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Narrator:
A brutal soviet fortress
On the edge of the sea.
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Nusbacher: you could expect
To lose yourself
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00:00:09,233 --> 00:00:13,633
In those cold, horrible walls.
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00:00:13,633 --> 00:00:15,667
Narrator:
A forgotten bunker system,
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Lost in the french alps.
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00:00:19,367 --> 00:00:20,800
Why would anyone
Build something like this
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So high up in the mountains?
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Narrator: and a deserted freeway
Leading nowhere.
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00:00:29,867 --> 00:00:30,000
Gough: what function could it
Possibly have had,
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Gough: what function could it
Possibly have had,
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Here in the middle of
This lush brazilian rainforest?
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*
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Narrator: once, they were some
Of the most advanced structures
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00:00:45,467 --> 00:00:47,967
And facilities on the planet,
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At the cutting edge
Of design and construction.
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00:00:51,600 --> 00:00:56,033
Today, they stand abandoned,
Contaminated,
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00:00:56,033 --> 00:00:58,733
And sometimes deadly.
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But who built them, and how?
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But who built them, and how?
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And why were they abandoned?
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*
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*
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-- captions by vitac --
Www.Vitac.Com
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Captions paid for by
Discovery communications
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Near the southeast coast
Of brazil,
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Amongst the mountainous peaks
Of the serra do mar,
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Is an imposing structure.
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Is an imposing structure.
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*
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Rising out of the mist and
Reaching across the rainforest,
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A huge freeway disappears
Into the distance.
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It's misty,
There's clouds rolling in.
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And when you focus,
All of a sudden,
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You see this huge
Concrete structure
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Has just grown up
Out of the jungle
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Has just grown up
Out of the jungle
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And then disappears.
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It's as though
A giant just picked up
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A huge concrete piece of lego
And dropped it there.
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I think you'd be taken aback
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At something that
Is completely unexpected
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In the middle of the jungle.
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Narrator:
Who built this giant road
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That dominates the landscape
On the side of a mountain,
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And where does it go?
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*
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Clues can be found
In the history
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Clues can be found
In the history
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Of brazil's
Trans-coastal highway
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In the 1950s.
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It was the br-101 freeway
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That would eventually
Stretch over 2,500 miles
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North to south.
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But if it is part of the 101,
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Why is this section
Here in the jungle,
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And not on the coast?
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Brazilian engineer
Newton jose cavalieri
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Brazilian engineer
Newton jose cavalieri
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Knows the freeway well.
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00:03:05,900 --> 00:03:07,267
[ speaking native language ]
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Interpreter:
Br-101 is a federal highway
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00:03:09,567 --> 00:03:11,900
Running along
The coastline of brazil.
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00:03:11,900 --> 00:03:13,467
But there's a strange break
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00:03:13,467 --> 00:03:16,867
Between the states
Of rio de janeiro, sao paulo,
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00:03:16,867 --> 00:03:19,733
And the state of piranĂ¡.
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00:03:19,733 --> 00:03:24,067
That's where the serra do mar
Mountains start.
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Gough: the original plan
Was to take the freeway
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Over the mountains.
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Now, that had all sorts
Of inherent challenges,
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00:03:30,000 --> 00:03:30,967
Now, that had all sorts
Of inherent challenges,
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00:03:30,967 --> 00:03:31,000
So they looked
For an alternative.
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Through the jungle,
That's going to be difficult,
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But how about over the top
Of the jungle?
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Narrator: following pipelines
And existing dirt roads
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Built by the state-owned
Petrobras oil company,
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The engineers forged
The most direct route.
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One of the key pieces in
This ambitious highway puzzle
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Is this,
The petrobras viaduct.
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Is this,
The petrobras viaduct.
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00:04:00,867 --> 00:04:01,000
It will bypass over 30 miles
Of winding coastal road.
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*
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Gough: you can imagine how
Difficult this was to construct.
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First of all,
You're in a jungle.
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It's inhospitable,
It's hot, it's humid,
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There's trees and insects.
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00:04:23,333 --> 00:04:27,167
It's over 130 feet tall.
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It's 1,000 feet long.
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Can you imagine the challenges
Of doing this,
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00:04:30,000 --> 00:04:31,000
Can you imagine the challenges
Of doing this,
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00:04:32,433 --> 00:04:36,200
Literally
In the middle of nowhere?
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00:04:36,200 --> 00:04:39,667
Narrator: but this isn't just
A freeway through the jungle.
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It's an important part of
Brazil's new nuclear ambitions.
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*
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Interpreter:
This was a strategics trip,
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00:04:51,133 --> 00:04:53,700
Because the angra dos reis
Thermonuclear plant
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Was being built
In rio de janeiro
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Exactly where
The br-101 finished,
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00:04:58,367 --> 00:05:00,000
So it had an exit --
You might say a strategic one --
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00:05:00,000 --> 00:05:01,000
So it had an exit --
You might say a strategic one --
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00:05:01,767 --> 00:05:07,100
To the north,
But no exit to the south.
101
00:05:07,100 --> 00:05:11,267
Narrator: and it was
This nuclear connection
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00:05:11,267 --> 00:05:15,867
That doomed the highway.
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00:05:15,867 --> 00:05:18,633
As brazil entered
The atomic age,
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They needed an escape route
To the south of rio,
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00:05:21,733 --> 00:05:25,467
So the br-101 had
To be completed in time
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Before the nuclear reactor
Went online.
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*
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00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:31,000
*
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00:05:34,767 --> 00:05:38,767
Various teams worked along
The route on different sections,
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00:05:38,767 --> 00:05:41,733
Some faster,
Some slower than others,
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00:05:41,733 --> 00:05:46,200
But all faced an array of
Challenges against the clock.
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00:05:46,200 --> 00:05:49,100
*
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00:05:49,100 --> 00:05:52,400
So, when you're trying to build
Quite a complex road network,
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And that might have tunnels,
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00:05:53,733 --> 00:05:55,667
It might have
Flat pieces of road,
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00:05:55,667 --> 00:05:57,900
And it also might have
These flyovers,
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What you want to do, really,
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00:05:59,300 --> 00:06:00,000
Is do the most complex
Pieces first.
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Is do the most complex
Pieces first.
120
00:06:03,100 --> 00:06:04,467
They're the most expensive,
121
00:06:04,467 --> 00:06:06,233
They're going to take
The longest,
122
00:06:06,233 --> 00:06:08,600
And they need the most amount
Of investment
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00:06:08,600 --> 00:06:10,533
In order to get them built.
124
00:06:10,533 --> 00:06:13,267
So, it's a good idea to get
The hard bits finished first,
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00:06:13,267 --> 00:06:15,700
And then what you can do later,
More easily,
126
00:06:15,700 --> 00:06:17,067
Is just to join the dots.
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00:06:17,067 --> 00:06:18,767
So, that's the kind
Of typical way
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00:06:18,767 --> 00:06:20,200
That you would build something,
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00:06:20,200 --> 00:06:25,400
Even though it sounds
Really counterintuitive.
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00:06:25,400 --> 00:06:27,867
[ speaking native language ]
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00:06:27,867 --> 00:06:29,167
Interpreter: there are
Lots of difficulties
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00:06:29,167 --> 00:06:30,000
With this building work.
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00:06:30,000 --> 00:06:30,667
With this building work.
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00:06:30,667 --> 00:06:31,000
The viaducts have to go through
A lot of big, deep places,
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00:06:34,600 --> 00:06:38,133
And have pillars 40 meters high.
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00:06:38,133 --> 00:06:45,333
That's for relatively small
Strips of 300 to 350 meters.
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00:06:45,333 --> 00:06:47,067
*
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00:06:47,067 --> 00:06:48,167
Agrawal:
There are a lot of things
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00:06:48,167 --> 00:06:50,333
That can make your life
Very difficult.
140
00:06:50,333 --> 00:06:53,767
That can start from
The ground being quite wet,
141
00:06:53,767 --> 00:06:57,767
Having lots of roots
Of trees there.
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00:06:57,767 --> 00:07:00,000
You're thinking about,
"How do I bring the material
143
00:07:00,000 --> 00:07:00,400
You're thinking about,
"How do I bring the material
144
00:07:00,400 --> 00:07:01,000
To that location
To actually build it?"
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00:07:02,667 --> 00:07:04,500
How are you going
To get cranes there?
146
00:07:04,500 --> 00:07:07,267
And then, if it's hot
And humid to add to that,
147
00:07:07,267 --> 00:07:11,867
That makes things
Even more difficult.
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00:07:11,867 --> 00:07:14,300
Narrator: but could
Building this freeway
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00:07:14,300 --> 00:07:16,400
With concrete in the jungle
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00:07:16,400 --> 00:07:20,467
Actually save time
And be a benefit?
151
00:07:20,467 --> 00:07:22,200
So, strangely enough,
The one thing
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00:07:22,200 --> 00:07:24,067
You don't really
Need to worry about
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00:07:24,067 --> 00:07:25,833
Is the concrete going off,
154
00:07:25,833 --> 00:07:28,067
Because you've got
The humidity there,
155
00:07:28,067 --> 00:07:30,000
And actually having
Quite the humid environment
156
00:07:30,000 --> 00:07:30,267
And actually having
Quite the humid environment
157
00:07:30,267 --> 00:07:31,000
Means that the concrete
Cures better
158
00:07:32,833 --> 00:07:34,867
And it gains its strength
Really nicely
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00:07:34,867 --> 00:07:39,833
And uniformly
Across its whole body.
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00:07:39,833 --> 00:07:41,967
Narrator:
But this concrete leviathan
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00:07:41,967 --> 00:07:46,133
Never gets to perform its
Starring role in this new plan.
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*
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00:07:48,967 --> 00:07:52,500
The brazilian economy
Suffers a major blow,
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Thanks to the global
Oil crisis of the 1980s.
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There are no funds available,
And the freeway is scrapped.
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00:08:00,000 --> 00:08:01,000
There are no funds available,
And the freeway is scrapped.
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00:08:02,800 --> 00:08:07,567
*
168
00:08:07,567 --> 00:08:12,800
So, why is the huge petrobras
Viaduct still left standing
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Out in the jungle?
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*
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00:08:19,367 --> 00:08:25,067
*
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00:08:25,067 --> 00:08:26,067
Narrator: in the shadow
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00:08:26,067 --> 00:08:28,567
Of the serra do mar mountains
In brazil
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Is the remains
Of the petrobras viaduct.
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00:08:34,667 --> 00:08:37,200
It was planned to be
A key component
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Of an advanced freeway system
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That was critical
To the nation's survival.
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00:08:43,600 --> 00:08:47,567
But, today, it stands abandoned.
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00:08:47,567 --> 00:08:48,998
Demolishing the viaduct
Can actually be more expensive
180
00:08:48,998 --> 00:08:49,000
Demolishing the viaduct
Can actually be more expensive
181
00:08:50,267 --> 00:08:51,933
Than the construction
Cost itself.
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00:08:51,933 --> 00:08:53,233
And so, in many times,
It's easier
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00:08:53,233 --> 00:08:55,533
To leave a structure like that
In place,
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Even though it's very remote.
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00:08:59,767 --> 00:09:02,767
Narrator: the petrobras viaduct
Is a sad result
186
00:09:02,767 --> 00:09:05,800
Of the brazilian economic crash.
187
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It is never finished,
188
00:09:07,267 --> 00:09:12,800
And fails to link up with
The new nuclear power plant.
189
00:09:12,800 --> 00:09:16,567
It is left to be consumed
By the jungle.
190
00:09:16,567 --> 00:09:18,998
*
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*
192
00:09:21,733 --> 00:09:24,467
Today, this concrete freeway
193
00:09:24,467 --> 00:09:27,600
Is rooted
To the rainforest floor.
194
00:09:27,600 --> 00:09:32,167
It has endured heavy rains
And extreme humidity,
195
00:09:32,167 --> 00:09:35,233
And is rarely visited.
196
00:09:35,233 --> 00:09:41,933
The petrobras viaduct just
Imposed itself on this jungle,
197
00:09:41,933 --> 00:09:45,433
So I think it's somewhat ironic
But completely fitting
198
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That nature is now consuming it
Back from whence it came,
199
00:09:48,998 --> 00:09:49,000
That nature is now consuming it
Back from whence it came,
200
00:09:49,300 --> 00:09:51,367
And I think that's
A fitting end to something
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That probably shouldn't have
Been there in the first place.
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*
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00:09:59,467 --> 00:10:00,633
Narrator: in europe,
204
00:10:00,633 --> 00:10:04,067
On the coast of estonia's
Capital city, tallinn,
205
00:10:04,067 --> 00:10:07,333
Is a structure
With a very dark past.
206
00:10:07,333 --> 00:10:13,567
*
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00:10:13,567 --> 00:10:17,867
Spread over 180,000 square feet,
208
00:10:17,867 --> 00:10:18,998
This ominous
Three-story fortress,
209
00:10:18,998 --> 00:10:19,000
This ominous
Three-story fortress,
210
00:10:20,967 --> 00:10:24,100
Battered and salt-sprayed
By the sea,
211
00:10:24,100 --> 00:10:27,567
Once housed thousands of people.
212
00:10:27,567 --> 00:10:31,100
Gough: the really peculiar thing
Is this triangular-shape,
213
00:10:31,100 --> 00:10:34,167
Masonic-looking
Sort of structure
214
00:10:34,167 --> 00:10:36,433
That protrudes
From the center of it,
215
00:10:36,433 --> 00:10:40,167
And it just defies explanation.
216
00:10:40,167 --> 00:10:42,100
Then, when you get
Close up to the site,
217
00:10:42,100 --> 00:10:44,333
You realize, "Hang on,
218
00:10:44,333 --> 00:10:48,998
What's all this
Barb wire about?"
219
00:10:48,998 --> 00:10:49,000
What's all this
Barb wire about?"
220
00:10:50,100 --> 00:10:51,867
Narrator: inside the building,
221
00:10:51,867 --> 00:10:54,067
Miles of winding corridors
222
00:10:54,067 --> 00:10:58,967
Pass hundreds of empty,
Rotting cells.
223
00:10:58,967 --> 00:11:01,267
But who was kept here, and why?
224
00:11:01,267 --> 00:11:03,667
You walk along the halls,
And you're instantly struck
225
00:11:03,667 --> 00:11:07,600
About how cold and stark
This place is.
226
00:11:07,600 --> 00:11:09,433
It was never constructed to give
227
00:11:09,433 --> 00:11:11,733
Whoever it was
That inhabited it
228
00:11:11,733 --> 00:11:15,067
Any sense of comfort.
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00:11:15,067 --> 00:11:18,900
Narrator: so, who built
This dark and dismal place,
230
00:11:18,900 --> 00:11:18,998
And what was it used for?
231
00:11:18,998 --> 00:11:19,000
And what was it used for?
232
00:11:23,567 --> 00:11:26,433
*
233
00:11:26,433 --> 00:11:28,233
Its roots can be traced back
234
00:11:28,233 --> 00:11:31,467
To russia's long
Domination of estonia.
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00:11:31,467 --> 00:11:34,400
*
236
00:11:34,400 --> 00:11:36,767
On the edge of the baltic sea,
237
00:11:36,767 --> 00:11:39,633
Estonia is the perfect
Strategic location
238
00:11:39,633 --> 00:11:44,133
For russian military
And intelligence services.
239
00:11:44,133 --> 00:11:46,533
The ussr want the baltic states
240
00:11:46,533 --> 00:11:48,998
To bow down to communist power
And its regime,
241
00:11:48,998 --> 00:11:49,000
To bow down to communist power
And its regime,
242
00:11:50,300 --> 00:11:53,700
But what do they do
With anyone who opposes them?
243
00:11:53,700 --> 00:11:57,633
*
244
00:11:57,633 --> 00:12:02,067
The ussr was this huge,
Controlling monolith.
245
00:12:02,067 --> 00:12:04,533
There was no opposition allowed.
246
00:12:04,533 --> 00:12:08,100
If you were a leader of some
Of those baltic states,
247
00:12:08,100 --> 00:12:10,333
Like estonia,
There's only one thing
248
00:12:10,333 --> 00:12:11,500
That's going to happen to you.
249
00:12:11,500 --> 00:12:14,067
You would be locked away
In prison,
250
00:12:14,067 --> 00:12:17,733
Pretty much the key would be
Thrown away.
251
00:12:17,733 --> 00:12:18,998
Narrator: this former
Russian naval sea fortress
252
00:12:18,998 --> 00:12:19,000
Narrator: this former
Russian naval sea fortress
253
00:12:21,067 --> 00:12:25,267
Is turned into one of the most
Dark and dangerous institutions
254
00:12:25,267 --> 00:12:27,733
In the communist world --
255
00:12:27,733 --> 00:12:32,833
Patarei prison.
256
00:12:32,833 --> 00:12:37,400
Nusbacher:
Patarei prison was a branch
Of the kgb in moscow.
257
00:12:37,400 --> 00:12:42,467
It was the hell of the most
Ruthless intelligence agency
258
00:12:42,467 --> 00:12:45,933
In the world.
259
00:12:45,933 --> 00:12:48,998
Narrator: patarei quickly
Became known as a place
260
00:12:48,998 --> 00:12:49,000
Narrator: patarei quickly
Became known as a place
261
00:12:49,067 --> 00:12:55,067
Where those who resisted
Russian expansion were sent.
262
00:12:55,067 --> 00:12:57,933
Martin andreller is an expert
263
00:12:57,933 --> 00:13:01,900
On what life was like
Inside this prison.
264
00:13:19,433 --> 00:13:26,667
You would have one toilet
And cold water by design.
265
00:13:26,667 --> 00:13:30,100
You'd have a blanket, that's it.
266
00:13:30,100 --> 00:13:32,767
The whole intent
Was to dehumanize you,
267
00:13:32,767 --> 00:13:35,067
To make you feel as though
You're not worth
268
00:13:35,067 --> 00:13:39,200
Anything better than this.
269
00:13:39,200 --> 00:13:41,533
It was a nasty place.
270
00:13:59,533 --> 00:14:02,900
Narrator: patarei was used
As a staging post
271
00:14:02,900 --> 00:14:05,133
For thousands of forced laborers
272
00:14:05,133 --> 00:14:08,300
Who were sent off
To the gulags in siberia
273
00:14:08,300 --> 00:14:14,600
Over 2,000 miles away.
274
00:14:14,600 --> 00:14:17,333
The soviets
Were willing to deport
275
00:14:17,333 --> 00:14:18,998
Thousands and thousands
Of estonians to siberia
276
00:14:18,998 --> 00:14:19,000
Thousands and thousands
Of estonians to siberia
277
00:14:21,433 --> 00:14:24,467
Just for being estonian.
278
00:14:24,467 --> 00:14:26,867
*
279
00:14:26,867 --> 00:14:28,300
Narrator: as punishment,
280
00:14:28,300 --> 00:14:32,333
The estonian population
Are imprisoned,
281
00:14:32,333 --> 00:14:37,400
And the conditions
In patarei are bad.
282
00:14:37,400 --> 00:14:39,200
*
283
00:14:39,200 --> 00:14:45,800
Nusbacher:
Patarei was a way of bringing
The frozen hell of siberia,
284
00:14:45,800 --> 00:14:48,998
The ruthless exploitation
Of moscow
285
00:14:48,998 --> 00:14:49,000
The ruthless exploitation
Of moscow
286
00:14:50,333 --> 00:14:54,300
Right into the center
Of tallinn.
287
00:14:54,300 --> 00:14:58,700
*
288
00:14:58,700 --> 00:15:01,867
Narrator: but the way
Soviets treated prisoners here
289
00:15:01,867 --> 00:15:05,267
Only aided
Its ultimate downfall.
290
00:15:05,267 --> 00:15:08,200
Because of the physical
And psychological torture
291
00:15:08,200 --> 00:15:10,067
At patarei prison,
292
00:15:10,067 --> 00:15:15,367
Estonia's hatred
For russia runs deep.
293
00:15:15,367 --> 00:15:18,998
It ignites strong resistance
Against their old enemy
294
00:15:18,998 --> 00:15:19,000
It ignites strong resistance
Against their old enemy
295
00:15:19,233 --> 00:15:25,433
From a group called
The forest brothers.
296
00:15:25,433 --> 00:15:28,133
Gough: we first find
The phrase "Forest brothers"
297
00:15:28,133 --> 00:15:30,667
In the baltic region
Around the time
298
00:15:30,667 --> 00:15:33,533
Of the russian revolution --
Around 1905 --
299
00:15:33,533 --> 00:15:36,500
And, supposedly, it comes from
School teachers and peasants
300
00:15:36,500 --> 00:15:38,967
Taking refuge in the forest,
301
00:15:38,967 --> 00:15:43,333
Hiding against
The occupation by russia.
302
00:15:43,333 --> 00:15:46,433
It turns into
A real political movement,
303
00:15:46,433 --> 00:15:48,998
Where partisans of
All the baltic states
304
00:15:48,998 --> 00:15:49,000
Where partisans of
All the baltic states
305
00:15:49,067 --> 00:15:51,067
Are willing to fight
For their lives
306
00:15:51,067 --> 00:15:53,733
Against the russian occupation.
307
00:15:53,733 --> 00:15:56,333
*
308
00:15:56,333 --> 00:15:59,900
Narrator: it's said that
Up to 30,000 forest brothers
309
00:15:59,900 --> 00:16:03,133
Fight the russians
In any way possible,
310
00:16:03,133 --> 00:16:08,067
Through sabotage
Or hand-to-hand combat.
311
00:16:08,067 --> 00:16:09,933
*
312
00:16:09,933 --> 00:16:11,233
But will this resistance
313
00:16:11,233 --> 00:16:14,767
Bring down the russian control
Of estonia,
314
00:16:14,767 --> 00:16:18,998
And is this why patarei prison
Is eventually abandoned?
315
00:16:18,998 --> 00:16:19,000
And is this why patarei prison
Is eventually abandoned?
316
00:16:22,433 --> 00:16:23,000
*
317
00:16:28,467 --> 00:16:31,400
Narrator: in estonia's
Capital city, tallinn,
318
00:16:31,400 --> 00:16:36,067
Are the crumbling remains of
A brutal russian institution,
319
00:16:36,067 --> 00:16:40,767
Patarei prison.
320
00:16:40,767 --> 00:16:43,833
Many members
Of the forest brothers,
321
00:16:43,833 --> 00:16:46,700
A partisan movement,
End up here,
322
00:16:46,700 --> 00:16:48,867
Condemned to
Solitary confinement
323
00:16:48,867 --> 00:16:52,081
In the very worst conditions.
324
00:16:52,081 --> 00:16:53,000
In the very worst conditions.
325
00:16:53,467 --> 00:16:58,067
The soviets were excellent
At manipulating uncertainty
326
00:16:58,067 --> 00:17:03,633
In order to divorce prisoners
From reality.
327
00:17:03,633 --> 00:17:07,500
They took away
Your sense of time
328
00:17:07,500 --> 00:17:10,500
By taking away natural light.
329
00:17:10,500 --> 00:17:12,900
They took away your sense
Of biological time
330
00:17:12,900 --> 00:17:17,867
By feeding you
At irregular intervals.
331
00:17:17,867 --> 00:17:20,267
You could expect
To lose yourself
332
00:17:20,267 --> 00:17:22,081
In those cold, horrible walls.
333
00:17:22,081 --> 00:17:23,000
In those cold, horrible walls.
334
00:17:25,800 --> 00:17:28,067
Bell: during the cold war,
There's a real interest
335
00:17:28,067 --> 00:17:31,900
In any groups who were
Resisting that soviet rule.
336
00:17:31,900 --> 00:17:35,933
And the forest brothers
Were secretly getting support
337
00:17:35,933 --> 00:17:39,300
From both mi6 and the c.I.A.
338
00:17:39,300 --> 00:17:42,233
Gough: each of which
Had a vested interest
339
00:17:42,233 --> 00:17:44,167
In the forest brothers' success,
340
00:17:44,167 --> 00:17:47,500
'cause they wanted to see
Russia and communism
341
00:17:47,500 --> 00:17:51,567
Stopped in its tracks.
342
00:17:51,567 --> 00:17:52,081
Narrator:
The design of the prison
343
00:17:52,081 --> 00:17:53,000
Narrator:
The design of the prison
344
00:17:53,500 --> 00:17:56,267
Means that only
Three escape attempts
345
00:17:56,267 --> 00:17:58,600
Are ever made from patarei,
346
00:17:58,600 --> 00:18:02,667
And all end in failure.
347
00:18:02,667 --> 00:18:06,700
Alongside the presence
Of the feared kgb,
348
00:18:06,700 --> 00:18:10,967
This was one of the most secure
Sites in europe.
349
00:18:10,967 --> 00:18:12,300
Andreller: 'cause it was
Very hard to get out.
350
00:18:12,300 --> 00:18:15,633
The walls itself was based
As a naval fortress.
351
00:18:15,633 --> 00:18:18,100
They were very thick.
They were two meters.
352
00:18:18,100 --> 00:18:21,433
And, of course, the systems
Of internal security --
353
00:18:21,433 --> 00:18:22,081
All the doors and so on.
354
00:18:22,081 --> 00:18:22,533
All the doors and so on.
355
00:18:22,533 --> 00:18:23,000
So, it was basically
Not possible to do that
356
00:18:25,533 --> 00:18:27,233
If you didn't have
The inside help
357
00:18:27,233 --> 00:18:28,433
From the prison guards.
358
00:18:28,433 --> 00:18:31,200
Otherwise, you couldn't get out.
359
00:18:31,200 --> 00:18:34,067
Narrator:
The last execution at patarei
360
00:18:34,067 --> 00:18:36,967
Takes place in 1991,
361
00:18:36,967 --> 00:18:40,767
The same year that
The soviet union breaks up.
362
00:18:40,767 --> 00:18:42,700
The russians may have left,
363
00:18:42,700 --> 00:18:47,633
But patarei continues to
Function as a prison until 2002.
364
00:18:47,633 --> 00:18:50,733
This building,
Soaked in tragedy,
365
00:18:50,733 --> 00:18:52,081
Lies derelict and abandoned,
A dark reminder of the past.
366
00:18:52,081 --> 00:18:53,000
Lies derelict and abandoned,
A dark reminder of the past.
367
00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:02,967
Bell:
You can really see what that
Soviet oppression was all about
368
00:19:02,967 --> 00:19:04,667
For anyone
Who was imprisoned there.
369
00:19:04,667 --> 00:19:06,100
It's almost an opportunity today
370
00:19:06,100 --> 00:19:08,367
To still look behind
The iron curtain.
371
00:19:08,367 --> 00:19:13,867
*
372
00:19:13,867 --> 00:19:16,167
Narrator: off the coast
Of new york city,
373
00:19:16,167 --> 00:19:18,633
At the mouth
Of the hudson river,
374
00:19:18,633 --> 00:19:21,367
Is a gateway to america.
375
00:19:21,367 --> 00:19:22,081
*
376
00:19:22,081 --> 00:19:23,000
*
377
00:19:27,133 --> 00:19:33,400
In the shadow of lady liberty
Lies a 28-acre manmade landmass,
378
00:19:33,400 --> 00:19:37,933
Scattered with 22 neat,
Red-brick buildings
379
00:19:37,933 --> 00:19:42,167
That contain a deadly past.
380
00:19:42,167 --> 00:19:44,633
Gough: to say that this place
Is atmospheric
381
00:19:44,633 --> 00:19:46,433
Would be an understatement.
382
00:19:46,433 --> 00:19:49,733
It's really creepy.
383
00:19:49,733 --> 00:19:51,833
There's vines
Growing on the walls.
384
00:19:51,833 --> 00:19:52,081
There's bars on the windows.
385
00:19:52,081 --> 00:19:53,000
There's bars on the windows.
386
00:19:54,900 --> 00:19:56,933
All you can hear is dead silence
387
00:19:56,933 --> 00:19:59,633
And the occasional
Sort of sea bird
388
00:19:59,633 --> 00:20:03,467
Crying in the distance.
389
00:20:03,467 --> 00:20:07,167
It's no wonder it brings about
Images of horror movies
390
00:20:07,167 --> 00:20:10,567
And experiments
Kind of gone wrong.
391
00:20:10,567 --> 00:20:14,733
*
392
00:20:14,733 --> 00:20:19,667
Narrator:
Today, dappled light and sea air
Stream through the large windows
393
00:20:19,667 --> 00:20:21,933
In this dilapidated complex,
394
00:20:21,933 --> 00:20:22,081
Revealing little about
Its original purpose.
395
00:20:22,081 --> 00:20:23,000
Revealing little about
Its original purpose.
396
00:20:27,433 --> 00:20:28,600
If you were to find yourself
397
00:20:28,600 --> 00:20:30,633
Walking down the corridors
Of this place,
398
00:20:30,633 --> 00:20:33,200
You would ask yourself,
"What's going on?"
399
00:20:33,200 --> 00:20:35,300
These huge, ironclad doors
400
00:20:35,300 --> 00:20:39,000
With these sealed-tight
Sort of locks --
401
00:20:39,000 --> 00:20:40,533
Is this a prison?
402
00:20:40,533 --> 00:20:44,000
What is this place?
403
00:20:44,000 --> 00:20:47,867
Narrator: what was the function
Of this sprawling complex,
404
00:20:47,867 --> 00:20:52,081
And why was it left
To fall abandoned?
405
00:20:52,081 --> 00:20:53,000
And why was it left
To fall abandoned?
406
00:20:53,233 --> 00:20:58,033
In 1892, the prospect of jobs
And a better way of life
407
00:20:58,033 --> 00:21:00,500
Draws immigrants
From all over the globe
408
00:21:00,500 --> 00:21:04,600
To the shores of new york city.
409
00:21:04,600 --> 00:21:06,867
As they pass through
The immigration station
410
00:21:06,867 --> 00:21:08,400
On ellis island,
411
00:21:08,400 --> 00:21:13,633
Many travelers bring with them
Deadly diseases.
412
00:21:13,633 --> 00:21:15,300
How can the authorities prevent
413
00:21:15,300 --> 00:21:20,800
A pandemic spreading
Throughout the u.S.?
414
00:21:20,800 --> 00:21:22,081
Gough:
America had opened its doors.
415
00:21:22,081 --> 00:21:23,000
Gough:
America had opened its doors.
416
00:21:23,133 --> 00:21:24,400
That sounds great,
417
00:21:24,400 --> 00:21:26,467
But the dark side,
The flip side,
418
00:21:26,467 --> 00:21:29,700
The concern that no one really,
Probably thought through
419
00:21:29,700 --> 00:21:32,067
Is that you're welcoming disease
420
00:21:32,067 --> 00:21:36,200
From all over
The rest of the world.
421
00:21:36,200 --> 00:21:37,633
There were no shots.
422
00:21:37,633 --> 00:21:39,733
There were no antibiotics
You could give people
423
00:21:39,733 --> 00:21:41,133
As they walked through the door.
424
00:21:41,133 --> 00:21:43,667
You had no idea what
They were bringing with them,
425
00:21:43,667 --> 00:21:47,667
And this created the need
For a hospital.
426
00:21:47,667 --> 00:21:51,667
Narrator: this is the ellis
Island immigration hospital,
427
00:21:51,667 --> 00:21:52,081
America's first line
Of defense against disease,
428
00:21:52,081 --> 00:21:53,000
America's first line
Of defense against disease,
429
00:21:55,267 --> 00:21:58,567
And one of the largest
Public-health hospitals
430
00:21:58,567 --> 00:22:01,733
In u.S. History.
431
00:22:01,733 --> 00:22:05,433
Its job is to stop
A dangerous outbreak of disease
432
00:22:05,433 --> 00:22:07,767
Spreading across the country.
433
00:22:07,767 --> 00:22:10,067
But will it work?
434
00:22:10,067 --> 00:22:12,067
An absolute
State-of-the-art hospital
435
00:22:12,067 --> 00:22:15,533
That had huge capacity,
Highly trained staff.
436
00:22:15,533 --> 00:22:17,867
Mcinnes: it employed the most
Modern medical practices
437
00:22:17,867 --> 00:22:19,367
That exist into this day.
438
00:22:19,367 --> 00:22:20,333
It was purposely designed
439
00:22:20,333 --> 00:22:21,833
To protect the people
Who worked here,
440
00:22:21,833 --> 00:22:22,081
The people in the united states,
441
00:22:22,081 --> 00:22:22,833
The people in the united states,
442
00:22:22,833 --> 00:22:23,000
And the other immigrants.
443
00:22:26,067 --> 00:22:30,200
Narrator: this cutting-edge
Medical complex is so vast,
444
00:22:30,200 --> 00:22:33,700
It needs its very own
Purpose-built island,
445
00:22:33,700 --> 00:22:37,800
Separate
To the immigration center.
446
00:22:37,800 --> 00:22:40,667
Back in the day, when
You arrived at ellis island,
447
00:22:40,667 --> 00:22:42,933
You were greeted
With a security check
448
00:22:42,933 --> 00:22:44,833
And a health check.
449
00:22:44,833 --> 00:22:48,867
It forced the health community
To grow its expertise,
450
00:22:48,867 --> 00:22:52,067
To test for things, to learn,
To become more proficient,
451
00:22:52,067 --> 00:22:52,081
And it was really the genesis
452
00:22:52,081 --> 00:22:53,000
And it was really the genesis
453
00:22:53,767 --> 00:22:57,200
Of the american
Healthcare industry.
454
00:22:57,200 --> 00:23:02,100
Narrator: in 1898, construction
Begins on island number two
455
00:23:02,100 --> 00:23:06,867
That will increase
The total mass to over 15 acres.
456
00:23:06,867 --> 00:23:10,833
But how can you build an island
In the middle of the sea?
457
00:23:10,833 --> 00:23:14,433
By taking inspiration from
The ancient roman engineers.
458
00:23:14,433 --> 00:23:16,733
So, what they used to do,
Which was quite cunning,
459
00:23:16,733 --> 00:23:20,867
Is to create two rings
Made out of timber logs
460
00:23:20,867 --> 00:23:22,081
And then pack the little space
Between these two rings
461
00:23:22,081 --> 00:23:23,000
And then pack the little space
Between these two rings
462
00:23:23,700 --> 00:23:24,667
With clay,
463
00:23:24,667 --> 00:23:26,333
Pump the water
Out from the middle,
464
00:23:26,333 --> 00:23:30,067
And then you've got a dry space
In which to work.
465
00:23:30,067 --> 00:23:33,233
Narrator:
Laborers fill the watertight
Framework of the island
466
00:23:33,233 --> 00:23:38,167
With rubble from the newly
Excavated new york subway.
467
00:23:38,167 --> 00:23:40,167
On the new island base,
468
00:23:40,167 --> 00:23:43,133
Six dedicated hospital
Structures are built
469
00:23:43,133 --> 00:23:48,267
At a cost of over $23 million
In today's money.
470
00:23:48,267 --> 00:23:51,300
By 1901, the hospital
Is processing
471
00:23:51,300 --> 00:23:52,081
Huge numbers of immigrants.
472
00:23:52,081 --> 00:23:53,000
Huge numbers of immigrants.
473
00:23:54,567 --> 00:23:58,233
Most of us get nervous today
Going through airport security,
474
00:23:58,233 --> 00:24:01,533
But that's nothing
Compared to the anxiety
475
00:24:01,533 --> 00:24:05,333
That immigrants felt as
They arrived at ellis island.
476
00:24:05,333 --> 00:24:07,267
We've been on planes for hours,
477
00:24:07,267 --> 00:24:10,833
They've been on boats for weeks,
In dire conditions,
478
00:24:10,833 --> 00:24:12,567
And they don't speak
The language.
479
00:24:12,567 --> 00:24:15,867
You can imagine the anxiety,
The confusion,
480
00:24:15,867 --> 00:24:20,100
And the tension on both sides.
481
00:24:20,100 --> 00:24:22,081
Narrator: in 1907,
Over a million immigrants
482
00:24:22,081 --> 00:24:23,000
Narrator: in 1907,
Over a million immigrants
483
00:24:23,500 --> 00:24:25,433
Pass through ellis island.
484
00:24:25,433 --> 00:24:31,067
The medical complex is
Overwhelmed with patients.
485
00:24:31,067 --> 00:24:34,467
But will this facility
Succeed or fail
486
00:24:34,467 --> 00:24:37,267
To control a serious outbreak?
487
00:24:37,267 --> 00:24:40,367
*
488
00:24:42,800 --> 00:24:43,000
*
489
00:24:48,633 --> 00:24:51,067
Narrator: at the heart
Of the hudson river,
490
00:24:51,067 --> 00:24:52,767
On this tiny landmass,
491
00:24:52,767 --> 00:24:58,867
Was america's
Most advanced hospital.
492
00:24:58,867 --> 00:25:03,400
Today, it's a shell
Of its former self.
493
00:25:03,400 --> 00:25:05,300
But over a hundred years ago,
494
00:25:05,300 --> 00:25:09,400
It was overrun by patients
From all around the world.
495
00:25:09,400 --> 00:25:12,581
This is ellis island hospital.
496
00:25:12,581 --> 00:25:13,000
This is ellis island hospital.
497
00:25:14,133 --> 00:25:17,833
But to isolate and control
Contagious diseases,
498
00:25:17,833 --> 00:25:20,700
They needed to build
A third island,
499
00:25:20,700 --> 00:25:25,067
200 feet across the water.
500
00:25:25,067 --> 00:25:27,067
One of the reasons
Ellis island was built
501
00:25:27,067 --> 00:25:28,833
On an island in the first place
502
00:25:28,833 --> 00:25:32,333
Is because it isolated
The complex from the rest
503
00:25:32,333 --> 00:25:34,167
Of the north american
Population.
504
00:25:34,167 --> 00:25:36,633
If there was some kind
Of epidemic or disease,
505
00:25:36,633 --> 00:25:37,933
It could be held on that island,
506
00:25:37,933 --> 00:25:39,567
And wouldn't
Immediately be spreading
507
00:25:39,567 --> 00:25:42,581
Through the rest
Of the population.
508
00:25:42,581 --> 00:25:43,000
Through the rest
Of the population.
509
00:25:44,067 --> 00:25:46,733
Narrator: made up
Of 17 separate buildings,
510
00:25:46,733 --> 00:25:49,567
All dedicated to
Specific illnesses,
511
00:25:49,567 --> 00:25:51,433
The contagious-disease hospital
512
00:25:51,433 --> 00:25:53,633
Can seal off each section
513
00:25:53,633 --> 00:25:58,067
And prevent the spread
Of deadly infection.
514
00:26:01,067 --> 00:26:02,600
Mcinnes: you can be brought
To a ward like this --
515
00:26:02,600 --> 00:26:04,200
This large, open room.
516
00:26:04,200 --> 00:26:06,667
It's all going to be likely
Men just like you.
517
00:26:06,667 --> 00:26:07,833
You're going to be here.
518
00:26:07,833 --> 00:26:09,600
Beds are going to be between
Each of the windows,
519
00:26:09,600 --> 00:26:11,533
Surrounding the area.
520
00:26:11,533 --> 00:26:12,581
Now, this room is actually
521
00:26:12,581 --> 00:26:12,900
Now, this room is actually
522
00:26:12,900 --> 00:26:13,000
A design theory of florence
Nightingale's from 1860.
523
00:26:16,467 --> 00:26:18,500
She thought there was
Something in the air,
524
00:26:18,500 --> 00:26:20,167
Called bad air, miasma.
525
00:26:20,167 --> 00:26:22,867
So she had this theory
Of getting it out of the room.
526
00:26:22,867 --> 00:26:24,400
And what you see
Is actually engineered,
527
00:26:24,400 --> 00:26:25,667
It's putting it at work --
528
00:26:25,667 --> 00:26:27,333
Three sides of fresh air,
529
00:26:27,333 --> 00:26:29,400
And sunlight coming through.
530
00:26:29,400 --> 00:26:31,600
These large windows,
They're going to be open
531
00:26:31,600 --> 00:26:33,233
About 18 inches
Throughout the year
532
00:26:33,233 --> 00:26:34,733
To allow the bad air out.
533
00:26:34,733 --> 00:26:36,167
And then she has something
Unique in design --
534
00:26:36,167 --> 00:26:39,133
This coving that you'll see
Around the ceilings.
535
00:26:39,133 --> 00:26:41,200
That's going to facilitate
The flow of air,
536
00:26:41,200 --> 00:26:42,581
Allow the air to travel
Up the walls,
537
00:26:42,581 --> 00:26:43,000
Allow the air to travel
Up the walls,
538
00:26:43,100 --> 00:26:45,567
Collect the bad air out,
Come out the other side,
539
00:26:45,567 --> 00:26:47,233
Go out the window
On the other side of the room.
540
00:26:47,233 --> 00:26:51,933
An advanced theory in 1860.
541
00:26:51,933 --> 00:26:55,800
Narrator: this was the age
Of tuberculosis and cholera,
542
00:26:55,800 --> 00:26:59,067
So disease control is paramount.
543
00:26:59,067 --> 00:27:01,300
The onsite industrial laundry
544
00:27:01,300 --> 00:27:04,733
Processes 3,000 towels
And sheets daily.
545
00:27:04,733 --> 00:27:08,133
*
546
00:27:08,133 --> 00:27:11,733
A giant steel chamber
Called an autoclave
547
00:27:11,733 --> 00:27:12,581
Uses high-pressure steam
To disinfect whole mattresses.
548
00:27:12,581 --> 00:27:13,000
Uses high-pressure steam
To disinfect whole mattresses.
549
00:27:17,600 --> 00:27:20,067
Doctors and nurses
Do everything they can
550
00:27:20,067 --> 00:27:24,733
To prevent cross contamination.
551
00:27:24,733 --> 00:27:26,200
And the room's
Going to be locked.
552
00:27:26,200 --> 00:27:28,367
People are going to be here
For about three weeks
553
00:27:28,367 --> 00:27:33,567
While they're being treated
For their infectious disease.
554
00:27:33,567 --> 00:27:36,733
Narrator: there are
Few antibiotics available,
555
00:27:36,733 --> 00:27:39,400
So treatment relies on waiting
556
00:27:39,400 --> 00:27:42,581
And seeing if the patients
Get better or worse.
557
00:27:42,581 --> 00:27:43,000
And seeing if the patients
Get better or worse.
558
00:27:45,867 --> 00:27:47,667
It must have been
A scary process.
559
00:27:47,667 --> 00:27:50,133
You were threatened
With being sent back home
560
00:27:50,133 --> 00:27:51,700
If you didn't recover.
561
00:27:51,700 --> 00:27:54,133
The good news is,
The vast majority of them did.
562
00:27:54,133 --> 00:27:56,800
Only about 1% of the passengers
563
00:27:56,800 --> 00:28:01,567
Were returned to their home
Countries because of illness.
564
00:28:01,567 --> 00:28:05,400
Narrator: so, ultimately,
Ellis island's medical facility
565
00:28:05,400 --> 00:28:07,767
Was a success.
566
00:28:07,767 --> 00:28:09,400
But modern technology,
567
00:28:09,400 --> 00:28:11,867
Along with advancements
In medicine,
568
00:28:11,867 --> 00:28:12,581
Ironically outstrip
The island's facilities,
569
00:28:12,581 --> 00:28:13,000
Ironically outstrip
The island's facilities,
570
00:28:15,433 --> 00:28:19,367
And it's closed down.
571
00:28:19,367 --> 00:28:22,067
After the hospital closes
Its doors for immigrants,
572
00:28:22,067 --> 00:28:26,633
The island continues
To be used by the fbi,
573
00:28:26,633 --> 00:28:28,367
Which is quite interesting,
574
00:28:28,367 --> 00:28:31,467
And then as
A prisoner-of-war facility.
575
00:28:31,467 --> 00:28:33,567
So, it had some functional use
576
00:28:33,567 --> 00:28:36,633
After it closed down
As an immigration hospital,
577
00:28:36,633 --> 00:28:41,200
But, ultimately, it would
Close its doors for good.
578
00:28:41,200 --> 00:28:42,581
Narrator: in 1954,
579
00:28:42,581 --> 00:28:43,000
Narrator: in 1954,
580
00:28:43,800 --> 00:28:48,067
Ellis island and its hospital
Are abandoned.
581
00:28:48,067 --> 00:28:50,133
Once bursting at the seams,
582
00:28:50,133 --> 00:28:55,700
This medical institution
Lay empty and derelict.
583
00:28:55,700 --> 00:29:00,233
But today, thanks to the save
Ellis island foundation,
584
00:29:00,233 --> 00:29:02,867
The hospital is being restored
585
00:29:02,867 --> 00:29:09,633
And is reopened to so-called
"Hard hat tours."
586
00:29:09,633 --> 00:29:12,581
Immigration center is
A popular tourist attraction.
587
00:29:12,581 --> 00:29:13,000
Immigration center is
A popular tourist attraction.
588
00:29:13,267 --> 00:29:15,167
They come in droves.
589
00:29:15,167 --> 00:29:19,500
But what they don't see is
The hospital right nearby,
590
00:29:19,500 --> 00:29:22,400
And the hospital, you know,
It should be thought of
591
00:29:22,400 --> 00:29:25,633
As every bit as important
As the immigration center,
592
00:29:25,633 --> 00:29:29,167
Because this is where the legacy
Of american healthcare
593
00:29:29,167 --> 00:29:30,833
Can really be celebrated.
594
00:29:30,833 --> 00:29:35,500
*
595
00:29:35,500 --> 00:29:38,567
Narrator: over 6,000 feet up
In the french alps
596
00:29:38,567 --> 00:29:42,581
Are a series of deserted
And mysterious structures.
597
00:29:42,581 --> 00:29:42,900
Are a series of deserted
And mysterious structures.
598
00:29:42,900 --> 00:29:43,000
*
599
00:29:48,167 --> 00:29:53,433
*
600
00:29:53,433 --> 00:29:57,733
What race of beings built
This vast encampment,
601
00:29:57,733 --> 00:29:58,767
So much of it underground?
602
00:29:58,767 --> 00:30:00,367
It's like something
Out of tolkien --
603
00:30:00,367 --> 00:30:04,200
You know, something
The dwarves would've built.
604
00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:07,367
Narrator: a maze of dark,
Desolate corridors
605
00:30:07,367 --> 00:30:12,581
Leads into the deepest recesses
Of the alps' peaks.
606
00:30:12,581 --> 00:30:12,967
Leads into the deepest recesses
Of the alps' peaks.
607
00:30:12,967 --> 00:30:13,000
Why would anyone build
Something like this
608
00:30:14,567 --> 00:30:17,533
So high up in the mountains?
609
00:30:17,533 --> 00:30:22,433
Narrator: but who built
These bizarre alpine structures?
610
00:30:22,433 --> 00:30:24,600
What was their purpose?
611
00:30:24,600 --> 00:30:26,667
And how did they
Become abandoned
612
00:30:26,667 --> 00:30:30,667
Out here in this barren place?
613
00:30:30,667 --> 00:30:36,333
The answer lies in the aftermath
Of the first world war.
614
00:30:36,333 --> 00:30:38,267
Back in the 1930s,
615
00:30:38,267 --> 00:30:40,500
The french wanted
To defend their borders
616
00:30:40,500 --> 00:30:41,967
Against the germans,
617
00:30:41,967 --> 00:30:42,581
So they built a set
Of defensive fortifications --
618
00:30:42,581 --> 00:30:43,000
So they built a set
Of defensive fortifications --
619
00:30:45,200 --> 00:30:49,967
The infamous maginot line.
620
00:30:49,967 --> 00:30:51,967
Reporter: it was a labyrinth
Of fortifications
621
00:30:51,967 --> 00:30:53,833
Above and below ground,
622
00:30:53,833 --> 00:30:58,200
Considered at the time the
Ultimate in military defense.
623
00:30:58,200 --> 00:31:00,967
Narrator: but would
This first line of defense
624
00:31:00,967 --> 00:31:04,467
Be enough against
A german onslaught?
625
00:31:04,467 --> 00:31:06,767
Would it work?
626
00:31:06,767 --> 00:31:08,067
Meigs:
The idea of the maginot line
627
00:31:08,067 --> 00:31:11,133
Is it's not just one wall
Or one line.
628
00:31:11,133 --> 00:31:12,367
It's a defense in depth.
629
00:31:12,367 --> 00:31:12,581
So, you have
Anti-tank barricades,
630
00:31:12,581 --> 00:31:13,000
So, you have
Anti-tank barricades,
631
00:31:15,433 --> 00:31:19,100
Sections of barb wire,
You have lookouts.
632
00:31:19,100 --> 00:31:20,800
It's not like
The great wall of china.
633
00:31:20,800 --> 00:31:23,933
It's more like
A system of defenses
634
00:31:23,933 --> 00:31:28,167
That's layered over
The whole border area.
635
00:31:28,167 --> 00:31:30,700
You should always consider
Defense in your strategy.
636
00:31:30,700 --> 00:31:32,967
It's like boxing.
You don't just punch.
637
00:31:32,967 --> 00:31:37,400
You protect yourself,
As well as punching.
638
00:31:37,400 --> 00:31:39,867
Their idea was basically,
Let's build up
639
00:31:39,867 --> 00:31:42,581
All the infrastructure we need
To defend our country,
640
00:31:42,581 --> 00:31:43,000
All the infrastructure we need
To defend our country,
641
00:31:43,667 --> 00:31:48,267
So if the germans come,
This time, we'll be ready.
642
00:31:48,267 --> 00:31:53,367
Narrator: but germany is not
France's only enemy.
643
00:31:53,367 --> 00:31:55,900
There is a threat
From another fascist force
644
00:31:55,900 --> 00:31:58,233
Allied to the germans --
645
00:31:58,233 --> 00:32:02,067
The italians.
646
00:32:02,067 --> 00:32:04,333
Were these structures
A waste of time,
647
00:32:04,333 --> 00:32:07,800
Defending the country
From the wrong enemy?
648
00:32:07,800 --> 00:32:11,700
And is that why they are
Forlorn and forgotten today?
649
00:32:11,700 --> 00:32:12,581
*
650
00:32:12,581 --> 00:32:13,000
*
651
00:32:15,900 --> 00:32:16,000
*
652
00:32:22,567 --> 00:32:24,567
Narrator: after world war I,
653
00:32:24,567 --> 00:32:26,933
France seeks
To protect its borders
654
00:32:26,933 --> 00:32:28,100
With one of the largest
655
00:32:28,100 --> 00:32:30,900
Defensive fortifications
In history,
656
00:32:30,900 --> 00:32:32,767
The maginot line.
657
00:32:32,767 --> 00:32:37,467
*
658
00:32:37,467 --> 00:32:40,333
Nusbacher: as tensions
With mussolini's italy
659
00:32:40,333 --> 00:32:43,967
Start to escalate in the 1930s,
660
00:32:43,967 --> 00:32:45,767
The french developed
Further fortifications
661
00:32:45,767 --> 00:32:46,000
The french developed
Further fortifications
662
00:32:47,067 --> 00:32:49,633
Along the alpine line,
663
00:32:49,633 --> 00:32:55,900
Along france's mountainous
Border with italy.
664
00:32:55,900 --> 00:32:58,900
Narrator: just four miles
From the italian border,
665
00:32:58,900 --> 00:33:01,067
Along the crest
Of these mountains,
666
00:33:01,067 --> 00:33:04,733
Is the highest and most
Impressive alpine fortress
667
00:33:04,733 --> 00:33:06,300
On this line,
668
00:33:06,300 --> 00:33:07,500
Ouvrage restefond.
669
00:33:07,500 --> 00:33:13,500
*
670
00:33:13,500 --> 00:33:15,767
But was it an ill-conceived
Waste of time and resources?
671
00:33:15,767 --> 00:33:16,000
But was it an ill-conceived
Waste of time and resources?
672
00:33:19,167 --> 00:33:23,233
How can such a tiny outpost
In this vast landscape
673
00:33:23,233 --> 00:33:27,133
Defend against the enemy?
674
00:33:27,133 --> 00:33:28,867
Nusbacher: an alpine fortress
675
00:33:28,867 --> 00:33:32,400
Could control passes
With artillery
676
00:33:32,400 --> 00:33:35,067
And make it difficult
Or impossible,
677
00:33:35,067 --> 00:33:38,333
Even under the best
Summer conditions,
678
00:33:38,333 --> 00:33:44,667
For mussolini's army to come
Through the passes into france.
679
00:33:44,667 --> 00:33:45,767
Narrator: construction starts
On ouvrage restefond in 1931.
680
00:33:45,767 --> 00:33:46,000
Narrator: construction starts
On ouvrage restefond in 1931.
681
00:33:49,600 --> 00:33:51,467
In a race against time,
682
00:33:51,467 --> 00:33:57,067
Engineers must fortify this
Region against possible attack.
683
00:33:57,067 --> 00:34:01,333
Forts are dug and
Drilled into the ground,
684
00:34:01,333 --> 00:34:03,367
Going right down,
In many cases,
685
00:34:03,367 --> 00:34:05,700
Right down into bedrock.
686
00:34:05,700 --> 00:34:09,400
French engineers
Had tremendous difficulty
687
00:34:09,400 --> 00:34:12,167
With the logistics
Of moving heavy equipment
688
00:34:12,167 --> 00:34:15,767
And concrete up into the alps.
689
00:34:15,767 --> 00:34:16,000
And concrete up into the alps.
690
00:34:16,567 --> 00:34:19,100
Meigs: they're made
Of reinforced concrete.
691
00:34:19,100 --> 00:34:21,567
Reinforced concrete
Means it's concrete
692
00:34:21,567 --> 00:34:25,800
Poured over a lattice
Of steel bars.
693
00:34:25,800 --> 00:34:28,767
So those things could take
Incredible punishment
694
00:34:28,767 --> 00:34:31,667
Without caving in.
695
00:34:31,667 --> 00:34:33,733
Narrator:
But by touring them today,
696
00:34:33,733 --> 00:34:37,533
It's clear
They were never finished.
697
00:34:37,533 --> 00:34:38,833
What happened?
698
00:34:38,833 --> 00:34:42,933
Did the italians get here first?
699
00:34:42,933 --> 00:34:45,167
Gough: there just
Wasn't enough time.
700
00:34:45,167 --> 00:34:45,767
By the time they got
To constructing them
701
00:34:45,767 --> 00:34:46,000
By the time they got
To constructing them
702
00:34:46,833 --> 00:34:48,867
In the summer months,
The summer had ended,
703
00:34:48,867 --> 00:34:49,967
Winter had arrived.
704
00:34:49,967 --> 00:34:51,567
You couldn't do
That kind of construction
705
00:34:51,567 --> 00:34:54,200
In the winter
In the french alps.
706
00:34:54,200 --> 00:34:56,067
So, they were literally shells
707
00:34:56,067 --> 00:34:58,967
Of what they had fully blown out
Along the german border,
708
00:34:58,967 --> 00:35:01,733
But the italians
Didn't know that.
709
00:35:01,733 --> 00:35:03,433
Narrator:
The french soon learned
710
00:35:03,433 --> 00:35:06,733
That what they had
Would have to be enough.
711
00:35:06,733 --> 00:35:10,233
The enemy was at the gates.
712
00:35:10,233 --> 00:35:13,567
But they had another problem
To overcome, as well.
713
00:35:13,567 --> 00:35:15,767
Miles from anywhere,
How can the french army
714
00:35:15,767 --> 00:35:16,000
Miles from anywhere,
How can the french army
715
00:35:16,800 --> 00:35:22,100
Defend this position
For any length of time?
716
00:35:22,100 --> 00:35:25,333
Meigs: these fortresses
Had to be self-contained.
717
00:35:25,333 --> 00:35:28,100
They needed their own power,
Water supply.
718
00:35:28,100 --> 00:35:30,100
They had to have
Everything they needed
719
00:35:30,100 --> 00:35:33,800
To sustain hundreds or even
As many as a thousand troops
720
00:35:33,800 --> 00:35:39,767
Through brutal alpine winters
And periods of minimal supply.
721
00:35:39,767 --> 00:35:44,433
So, food, hospitals, bunk rooms,
Everything you would need,
722
00:35:44,433 --> 00:35:45,767
But all underground,
723
00:35:45,767 --> 00:35:45,867
But all underground,
724
00:35:45,867 --> 00:35:46,000
All protected from bombing,
From artillery.
725
00:35:48,833 --> 00:35:54,767
*
726
00:35:54,767 --> 00:35:57,567
Nusbacher: the ventilation
System was able to vent
727
00:35:57,567 --> 00:36:02,300
Not only to protect
The occupants from gas attack,
728
00:36:02,300 --> 00:36:06,067
But also from the diesel exhaust
From their own generators,
729
00:36:06,067 --> 00:36:07,600
And from the gases
730
00:36:07,600 --> 00:36:12,567
Coming out of their own
Artillery pieces.
731
00:36:12,567 --> 00:36:15,700
Narrator:
But time ran out in 1939,
732
00:36:15,700 --> 00:36:15,767
When nazi germany and italy
Joined forces.
733
00:36:15,767 --> 00:36:16,000
When nazi germany and italy
Joined forces.
734
00:36:21,067 --> 00:36:25,700
They formed what became known
As the "Pact of steel."
735
00:36:25,700 --> 00:36:27,067
Reporter: the french troops
736
00:36:27,067 --> 00:36:29,100
Were marched
Into their modern caves
737
00:36:29,100 --> 00:36:30,533
To wait for the nazi blitz
738
00:36:30,533 --> 00:36:35,300
To smash itself
Against the maginot line.
739
00:36:35,300 --> 00:36:39,067
Narrator: now at war,
France's military resources
740
00:36:39,067 --> 00:36:43,533
Needed to be diverted
To its battlefronts.
741
00:36:43,533 --> 00:36:45,767
This leaves its vast alpine
Region largely undefended
742
00:36:45,767 --> 00:36:46,000
This leaves its vast alpine
Region largely undefended
743
00:36:48,367 --> 00:36:51,067
And staffed
By second-rate troops.
744
00:36:51,067 --> 00:36:54,967
*
745
00:36:54,967 --> 00:36:56,833
Nusbacher:
The maginot line is designed
746
00:36:56,833 --> 00:37:00,867
To efficiently use
Poorly trained conscripts
747
00:37:00,867 --> 00:37:04,133
Who only have
A short period of service
748
00:37:04,133 --> 00:37:05,467
By putting them into positions
749
00:37:05,467 --> 00:37:11,867
Where all they have to do
Is perform one simple task.
750
00:37:11,867 --> 00:37:13,967
And all of those soldiers,
751
00:37:13,967 --> 00:37:15,767
Augmented by the technology
Of the maginot line itself,
752
00:37:15,767 --> 00:37:16,000
Augmented by the technology
Of the maginot line itself,
753
00:37:18,700 --> 00:37:22,067
Are able to defend france.
754
00:37:22,067 --> 00:37:28,633
Narrator: on june 10, 1940,
The italians invade france.
755
00:37:28,633 --> 00:37:32,067
*
756
00:37:32,067 --> 00:37:35,067
Will its unfinished
Alpine defenses,
757
00:37:35,067 --> 00:37:37,800
Armed with
Inexperienced soldiers,
758
00:37:37,800 --> 00:37:40,133
Withstand the advancing army?
759
00:37:40,133 --> 00:37:45,367
Was all their years' work
At the top of the world in vain?
760
00:37:45,367 --> 00:37:45,767
*
761
00:37:45,767 --> 00:37:46,000
*
762
00:37:50,733 --> 00:37:51,000
*
763
00:37:56,967 --> 00:37:59,533
Narrator: france's
Highest defensive fortress
764
00:37:59,533 --> 00:38:02,567
On the maginot line
During world war ii
765
00:38:02,567 --> 00:38:05,700
Was called ouvrage restefond.
766
00:38:05,700 --> 00:38:09,133
*
767
00:38:09,133 --> 00:38:12,567
But will the poorly manned
And incomplete fortress
768
00:38:12,567 --> 00:38:15,433
Be able to keep out
The invading forces,
769
00:38:15,433 --> 00:38:17,200
Especially the italians?
770
00:38:17,200 --> 00:38:20,601
*
771
00:38:20,601 --> 00:38:21,000
*
772
00:38:22,333 --> 00:38:26,167
The italian army had a lot
Of alpini, alpine soldiers,
773
00:38:26,167 --> 00:38:29,600
Who were trained in exactly
The kind of warfare you need
774
00:38:29,600 --> 00:38:34,533
To get into france
Through the mountains.
775
00:38:34,533 --> 00:38:37,800
Narrator: the passes through
These impregnable mountains
776
00:38:37,800 --> 00:38:39,867
Are the main route into france
777
00:38:39,867 --> 00:38:42,967
For the invading italian army.
778
00:38:42,967 --> 00:38:46,433
This, in turn, makes them
A prime target for the guns
779
00:38:46,433 --> 00:38:50,467
Of the french defenders.
780
00:38:50,467 --> 00:38:50,601
Nusbacher:
You can't underestimate
781
00:38:50,601 --> 00:38:51,000
Nusbacher:
You can't underestimate
782
00:38:52,067 --> 00:38:56,233
How powerful even
A small fortress can be
783
00:38:56,233 --> 00:39:03,700
In denying alpine roads
To a modern, mechanized army.
784
00:39:03,700 --> 00:39:05,067
Meigs: everything
Had to be engineered
785
00:39:05,067 --> 00:39:07,933
So that they could have
Overlapping fire.
786
00:39:07,933 --> 00:39:11,400
They could aim their guns
From several different angles
787
00:39:11,400 --> 00:39:14,667
At once onto an area
Where the enemy might come.
788
00:39:14,667 --> 00:39:20,067
*
789
00:39:20,067 --> 00:39:20,601
Narrator:
The gaping voids in these
Crumbling fortifications
790
00:39:20,601 --> 00:39:21,000
Narrator:
The gaping voids in these
Crumbling fortifications
791
00:39:24,133 --> 00:39:25,833
Would have once held an array
792
00:39:25,833 --> 00:39:31,467
Of machine guns, mortars,
And heavy artillery.
793
00:39:31,467 --> 00:39:34,800
Now, the only reminders
Of its armaments
794
00:39:34,800 --> 00:39:38,233
Are their protective shells.
795
00:39:38,233 --> 00:39:42,767
Nusbacher:
The domes that cover each of
The machine gun emplacements
796
00:39:42,767 --> 00:39:45,500
Are thick steel.
797
00:39:45,500 --> 00:39:49,900
Even german 88 millimeter guns
798
00:39:49,900 --> 00:39:50,601
Had tremendous difficulty
Penetrating the steel domes
799
00:39:50,601 --> 00:39:51,000
Had tremendous difficulty
Penetrating the steel domes
800
00:39:54,567 --> 00:40:00,067
On top of those maginot line
Fortifications.
801
00:40:00,067 --> 00:40:01,400
Narrator:
But will this be enough
802
00:40:01,400 --> 00:40:04,567
To suppress
The invading italian army?
803
00:40:04,567 --> 00:40:08,467
*
804
00:40:08,467 --> 00:40:12,067
Corum: the fortifications
Held out quite nicely.
805
00:40:12,067 --> 00:40:15,900
But, taken as a way of
Maximizing your manpower
806
00:40:15,900 --> 00:40:18,167
And defensive capabilities,
807
00:40:18,167 --> 00:40:20,601
For the most part,
As a strategic weapons system,
808
00:40:20,601 --> 00:40:21,000
For the most part,
As a strategic weapons system,
809
00:40:21,600 --> 00:40:24,700
It worked.
810
00:40:24,700 --> 00:40:26,533
Narrator:
These alpine fortresses
811
00:40:26,533 --> 00:40:30,367
Succeed in stopping
The italian onslaught,
812
00:40:30,367 --> 00:40:33,300
But it's all for nothing.
813
00:40:33,300 --> 00:40:35,600
After 46 days of fighting,
814
00:40:35,600 --> 00:40:37,667
The french surrender
To the germans
815
00:40:37,667 --> 00:40:40,633
On june 25, 1940,
816
00:40:40,633 --> 00:40:46,700
And their italian allies flow
Through into france.
817
00:40:46,700 --> 00:40:50,267
Nusbacher: if the french had
Managed to build restefond
818
00:40:50,267 --> 00:40:50,601
As powerfully
As it was designed,
819
00:40:50,601 --> 00:40:51,000
As powerfully
As it was designed,
820
00:40:53,167 --> 00:40:56,033
It could very well have stopped
821
00:40:56,033 --> 00:41:01,567
A lot of italian combat power
Getting into france.
822
00:41:01,567 --> 00:41:04,333
Narrator:
No longer useful to the french,
823
00:41:04,333 --> 00:41:08,133
And never repurposed
By the invading fascist forces,
824
00:41:08,133 --> 00:41:12,300
Ouvrage restefond
Is left alone and deserted
825
00:41:12,300 --> 00:41:14,967
In the mountains.
826
00:41:14,967 --> 00:41:20,601
*
827
00:41:20,601 --> 00:41:20,900
*
828
00:41:20,900 --> 00:41:21,000
Today, in this remote area
Of the alps,
829
00:41:24,167 --> 00:41:26,933
The remains of these
Defensive fortifications
830
00:41:26,933 --> 00:41:29,067
Carved into the mountainside
831
00:41:29,067 --> 00:41:33,067
Are a monument
To this global conflict.
832
00:41:33,067 --> 00:41:36,967
*
833
00:41:36,967 --> 00:41:39,133
Nusbacher: ouvrage restefond
Is a testament
834
00:41:39,133 --> 00:41:45,200
To french engineering skill
And military technology.
835
00:41:45,200 --> 00:41:50,601
Creating something
That has the staying power
836
00:41:50,601 --> 00:41:50,800
Creating something
That has the staying power
837
00:41:50,800 --> 00:41:51,000
To remain there for decades,
838
00:41:52,733 --> 00:41:56,733
And that will remain there
For centuries,
839
00:41:56,733 --> 00:41:58,067
Is very special.
840
00:41:58,067 --> 00:42:01,367
It's a kind
Of engineering magic.
841
00:42:01,367 --> 00:42:06,500
*
64630
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