.
420
00:19:58,233 --> 00:20:00,467
So, if the tunnel was completed,
421
00:20:00,467 --> 00:20:04,400
Then why do the two
Sides not connect today?
422
00:20:04,400 --> 00:20:10,867
Hale: the 1950s, a gas company
Was planning to store gas
423
00:20:10,867 --> 00:20:12,900
In the center of the tunnel
424
00:20:12,900 --> 00:20:19,400
And what you see here is a
Reinforced concrete bulkhead,
425
00:20:19,400 --> 00:20:21,016
Which seals off the interior
2,000 feet of the tunnel.
426
00:20:21,016 --> 00:20:22,000
Which seals off the interior
2,000 feet of the tunnel.
427
00:20:25,000 --> 00:20:28,333
Narrator:
Ultimately, that project failed,
428
00:20:28,333 --> 00:20:33,567
But the walls blocking
This tunnel remain.
429
00:20:33,567 --> 00:20:36,533
Today, the crumbling
Tunnel entrances
430
00:20:36,533 --> 00:20:39,733
Are a reminder of
The sacrifices made
431
00:20:39,733 --> 00:20:42,200
And the bold ambition
Of the engineers
432
00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:46,300
Who hoped to build a better
Future for the united states.
433
00:20:46,300 --> 00:20:50,533
*
434
00:20:50,533 --> 00:20:51,016
28 miles from finland's
Capital, helsinki,
435
00:20:51,016 --> 00:20:52,000
28 miles from finland's
Capital, helsinki,
436
00:20:53,733 --> 00:20:56,800
Is a pair of abandoned towers.
437
00:20:56,800 --> 00:21:04,467
*
438
00:21:04,467 --> 00:21:07,200
Located in a
Snow-covered forest,
439
00:21:07,200 --> 00:21:13,400
These identical structures
Stand hidden amongst the trees.
440
00:21:13,400 --> 00:21:15,067
At first sight, you'd assume
441
00:21:15,067 --> 00:21:19,700
This was just a standard
European medieval church,
442
00:21:19,700 --> 00:21:21,016
But there's something
Not quite right.
443
00:21:21,016 --> 00:21:22,000
But there's something
Not quite right.
444
00:21:24,067 --> 00:21:26,333
Only when you get
Close can you see
445
00:21:26,333 --> 00:21:27,767
That this is not made of stone.
446
00:21:27,767 --> 00:21:29,767
It's made of poured concrete.
447
00:21:29,767 --> 00:21:31,867
It's got to be 20th century.
448
00:21:31,867 --> 00:21:35,533
*
449
00:21:35,533 --> 00:21:38,833
Narrator: locked up and sealed
Off for decades,
450
00:21:38,833 --> 00:21:44,933
What past events were
The locals trying to forget?
451
00:21:44,933 --> 00:21:48,600
The towers' construction
Hint at a sinister purpose,
452
00:21:48,600 --> 00:21:51,016
Like their design to withstand
An apocalyptic event.
453
00:21:51,016 --> 00:21:52,000
Like their design to withstand
An apocalyptic event.
454
00:21:52,800 --> 00:21:55,433
*
455
00:21:55,433 --> 00:21:57,633
The tower itself is
Very massively built.
456
00:21:57,633 --> 00:21:59,600
I mean, it's really solid.
457
00:21:59,600 --> 00:22:01,067
When you get to the
Top of the tower,
458
00:22:01,067 --> 00:22:04,333
Instead of coming to a point,
You get a very obvious platform.
459
00:22:04,333 --> 00:22:07,267
*
460
00:22:07,267 --> 00:22:12,667
Narrator: seen from the top is
The village of rajamaki,
461
00:22:12,667 --> 00:22:16,367
Dominated by a large
Industrial-looking building.
462
00:22:16,367 --> 00:22:19,833
*
463
00:22:19,833 --> 00:22:21,016
Wisdom: the tower looks
Like a castle tower,
464
00:22:21,016 --> 00:22:22,000
Wisdom: the tower looks
Like a castle tower,
465
00:22:22,767 --> 00:22:24,067
And it's for the same purpose --
466
00:22:24,067 --> 00:22:26,933
It gives you a very high,
Elevated view
467
00:22:26,933 --> 00:22:29,333
Of the ground around you,
But critically here,
468
00:22:29,333 --> 00:22:31,767
It gives you a very high,
Elevated view
469
00:22:31,767 --> 00:22:34,900
Of the air around you.
470
00:22:34,900 --> 00:22:37,867
Narrator:
So, why were these towers built?
471
00:22:37,867 --> 00:22:42,600
And why are they here, deep
In the finnish countryside?
472
00:22:42,600 --> 00:22:46,600
*
473
00:22:46,600 --> 00:22:49,267
Clues can be found
In a forgotten chapter
474
00:22:49,267 --> 00:22:51,016
Of the second world war.
475
00:22:51,016 --> 00:22:52,000
Of the second world war.
476
00:22:53,267 --> 00:22:57,133
In 1939, the russians
Looked to push back
477
00:22:57,133 --> 00:22:59,200
Their border with finland.
478
00:22:59,200 --> 00:23:03,400
It was known as the winter war.
479
00:23:03,400 --> 00:23:06,767
The finns were hopelessly
Outnumbered and outgunned.
480
00:23:06,767 --> 00:23:09,500
The soviets had
Thousands of tanks.
481
00:23:09,500 --> 00:23:13,500
The finns barely had any at all.
482
00:23:13,500 --> 00:23:18,367
They were in desperate need
Of an effective defense.
483
00:23:18,367 --> 00:23:20,333
Caldwell-evans: as far
As stalin's concerned,
484
00:23:20,333 --> 00:23:21,016
There is no way a country
The size of finland
485
00:23:21,016 --> 00:23:22,000
There is no way a country
The size of finland
486
00:23:22,233 --> 00:23:24,500
With a tiny population
Is gonna say no
487
00:23:24,500 --> 00:23:27,067
To the might
Of the soviet union.
488
00:23:27,067 --> 00:23:31,067
Unfortunately,
The finns had other ideas.
489
00:23:31,067 --> 00:23:33,633
*
490
00:23:33,633 --> 00:23:37,433
One way of improvising
An anti-tank defense
491
00:23:37,433 --> 00:23:41,933
Was the creation of
The molotov cocktail --
492
00:23:41,933 --> 00:23:48,167
Simply a bottle filled with
Kerosine, tar, gasoline mixture,
493
00:23:48,167 --> 00:23:51,016
And it could be ignited
By a sulfuric acid fuse.
494
00:23:51,016 --> 00:23:52,000
And it could be ignited
By a sulfuric acid fuse.
495
00:23:53,200 --> 00:23:55,433
*
496
00:23:55,433 --> 00:23:58,600
Narrator: simpler versions of
Molotov cocktails
497
00:23:58,600 --> 00:24:02,367
Made from a bottle of petrol
With a flaming rag in the top
498
00:24:02,367 --> 00:24:05,067
Have been used in
Conflicts across the world
499
00:24:05,067 --> 00:24:08,200
Ever since the 1930s.
500
00:24:08,200 --> 00:24:10,800
But it was the finns
Who first realized
501
00:24:10,800 --> 00:24:16,233
Their full potential as a
Weapon in guerrilla warfare.
502
00:24:16,233 --> 00:24:19,067
Desperate times required
Desperate measures,
503
00:24:19,067 --> 00:24:21,016
And the molotov cocktail
Ranks there pretty high
504
00:24:21,016 --> 00:24:21,933
And the molotov cocktail
Ranks there pretty high
505
00:24:21,933 --> 00:24:22,000
As a desperate weapon.
506
00:24:23,567 --> 00:24:29,133
It's a very, very dangerous way
To attack the enemy.
507
00:24:29,133 --> 00:24:31,500
Caldwell-evans: however likely
Armored a tank might be,
508
00:24:31,500 --> 00:24:34,433
If all you've got is
A uniform, a rifle,
509
00:24:34,433 --> 00:24:36,067
And a bottle full of petrol,
510
00:24:36,067 --> 00:24:39,233
It takes a lot of guts
To try and sneak up on it,
511
00:24:39,233 --> 00:24:42,067
To try and get close enough
To plant your petrol bomb
512
00:24:42,067 --> 00:24:43,533
On its vulnerable area,
513
00:24:43,533 --> 00:24:46,133
Which is the rear
Deck above the engine.
514
00:24:46,133 --> 00:24:48,667
*
515
00:24:48,667 --> 00:24:51,016
Narrator: but how are the towers
Linked to the molotov cocktails?
516
00:24:51,016 --> 00:24:52,000
Narrator: but how are the towers
Linked to the molotov cocktails?
517
00:24:53,133 --> 00:24:55,567
And why do they appear
To have been built
518
00:24:55,567 --> 00:25:00,400
To withstand the full
Force of a soviet attack?
519
00:25:01,667 --> 00:25:02,000
*
520
00:25:06,100 --> 00:25:08,700
Narrator: hidden
In the finnish countryside
521
00:25:08,700 --> 00:25:10,733
Are two concrete towers
522
00:25:10,733 --> 00:25:12,933
Built near the village
Of rajamaki,
523
00:25:12,933 --> 00:25:16,733
A key target
In the winter war of 1939.
524
00:25:16,733 --> 00:25:19,300
[gunfire]
525
00:25:19,300 --> 00:25:22,400
With few proper
Anti-tank weapons,
526
00:25:22,400 --> 00:25:24,400
The finnish army were reliant
527
00:25:24,400 --> 00:25:28,067
On the highly effective
Molotov cocktail.
528
00:25:28,067 --> 00:25:30,133
But with the russians
Still advancing,
529
00:25:30,133 --> 00:25:31,466
They desperately
Needed more of them.
530
00:25:31,466 --> 00:25:32,000
They desperately
Needed more of them.
531
00:25:32,667 --> 00:25:35,833
To manufacture enough
Molotov cocktails,
532
00:25:35,833 --> 00:25:40,567
The finnish army go to the
State alcohol plant at rajamaki.
533
00:25:40,567 --> 00:25:42,367
They take bottles of alcohol,
534
00:25:42,367 --> 00:25:46,200
And there they are manufactured
Into molotov cocktails.
535
00:25:46,200 --> 00:25:49,900
It's fire bombs
On an industrial scale.
536
00:25:49,900 --> 00:25:53,833
Narrator: the soviets were
Suffering around three times
537
00:25:53,833 --> 00:25:57,167
As many casualties as the finns.
538
00:25:57,167 --> 00:26:01,466
But with their superior numbers,
They stepped up their attack...
539
00:26:01,466 --> 00:26:02,000
But with their superior numbers,
They stepped up their attack...
540
00:26:02,233 --> 00:26:07,867
And the molotov cocktail factory
Soon became a key target.
541
00:26:07,867 --> 00:26:10,100
There's a problem, though.
542
00:26:10,100 --> 00:26:12,633
Because this is
A state alcohol plant,
543
00:26:12,633 --> 00:26:17,067
It's got the name of the
Alcohol plant on the cap.
544
00:26:17,067 --> 00:26:19,633
When the soviets
Find these caps,
545
00:26:19,633 --> 00:26:22,433
You might just as well have
Held up a big flag saying
546
00:26:22,433 --> 00:26:24,400
"The enemy is here."
547
00:26:24,400 --> 00:26:27,600
It's now very easy to find
Where these are being made,
548
00:26:27,600 --> 00:26:30,233
And thus, it's very easy
For the soviet bombers
549
00:26:30,233 --> 00:26:31,466
To arrive and target
The factory.
550
00:26:31,466 --> 00:26:32,000
To arrive and target
The factory.
551
00:26:33,267 --> 00:26:36,067
Narrator:
Plans were quickly drawn up
552
00:26:36,067 --> 00:26:39,367
To bolster the
Village's defenses.
553
00:26:39,367 --> 00:26:40,500
If you're looking at finland,
554
00:26:40,500 --> 00:26:42,900
One of the main
Problems the landscape offers
555
00:26:42,900 --> 00:26:44,567
To any anti-aircraft gunner
556
00:26:44,567 --> 00:26:48,300
Is that there are an awful
Lot of trees in the way.
557
00:26:48,300 --> 00:26:51,067
The only way to
Extend your horizon,
558
00:26:51,067 --> 00:26:54,867
To get yourself a clear field
Of fire for incoming bombers
559
00:26:54,867 --> 00:26:58,200
Is to lift your anti-aircraft
Gun off the ground.
560
00:26:58,200 --> 00:27:01,400
And that's why the only
Solution was to build a tower.
561
00:27:01,400 --> 00:27:01,466
*
562
00:27:01,466 --> 00:27:02,000
*
563
00:27:03,867 --> 00:27:06,600
Narrator: standing less
Than half a mile away
564
00:27:06,600 --> 00:27:11,067
From the bottling plant
Are the rajamaki towers,
565
00:27:11,067 --> 00:27:15,367
Each built to hold
An anti-aircraft or flak gun,
566
00:27:15,367 --> 00:27:17,867
Which could unleash
A barrage of fire power
567
00:27:17,867 --> 00:27:20,467
Upon the approaching
Enemy aircraft.
568
00:27:20,467 --> 00:27:23,333
*
569
00:27:23,333 --> 00:27:26,067
A flak gun is simply
An artillery piece
570
00:27:26,067 --> 00:27:28,600
Which is made with high
Elevation on the barrel
571
00:27:28,600 --> 00:27:31,466
To bring aircraft down.
572
00:27:31,466 --> 00:27:31,600
To bring aircraft down.
573
00:27:31,600 --> 00:27:32,000
It'll shoot a shell
High into the air,
574
00:27:33,833 --> 00:27:36,733
That shell will burst near
The aircraft, hopefully,
575
00:27:36,733 --> 00:27:40,467
And the bursting fragments
Will bring the aircraft down.
576
00:27:40,467 --> 00:27:42,433
*
577
00:27:42,433 --> 00:27:46,533
Narrator: the towers could
Provide the ideal defense,
578
00:27:46,533 --> 00:27:49,367
But with the soviet
Attack imminent,
579
00:27:49,367 --> 00:27:53,133
Would they be ready in time?
580
00:27:53,133 --> 00:27:56,100
Caldwell-evans:
The finns were rightly fearful.
581
00:27:56,100 --> 00:27:58,900
The russians really
Didn't have the capability
582
00:27:58,900 --> 00:28:01,466
To drop bombs with precision,
583
00:28:01,466 --> 00:28:01,733
To drop bombs with precision,
584
00:28:01,733 --> 00:28:02,000
So finnish towns would
Just be carpet-bombed.
585
00:28:06,167 --> 00:28:09,500
*
586
00:28:09,500 --> 00:28:11,667
Narrator:
For the war in the skies,
587
00:28:11,667 --> 00:28:15,767
The finns would have to scramble
A strong defense once again.
588
00:28:15,767 --> 00:28:19,167
*
589
00:28:19,167 --> 00:28:23,800
In rajamaki, two
Bofors 40mm anti-aircraft guns
590
00:28:23,800 --> 00:28:26,267
Were brought in
To defend the bottling plant
591
00:28:26,267 --> 00:28:28,333
From the ground.
592
00:28:28,333 --> 00:28:31,466
40mm bofors gun
Was probably the best,
593
00:28:31,466 --> 00:28:32,000
40mm bofors gun
Was probably the best,
594
00:28:33,067 --> 00:28:37,833
One of the best anti-aircraft
Weapons ever invented.
595
00:28:37,833 --> 00:28:40,067
A very advanced
Gun for its time,
596
00:28:40,067 --> 00:28:42,067
But not fully
Automatic by any means.
597
00:28:42,067 --> 00:28:45,567
It had to be loaded by
The crew themselves.
598
00:28:45,567 --> 00:28:48,333
In the finnish winter when
Everything is blanketed by snow,
599
00:28:48,333 --> 00:28:50,567
It must've been freezing.
600
00:28:50,567 --> 00:28:53,200
Any wind blasting
Across the landscape
601
00:28:53,200 --> 00:28:56,267
Is going' to hit
That crew full on.
602
00:28:56,267 --> 00:28:58,533
The gun layers themselves
Who were actually
603
00:28:58,533 --> 00:29:00,833
Looking for targets,
Sighting targets,
604
00:29:00,833 --> 00:29:01,466
The crew who were loading
Ammunition into it,
605
00:29:01,466 --> 00:29:02,000
The crew who were loading
Ammunition into it,
606
00:29:02,633 --> 00:29:07,800
Simply can't be standing there
Completely wrapped up in furs.
607
00:29:07,800 --> 00:29:10,100
They've got to be mobile.
608
00:29:10,100 --> 00:29:12,367
It must've been quite
Grim for that crew
609
00:29:12,367 --> 00:29:15,633
Waiting hour after hour to
Be able to take on a bomber
610
00:29:15,633 --> 00:29:18,433
And keep it away from
That vital bottling plant.
611
00:29:18,433 --> 00:29:21,833
*
612
00:29:21,833 --> 00:29:24,267
Narrator:
The platforms could offer
613
00:29:24,267 --> 00:29:26,767
The perfect position
For the gunners,
614
00:29:26,767 --> 00:29:29,067
But would the guns
Alone be enough
615
00:29:29,067 --> 00:29:31,466
To defend against
A fleet of soviet bombers?
616
00:29:31,466 --> 00:29:32,000
To defend against
A fleet of soviet bombers?
617
00:29:35,700 --> 00:29:36,000
*
618
00:29:40,800 --> 00:29:45,067
Narrator:
Amongst the treetops in the
Snow-covered finnish countryside
619
00:29:45,067 --> 00:29:47,633
Stand the rajamaki towers,
620
00:29:47,633 --> 00:29:52,200
Both built during
The second world war.
621
00:29:52,200 --> 00:29:54,933
The hollow central
Shafts of the towers
622
00:29:54,933 --> 00:29:57,567
Would allow large
Anti-aircraft guns
623
00:29:57,567 --> 00:29:59,367
To be raised to the top,
624
00:29:59,367 --> 00:30:02,267
Where they could then be set
Ready for action.
625
00:30:02,267 --> 00:30:04,833
They could be
The vital last line of defense
626
00:30:04,833 --> 00:30:05,440
Against the soviet air force.
627
00:30:05,440 --> 00:30:06,000
Against the soviet air force.
628
00:30:07,067 --> 00:30:11,233
Seppo petarinen works
For the local municipality,
629
00:30:11,233 --> 00:30:18,033
And knows the history
Of these structures.
630
00:30:18,033 --> 00:30:20,567
We are now on top
Of one of the towers,
631
00:30:20,567 --> 00:30:25,067
And here is the shaft
Where the anti-aircraft gun
632
00:30:25,067 --> 00:30:29,133
Has been lift up and placed here
On top of this shaft.
633
00:30:29,133 --> 00:30:33,933
The gun can spin around
360 degrees,
634
00:30:33,933 --> 00:30:35,440
Because the bombers can
Approach from any direction.
635
00:30:35,440 --> 00:30:36,000
Because the bombers can
Approach from any direction.
636
00:30:38,100 --> 00:30:40,767
Narrator:
But just over three months
637
00:30:40,767 --> 00:30:44,733
After it had begun,
The winter war ended.
638
00:30:44,733 --> 00:30:47,100
The area of rajamaki
Had been victim
639
00:30:47,100 --> 00:30:50,000
Of nine separate
Russian bombing raids,
640
00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:54,300
But the finns had held firm,
And the factory had survived.
641
00:30:54,300 --> 00:30:57,100
The soviet air force,
Throughout the winter war,
642
00:30:57,100 --> 00:30:58,633
The three months
Of the winter war,
643
00:30:58,633 --> 00:31:00,367
Lost hundreds of aircraft.
644
00:31:00,367 --> 00:31:03,367
In all, estimates
Are about 300 to 400
645
00:31:03,367 --> 00:31:04,633
Being shot down by the finns,
646
00:31:04,633 --> 00:31:05,440
Either by aircraft
Or ground defenses.
647
00:31:05,440 --> 00:31:06,000
Either by aircraft
Or ground defenses.
648
00:31:07,533 --> 00:31:09,367
Narrator: the following year,
649
00:31:09,367 --> 00:31:12,167
With the guns now mounted
On the completed towers,
650
00:31:12,167 --> 00:31:15,767
The war was suddenly back on.
651
00:31:15,767 --> 00:31:17,567
The two towers
Would've been linked
652
00:31:17,567 --> 00:31:19,867
By telephone lines, and
They would have been linked
653
00:31:19,867 --> 00:31:22,867
To command,
To control center.
654
00:31:22,867 --> 00:31:25,567
All through finland,
You would have people
655
00:31:25,567 --> 00:31:28,067
With binoculars,
With rangefinders,
656
00:31:28,067 --> 00:31:29,367
On top of buildings,
657
00:31:29,367 --> 00:31:32,400
Because finland didn't
Have a radar system.
658
00:31:32,400 --> 00:31:35,440
They relied on this
Fairly good observer system,
659
00:31:35,440 --> 00:31:36,000
They relied on this
Fairly good observer system,
660
00:31:36,533 --> 00:31:39,100
That would spot
Russian aircraft,
661
00:31:39,100 --> 00:31:41,767
Give their altitude,
Give the position.
662
00:31:41,767 --> 00:31:44,900
The flak guns would be alerted
To russian aircraft --
663
00:31:44,900 --> 00:31:48,900
What route, what distance,
What speed.
664
00:31:48,900 --> 00:31:50,767
Wisdom:
Put yourself in the position
665
00:31:50,767 --> 00:31:53,267
Of someone on top of one
Of those flak towers.
666
00:31:53,267 --> 00:31:55,667
You're above the tree line,
So there's very little
667
00:31:55,667 --> 00:31:57,767
Camouflage and cover for you.
668
00:31:57,767 --> 00:32:00,867
You're in a position where
The soviet bombers
669
00:32:00,867 --> 00:32:03,200
Can see you are shooting
At them from.
670
00:32:03,200 --> 00:32:05,067
They're gonna target you.
671
00:32:05,067 --> 00:32:05,440
You are a sitting target.
672
00:32:05,440 --> 00:32:06,000
You are a sitting target.
673
00:32:06,500 --> 00:32:10,533
It's gonna take
Guts to be up there.
674
00:32:10,533 --> 00:32:12,433
Caldwell-evans: although finnish
Defenses are very limited,
675
00:32:12,433 --> 00:32:14,700
And for example,
Here at rajamaki,
676
00:32:14,700 --> 00:32:17,133
A gun or two on towers
Is not going to ward off
677
00:32:17,133 --> 00:32:19,800
Dozens of bombers if
They really want to get through.
678
00:32:19,800 --> 00:32:22,367
The deterrent factor
Was such that,
679
00:32:22,367 --> 00:32:25,367
Really, any kind of resistance
Would've had a major effect
680
00:32:25,367 --> 00:32:27,733
On an attacking force.
681
00:32:27,733 --> 00:32:30,300
Even one gun could
Make all the difference
682
00:32:30,300 --> 00:32:32,467
Between protecting a site
683
00:32:32,467 --> 00:32:35,440
And it being pulverized
By incoming bombers.
684
00:32:35,440 --> 00:32:36,000
And it being pulverized
By incoming bombers.
685
00:32:36,067 --> 00:32:38,700
Narrator: with the towers
And guns in place,
686
00:32:38,700 --> 00:32:42,167
The soviets never
Targeted rajamaki again.
687
00:32:42,167 --> 00:32:44,067
The only bombers to fly over
688
00:32:44,067 --> 00:32:47,067
Kept themselves high above
And out of range.
689
00:32:47,067 --> 00:32:51,567
The towers had done their job.
690
00:32:51,567 --> 00:32:53,533
When the second world war ended,
691
00:32:53,533 --> 00:32:55,467
Having teamed up with the nazis,
692
00:32:55,467 --> 00:32:58,533
Finland was on the losing side.
693
00:32:58,533 --> 00:33:00,567
The bottling plant
Had reverted back
694
00:33:00,567 --> 00:33:04,867
To producing alcohol full-time,
Rather than molotov cocktails,
695
00:33:04,867 --> 00:33:05,440
And the towers were
Locked up for good.
696
00:33:05,440 --> 00:33:06,000
And the towers were
Locked up for good.
697
00:33:07,667 --> 00:33:09,567
Wisdom: when you look
At the towers today,
698
00:33:09,567 --> 00:33:11,400
They're a symbol
Of finnish resistance
699
00:33:11,400 --> 00:33:13,700
Against the soviet union.
700
00:33:13,700 --> 00:33:16,233
Everybody played their part,
And the towers
701
00:33:16,233 --> 00:33:19,100
Really stand as testimony
To the efforts made
702
00:33:19,100 --> 00:33:22,067
By the finnish people,
People who worked in factories,
703
00:33:22,067 --> 00:33:23,900
People who fought the soviets
At the front,
704
00:33:23,900 --> 00:33:25,867
They really are a testament
705
00:33:25,867 --> 00:33:28,767
To the resilience
Of the people of finland.
706
00:33:28,767 --> 00:33:33,500
*
707
00:33:33,500 --> 00:33:35,440
Narrator: on the south coast
Of spain is the city
708
00:33:35,440 --> 00:33:36,000
Narrator: on the south coast
Of spain is the city
709
00:33:36,800 --> 00:33:42,067
Of almería, and near its heart,
Lies a huge industrial relic.
710
00:33:42,067 --> 00:33:50,167
*
711
00:33:50,167 --> 00:33:55,867
Stretching nearly 2,000 feet
Is a rusting rail line.
712
00:33:55,867 --> 00:33:58,833
It's a long,
Snake-like structure
713
00:33:58,833 --> 00:34:03,733
That extends out into the water
From the city.
714
00:34:03,733 --> 00:34:05,440
Meigs: this elevated rail line
715
00:34:05,440 --> 00:34:05,700
Meigs: this elevated rail line
716
00:34:05,700 --> 00:34:06,000
Kind of winds
Through the port town,
717
00:34:10,233 --> 00:34:13,233
And then just terminates
In this massive,
718
00:34:13,233 --> 00:34:15,700
Monolithic contraption,
719
00:34:15,700 --> 00:34:19,133
That just kind of juts out
Into the bay.
720
00:34:19,133 --> 00:34:23,667
Narrator: here, a giant steel
Pier supports the rail line
721
00:34:23,667 --> 00:34:27,467
As it splits into
Four separate tracks.
722
00:34:27,467 --> 00:34:33,633
Meigs: almost like the eiffel
Tower lying on its side.
723
00:34:33,633 --> 00:34:35,440
So, clearly it's old,
But what's its purpose?
724
00:34:35,440 --> 00:34:36,000
So, clearly it's old,
But what's its purpose?
725
00:34:36,867 --> 00:34:38,267
Where does it go?
726
00:34:38,267 --> 00:34:41,667
*
727
00:34:41,667 --> 00:34:44,333
Narrator:
Its story is closely tied
728
00:34:44,333 --> 00:34:47,167
To the mass
Industrialization of europe
729
00:34:47,167 --> 00:34:50,233
In the 19th and 20th centuries.
730
00:34:50,233 --> 00:34:55,067
Steel was the material of choice
In the new machine age.
731
00:34:55,067 --> 00:34:57,500
Its key ingredient is iron ore,
732
00:34:57,500 --> 00:34:59,600
One of the most
Sought-after resources
733
00:34:59,600 --> 00:35:02,200
In the world at that time.
734
00:35:02,200 --> 00:35:04,200
But dark clouds were looming.
735
00:35:04,200 --> 00:35:05,440
Tensions between
Nations were rising,
736
00:35:05,440 --> 00:35:06,000
Tensions between
Nations were rising,
737
00:35:06,400 --> 00:35:10,767
And the first world war was
Just over a decade away.
738
00:35:10,767 --> 00:35:12,733
The old mines of southern spain
739
00:35:12,733 --> 00:35:14,567
Just didn't have
The infrastructure
740
00:35:14,567 --> 00:35:17,333
To meet the new demand.
741
00:35:17,333 --> 00:35:19,300
The mines are located
Somewhere inland,
742
00:35:19,300 --> 00:35:21,300
In a slightly
Mountainous terrain.
743
00:35:21,300 --> 00:35:25,233
There's several hundred feet
Of topographic variation,
744
00:35:25,233 --> 00:35:28,433
And that poses a problem,
Because it's somewhat inland.
745
00:35:28,433 --> 00:35:31,433
It might be easy to
Locate the iron ore,
746
00:35:31,433 --> 00:35:33,633
To essentially mine it
Out of the ground,
747
00:35:33,633 --> 00:35:34,900
But you have to
Move it from there
748
00:35:34,900 --> 00:35:35,440
To somewhere where
You can ship it,
749
00:35:35,440 --> 00:35:36,000
To somewhere where
You can ship it,
750
00:35:36,567 --> 00:35:39,800
So you have to get
It to the coast.
751
00:35:39,800 --> 00:35:42,300
Narrator:
The first part was simple --
752
00:35:42,300 --> 00:35:44,733
Build a railway line
Between the mines
753
00:35:44,733 --> 00:35:49,733
In southern spain and almería,
The nearest port city.
754
00:35:49,733 --> 00:35:53,367
But the real problems
Still lay ahead.
755
00:35:53,367 --> 00:35:55,200
It's hard for most
People to imagine today
756
00:35:55,200 --> 00:35:59,633
How low-tech ports used to be
In their operations.
757
00:35:59,633 --> 00:36:04,067
Everything that went on a ship
Had to be handled by hand.
758
00:36:04,067 --> 00:36:05,440
Transportation of the iron ore,
759
00:36:05,440 --> 00:36:05,767
Transportation of the iron ore,
760
00:36:05,767 --> 00:36:06,000
From the end of the rail
To the ships was
761
00:36:07,467 --> 00:36:09,933
An extremely laborious process,
762
00:36:09,933 --> 00:36:13,467
Because, by hand,
The iron ore was unloaded,
763
00:36:13,467 --> 00:36:16,333
Stored, until a ship would come,
764
00:36:16,333 --> 00:36:17,800
And then when the
Ship would come,
765
00:36:17,800 --> 00:36:22,367
By hand, the iron ore was
Then loaded onto the ship.
766
00:36:22,367 --> 00:36:25,433
Meigs: loading a ship full
Of iron ore might take a week.
767
00:36:25,433 --> 00:36:28,600
It was an incredibly
Inefficient process.
768
00:36:28,600 --> 00:36:31,067
What's so brilliant
About this project is
769
00:36:31,067 --> 00:36:35,100
They completely reimagined
How you could load a ship.
770
00:36:35,100 --> 00:36:35,440
*
771
00:36:35,440 --> 00:36:36,000
*
772
00:36:38,667 --> 00:36:40,633
Narrator: with the rise
Of political conflicts
773
00:36:40,633 --> 00:36:43,867
Across europe, the old port
Just couldn't keep up
774
00:36:43,867 --> 00:36:47,400
With the increased needs
Of a rapidly changing world.
775
00:36:47,400 --> 00:36:49,567
So, would this new hulking
Mass of steel
776
00:36:49,567 --> 00:36:53,267
Speed up the process,
Or seal its doom?
777
00:36:55,833 --> 00:36:56,000
*
778
00:37:01,400 --> 00:37:05,267
Narrator: in the south of spain,
Standing on the water's edge,
779
00:37:05,267 --> 00:37:08,800
Is an imposing steel pier.
780
00:37:08,800 --> 00:37:12,533
Hidden inside its shell is
A mechanized system designed
781
00:37:12,533 --> 00:37:17,200
To bring this port
Into the 20th century.
782
00:37:17,200 --> 00:37:21,067
But would this innovative
Approach be a success,
783
00:37:21,067 --> 00:37:23,067
And would it be
Completed in time
784
00:37:23,067 --> 00:37:25,646
To supply a europe coming
Close to a first world war?
785
00:37:25,646 --> 00:37:26,000
To supply a europe coming
Close to a first world war?
786
00:37:26,467 --> 00:37:29,067
*
787
00:37:29,067 --> 00:37:32,100
Its construction began in 1902,
788
00:37:32,100 --> 00:37:35,700
And it would become
known as el cable inglés,
789
00:37:35,700 --> 00:37:37,533
The english pier.
790
00:37:37,533 --> 00:37:41,133
*
791
00:37:41,133 --> 00:37:43,767
It was solving a very
Fundamental problem,
792
00:37:43,767 --> 00:37:45,233
Which was the amount
Of time and labor
793
00:37:45,233 --> 00:37:48,667
It took to transport material.
794
00:37:48,667 --> 00:37:50,867
They used engineering to try
795
00:37:50,867 --> 00:37:54,533
And create a much more efficient
And better way to do that.
796
00:37:54,533 --> 00:37:55,646
*
797
00:37:55,646 --> 00:37:56,000
*
798
00:37:56,333 --> 00:37:58,500
Well, the original design
in the cable inglés,
799
00:37:58,500 --> 00:38:00,067
Was to be made out of wood,
800
00:38:00,067 --> 00:38:02,300
But in that particular region,
With storms,
801
00:38:02,300 --> 00:38:03,900
And other environmental
Conditions,
802
00:38:03,900 --> 00:38:06,133
It was decided that metal
Would be more appropriate
803
00:38:06,133 --> 00:38:08,900
And more suitable.
804
00:38:08,900 --> 00:38:12,500
Jerram: southern spain seems
Somewhat idyllic to most of us,
805
00:38:12,500 --> 00:38:14,633
But in the autumn
And winter months,
806
00:38:14,633 --> 00:38:17,467
It can actually have some
Quite violent storms.
807
00:38:17,467 --> 00:38:20,567
So, clearly, areas
Where you go from calm
808
00:38:20,567 --> 00:38:22,067
To storm to calm to storm,
809
00:38:22,067 --> 00:38:24,833
Those kind of surges mean
That a structure, for example,
810
00:38:24,833 --> 00:38:25,646
Made out of wood, might
Not be good enough
811
00:38:25,646 --> 00:38:26,000
Made out of wood, might
Not be good enough
812
00:38:26,667 --> 00:38:30,200
To sustain
For a long period of time.
813
00:38:30,200 --> 00:38:35,333
Narrator: the obvious choice
Of material was steel.
814
00:38:35,333 --> 00:38:38,833
The invention of a
Modern steel-making process
815
00:38:38,833 --> 00:38:41,200
Was kind of like the invention
Of the silicon chip,
816
00:38:41,200 --> 00:38:43,800
It was one technological change
817
00:38:43,800 --> 00:38:46,933
That then enabled
All these other changes.
818
00:38:46,933 --> 00:38:50,333
They used the capabilities
Of this beautiful material
819
00:38:50,333 --> 00:38:55,267
To help them mine more iron
And make more steel.
820
00:38:55,267 --> 00:38:55,646
Narrator: but with the future
Of the spanish mining industry
821
00:38:55,646 --> 00:38:56,000
Narrator: but with the future
Of the spanish mining industry
822
00:38:58,933 --> 00:39:01,533
Relying on the success
Of this project,
823
00:39:01,533 --> 00:39:05,733
Why was it called
The english pier?
824
00:39:05,733 --> 00:39:10,267
England had the advanced steel
Mills that needed this ore.
825
00:39:10,267 --> 00:39:12,633
They also had all the money.
They had all the capital.
826
00:39:12,633 --> 00:39:15,733
So, they could afford to make
These massive investments
827
00:39:15,733 --> 00:39:19,100
In countries like spain
And then a massive investment
828
00:39:19,100 --> 00:39:21,067
In the infrastructure
To get that ore
829
00:39:21,067 --> 00:39:23,500
To the port and onto the ships.
830
00:39:23,500 --> 00:39:25,646
Narrator: designed
By leading british engineers,
831
00:39:25,646 --> 00:39:26,000
Narrator: designed
By leading british engineers,
832
00:39:26,600 --> 00:39:29,067
The idea was to leave
All the heavy lifting
833
00:39:29,067 --> 00:39:31,833
To the rail cars
And the jetty alone.
834
00:39:31,833 --> 00:39:36,633
Supposedly, the days of
Shoveling ore by hand were over,
835
00:39:36,633 --> 00:39:39,600
But was there a new danger?
836
00:39:39,600 --> 00:39:41,867
Instead of having to
Load the ships by hand,
837
00:39:41,867 --> 00:39:43,767
They would roll
The rail car right out
838
00:39:43,767 --> 00:39:48,167
To the end of this
High, elevated pier,
839
00:39:48,167 --> 00:39:50,600
And they would dump
The contents directly
840
00:39:50,600 --> 00:39:52,900
Into a big chute
That led straight
841
00:39:52,900 --> 00:39:55,633
Into the hull of the ship.
842
00:39:55,633 --> 00:39:55,646
Narrator:
Along the length of each side
Of the jetty are 20 hoppers.
843
00:39:55,646 --> 00:39:56,000
Narrator:
Along the length of each side
Of the jetty are 20 hoppers.
844
00:40:00,367 --> 00:40:03,200
Using gravity alone
To move the ore,
845
00:40:03,200 --> 00:40:07,567
It would fall straight
Into those containers.
846
00:40:07,567 --> 00:40:10,333
Then, by selecting
Which chutes to use,
847
00:40:10,333 --> 00:40:14,600
It could be poured directly
Into the ship's hold.
848
00:40:14,600 --> 00:40:19,600
But would the modern system
Save the local industry?
849
00:40:19,600 --> 00:40:21,200
I think it's such
A neat solution
850
00:40:21,200 --> 00:40:24,333
To have this system
Where the chutes take
851
00:40:24,333 --> 00:40:25,646
This material from
A train to a ship.
852
00:40:25,646 --> 00:40:26,000
This material from
A train to a ship.
853
00:40:27,833 --> 00:40:30,933
Meigs: in many ways,
It reflected the modern,
854
00:40:30,933 --> 00:40:34,200
More mechanized way
That major ports work today.
855
00:40:34,200 --> 00:40:35,867
If you go to a container port,
856
00:40:35,867 --> 00:40:37,667
Like the port of los angeles,
857
00:40:37,667 --> 00:40:39,600
You'll see these giant
Containers getting loaded
858
00:40:39,600 --> 00:40:44,200
On and off boats, no one needs
To touch the cargo at all.
859
00:40:44,200 --> 00:40:46,700
Dickrell: it was a problem
That needed to be solved,
860
00:40:46,700 --> 00:40:52,200
And the solution to that was
A great increase in efficiency.
861
00:40:52,200 --> 00:40:55,067
It was a process
That used to take 10 days,
862
00:40:55,067 --> 00:40:55,646
Now it only took 10 hours.
863
00:40:55,646 --> 00:40:56,000
Now it only took 10 hours.
864
00:40:56,633 --> 00:40:59,267
It was a quarter
Of the original cost,
865
00:40:59,267 --> 00:41:01,700
Which was actually
A great savings.
866
00:41:01,700 --> 00:41:04,800
Narrator: this technology helped
Spanish production
867
00:41:04,800 --> 00:41:08,100
Of iron ore grow
From just half a million tons
868
00:41:08,100 --> 00:41:13,500
In 1875 to almost 10 million on
The eve of the first world war
869
00:41:13,500 --> 00:41:15,233
In 1913.
870
00:41:15,233 --> 00:41:18,233
So, with all that growth,
Why does the english pier
871
00:41:18,233 --> 00:41:21,433
Lie abandoned on the edge
Of the city today?
872
00:41:21,433 --> 00:41:23,467
*
873
00:41:23,467 --> 00:41:25,646
Meigs: it has its period when
It's perfectly optimized
874
00:41:25,646 --> 00:41:26,000
Meigs: it has its period when
It's perfectly optimized
875
00:41:27,567 --> 00:41:30,067
For the needs of the ships,
876
00:41:30,067 --> 00:41:33,833
And then technologies move on,
Markets move on,
877
00:41:33,833 --> 00:41:37,433
Other mines have opened
In other parts of the world.
878
00:41:37,433 --> 00:41:42,567
Narrator: in september, 1970,
It runs for the last time.
879
00:41:42,567 --> 00:41:45,800
*
880
00:41:45,800 --> 00:41:50,267
Originally saved from demolition
For its historical value,
881
00:41:50,267 --> 00:41:52,900
As costs spiraled, major plans
882
00:41:52,900 --> 00:41:55,646
To convert the english pier
Failed to materialize,
883
00:41:55,646 --> 00:41:56,000
To convert the english pier
Failed to materialize,
884
00:41:56,367 --> 00:41:59,067
So for now,
The old structure
885
00:41:59,067 --> 00:42:03,300
Continues to stand
Abandoned on the shore.
70243
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