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Narrator:
A deserted military site hidden
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In the american southwest...
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Green: the power, the size,
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The complexity
Was absolutely phenomenal.
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Narrator: ...A top-secret
Underground air base...
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Les: you need to approach this
With utter caution,
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Or you really could
Lose your life.
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Narrator:
...And an industrial powerhouse
Where engineering meets design.
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Gough: it was the new black.
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Gough: it was the new black.
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It was full of wonder,
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And its potential was limitless.
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Narrator: once, they were some
Of the most advanced structures
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And facilities on the planet,
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At the cutting edge
Of design and construction.
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Today, they stand abandoned,
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Contaminated, and
Sometimes deadly.
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But who built them and how,
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And why were they abandoned?
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-- captions by vitac --
Www.Vitac.Com
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-- captions by vitac --
Www.Vitac.Com
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Captions paid for by
Discovery communications
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Hidden out
In the remote desert
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Near alamogordo, new mexico
Is a huge,
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Top-secret military facility.
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It covers 3,200 square miles
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Of rugged, uninhabited terrain.
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At its center lies
A 75-feet-tall,
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25-feet-wide steel structure
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Weighing over 500 tons.
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Inside of it stands
A 45-feet-high rocket
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Once capable of going beyond
The earth's atmosphere.
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The genesis of the space program
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The genesis of the space program
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Wasn't sort of
These ambitious goals
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Of putting a man on the moon.
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It was military.
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It was sending missiles
Straight up into space,
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Not caring about where they go,
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But caring about how they come
Down and observing that
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So you could understand
How you could use
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That information
To attack your enemy.
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that was the startof the space program.
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Narrator: but what role did this
Facility play in america's
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First foray to the stars,
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First foray to the stars,
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And why was it abandoned?
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In 1945, after the end
Of world war ii,
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The united states faces
A serious problem.
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Despite the defeat
Of nazi germany,
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A new military threat
Appears on the horizon --
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The soviet union.
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They are developing
The most destructive weapons
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Of all time, nuclear weapons,
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And the united states
Urgently needs to defend
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And the united states
Urgently needs to defend
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Against this imminent threat.
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There is a group of visionaries,
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Really, at the end
Of world war ii
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Who have learned this lesson
That technology
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Is the key to future success.
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It's the key to survival
In a nuclear world.
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Getting behind in any area
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Of missile or nuclear technology
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May mean total defeat.
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Narrator: to further its
Military technology,
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The americans develop
This remote outpost
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The americans develop
This remote outpost
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In the deserts of new mexico,
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The white sands testing range,
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And american scientists
Have one key advantage.
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They possess
All the top-secret
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Nazi rocket technology
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And are actively trying
To improve on it
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With the latest
In military defense,
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The v-2 rocket.
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Court: comparing the v-2 to the
First american rocket design,
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The v-2 was a tremendous
Advance in the technology.
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What we had at the time,
The wac corporal,
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Could put about
A 35-pound payload
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Maybe 60, 70 miles
Into the atmosphere.
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The v-2, we could
Push over 100 miles up
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With a 2,000-pound payload.
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Corum: it was very secret
At the time.
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We were certainly not going
To let the russians know
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We were certainly not going
To let the russians know
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What we knew about rockets
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And ballistic missiles.
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Narrator: with the looming
Prospect of nuclear conflict
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With the soviet union,
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America needs to take the lead
In missile defense.
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Using all the cutting-edge
Technology from the nazi
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V-2 program,
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A top team of scientists further
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Develop the world's
Most powerful weapon --
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The nuclear bomb.
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The nuclear bomb.
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They test it here
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At the
White sands proving ground.
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Court:
Scientists here at white sands
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Were certainly aware
Of what was potentially
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Happening in the soviet union,
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But I think that it was
More a sense of pride
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In doing these new things
Here at white sands
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That no one had
Ever done before.
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Narrator:
As part of a top-secret program
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Called operation paper clip,
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The rocket development
Team at white sands
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Consists of dozens of former
Nazi scientists and engineers
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Consists of dozens of former
Nazi scientists and engineers
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00:05:33,167 --> 00:05:37,567
Who had run germany's
V-2 rocket program,
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Including the man known
As the father of the v-2,
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Wernher von braun.
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Von braun I don't think
Was really an ardent nazi.
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I think that he created the v-2
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Simply because he was a man
That invented rockets.
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Wernher von braun was the head
Of the german rocket program.
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Wernher von braun was the head
Of the german rocket program.
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In other words,
"How do we develop missiles
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To fire at other cities
Around the globe?"
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So when he comes
Over to the u.S.,
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00:06:09,867 --> 00:06:11,233
And he's on their side,
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He jump-starts their program
Like you wouldn't believe.
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It would have taken
Them decades to get
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Where they got so quickly
With his help.
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Without his help,
They may never have caught up.
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Green: america had everything
That they needed to create
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A very successful
Rocket program.
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They had the rockets
That they could learn from.
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They had the rockets
That they could learn from.
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Their engineers
Could rebuild them.
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They could study them,
Analyze them,
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And they had the
German rocket engineers
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Who had the expertise already.
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Narrator: but unlike the nazis,
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The americans don't just want
Their rockets to rain
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Down on their enemies.
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They also want them
To travel up into space.
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Because of the impetus to launch
Intercontinental rockets,
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The v-2 program quickly becomes
A top-secret project,
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The v-2 program quickly becomes
A top-secret project,
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And the science
And technology development
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Takes place at one spot
At the white sands base,
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The revered launch complex 33.
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Court: the design
Of launch complex 33
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Was similar to launch stand 7,
Peenemunde, germany.
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The stand-off distance
For firing the v-2s was similar.
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The thickness of the blockhouse
Walls was similar.
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The thickness of the blockhouse
Walls was similar.
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White sands was a large
Military installation.
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You had this mountain range
To the west here.
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You could put instrumentation
All along that mountain range
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And track the rockets
Really well.
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Narrator:
But can the team advance
This new rocket technology
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And manage
To break into space?
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And why is the whole
White sands complex abandoned?
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Narrator:
In the late 1940s and '50s,
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The white sands testing range
Near alamogordo, new mexico
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Kick-starts america's race
Into space.
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Before nasa is established,
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Scientists here attempt
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To launch dozens
Of powerful rockets
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From launch complex 33
Into the skies...
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Reporter: rivaling the
atom bomb in importance,
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the 46 feet of death anddestruction is set in place,
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the 46 feet of death anddestruction is set in place,
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and here she goes.
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...All with one aim --
To successfully get
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A man-made vehicle beyond
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Our atmosphere
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Into the blackness of space.
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Scientists out here
Were doing science
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For humanity's sake
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Rather than just
Science for science.
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From 1946 to 1952,
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There were 67 v-2 launches here
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At launch complex 33
In white sands.
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At launch complex 33
In white sands.
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Narrator: but the rocket
Technology is far from perfect.
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To protect its personnel,
The u.S. Army constructs
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A massive block house with walls
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That are 27 feet thick
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And composed
Of reinforced concrete.
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This robust facility
Is designed to
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Withstand the explosion
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Of a rocket
A mere 100 yards away
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And even the impact of one
Falling from 100 miles above.
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The reason this building
Was built was
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Because of the power
Of the v-2.
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It carried roughly
19,000 pounds of fuels,
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Which really were a high
Explosive charge.
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We saw that on a couple
Of the v-2 failures
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On the launch pad,
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Where something set off
One of the tanks,
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And another tank went off,
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And there was
A tremendous exploration.
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The 10-foot-thick
Reinforced walls
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Were built specifically
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To protect the people
Inside the building.
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00:09:57,267 --> 00:09:57,443
The people in this room
Were critical
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The people in this room
Were critical
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To the success
Of the v-2 launches.
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You had your
Guidance experts,
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00:10:04,600 --> 00:10:07,700
Your control,
Your combustion experts.
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00:10:07,700 --> 00:10:12,067
You had really the brain trust
Of the v-2 program
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00:10:12,067 --> 00:10:15,067
Would be in this room
During the launches.
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00:10:15,067 --> 00:10:18,800
man: five, four, three, two,
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one, zero, rocket away.
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Narrator:
But this ambitious project
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Gets off to a rocky start.
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00:10:27,443 --> 00:10:27,533
Gets off to a rocky start.
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Launched in april, 1946,
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00:10:29,900 --> 00:10:31,833
The first rocket only rises
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00:10:31,833 --> 00:10:34,333
To an altitude of 3 1/2 miles
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00:10:34,333 --> 00:10:37,300
Before crashing
In a huge fireball.
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Everything rides on
The next launch.
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00:10:43,600 --> 00:10:44,933
A few weeks later,
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00:10:44,933 --> 00:10:47,800
The rocket reaches
An astonishing altitude
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Of 71 miles
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00:10:49,633 --> 00:10:54,300
Before coming down
35 miles away.
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reporter: air force picturesshow the rocket in flight.
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00:10:56,867 --> 00:10:57,443
the huge projectiledrops the earth behind
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00:10:57,443 --> 00:10:58,000
the huge projectiledrops the earth behind
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00:10:59,300 --> 00:11:02,567
at the tremendous speedof 4,000 feet per second,
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00:11:02,567 --> 00:11:03,800
and the camera photographs
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00:11:03,800 --> 00:11:08,467
the earth 65 milesstraight down.
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00:11:08,467 --> 00:11:11,067
This marks the first
Successful launch
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00:11:11,067 --> 00:11:13,733
Of a large rocket
On american soil
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00:11:13,733 --> 00:11:15,600
And accelerates
The united states
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00:11:15,600 --> 00:11:18,267
Into the space age.
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00:11:20,800 --> 00:11:24,067
As the tests at launch
Complex 33 become more
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00:11:24,067 --> 00:11:25,867
And more advanced, von braun
233
00:11:25,867 --> 00:11:27,443
And his team must also upgrade
How the rockets launch,
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00:11:27,443 --> 00:11:28,000
And his team must also upgrade
How the rockets launch,
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00:11:31,133 --> 00:11:33,633
So they develop
A brand-new structure
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00:11:33,633 --> 00:11:37,300
Which sets up the rocket
Before firing --
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00:11:37,300 --> 00:11:39,300
The gantry crane.
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00:11:43,600 --> 00:11:45,100
The original v-2 flights,
239
00:11:45,100 --> 00:11:47,567
The rocket would be brought
On on the milo wagon,
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00:11:47,567 --> 00:11:52,067
The original german
Transportation erector vehicle.
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00:11:52,067 --> 00:11:54,467
It would be erected
Onto a firing table,
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00:11:54,467 --> 00:11:56,333
And there were a couple
Small ladders
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00:11:56,333 --> 00:11:57,443
That were used to fuel it,
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00:11:57,443 --> 00:11:58,000
That were used to fuel it,
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00:11:58,133 --> 00:11:59,800
Get it ready,
Put the instrumentation
246
00:11:59,800 --> 00:12:01,667
In the top.
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00:12:01,667 --> 00:12:05,067
The problem with that was,
By 1947,
248
00:12:05,067 --> 00:12:08,233
A lot of the instrumentation
Was becoming more complex,
249
00:12:08,233 --> 00:12:09,900
Took a lot more time to set up,
250
00:12:09,900 --> 00:12:14,067
So it was felt that something
More substantial was needed,
251
00:12:14,067 --> 00:12:15,367
So the gantry crane
252
00:12:15,367 --> 00:12:19,800
Was brought in
From california in 1947.
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00:12:19,800 --> 00:12:22,067
It was on rails.
You could bring it in,
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00:12:22,067 --> 00:12:24,133
Drop the platforms,
255
00:12:24,133 --> 00:12:26,533
Do whatever you needed
To do on the rocket,
256
00:12:26,533 --> 00:12:27,443
And then once you were ready
To go, raise the platforms,
257
00:12:27,443 --> 00:12:28,000
And then once you were ready
To go, raise the platforms,
258
00:12:29,333 --> 00:12:32,833
Bring the gantry crane
Away and fire the rocket.
259
00:12:34,733 --> 00:12:38,800
Narrator:
But what other innovations
Does launch complex 33 develop,
260
00:12:38,800 --> 00:12:40,933
And how do they provide
A blueprint
261
00:12:40,933 --> 00:12:44,100
For all future
Nasa space missions,
262
00:12:44,100 --> 00:12:47,233
And why was this
Critical base abandoned?
263
00:12:56,233 --> 00:12:57,733
Narrator: hidden out
In the remote desert
264
00:12:57,733 --> 00:13:00,167
Near alamogordo, new mexico lies
265
00:13:00,167 --> 00:13:04,967
A huge top-secret
Rocket launch facility.
266
00:13:04,967 --> 00:13:08,667
This is the
White sands testing range.
267
00:13:08,667 --> 00:13:12,833
Now abandoned, it pushed
Rocket technology forward,
268
00:13:12,833 --> 00:13:15,733
And it's also the first launch
Complex on the planet
269
00:13:15,733 --> 00:13:19,201
To launch actual creatures
Into the atmosphere --
270
00:13:19,201 --> 00:13:19,500
To launch actual creatures
Into the atmosphere --
271
00:13:19,500 --> 00:13:20,000
Living monkeys.
272
00:13:21,900 --> 00:13:23,900
Gough: the testing of
The v-2 rockets
273
00:13:23,900 --> 00:13:27,500
For radiation in space
Evolved over time.
274
00:13:27,500 --> 00:13:29,367
It started with
Really simple things
275
00:13:29,367 --> 00:13:33,933
Like maybe an ant or a firefly
Or a grain of corn
276
00:13:33,933 --> 00:13:35,900
Just to see what the impact
277
00:13:35,900 --> 00:13:37,867
Would be
With radiation in space,
278
00:13:37,867 --> 00:13:41,467
But this soon led
To putting monkeys
279
00:13:41,467 --> 00:13:43,933
In the actual capsule
280
00:13:43,933 --> 00:13:46,100
And sending it up into space.
281
00:13:47,667 --> 00:13:49,201
Animal right activists
Would have a field day,
282
00:13:49,201 --> 00:13:50,000
Animal right activists
Would have a field day,
283
00:13:50,167 --> 00:13:51,767
And rightfully so, today.
284
00:13:51,767 --> 00:13:54,967
But back then nobody cared.
Nobody knew.
285
00:13:54,967 --> 00:13:57,733
The problem was
The monkeys never survived
286
00:13:57,733 --> 00:13:59,067
Because this was early days.
287
00:13:59,067 --> 00:14:01,767
The parachute technology
To gracefully bring
288
00:14:01,767 --> 00:14:04,100
The craft down
To earth never worked.
289
00:14:04,100 --> 00:14:05,600
They died.
290
00:14:07,633 --> 00:14:09,367
Narrator: by the early 1950s,
291
00:14:09,367 --> 00:14:11,633
The pioneering efforts
Of von braun
292
00:14:11,633 --> 00:14:13,600
And his team at white sands
293
00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:15,467
Make incredible strides
294
00:14:15,467 --> 00:14:17,133
Into space research
295
00:14:17,133 --> 00:14:19,201
And lay the groundwork
For future progress.
296
00:14:19,201 --> 00:14:20,000
And lay the groundwork
For future progress.
297
00:14:24,067 --> 00:14:25,600
But for all their success,
298
00:14:25,600 --> 00:14:28,833
The v-2 rockets
Reach their technical limits
299
00:14:28,833 --> 00:14:31,800
And fail as
Intercontinental missiles.
300
00:14:33,667 --> 00:14:36,600
However, the scientists
And engineers
301
00:14:36,600 --> 00:14:39,833
At launch complex 33
Have great reason
302
00:14:39,833 --> 00:14:42,900
To be proud of their efforts.
303
00:14:42,900 --> 00:14:45,867
Court: there certainly was
A push after the v-2 program
304
00:14:45,867 --> 00:14:48,667
Had ended to beat
The soviets into space,
305
00:14:48,667 --> 00:14:49,201
But I think it was sort of
The newness of the whole thing.
306
00:14:49,201 --> 00:14:50,000
But I think it was sort of
The newness of the whole thing.
307
00:14:51,367 --> 00:14:52,900
They were doing
Something that no one
308
00:14:52,900 --> 00:14:54,633
In this country really had done
309
00:14:54,633 --> 00:14:56,800
With these large,
Liquid-fueled rockets.
310
00:14:56,800 --> 00:14:59,833
We did science for the sake
Of mankind out here,
311
00:14:59,833 --> 00:15:01,667
And I think that really drove
312
00:15:01,667 --> 00:15:05,133
What a lot of the scientists
Were pushing for.
313
00:15:05,133 --> 00:15:09,833
Narrator:
Eventually, the u.S. Military
Leaves launch complex 33.
314
00:15:09,833 --> 00:15:13,100
Today, it stands abandoned.
315
00:15:13,100 --> 00:15:14,367
I would like to have witnessed
316
00:15:14,367 --> 00:15:16,067
Those early v-2 launches
317
00:15:16,067 --> 00:15:17,733
From the white sands base.
318
00:15:17,733 --> 00:15:19,201
For me, that was a time
Of great unknowns
319
00:15:19,201 --> 00:15:20,000
For me, that was a time
Of great unknowns
320
00:15:21,433 --> 00:15:24,067
And huge excitement.
321
00:15:24,067 --> 00:15:25,700
We wanted to be able
To look at the stars
322
00:15:25,700 --> 00:15:29,800
And the planets unhindered
By the earth's atmosphere.
323
00:15:29,800 --> 00:15:32,900
Those early rocket launches
Are somewhat overshadowed
324
00:15:32,900 --> 00:15:35,300
By the phenomenal
Success of programs
325
00:15:35,300 --> 00:15:36,667
Like the apollo mission,
326
00:15:36,667 --> 00:15:42,100
But those early projects
Were incredibly important.
327
00:15:42,100 --> 00:15:44,067
Narrator: and in 1958,
328
00:15:44,067 --> 00:15:47,533
The u.S. Government folds
The technology developed here
329
00:15:47,533 --> 00:15:49,201
Into the national aeronautics
And space administration --
330
00:15:49,201 --> 00:15:50,000
Into the national aeronautics
And space administration --
331
00:15:51,467 --> 00:15:54,933
Nasa -- with wernher von braun
332
00:15:54,933 --> 00:15:57,333
As its key rocket scientist.
333
00:15:59,233 --> 00:16:02,867
The v-2 rocket may have
Failed as a weapon of war,
334
00:16:02,867 --> 00:16:05,600
But as the first vehicle
To reach space,
335
00:16:05,600 --> 00:16:09,367
This rocket represents
An extraordinary breakthrough.
336
00:16:10,967 --> 00:16:14,367
Court:
Cape canaveral is often seen
As the home of space flight,
337
00:16:14,367 --> 00:16:16,400
But what happened here
At white sands missile range
338
00:16:16,400 --> 00:16:19,201
Made everything that happened
At cape canaveral possible.
339
00:16:19,201 --> 00:16:19,633
Made everything that happened
At cape canaveral possible.
340
00:16:21,533 --> 00:16:24,100
The monkey shots
Were used by von braun
341
00:16:24,100 --> 00:16:27,600
To push politicians
And business leaders
342
00:16:27,600 --> 00:16:29,867
To support this organization
343
00:16:29,867 --> 00:16:31,133
That could be developed
344
00:16:31,133 --> 00:16:33,400
To potentially send
A man into space
345
00:16:33,400 --> 00:16:35,767
And to the moon and beyond.
346
00:16:35,767 --> 00:16:38,767
None of that would have
Happened had those v-2 shots
347
00:16:38,767 --> 00:16:40,100
Not sort of proofed
348
00:16:40,100 --> 00:16:42,233
The technology here
At white sands.
349
00:16:45,233 --> 00:16:47,267
Narrator:
Six thousand miles away,
350
00:16:47,267 --> 00:16:49,201
In a remote corner of the
Eastern european country
351
00:16:49,201 --> 00:16:50,000
In a remote corner of the
Eastern european country
352
00:16:50,167 --> 00:16:51,300
Of croatia,
353
00:16:51,300 --> 00:16:55,100
Is a top-secret underground
Military facility
354
00:16:55,100 --> 00:17:00,500
Built to be practically
Undetectable to satellites.
355
00:17:00,500 --> 00:17:04,767
With five 7,000-feet-long
Concrete runways,
356
00:17:04,767 --> 00:17:06,767
This abandoned base covers
357
00:17:06,767 --> 00:17:11,867
22 square miles
On a flat plateau,
358
00:17:11,867 --> 00:17:16,433
But the most important part
Of it lies hidden underground,
359
00:17:16,433 --> 00:17:18,467
Inside a mountain,
360
00:17:18,467 --> 00:17:19,201
Protected by four 100-ton doors.
361
00:17:19,201 --> 00:17:20,000
Protected by four 100-ton doors.
362
00:17:23,433 --> 00:17:29,233
Today, this abandoned site
Remains extremely dangerous.
363
00:17:29,233 --> 00:17:32,400
This sign is saying that
There are mines in the area.
364
00:17:32,400 --> 00:17:34,833
It's extremely dangerous
To leave the concrete.
365
00:17:34,833 --> 00:17:36,933
You need to stay on the
Hard surface at all times
366
00:17:36,933 --> 00:17:39,933
Because even if you have
A map of the minefield,
367
00:17:39,933 --> 00:17:41,233
It's useless now.
368
00:17:43,533 --> 00:17:48,700
Narrator: in 1948, croatia
Is part of yugoslavia.
369
00:17:48,700 --> 00:17:49,201
As cold war
Tensions escalate,
370
00:17:49,201 --> 00:17:50,000
As cold war
Tensions escalate,
371
00:17:50,967 --> 00:17:53,467
Communist yugoslavia
Finds itself
372
00:17:53,467 --> 00:17:55,500
In an uncomfortable position
373
00:17:55,500 --> 00:17:58,800
With both the soviet union
And the west.
374
00:17:58,800 --> 00:18:01,667
Between these two
Giant super powers,
375
00:18:01,667 --> 00:18:04,067
The government begins
Building an airbase
376
00:18:04,067 --> 00:18:06,467
That's designed to be
The cornerstone
377
00:18:06,467 --> 00:18:09,200
Of the country's air defenses --
378
00:18:09,200 --> 00:18:12,500
The zeljava underground
Air base.
379
00:18:12,500 --> 00:18:14,167
It's one of those sites
That must have looked
380
00:18:14,167 --> 00:18:15,733
Really good on paper.
381
00:18:15,733 --> 00:18:19,167
"Let's create a hidden air
Base inside of a mountain.
382
00:18:19,167 --> 00:18:19,201
Nobody will see it."
383
00:18:19,201 --> 00:18:20,000
Nobody will see it."
384
00:18:23,200 --> 00:18:25,067
David: it was not actually
That unusual.
385
00:18:25,067 --> 00:18:26,800
There were other
Places in europe,
386
00:18:26,800 --> 00:18:28,900
Notably switzerland and even
387
00:18:28,900 --> 00:18:31,867
Italy that had similar
Types of projects.
388
00:18:31,867 --> 00:18:33,600
Having said that,
During the cold war,
389
00:18:33,600 --> 00:18:36,133
The russians
And the united states,
390
00:18:36,133 --> 00:18:39,133
On the whole, were using
Hardened aircraft shelters
391
00:18:39,133 --> 00:18:41,867
That would not only protect
Their planes, they thought,
392
00:18:41,867 --> 00:18:45,833
But would also protect
Their tactical nuclear weapons.
393
00:18:45,833 --> 00:18:47,067
Narrator: the base is designed
394
00:18:47,067 --> 00:18:49,201
To accommodate
Three fighter squadrons,
395
00:18:49,201 --> 00:18:50,000
To accommodate
Three fighter squadrons,
396
00:18:50,300 --> 00:18:53,933
Nearly 40 mig fighter jets
In total,
397
00:18:53,933 --> 00:18:58,233
Many of which are armed
With nuclear missiles.
398
00:18:58,233 --> 00:19:01,733
Les: during the cold war,
The main purpose of this airport
399
00:19:01,733 --> 00:19:04,500
And this air base
Was to repel the initial attack
400
00:19:04,500 --> 00:19:07,400
From the soviets
Or from the western side.
401
00:19:07,400 --> 00:19:10,633
That's why it was built
In this remote location.
402
00:19:10,633 --> 00:19:13,967
It was protected by this
Mountain from the south side,
403
00:19:13,967 --> 00:19:16,100
And by the large plateau
404
00:19:16,100 --> 00:19:19,200
That has good visibility
From the north side.
405
00:19:23,067 --> 00:19:27,167
The aircraft were stored
Behind those pressure doors.
406
00:19:27,167 --> 00:19:31,200
They were all lined up
One behind the other.
407
00:19:31,200 --> 00:19:35,067
When a particular aircraft
Was going to go fly,
408
00:19:35,067 --> 00:19:38,467
They towed this aircraft
Onto the beginning of the runway
409
00:19:38,467 --> 00:19:40,500
And took off from there.
410
00:19:43,467 --> 00:19:47,800
This shape was purposely built
To accommodate a mig-21 aircraft
411
00:19:47,800 --> 00:19:49,201
Because it had a single
Vertical stabilizer,
412
00:19:49,201 --> 00:19:50,000
Because it had a single
Vertical stabilizer,
413
00:19:50,267 --> 00:19:55,600
So it could just pass
Underneath this concrete shield.
414
00:19:55,600 --> 00:19:57,767
Narrator:
But the real problems begin
415
00:19:57,767 --> 00:20:01,367
When the engineers start
Tunneling into the mountain.
416
00:20:01,367 --> 00:20:03,833
When they were building
The tunnels at zeljava,
417
00:20:03,833 --> 00:20:07,500
To their surprise,
They came across natural caverns
418
00:20:07,500 --> 00:20:09,200
And caves in the rock.
419
00:20:09,200 --> 00:20:13,400
It wasn't a solid mountain as,
I think, they expected it to be.
420
00:20:13,400 --> 00:20:15,033
So they were presented
With a challenge.
421
00:20:15,033 --> 00:20:19,201
How do you continue
Your tunnel through air?
422
00:20:19,201 --> 00:20:19,333
How do you continue
Your tunnel through air?
423
00:20:19,333 --> 00:20:20,000
And they had to then rethink
The design at those points,
424
00:20:23,033 --> 00:20:25,000
Suspend the tunnel in the air
425
00:20:25,000 --> 00:20:27,200
Through caverns
And natural caves,
426
00:20:27,200 --> 00:20:29,600
Rather than building it
Through the rock.
427
00:20:31,300 --> 00:20:34,300
Agrawal:
So, engineers were kind
Of learning as they went along,
428
00:20:34,300 --> 00:20:36,633
And I think that's why
They used reinforced
429
00:20:36,633 --> 00:20:39,067
Concrete to strengthen
The mountain up
430
00:20:39,067 --> 00:20:40,567
To create these huge spaces
431
00:20:40,567 --> 00:20:43,700
That they needed in order
To put all their planes in.
432
00:20:43,700 --> 00:20:48,800
Narrator: the construction
Project at zeljava is huge.
433
00:20:48,800 --> 00:20:49,201
Hangars for 40 aircraft
434
00:20:49,201 --> 00:20:50,000
Hangars for 40 aircraft
435
00:20:50,633 --> 00:20:53,133
Are carved out of the solid rock
436
00:20:53,133 --> 00:20:56,233
As well as command
And control facilities,
437
00:20:56,233 --> 00:20:57,667
Generators,
438
00:20:57,667 --> 00:20:59,600
Bomb and fuel stores,
439
00:20:59,600 --> 00:21:03,667
And living space
For 1,000 people.
440
00:21:03,667 --> 00:21:06,200
Engineers also install
Special features
441
00:21:06,200 --> 00:21:09,767
To limit the effects
Of a nuclear attack.
442
00:21:09,767 --> 00:21:12,200
This whole entrance
Is a blast chamber
443
00:21:12,200 --> 00:21:15,067
That is curving
90 degrees onto the side.
444
00:21:15,067 --> 00:21:16,867
In case of a nuclear blast,
445
00:21:16,867 --> 00:21:19,201
The blast gets dissipated
Inside this chamber
446
00:21:19,201 --> 00:21:19,233
The blast gets dissipated
Inside this chamber
447
00:21:19,233 --> 00:21:20,000
Before it enters
The main tunnel.
448
00:21:22,900 --> 00:21:25,933
On the roof, you can see
Those concrete diaphragms
449
00:21:25,933 --> 00:21:29,533
That were designed
To deflect the blast.
450
00:21:29,533 --> 00:21:34,233
The real door is located on
The end of this curving tunnel.
451
00:21:34,233 --> 00:21:36,133
It's a massive, 100-ton,
452
00:21:36,133 --> 00:21:40,533
Reinforced concrete,
Movable door.
453
00:21:40,533 --> 00:21:42,633
Bell: protecting your air force
Underground
454
00:21:42,633 --> 00:21:44,300
Keeps it away from any attack
455
00:21:44,300 --> 00:21:47,233
Or blast that's going
To affect them directly,
456
00:21:47,233 --> 00:21:49,201
But, by burying
It all underground,
457
00:21:49,201 --> 00:21:50,000
But, by burying
It all underground,
458
00:21:50,567 --> 00:21:52,267
Yes, you've got
The protection of a great,
459
00:21:52,267 --> 00:21:53,600
Big mountain on top of you,
460
00:21:53,600 --> 00:21:56,633
But should there be
An enormous blast around
461
00:21:56,633 --> 00:21:59,300
Any of the apertures
That allow you to get access
462
00:21:59,300 --> 00:22:00,767
In and out,
463
00:22:00,767 --> 00:22:03,933
It's almost like the tunnels
Are propagating and channeling
464
00:22:03,933 --> 00:22:06,133
That blast towards
The very thing
465
00:22:06,133 --> 00:22:07,533
You're trying to protect.
466
00:22:09,200 --> 00:22:11,100
Narrator: will the
Zeljava underground base
467
00:22:11,100 --> 00:22:14,600
Protect its nation
From military attack,
468
00:22:14,600 --> 00:22:17,067
And why was it abandoned?
469
00:22:25,800 --> 00:22:28,500
Narrator: yugoslavian
Engineers claimed that,
470
00:22:28,500 --> 00:22:30,833
In the event
Of a nuclear attack,
471
00:22:30,833 --> 00:22:34,433
The now abandoned
Zeljava air base in croatia
472
00:22:34,433 --> 00:22:37,733
Can remain sealed off
From the world for a month
473
00:22:37,733 --> 00:22:40,733
And still keep operating
Its five runways.
474
00:22:42,467 --> 00:22:46,067
The whole base is designed
To withstand the impact
475
00:22:46,067 --> 00:22:49,367
Of a 20-kiloton
Nuclear weapon --
476
00:22:49,367 --> 00:22:49,805
The similar destructive power
477
00:22:49,805 --> 00:22:50,000
The similar destructive power
478
00:22:51,700 --> 00:22:55,500
As the bomb which destroyed
The city of nagasaki.
479
00:22:57,900 --> 00:22:58,900
David: would these tunnels,
480
00:22:58,900 --> 00:23:01,800
With the sliding
Concrete defenses,
481
00:23:01,800 --> 00:23:03,967
Have actually prevented
A nuclear explosion
482
00:23:03,967 --> 00:23:06,733
From forcing this massive
483
00:23:06,733 --> 00:23:08,567
Explosion
Back into the mountain?
484
00:23:08,567 --> 00:23:10,067
We'll never know,
485
00:23:10,067 --> 00:23:11,833
But what we do know
Is that it was
486
00:23:11,833 --> 00:23:13,933
Designed to be protected
487
00:23:13,933 --> 00:23:15,567
Against the sort
Of nuclear weapon
488
00:23:15,567 --> 00:23:16,767
That was used at hiroshima,
489
00:23:16,767 --> 00:23:18,167
And, of course,
They became much,
490
00:23:18,167 --> 00:23:19,633
Much more powerful.
491
00:23:22,167 --> 00:23:24,200
You have to think
About the whole logistics
492
00:23:24,200 --> 00:23:25,533
Of the operation.
493
00:23:25,533 --> 00:23:28,300
A thousand people could live
In this mountain for a month,
494
00:23:28,300 --> 00:23:30,100
But if you've got to come out,
495
00:23:30,100 --> 00:23:33,300
What if everything has been
Nuked and you survive?
496
00:23:33,300 --> 00:23:34,467
Great, so what?
497
00:23:34,467 --> 00:23:36,200
Who are you going
To launch a plane against?
498
00:23:36,200 --> 00:23:37,400
There's no one to attack.
499
00:23:37,400 --> 00:23:40,200
It's all gone.
500
00:23:40,200 --> 00:23:43,200
Narrator:
All this doesn't come cheap.
501
00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:46,800
The construction of zeljava
Costs the modern-day equivalent
502
00:23:46,800 --> 00:23:49,733
Of $50 billion u.S. Dollars,
503
00:23:49,733 --> 00:23:49,805
Making it one of the most
Expensive construction projects
504
00:23:49,805 --> 00:23:50,000
Making it one of the most
Expensive construction projects
505
00:23:53,533 --> 00:23:55,600
Ever in post-war europe.
506
00:23:55,600 --> 00:23:58,933
But despite the vast commitment
Of time and money
507
00:23:58,933 --> 00:24:01,200
That make zeljava the largest
508
00:24:01,200 --> 00:24:03,967
Underground air base
In yugoslavia,
509
00:24:03,967 --> 00:24:06,333
And one of the largest
In europe,
510
00:24:06,333 --> 00:24:09,300
There is a significant problem.
511
00:24:09,300 --> 00:24:12,200
The concept of burying
Your air force
512
00:24:12,200 --> 00:24:15,500
Underground to protect it
From any incoming attack
513
00:24:15,500 --> 00:24:17,333
Seems like a pretty good idea,
514
00:24:17,333 --> 00:24:19,805
But, at zeljava,
This took 20 years
515
00:24:19,805 --> 00:24:20,000
But, at zeljava,
This took 20 years
516
00:24:20,800 --> 00:24:22,233
For them to build effectively
517
00:24:22,233 --> 00:24:27,533
What's just 3 kilometers worth
Of tunnel into the mountainside.
518
00:24:27,533 --> 00:24:32,067
Narrator: the zeljava base
Is completed in 1968,
519
00:24:32,067 --> 00:24:34,400
And it operates
For over 20 years
520
00:24:34,400 --> 00:24:35,800
During peacetime
521
00:24:35,800 --> 00:24:37,233
Until yugoslavia
522
00:24:37,233 --> 00:24:41,100
Abruptly breaks apart in 1991.
523
00:24:41,100 --> 00:24:45,467
Then, the base endures
An altogether unexpected attack.
524
00:24:45,467 --> 00:24:48,733
Les: when bosnian forces
Were about to take over
525
00:24:48,733 --> 00:24:49,805
This whole area,
526
00:24:49,805 --> 00:24:50,000
This whole area,
527
00:24:50,167 --> 00:24:54,133
The serbs detonated huge
Sums of explosives
528
00:24:54,133 --> 00:24:58,167
Buried inside runways
And inside of tunnels.
529
00:24:58,167 --> 00:25:01,300
The base was completely
Destroyed after serving
530
00:25:01,300 --> 00:25:05,433
Only about 1 year
Of actual combat.
531
00:25:05,433 --> 00:25:08,167
David: when you consider
The enormous cost and the fact
532
00:25:08,167 --> 00:25:11,100
That it's only actually used
In an operational sense
533
00:25:11,100 --> 00:25:13,200
Against the yugoslav people
534
00:25:13,200 --> 00:25:14,700
During the civil wars
535
00:25:14,700 --> 00:25:16,533
Of the early 1990s,
536
00:25:16,533 --> 00:25:17,833
I think you come
To the conclusion
537
00:25:17,833 --> 00:25:19,805
That this is
A huge white elephant
538
00:25:19,805 --> 00:25:19,933
That this is
A huge white elephant
539
00:25:19,933 --> 00:25:20,000
Among military projects.
540
00:25:25,167 --> 00:25:27,900
Narrator: with its air base
And tunnels wrecked
541
00:25:27,900 --> 00:25:33,167
And its runways destroyed,
Zeljava is abandoned.
542
00:25:33,167 --> 00:25:36,433
Today, only the most
Adventurous risk
543
00:25:36,433 --> 00:25:37,967
Entering this dangerous
544
00:25:37,967 --> 00:25:41,667
But once
Impressive air base.
545
00:25:41,667 --> 00:25:46,067
Zeljava can be regarded
As a cold war, paranoia era.
546
00:25:46,067 --> 00:25:48,100
It was shrouded
In so much secrecy
547
00:25:48,100 --> 00:25:49,633
All those decades ago.
548
00:25:49,633 --> 00:25:49,805
It could not be considered
A tourist destination
549
00:25:49,805 --> 00:25:50,000
It could not be considered
A tourist destination
550
00:25:52,333 --> 00:25:54,067
Because you need
Much preparation.
551
00:25:54,067 --> 00:25:57,433
You need to approach this
With utter caution,
552
00:25:57,433 --> 00:26:00,333
Or you really could
Lose your life.
553
00:26:05,533 --> 00:26:08,667
Narrator: just 300 miles
Northeast of croatia
554
00:26:08,667 --> 00:26:10,333
In budapest, hungary,
555
00:26:10,333 --> 00:26:14,300
Is a series of massive
Abandoned warehouses.
556
00:26:20,067 --> 00:26:23,467
Inside are what remains
Of 19 boilers
557
00:26:23,467 --> 00:26:25,133
Feeding eight turbines
558
00:26:25,133 --> 00:26:28,433
Supplying 30 kilovolts
Of electricity
559
00:26:28,433 --> 00:26:31,967
Through 80-ton transformers
560
00:26:31,967 --> 00:26:36,233
And a grand art-deco-style
Control room
561
00:26:36,233 --> 00:26:38,133
In the shape of an oval,
562
00:26:38,133 --> 00:26:40,533
Rusting away in obscurity.
563
00:26:45,833 --> 00:26:48,533
Archer: the generation of power
Itself is so simple.
564
00:26:48,533 --> 00:26:49,805
You take turbine
That just spins
565
00:26:49,805 --> 00:26:50,000
You take turbine
That just spins
566
00:26:50,100 --> 00:26:51,567
Around a magnet inside a coil.
567
00:26:51,567 --> 00:26:53,533
That's essentially all it is,
568
00:26:53,533 --> 00:26:55,900
But then you have to put
All these sort of regulations
569
00:26:55,900 --> 00:26:59,733
And extra things in there
To make it usable,
570
00:26:59,733 --> 00:27:01,067
And that's being
The transformers,
571
00:27:01,067 --> 00:27:03,067
The systems to make sure
The turbines are going around
572
00:27:03,067 --> 00:27:05,367
At constant speed the whole time
So you don't get interruptions.
573
00:27:05,367 --> 00:27:08,233
All this sort of stuff
Had to be worked out,
574
00:27:08,233 --> 00:27:10,200
And you're talking about
Very old technology.
575
00:27:10,200 --> 00:27:12,467
This was even
Before vacuum tubes.
576
00:27:12,467 --> 00:27:14,533
They had to think
Of a lot of things
577
00:27:14,533 --> 00:27:16,067
And be ingenious
578
00:27:16,067 --> 00:27:19,805
With creating these things
To make the ac useful.
579
00:27:19,805 --> 00:27:20,000
With creating these things
To make the ac useful.
580
00:27:20,067 --> 00:27:21,933
Narrator:
But what engineering problems
581
00:27:21,933 --> 00:27:24,967
Did this now-crumbling
Plant face,
582
00:27:24,967 --> 00:27:29,067
And why was it abandoned?
583
00:27:29,067 --> 00:27:32,633
In 1912, budapest is one
Of the capitals
584
00:27:32,633 --> 00:27:35,867
Of the austro-hungarian empire,
585
00:27:35,867 --> 00:27:39,133
But to power the country's
Global ambitions,
586
00:27:39,133 --> 00:27:45,433
Authorities need to generate
Electricity for 880,000 people.
587
00:27:45,433 --> 00:27:47,467
For this tremendous task,
588
00:27:47,467 --> 00:27:48,833
Engineers construct
589
00:27:48,833 --> 00:27:49,805
The groundbreaking
Kelenfold power station.
590
00:27:49,805 --> 00:27:50,000
The groundbreaking
Kelenfold power station.
591
00:27:54,067 --> 00:27:56,400
Today, we take
Electricity for granted.
592
00:27:56,400 --> 00:27:58,433
But at the turn
Of the 19th century,
593
00:27:58,433 --> 00:27:59,733
It was the new black.
594
00:27:59,733 --> 00:28:01,800
It was full of wonder,
595
00:28:01,800 --> 00:28:05,500
And its potential was limitless.
596
00:28:05,500 --> 00:28:08,400
Narrator: at the time,
This power plant rivals
597
00:28:08,400 --> 00:28:11,567
Every other plant
In the world for efficiency
598
00:28:11,567 --> 00:28:13,400
And high output.
599
00:28:13,400 --> 00:28:14,533
More than anything,
600
00:28:14,533 --> 00:28:17,067
The designers here
Want to produce not
601
00:28:17,067 --> 00:28:18,400
Just a power plant
602
00:28:18,400 --> 00:28:19,805
But a grandiose temple
To electricity.
603
00:28:19,805 --> 00:28:20,000
But a grandiose temple
To electricity.
604
00:28:23,300 --> 00:28:25,767
However, for the engineers,
605
00:28:25,767 --> 00:28:32,067
Executing this vision involves
A risky, monumental transition.
606
00:28:32,067 --> 00:28:33,733
Archer: people would have
Their own coal,
607
00:28:33,733 --> 00:28:35,300
And they'd be self-supporting.
608
00:28:35,300 --> 00:28:37,767
You know, they'd create power
That they needed, you know,
609
00:28:37,767 --> 00:28:40,333
And that power would only just
Be thermal energy, right?
610
00:28:40,333 --> 00:28:42,433
Just heat, that's all
You're going to get.
611
00:28:42,433 --> 00:28:45,633
To then go pooling the coal
Together at the power station
612
00:28:45,633 --> 00:28:47,467
And then creating
This electricity
613
00:28:47,467 --> 00:28:49,400
Which can then be distributed
614
00:28:49,400 --> 00:28:49,805
Out through a network,
Through a grid,
615
00:28:49,805 --> 00:28:50,000
Out through a network,
Through a grid,
616
00:28:51,300 --> 00:28:54,067
Which then you can tap
Into and harness part
617
00:28:54,067 --> 00:28:56,100
Of that energy yourself,
618
00:28:56,100 --> 00:28:58,267
You know, that's very different.
619
00:28:58,267 --> 00:28:59,900
You got to see this
As a projection
620
00:28:59,900 --> 00:29:01,800
Of the future to everybody.
621
00:29:01,800 --> 00:29:04,333
There can be elements
Of design going into that.
622
00:29:04,333 --> 00:29:05,800
You're trying
To get people onboard.
623
00:29:05,800 --> 00:29:07,933
You're trying
To show your nation
624
00:29:07,933 --> 00:29:10,500
And people around
That you're forward-thinking.
625
00:29:10,500 --> 00:29:12,733
You're entering
A new era.
626
00:29:14,933 --> 00:29:16,833
Narrator:
But the engineering challenge
627
00:29:16,833 --> 00:29:19,805
Is harnessing 38 bars
Of steam pressure
628
00:29:19,805 --> 00:29:20,000
Is harnessing 38 bars
Of steam pressure
629
00:29:20,133 --> 00:29:22,967
To drive
Its eight giant turbines
630
00:29:22,967 --> 00:29:25,067
In order to produce electricity
631
00:29:25,067 --> 00:29:28,067
To sustain 880,000 people.
632
00:29:29,833 --> 00:29:34,067
To do that, workers
Must shovel mountains of coal
633
00:29:34,067 --> 00:29:37,800
And channel over
220 million liters
634
00:29:37,800 --> 00:29:40,900
Of water from the danube
River each day
635
00:29:40,900 --> 00:29:42,867
Into the vast furnace hall.
636
00:29:44,733 --> 00:29:46,700
If you want to ask about
The sort of efficiency
637
00:29:46,700 --> 00:29:49,800
Of this method
Of creating electricity,
638
00:29:49,800 --> 00:29:49,805
The best thing I can say
Is that's how we do it still.
639
00:29:49,805 --> 00:29:50,000
The best thing I can say
Is that's how we do it still.
640
00:29:53,167 --> 00:29:56,900
It is coal and water
Creating steam
641
00:29:56,900 --> 00:29:59,067
And turning magnets
Inside coils.
642
00:29:59,067 --> 00:30:02,433
Fundamentally, it's exactly
The same from a science
643
00:30:02,433 --> 00:30:03,800
And physics point of view.
644
00:30:03,800 --> 00:30:05,200
So that tells you
We haven't come up
645
00:30:05,200 --> 00:30:07,867
With a better way
Of generating energy.
646
00:30:07,867 --> 00:30:11,567
Even nuclear, we still
Heat water, turbines.
647
00:30:11,567 --> 00:30:14,033
It's exactly the same.
648
00:30:16,233 --> 00:30:18,267
Narrator: will kelenfold be able
649
00:30:18,267 --> 00:30:19,805
To pioneer this mass production
Of energy?
650
00:30:19,805 --> 00:30:20,000
To pioneer this mass production
Of energy?
651
00:30:23,467 --> 00:30:26,167
For 2 grueling years,
Architects,
652
00:30:26,167 --> 00:30:28,000
Engineers, and workers labor
653
00:30:28,000 --> 00:30:33,567
Constantly to construct
This massive plant.
654
00:30:33,567 --> 00:30:37,633
But with the outbreak
Of world war I in 1914,
655
00:30:37,633 --> 00:30:40,500
What causes
The kelenfold power plant
656
00:30:40,500 --> 00:30:42,900
To become abandoned?
657
00:30:51,367 --> 00:30:55,033
Narrator: the kelenfold power
Plant in budapest, hungary
658
00:30:55,033 --> 00:30:57,700
Is one of
The early 20th century's
659
00:30:57,700 --> 00:31:02,067
True engineering marvels.
660
00:31:02,067 --> 00:31:04,167
As part of this
Ambitious vision,
661
00:31:04,167 --> 00:31:07,633
Both to pioneer
Electrical power for the city
662
00:31:07,633 --> 00:31:12,167
And also be a show piece for
The austro-hungarian empire,
663
00:31:12,167 --> 00:31:15,443
Engineers and architects
Employ the art-deco style,
664
00:31:15,443 --> 00:31:16,000
Engineers and architects
Employ the art-deco style,
665
00:31:18,900 --> 00:31:22,133
And they develop this
Stunning control room
666
00:31:22,133 --> 00:31:26,400
At the crossroads
Of engineering and design.
667
00:31:26,400 --> 00:31:28,567
By implementing curved walls
668
00:31:28,567 --> 00:31:30,667
And a dramatic glass ceiling,
669
00:31:30,667 --> 00:31:32,200
The architects transform
670
00:31:32,200 --> 00:31:35,467
An otherwise
Utilitarian power plant
671
00:31:35,467 --> 00:31:39,267
Into a glittering
Industrial masterpiece,
672
00:31:39,267 --> 00:31:41,200
And, after 2 years
Of construction,
673
00:31:41,200 --> 00:31:45,443
Their ambitious plan
Comes to fruition in 1914.
674
00:31:45,443 --> 00:31:46,000
Their ambitious plan
Comes to fruition in 1914.
675
00:32:17,100 --> 00:32:20,067
This new power plant
Soon becomes
676
00:32:20,067 --> 00:32:22,367
A national treasure in hungary,
677
00:32:22,367 --> 00:32:25,100
And both its layout
And design style
678
00:32:25,100 --> 00:32:28,267
Are copied all over europe.
679
00:32:28,267 --> 00:32:30,067
Archer: I think it's great
That they tried
680
00:32:30,067 --> 00:32:34,067
To kind of pour design,
Art deco, make it stunning,
681
00:32:34,067 --> 00:32:38,467
And it still looks amazing.
682
00:32:38,467 --> 00:32:40,667
I don't know how practical it
Was in there,
683
00:32:40,667 --> 00:32:43,200
With sound issues and all
Manner of things like that,
684
00:32:43,200 --> 00:32:45,367
But I don't see why, you know,
685
00:32:45,367 --> 00:32:45,443
You can't have design
And function go hand in hand.
686
00:32:45,443 --> 00:32:46,000
You can't have design
And function go hand in hand.
687
00:32:49,433 --> 00:32:51,633
Why not?
688
00:32:51,633 --> 00:32:55,467
Narrator: but just 2 months
After kelenfold goes online,
689
00:32:55,467 --> 00:32:57,767
World war I breaks out.
690
00:33:01,100 --> 00:33:05,967
For years, budapest endures
The horrors of war,
691
00:33:05,967 --> 00:33:07,567
But the kelenfold power plant
692
00:33:07,567 --> 00:33:11,067
Miraculously escapes
Serious damage.
693
00:33:11,067 --> 00:33:14,133
However, 20 years later,
694
00:33:14,133 --> 00:33:15,443
Hungary joins the axis powers,
695
00:33:15,443 --> 00:33:16,000
Hungary joins the axis powers,
696
00:33:17,467 --> 00:33:19,133
And, during world war ii,
697
00:33:19,133 --> 00:33:21,500
The plant becomes a prime target
698
00:33:21,500 --> 00:33:23,767
For allied bombing raids.
699
00:33:23,767 --> 00:33:27,567
To protect people
From aerial attacks, architects,
700
00:33:27,567 --> 00:33:31,733
Engineers, and the planners
Implement a risky plan
701
00:33:31,733 --> 00:33:36,933
And build dozens of one and
Two-man concrete bomb shelters
702
00:33:36,933 --> 00:33:38,900
All over the plant,
703
00:33:38,900 --> 00:33:42,133
Even in the ornate control room.
704
00:33:42,133 --> 00:33:45,443
I really wonder
About air raid shelters
705
00:33:45,443 --> 00:33:45,533
I really wonder
About air raid shelters
706
00:33:45,533 --> 00:33:46,000
In the middle of a factory.
707
00:33:49,800 --> 00:33:51,767
Certainly deep underground
708
00:33:51,767 --> 00:33:52,967
Is the only one
That makes sense,
709
00:33:52,967 --> 00:33:55,567
But the idea of putting
Individual shelter
710
00:33:55,567 --> 00:33:56,933
Right in the middle
Of the target
711
00:33:56,933 --> 00:33:59,267
Seems to be rather strange,
712
00:33:59,267 --> 00:34:00,967
And it goes completely against
713
00:34:00,967 --> 00:34:03,600
All of the studies
Done in the 1920s
714
00:34:03,600 --> 00:34:05,900
And '30s by german engineers
715
00:34:05,900 --> 00:34:08,733
Who were looking
At possible future war
716
00:34:08,733 --> 00:34:10,367
And designing factories
717
00:34:10,367 --> 00:34:13,600
With the idea
Of minimizing damage
718
00:34:13,600 --> 00:34:15,443
And easing the repair
719
00:34:15,443 --> 00:34:15,500
And easing the repair
720
00:34:15,500 --> 00:34:16,000
And the fire-fighting systems
721
00:34:17,667 --> 00:34:20,267
If you were hit
By an airstrike.
722
00:34:22,433 --> 00:34:26,400
Man:
Fortunately, this control room
Didn't need any protection
723
00:34:26,400 --> 00:34:31,633
Because it had only one bomb,
But on the outside.
724
00:34:31,633 --> 00:34:34,200
Narrator: after the war,
Kelenfold continues
725
00:34:34,200 --> 00:34:38,267
To power hungary's
Growing energy supply.
726
00:34:38,267 --> 00:34:41,400
But due to more modern
Energy production technology
727
00:34:41,400 --> 00:34:42,967
Coming online,
728
00:34:42,967 --> 00:34:45,443
The plant is
Decommissioned in 2005
729
00:34:45,443 --> 00:34:46,000
The plant is
Decommissioned in 2005
730
00:34:46,700 --> 00:34:51,267
After an impressive
91 years in operation.
731
00:34:51,267 --> 00:34:55,500
Today, even after years
Of decay and neglect,
732
00:34:55,500 --> 00:34:59,767
The glories of kelenfold's
Unique art-deco control room
733
00:34:59,767 --> 00:35:02,167
Are still admired
Around the world.
734
00:35:02,167 --> 00:35:04,133
Archer: you need to have
That sort of symbol
735
00:35:04,133 --> 00:35:06,767
Of what was the big step
At that time.
736
00:35:06,767 --> 00:35:09,100
We should try
And keep these things
737
00:35:09,100 --> 00:35:11,067
Where possible
And keep them
738
00:35:11,067 --> 00:35:13,800
So that they will stand
The testament of time
739
00:35:13,800 --> 00:35:15,443
And kind of remind us
Of how far we've come.
740
00:35:15,443 --> 00:35:16,000
And kind of remind us
Of how far we've come.
741
00:35:20,933 --> 00:35:24,333
Narrator: just over 1,000 miles
Northwest of budapest
742
00:35:24,333 --> 00:35:27,867
Are the orkney islands
Off the coast of scotland.
743
00:35:33,800 --> 00:35:37,067
In the freezing waters
Of scapa flow,
744
00:35:37,067 --> 00:35:41,333
As far down as 196 feet
Below sea level,
745
00:35:41,333 --> 00:35:44,867
Lies a mysterious
Maritime graveyard.
746
00:35:46,567 --> 00:35:51,067
Covering miles of seabed
Are seven hulking warships
747
00:35:51,067 --> 00:35:54,367
Ranging from 8,000-ton cruisers
748
00:35:54,367 --> 00:35:57,467
To 26,000-ton battleships
749
00:35:57,467 --> 00:36:00,067
Corroding away
Out of sight.
750
00:36:00,067 --> 00:36:02,067
Turton: it's there to explore
And discover.
751
00:36:02,067 --> 00:36:04,267
The battleships,
Which are so big you
752
00:36:04,267 --> 00:36:06,067
Can have the privilege
Of being places
753
00:36:06,067 --> 00:36:08,067
That nobody's been
For 100 years.
754
00:36:10,133 --> 00:36:13,700
Narrator: but why are these
Sunken boats here,
755
00:36:13,700 --> 00:36:15,443
And why were they abandoned?
756
00:36:15,443 --> 00:36:16,000
And why were they abandoned?
757
00:36:16,967 --> 00:36:19,600
In 1914, the german empire
758
00:36:19,600 --> 00:36:22,333
Is at war with allied britain,
759
00:36:22,333 --> 00:36:25,433
And incredible advances
In engineering
760
00:36:25,433 --> 00:36:27,233
All combine into creating
761
00:36:27,233 --> 00:36:30,833
One singular military vessel.
762
00:36:30,833 --> 00:36:32,667
Around the turn of
The 20th century,
763
00:36:32,667 --> 00:36:34,233
It was the battleship
764
00:36:34,233 --> 00:36:37,233
That was the culmination
Of success and progress
765
00:36:37,233 --> 00:36:39,800
In so many areas
Of engineering.
766
00:36:39,800 --> 00:36:41,633
In propulsion, steam turbines
767
00:36:41,633 --> 00:36:44,067
Were being used
On these great, big ships.
768
00:36:44,067 --> 00:36:45,443
Advancements in communication
And optics, firepower,
769
00:36:45,443 --> 00:36:46,000
Advancements in communication
And optics, firepower,
770
00:36:47,933 --> 00:36:51,567
The size of guns you could have,
All came together
771
00:36:51,567 --> 00:36:53,200
In these amazing war machines
772
00:36:53,200 --> 00:36:56,233
That almost became
Status symbols for any navy.
773
00:36:56,233 --> 00:36:59,700
If you didn't have one,
Who were you?
774
00:36:59,700 --> 00:37:01,167
Narrator: for this reason,
775
00:37:01,167 --> 00:37:06,567
The imperial german navy
Produces the high seas fleet.
776
00:37:06,567 --> 00:37:09,300
For the duration
Of the first world war,
777
00:37:09,300 --> 00:37:12,267
The german navy uses
The high seas fleet
778
00:37:12,267 --> 00:37:15,367
To attack the northeast
Coast of england.
779
00:37:15,367 --> 00:37:15,443
But after 4 years
Of naval combat,
780
00:37:15,443 --> 00:37:16,000
But after 4 years
Of naval combat,
781
00:37:18,433 --> 00:37:22,300
The first world war
Ends in november, 1918
782
00:37:22,300 --> 00:37:24,133
With the allies victorious.
783
00:37:24,133 --> 00:37:27,733
This leaves the germans
With 72 boats
784
00:37:27,733 --> 00:37:30,167
Stuck in captive english waters.
785
00:37:30,167 --> 00:37:31,667
Scapa flow is surrounded
786
00:37:31,667 --> 00:37:33,567
By the southern isles of orkney,
787
00:37:33,567 --> 00:37:36,200
Creating this huge
Natural harbor,
788
00:37:36,200 --> 00:37:38,167
Which becomes the best place,
789
00:37:38,167 --> 00:37:42,167
Strategically, to house
The bulk of our navy.
790
00:37:42,167 --> 00:37:44,367
Now, the german navy,
In the first world war,
791
00:37:44,367 --> 00:37:45,443
I imagine, didn't really
Want scapa flow
792
00:37:45,443 --> 00:37:46,000
I imagine, didn't really
Want scapa flow
793
00:37:46,467 --> 00:37:48,067
To be so important to them,
794
00:37:48,067 --> 00:37:50,867
But it ends up being
Where the bulk of their navy --
795
00:37:50,867 --> 00:37:53,833
It's their final
Resting place.
796
00:37:53,833 --> 00:37:56,367
Narrator:
But with the war now over,
797
00:37:56,367 --> 00:37:59,200
Who sinks the german
High seas fleet,
798
00:37:59,200 --> 00:38:02,067
And why were these
Ships abandoned?
799
00:38:08,900 --> 00:38:12,233
Narrator:
With the allied victory
At the end of world war I,
800
00:38:12,233 --> 00:38:15,767
Great britain is holding
72 german ships hostage
801
00:38:15,767 --> 00:38:18,467
In the icy waters of scapa flow.
802
00:38:18,467 --> 00:38:24,533
But on june 21, 1919,
As the allies try to negotiate
803
00:38:24,533 --> 00:38:27,067
The terms of the peace treaty
With germany,
804
00:38:27,067 --> 00:38:29,667
The german high
Seas fleet commander,
805
00:38:29,667 --> 00:38:31,467
Ludwig von reuter,
806
00:38:31,467 --> 00:38:33,681
Takes matters
Into his own hands.
807
00:38:33,681 --> 00:38:33,933
Takes matters
Into his own hands.
808
00:38:36,700 --> 00:38:39,633
Turton: admiral von reuter
Wasn't being kept informed,
809
00:38:39,633 --> 00:38:41,967
Really, up to date
With the peace negotiations.
810
00:38:41,967 --> 00:38:45,167
He fully expects that the
Germans' fleet will be seized
811
00:38:45,167 --> 00:38:47,067
And that they will be divvied up
Among the allied forces,
812
00:38:47,067 --> 00:38:48,500
Which I believe
Was the intention.
813
00:38:48,500 --> 00:38:51,833
These fighting ships
Have been disarmed.
814
00:38:51,833 --> 00:38:53,533
He has no way of fighting back,
815
00:38:53,533 --> 00:38:55,433
So his only remaining act of war
816
00:38:55,433 --> 00:38:58,433
Is to sink them
So nobody can have them.
817
00:38:58,433 --> 00:39:00,367
Narrator:
This was one of the largest
818
00:39:00,367 --> 00:39:03,681
And most complicated mass
Scuttlings in history,
819
00:39:03,681 --> 00:39:04,000
And most complicated mass
Scuttlings in history,
820
00:39:04,267 --> 00:39:09,867
But how did von reuter
Execute this bold maneuver?
821
00:39:09,867 --> 00:39:11,067
James: all vessels have
822
00:39:11,067 --> 00:39:14,333
What we refer more commonly to
As a sea chest.
823
00:39:14,333 --> 00:39:15,833
It's located in the engine room,
824
00:39:15,833 --> 00:39:19,667
And it's where the vessel
Takes water in
825
00:39:19,667 --> 00:39:24,233
For running the engine
Room's systems, ballasting,
826
00:39:24,233 --> 00:39:27,533
And the pipes are huge.
They're this sort of diameter.
827
00:39:27,533 --> 00:39:29,667
You couldn't put
Your arms around them.
828
00:39:29,667 --> 00:39:31,400
If you wanted
To scuttle a vessel,
829
00:39:31,400 --> 00:39:33,433
You would open
These sea chest valves.
830
00:39:33,433 --> 00:39:33,681
Just let the water flood in
831
00:39:33,681 --> 00:39:34,000
Just let the water flood in
832
00:39:35,333 --> 00:39:36,967
Throughout the ship
Would achieve
833
00:39:36,967 --> 00:39:39,767
The negative buoyancy
That you needed to sink it.
834
00:39:39,767 --> 00:39:43,067
David: the scuttling of
The high seas fleet in 1919,
835
00:39:43,067 --> 00:39:44,633
I mean, an extraordinary event
836
00:39:44,633 --> 00:39:46,067
Involving a massive number
837
00:39:46,067 --> 00:39:47,100
Of warships,
838
00:39:47,100 --> 00:39:48,500
Has been relatively forgotten
839
00:39:48,500 --> 00:39:49,567
Because, at least
840
00:39:49,567 --> 00:39:50,833
From the british perspective,
841
00:39:50,833 --> 00:39:52,667
We're a little bit
Embarrassed about it
842
00:39:52,667 --> 00:39:55,733
Because we didn't
Manage to prevent it.
843
00:39:55,733 --> 00:40:01,567
Narrator: in all, 52 ships sink
And the rest are beached.
844
00:40:01,567 --> 00:40:03,681
But even at the bottom
Of the sea,
845
00:40:03,681 --> 00:40:04,000
But even at the bottom
Of the sea,
846
00:40:04,000 --> 00:40:05,933
These ships remain valuable,
847
00:40:05,933 --> 00:40:10,200
Worth $50 million
In today's currency.
848
00:40:10,200 --> 00:40:14,500
And one man is determined not
To leave 400,000 tons of metal
849
00:40:14,500 --> 00:40:17,867
And machinery to rot
On the sea bed.
850
00:40:17,867 --> 00:40:21,367
In 1920,
Engineer earnest cox attempts
851
00:40:21,367 --> 00:40:24,500
An impossible salvage job.
852
00:40:24,500 --> 00:40:29,400
They wouldn't have had
The same huge lifting capacity
853
00:40:29,400 --> 00:40:32,233
That we have these days.
854
00:40:32,233 --> 00:40:33,681
They would've had
To look at air.
855
00:40:33,681 --> 00:40:34,000
They would've had
To look at air.
856
00:40:34,633 --> 00:40:39,400
If you can regain the watertight
Integrity of the vessel
857
00:40:39,400 --> 00:40:41,900
And introduce air into it,
858
00:40:41,900 --> 00:40:44,200
It is possible to refloat it.
859
00:40:44,200 --> 00:40:48,567
You would have to have
A reasonably intact vessel.
860
00:40:48,567 --> 00:40:51,900
Narrator: using air,
Cox's innovative technique
861
00:40:51,900 --> 00:40:53,800
Employs salvage components
862
00:40:53,800 --> 00:40:55,267
From smaller ships
863
00:40:55,267 --> 00:40:59,233
To lift their larger
Sister ships to the surface.
864
00:40:59,233 --> 00:41:02,167
An example of ernest cox's
Ingenuity
865
00:41:02,167 --> 00:41:03,681
Was how he used boilers
From some of the ships
866
00:41:03,681 --> 00:41:04,000
Was how he used boilers
From some of the ships
867
00:41:05,733 --> 00:41:07,367
That had already been salvaged
868
00:41:07,367 --> 00:41:09,433
To create
These enormous airlocks
869
00:41:09,433 --> 00:41:12,267
That went from sea surface
Where their salvaged ships
870
00:41:12,267 --> 00:41:15,700
Were and to create
These giant tubes
871
00:41:15,700 --> 00:41:17,067
By welding them all together
872
00:41:17,067 --> 00:41:19,700
To create an airlock right down
To the bottom of the sea
873
00:41:19,700 --> 00:41:22,233
Where the scuttled ship
Was sitting.
874
00:41:22,233 --> 00:41:24,167
That's not a solution
That had been done before.
875
00:41:24,167 --> 00:41:27,533
There was no design blueprint
To say how to do that.
876
00:41:27,533 --> 00:41:30,200
Engineering is all
About problem solving,
877
00:41:30,200 --> 00:41:33,067
And none more tricky
Or challenging
878
00:41:33,067 --> 00:41:33,681
Than the one presented
To ernest cox.
879
00:41:33,681 --> 00:41:34,000
Than the one presented
To ernest cox.
880
00:41:39,867 --> 00:41:44,200
Narrator: today, seven of the
Mighty german high seas fleet
881
00:41:44,200 --> 00:41:45,800
Still remain at the bottom
882
00:41:45,800 --> 00:41:47,867
Of scapa flow
883
00:41:47,867 --> 00:41:50,500
Alongside countless
Other shipwrecks
884
00:41:50,500 --> 00:41:52,600
In these notoriously treacherous
885
00:41:52,600 --> 00:41:54,700
And icy waters,
886
00:41:54,700 --> 00:41:58,900
Accessible only to those
Willing to dive in.
69478
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