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- [Narrator] Greenwich, England.
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The heart of a nation built on sea power
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and home to museum with
secrets dark and strange.
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The mark of Horatio
Nelson's deadly assassin.
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The magical bullet of
Captain William Bligh.
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The final hours of Sir John
Franklin's Arctic expedition
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and a deadly device that foiled an empire.
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Secrets hidden in plain sight inside
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the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.
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(eerie music)
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Just east of central London,
on the banks of the Thames
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river is Greenwich, home to
the National Maritime Museum.
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The museum's collection
celebrates Great Britain's
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proud seafaring heritage which
dates back almost 1000 years.
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Through exploration,
innovation and conflict,
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the Royal Navy led Britain's
conquest of the seas
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and became a breeding ground for heroes
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from the famous to the infamous.
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From Sir John Franklin to William Bligh,
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Captain of the ill-fated Bounty
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but none was greater than this
man, Admiral Horatio Nelson.
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- Horatio Nelson was born in 1758.
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He joined the navy when
he was a 12 year old boy.
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- [Narrator] Nelson rose through the ranks
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to Vice Admiral and wore this uniform
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during his finest hour, the
battle of Trafalgar in 1805.
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One of Britain's most
legendary naval victories.
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- Nelson wasn't just a British celebrity
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during his lifetime, he
actually enjoyed enormous
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European fame because he was
seen to be one of the most
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potent adversaries of Napoleon
that Europe had to offer.
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- [Narrator] But Nelson's
jacket clearly shows
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that his finest hour was also his last.
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On the left shoulder is the
entry point of a fatal bullet
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that killed Britain's great hero.
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(dramatic music)
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Naval historian Sam Willis takes us
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onto the deck of HMS Victory,
Admiral Nelson's flagship
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from the battle of Trafalgar
and the scene of his death.
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- Nelson would've been down
here on the quarter deck
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during the battle, absolutely
in the thick of things,
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with smoke clouding the
view, with cannons roaring,
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splinters would've been flying everywhere.
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Very dangerous place to be.
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(cannon firing)
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- [Narrator] The charge toward the center
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of Napoleon's fleet brought the Victory
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into close contact with the
French ship, Redoutable.
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- This is where the
Redoutable was and her rigging
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was locked together with
the Victory's rigging.
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Her guns were so close
to the Victory's hull
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that they were actually touching the hull
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and as well as these masked
men on the Redoutable's decks
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there were snipers in her rigging.
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And it was at that moment, at this spot,
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that Nelson was struck.
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He immediately knew that
he'd been hit very badly.
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He said, "I think they've broken my back."
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- [Narrator] He was carried
four decks below to the surgery.
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- It was very dark, it was very grim.
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There would've been sounds
of screaming and dying men
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and the bullet had gone
in through his shoulder,
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it had broken two ribs,
it had punctured a lung
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and then it had lodged itself in his spine
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and as he lay there he
said he felt a pulsing
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in his chest and the bullet
had cut one of his arteries.
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- [Narrator] Surrounded by his loyal crew,
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Nelson died three hours later.
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Who fired the fatal shot?
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For decades, many stories
arose about who the man
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behind the bullet could have been
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including one report from
a Frenchman who claimed
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it was his shot that killed Nelson,
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fired from the rigging of the Redoutable.
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He took four bullets with him and he said,
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"If I don't kill Nelson
with three of these bullets,
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"I'm gonna use the last
one to kill myself."
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When you hear that account the first thing
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that strikes you is it's
not possible really.
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It's like someone trying to
grab their own piece of fame,
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trying to put their own stamp on history.
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- [Narrator] So are we to
believe this French account?
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Was Britain's greatest war hero
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the target of a skilled marksman?
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Or was he simply the
victim of a random gunshot?
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This is our museum secret.
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- Hi Ian.
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- Hiya Sam.
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- Thank you very much for coming along.
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- [Narrator] Sam Willis
had enlisted the help
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of artillery expert
Ian Hen who has brought
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a replica French musket with him.
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Unlike the rifles of later
decades this musket is not
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the ideal weapon for
precise target shooting.
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- The balls are not exactly spherical,
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they didn't always come out the center
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of the barrel of the musket.
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They may have come out
of the top or the bottom
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or one side and that would've affected
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whether they would've ended up on target.
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- Well I think the
first thing we should do
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is test the accuracy of these muskets.
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What do we need?
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- If I grab the musket, if
you grab the tape measure,
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we'll measure out and see
what we can get on with.
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- Well, here's our Nelson dummy.
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We know he was a bit shorter than this
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but it'll do for our purposes.
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- It will do, yes.
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- He won't feel a thing.
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- (laughs) Let's measure it out
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and see how far away we can do it.
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- [Narrator] Ian will
try a close range shot
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at just 10 meters from the target.
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- So what we need to do
now is to pull the gun
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back to full cock and it's ready to fire.
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- Right.
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(gun cocking)
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(gun firing)
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- [Sam] Think you got him?
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- [Ian] I think we got him, yes.
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- [Sam] There.
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- There we go look.
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- We're you aiming for
the main chest area?
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- Well I was aiming for the main torso.
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- Yep.
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- You see, with the smoothbore musket
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you do have accuracy problems,
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you don't where it's gonna
come out of the bore.
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- [Narrator] Even at close range
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the musket isn't that accurate
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and on the day of the battle the shot
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would've been considerably
more complicated.
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It's been calculated
that Nelson was standing
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16 meters away from the
base of the mizzen-mast
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at the French ship at
the moment he was shot.
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- 15, 16 meters there
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in your hand.
- 16 meters so that's here.
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Let's wave the truck back.
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- [Narrator] And the shooter
was 15 meters up the mast.
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- That's much higher than I thought.
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- [Ian] OK!
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- How you doing?
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That is 15 meters off the ground.
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That's the height of the
Redoutable's mizzen-mast.
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From down there it looked incredibly high
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but from here it's surprisingly close,
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bearing in mind that that's an enemy ship.
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That's gonna be rigging
full of enemy soldiers.
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- [Narrator] In the chaos of battle,
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canons would be firing
and gun powder smoke
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would be wafting across the ship's decks.
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Sam wants to factor that
into the equation too.
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(distant shouting)
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(dramatic music)
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(fuse fizzling)
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(canon firing)
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(musket firing)
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- I think he hit the mannequin.
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Unbelievably he shot him
in the left shoulder.
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That's absolutely amazing.
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So even with the noise and the smoke
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of the cannon, he's managed to shoot him
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on the left shoulder,
just below the epaulet,
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exactly where Nelson was shot
which is an extraordinary shot
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and it's completely not
what I expected to happen.
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- [Narrator] Ian's bullet has
gone right through the dummy,
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penetrating the center of the
back where the spine would be.
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- It's extraordinarily
similar, what's happened here.
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If you compare what happened with Nelson
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with what we've managed to recreate
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from the angles, from the
distance and from the height.
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We need to re-think that
moment of Nelson's death
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and to consider the fact
that he was deliberately
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targeted by a French marksman.
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- [Narrator] The French shot
was heard around the world
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and with the death of a
national hero a legend was born.
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Admiral Nelson was
immortalized in British memory
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and continues to command from his pedestal
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on high over Trafalgar Square.
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Next on Museum Secrets, a
deadly Infernal Machine.
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(dramatic music)
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Hidden away in the storerooms
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of the National Maritime Museum
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lies surprising mementos
of Britain's fighting past.
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These are the naval weapons that helped
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Britain rule the waves
but in the 19th century
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the Royal Navy faced a new kind of weapon.
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A hidden threat that lurked
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beneath the surface of the ocean.
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- This is the Russian Infernal Machine.
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It's a sea mine from the
time of the Crimean war
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and as you can see,
this one has been taken
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by the British as a war trophy
and has been painted up,
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Russian Infernal Machine, Baltic, 1855.
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- [Narrator] Sea mines have been a threat
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to warships going back to the
Chinese in the 14th century
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and they continue to represent
a significant threat today.
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Marine mines filled with
TNT are now computerized
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and fitted with electronic fuses
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for remote or automatic detonation.
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(mine exploding)
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They are capable of colossal explosions.
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(mine exploding)
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Naval mines present such a danger
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that there are entire fleets devoted
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to finding and defusing them.
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This is HMS Chiddingfold,
one of 15 Royal Navy
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mine hunter vessels.
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All mine hunters carry ROVs,
Remote Operated Vehicles,
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equipped with cameras
that allow mine hunters
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to get a good look at the
mine from a safe distance
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and diffuse it or destroy it.
(mine explodes)
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In the 19th century, naval
mines and the methods
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used to deal with them were
considerably less sophisticated.
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If they were identified and fished
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out of the water intact,
these new weapons were treated
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with equal parts caution and curiosity.
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But as one newspaper report
from the time illustrates,
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this curiosity got the better
of one man in particular.
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Royal Naval Admiral Seymour.
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- Seymour, with his officers,
was extremely interested
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00:11:04,150 --> 00:11:07,720
in the device so he whacked
the side of the mine
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and it blew up knocking back the officers,
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burning off their mustaches
and their eyebrows
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and poor Admiral Seymour was
blinded in one eye as result.
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00:11:21,351 --> 00:11:23,278
(explosion)
(men screaming)
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- [Narrator] Back in the
1850s, mines were armed
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with gunpowder that had to be ignited
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without the use of
electronics or batteries.
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So how did the Russian
Infernal Machine work
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and why did these men survive its blast?
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This is our museum secret.
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(quirky music)
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The investigation begins in Whiltshire
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with chemist and explosives
engineer, Doctor Sydney Alfred.
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Today he's going to try
to build a functioning
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Russian Infernal Machine
for the first time.
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- There is something singularly bizarre
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about this mine and it
is it's general shape.
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It is a cone; it is conical.
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Where it came from, I don't know.
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- [Narrator] No functioning
Infernal Machine exists today.
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Sydney has only a few crude sketches
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from the period to work with.
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- My guess is that the
gunpowder was introduced
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in the bottom through this fitting here.
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This serves, of course you
can see, to attach the rope.
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So the thing was designed to float
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and by attaching this line where it is,
251
00:12:31,060 --> 00:12:33,760
it would automatically float vertically,
252
00:12:33,760 --> 00:12:35,563
go something like this in the sea.
253
00:12:36,690 --> 00:12:38,970
- [Narrator] So, bobbing
just under the water
254
00:12:38,970 --> 00:12:42,000
how was the Russian Infernal
Machine designed to detonate?
255
00:12:42,000 --> 00:12:45,390
- If I were to hit it here,
so this goes upwards...
256
00:12:45,390 --> 00:12:47,920
- [Narrator] Sydney might have the answer.
257
00:12:47,920 --> 00:12:50,060
- What is in this hole is the tube,
258
00:12:50,060 --> 00:12:51,970
which would have been almost certainly
259
00:12:51,970 --> 00:12:54,223
thin board metal, probably steel.
260
00:12:55,130 --> 00:12:56,360
- [Narrator] Inside this tube
261
00:12:56,360 --> 00:12:58,963
is a glass vial containing sulfuric acid.
262
00:12:59,860 --> 00:13:03,110
When the mine is struck my
a ship, the vial breaks,
263
00:13:03,110 --> 00:13:06,750
releasing the acid into a
chemical mixture just below it.
264
00:13:06,750 --> 00:13:10,963
This interaction creates a
flame, igniting the gunpowder.
265
00:13:12,790 --> 00:13:14,890
Believing he's worked out the mechanics,
266
00:13:14,890 --> 00:13:17,983
Sydney has built a scale
model to test his design.
267
00:13:20,563 --> 00:13:21,646
- [Man] Whoa!
268
00:13:23,120 --> 00:13:26,103
- [Narrator] This shallow pool
represents a Russian harbor.
269
00:13:27,450 --> 00:13:30,100
This wooden dingy, a British warship.
270
00:13:30,100 --> 00:13:33,370
- [Sydney] Right, electrical
connection coming up.
271
00:13:33,370 --> 00:13:34,850
- [Narrator] In the interest of safety,
272
00:13:34,850 --> 00:13:36,610
Sydney is going to attempt to detonate
273
00:13:36,610 --> 00:13:38,850
the mine from several meters away.
274
00:13:38,850 --> 00:13:39,900
- [Sydney] That will cause the mine
275
00:13:39,900 --> 00:13:40,733
to dangle at the right...
276
00:13:40,733 --> 00:13:42,630
- [Narrator] Placed just
under the ship's hull
277
00:13:42,630 --> 00:13:45,010
it will be in the same
position as the original
278
00:13:45,010 --> 00:13:47,320
Infernal Machines that detonated
279
00:13:47,320 --> 00:13:49,933
on contact with ships passing over them.
280
00:13:50,910 --> 00:13:52,263
- I'm ready to fire.
281
00:13:53,340 --> 00:13:57,400
Firing, five, four, three, two, one.
282
00:14:00,526 --> 00:14:03,249
(mine exploding)
283
00:14:03,249 --> 00:14:08,249
(water splashing)
(dramatic music)
284
00:14:12,409 --> 00:14:15,403
(boat crashing)
285
00:14:15,403 --> 00:14:17,960
- (laughs) Had I been a Russian,
286
00:14:17,960 --> 00:14:19,920
I would've been delighted
with that result.
287
00:14:19,920 --> 00:14:21,570
Just hope it wasn't my own ships.
288
00:14:21,570 --> 00:14:23,760
Let's see what it's done to the boat.
289
00:14:23,760 --> 00:14:26,740
It has almost certainly perforated it.
290
00:14:26,740 --> 00:14:27,963
It's listing heavily.
291
00:14:28,870 --> 00:14:30,770
There's some material which is burning,
292
00:14:30,770 --> 00:14:32,600
on fire, projected upwards.
293
00:14:32,600 --> 00:14:34,690
That was the top of the
mine which blew off,
294
00:14:34,690 --> 00:14:39,690
not surprisingly and that is
pretty catastrophic damage.
295
00:14:40,160 --> 00:14:42,310
Had it been a naval vessel
296
00:14:42,310 --> 00:14:44,400
and the magazine were
there where they keep
297
00:14:44,400 --> 00:14:47,160
their powder and shot and
so on, or anywhere near,
298
00:14:47,160 --> 00:14:50,070
the whole thing I think would
have quite disintegrated.
299
00:14:51,270 --> 00:14:53,370
- [Narrator] So why didn't
the Infernal Machine
300
00:14:53,370 --> 00:14:55,430
that blew up in the
face of Admiral Seymour
301
00:14:55,430 --> 00:14:57,733
and his men do more damage?
302
00:14:59,520 --> 00:15:01,640
Sydney thinks he knows why.
303
00:15:01,640 --> 00:15:04,470
- I would expect that
much powder, this close,
304
00:15:04,470 --> 00:15:06,440
almost certainly to kill someone.
305
00:15:06,440 --> 00:15:08,600
And the thought occurred to me,
306
00:15:08,600 --> 00:15:12,340
I wonder whether it was
a mine that was primed
307
00:15:12,340 --> 00:15:14,947
but had not yet had explosive in.
308
00:15:15,870 --> 00:15:17,980
- Seymour's mine may have been primed
309
00:15:17,980 --> 00:15:20,410
with the chemical initiating substances
310
00:15:20,410 --> 00:15:22,653
but not charged with gunpowder,
311
00:15:23,740 --> 00:15:25,847
an oversight by the Russians,
312
00:15:25,847 --> 00:15:29,130
(mine exploding)
313
00:15:29,130 --> 00:15:32,253
a lucky escape for the
British Admiral and his men.
314
00:15:35,450 --> 00:15:38,643
Up next, the secret of
Captain Bligh's bullet.
315
00:15:40,174 --> 00:15:42,924
(dramatic music)
316
00:15:51,470 --> 00:15:55,660
The National Maritime museum
is full of grand objects
317
00:15:55,660 --> 00:15:57,800
with towering stories to tell
318
00:16:00,420 --> 00:16:04,870
but sometimes it's the
smallest and simplest objects
319
00:16:04,870 --> 00:16:07,630
that tell the most epic stories.
320
00:16:07,630 --> 00:16:10,850
- These three objects belonged
to Captain William Bligh
321
00:16:10,850 --> 00:16:13,940
who is, of course, famous as
the captain of the Bounty,
322
00:16:13,940 --> 00:16:18,393
the ship involved in that
infamous mutiny in 1789.
323
00:16:19,610 --> 00:16:22,980
- [Narrator] On the
night of April 28th, 1789
324
00:16:22,980 --> 00:16:26,710
the crew of HMS Bounty mutinied
against their iron willed
325
00:16:26,710 --> 00:16:29,160
and controlling captain, William Bligh.
326
00:16:29,160 --> 00:16:32,060
- And then an oar, Mr Christian!
327
00:16:32,060 --> 00:16:34,910
- [Narrator] They seized the
ship and set Bligh adrift
328
00:16:34,910 --> 00:16:38,373
in an open boat along
with 18 loyal followers.
329
00:16:39,500 --> 00:16:41,740
Bligh and his men were
faced with a treacherous
330
00:16:41,740 --> 00:16:45,840
open boat voyage across the South Pacific.
331
00:16:45,840 --> 00:16:48,760
- 47 days is an extraordinarily long time.
332
00:16:48,760 --> 00:16:51,070
Over 3600 miles.
333
00:16:51,070 --> 00:16:53,530
His men faced hunger, they faced thirst,
334
00:16:53,530 --> 00:16:55,910
they faced towering
waves, they faced storms,
335
00:16:55,910 --> 00:16:57,850
they faced rain and then they faced
336
00:16:57,850 --> 00:17:00,640
the real problem of all
open boat survivors,
337
00:17:00,640 --> 00:17:02,690
they had to cope with each other as well.
338
00:17:04,750 --> 00:17:08,050
- Being sat in a tiny
boat in a massive ocean
339
00:17:08,050 --> 00:17:12,435
that's in storm conditions
is absolutely terrifying.
340
00:17:12,435 --> 00:17:14,410
(dramatic music)
341
00:17:14,410 --> 00:17:16,860
- [Narrator] Chris Martin
is a long distance rower
342
00:17:16,860 --> 00:17:19,820
who has crossed both the
Atlantic and Pacific oceans
343
00:17:19,820 --> 00:17:22,290
in boats the same size as Bligh's.
344
00:17:23,460 --> 00:17:26,580
- 19 men in a boat the same size as ours,
345
00:17:26,580 --> 00:17:29,220
no cabin, no watertight compartment
346
00:17:29,220 --> 00:17:32,090
to go and hide in when
the weather gets rough.
347
00:17:32,090 --> 00:17:33,636
I can't imagine what that would be like.
348
00:17:33,636 --> 00:17:34,610
(indistinct shouting)
349
00:17:34,610 --> 00:17:37,470
- [Narrator] So how did Bligh
deliver his men to safety?
350
00:17:37,470 --> 00:17:39,313
With the help of a musket ball,
351
00:17:40,500 --> 00:17:43,743
a coconut shell and a horn beaker.
352
00:17:44,940 --> 00:17:47,558
This is our museum secret.
353
00:17:47,558 --> 00:17:50,400
(boat engine humming)
354
00:17:50,400 --> 00:17:53,290
The investigation begins in Portsmouth.
355
00:17:53,290 --> 00:17:55,280
To understand Bligh's ordeal
356
00:17:55,280 --> 00:17:57,920
we must first get aboard his boat.
357
00:17:57,920 --> 00:17:58,980
- This is the Blue Launch.
358
00:17:58,980 --> 00:18:01,980
She's a replica of frigate's
launch from the period.
359
00:18:01,980 --> 00:18:04,130
So she's exactly the same size as the boat
360
00:18:04,130 --> 00:18:06,900
that Bligh would've been
put in, that's 23 feet.
361
00:18:06,900 --> 00:18:08,980
She would've been used for shipping crew
362
00:18:08,980 --> 00:18:10,680
and stores to and from a ship
363
00:18:10,680 --> 00:18:13,190
so she's certainly not
designed for a voyage
364
00:18:13,190 --> 00:18:14,750
of any significant length
365
00:18:14,750 --> 00:18:16,610
and certainly not for a lot of people.
366
00:18:16,610 --> 00:18:17,900
So I think the first thing we need to do
367
00:18:17,900 --> 00:18:21,253
is see what it looks like
with 19 men on board.
368
00:18:21,253 --> 00:18:22,870
Come on then boys, let's get on!
369
00:18:22,870 --> 00:18:24,309
On you go first.
370
00:18:24,309 --> 00:18:27,470
That's one, two, three, four, five.
371
00:18:27,470 --> 00:18:32,470
OK, number 17 and our own
Captain Bligh, number 18
372
00:18:32,857 --> 00:18:34,760
and we know there were 19 people on board
373
00:18:34,760 --> 00:18:36,160
so I'm gonna get on as well.
374
00:18:37,060 --> 00:18:39,050
It's starting to look and
feel pretty cramped already.
375
00:18:39,050 --> 00:18:42,270
You can feel us settling
down quite low to the water
376
00:18:42,270 --> 00:18:46,610
and the idea of going on
a 3600 mile voyage in this
377
00:18:46,610 --> 00:18:48,540
is pretty horrific.
378
00:18:48,540 --> 00:18:50,283
- Give way together.
379
00:18:51,520 --> 00:18:52,760
- The problem we've got is space.
380
00:18:52,760 --> 00:18:54,860
We've got the mast here and boom
381
00:18:54,860 --> 00:18:57,190
and the bowsprit here for the rigging.
382
00:18:57,190 --> 00:18:58,300
So the poor people in the middle
383
00:18:58,300 --> 00:19:00,630
keep getting poked in the ribs by the oars
384
00:19:00,630 --> 00:19:02,693
so for them it's quite uncomfortable.
385
00:19:02,693 --> 00:19:03,920
(seagulls cawing)
386
00:19:03,920 --> 00:19:06,170
- [Narrator] The flat
waters of Portsmouth harbor
387
00:19:06,170 --> 00:19:09,283
are nothing compared to the
giant swells of the Pacific.
388
00:19:10,770 --> 00:19:13,634
- We saw some really
crazy weather conditions
389
00:19:13,634 --> 00:19:17,070
out in the Pacific,
some 60 foot high waves,
390
00:19:17,070 --> 00:19:19,800
really aggressive storms blowing past.
391
00:19:19,800 --> 00:19:21,890
- One of the problems, of
course, is shipping water
392
00:19:21,890 --> 00:19:23,730
from seas coming along, the swell breaking
393
00:19:23,730 --> 00:19:25,350
over the side of the boat and we know
394
00:19:25,350 --> 00:19:27,440
that at one stage in his
voyage Bligh had to have
395
00:19:27,440 --> 00:19:30,083
two men constantly
bailing, 24 hours a day.
396
00:19:31,460 --> 00:19:33,560
- [Narrator] And in an
open boat the threats
397
00:19:33,560 --> 00:19:36,760
come from both the sea and the sun.
398
00:19:36,760 --> 00:19:38,970
- In the Pacific the
ozone layer is quite thin
399
00:19:38,970 --> 00:19:42,740
so the crew will have been
exposed to extreme temperatures
400
00:19:42,740 --> 00:19:46,860
during the day and an
extreme risk of heatstroke.
401
00:19:46,860 --> 00:19:48,710
Now this would have had various effects
402
00:19:48,710 --> 00:19:50,600
on them in the form of hyperthermia.
403
00:19:50,600 --> 00:19:53,140
These will have included
things like dizziness,
404
00:19:53,140 --> 00:19:55,980
confusion, nausea and vomiting
405
00:19:55,980 --> 00:19:59,683
and just a general state
of unease and agitation.
406
00:20:01,440 --> 00:20:03,470
- [Narrator] And adding to their agitation
407
00:20:03,470 --> 00:20:05,720
was their pitiful food supply.
408
00:20:05,720 --> 00:20:08,020
So this is what Bligh was
given to take with him.
409
00:20:08,020 --> 00:20:11,070
We've got 150 pounds of biscuits,
410
00:20:11,070 --> 00:20:15,820
28 gallons of water, 20
pounds of salted pork,
411
00:20:15,820 --> 00:20:19,370
six coconuts, three bottles of red wine,
412
00:20:19,370 --> 00:20:21,270
five quarts of rum and that was it.
413
00:20:21,270 --> 00:20:25,213
That was what they had to
survive 47 days at sea.
414
00:20:26,160 --> 00:20:29,430
- [Narrator] This works out to
400 calories a day, per man.
415
00:20:29,430 --> 00:20:32,160
- [Sam] So can I have every person....
416
00:20:32,160 --> 00:20:34,950
- [Narrator] On his Pacific row in 2009
417
00:20:34,950 --> 00:20:37,620
Chris budgeted 5000 calories a day
418
00:20:40,770 --> 00:20:42,730
but after four months he discovered
419
00:20:42,730 --> 00:20:46,240
that some of his food had become
contaminated with seawater.
420
00:20:46,240 --> 00:20:50,150
- As the food ran out and
became more contaminated
421
00:20:50,150 --> 00:20:53,440
we then had to eat less and less.
422
00:20:53,440 --> 00:20:57,600
At the end, our last day,
we had 200 calories of food.
423
00:20:57,600 --> 00:21:00,060
It's absolutely exhausting to be putting
424
00:21:00,060 --> 00:21:02,970
that much effort in to physical exertion
425
00:21:02,970 --> 00:21:06,793
and not getting any food in to
replace those lost calories.
426
00:21:08,510 --> 00:21:09,700
- [Narrator] Bligh and his men tried
427
00:21:09,700 --> 00:21:11,800
to supplement their
supplies by stopping off
428
00:21:11,800 --> 00:21:15,240
on the island of Tonga
but they were quickly
429
00:21:15,240 --> 00:21:17,680
beaten off the island by the locals.
430
00:21:17,680 --> 00:21:20,423
One of the crewmen was stoned
to death in the escape.
431
00:21:21,360 --> 00:21:23,830
Fearing further casualties, Bligh knew
432
00:21:23,830 --> 00:21:26,543
he had to control his men
from turning on each other.
433
00:21:28,900 --> 00:21:31,820
And this brings us back to the musket ball
434
00:21:31,820 --> 00:21:34,780
which holds the secret to their survival,
435
00:21:34,780 --> 00:21:38,060
serving not as a weapon but as a weight.
436
00:21:38,060 --> 00:21:41,300
- So, knowing the weight
of the musket ball,
437
00:21:41,300 --> 00:21:45,070
Bligh was able to use this to
measure out the bread ration
438
00:21:45,070 --> 00:21:48,320
that each man would receive twice a day.
439
00:21:48,320 --> 00:21:51,440
- [Narrator] The musket ball
weighs less than an ounce.
440
00:21:51,440 --> 00:21:53,240
- So what we imagine is that Bligh
441
00:21:53,240 --> 00:21:56,930
would use a makeshift weighing scales,
442
00:21:56,930 --> 00:22:00,320
probably using coconut
shells, similar to this,
443
00:22:00,320 --> 00:22:04,630
the bullet in one and the meager
bread ration in the other.
444
00:22:04,630 --> 00:22:06,600
What they would do is to make up
445
00:22:06,600 --> 00:22:10,520
a terribly weak stew,
perhaps of some shellfish
446
00:22:10,520 --> 00:22:13,780
or the tiny amount of dried
pork that they've got on.
447
00:22:13,780 --> 00:22:16,090
They would mash their bread into it
448
00:22:16,090 --> 00:22:20,400
and add a little bit of
seawater just to act as a sauce.
449
00:22:20,400 --> 00:22:22,310
So it is little wonder that Bligh
450
00:22:22,310 --> 00:22:24,737
writes around the rim of his cup,
451
00:22:24,737 --> 00:22:28,490
"This is the cup I eat my
miserable ration out of."
452
00:22:28,490 --> 00:22:32,823
This is not cordon bleu
cookery on the open waves.
453
00:22:33,850 --> 00:22:35,560
- [Narrator] Battling dehydration,
454
00:22:35,560 --> 00:22:38,280
Bligh also controlled the fresh water,
455
00:22:38,280 --> 00:22:40,300
giving his men an eighth of a pint,
456
00:22:40,300 --> 00:22:44,910
rationed from this
beaker, three times a day.
457
00:22:44,910 --> 00:22:48,023
This way their only food
and drink for over a month.
458
00:22:49,540 --> 00:22:51,640
47 days after they were kicked
459
00:22:51,640 --> 00:22:53,883
off the Bounty by it's mutineering crew,
460
00:22:54,800 --> 00:22:59,383
Bligh and 17 of his men reached
the British colony of Timor.
461
00:23:01,790 --> 00:23:04,950
So how did Bligh manage to
keep control of his crew
462
00:23:04,950 --> 00:23:07,940
under such extreme circumstances?
463
00:23:07,940 --> 00:23:09,500
- He's managed it by his seamanship,
464
00:23:09,500 --> 00:23:10,950
he managed it by his leadership.
465
00:23:10,950 --> 00:23:13,960
He kept everyone together and
there are so many accounts
466
00:23:13,960 --> 00:23:18,930
of survivors in open boats
absolutely falling apart
467
00:23:18,930 --> 00:23:20,480
in situations like this.
468
00:23:20,480 --> 00:23:22,960
- I think that the main
reason that the crew survived
469
00:23:22,960 --> 00:23:26,890
was because of the discipline
of Captain Bligh in rationing
470
00:23:26,890 --> 00:23:29,270
out the food and water so carefully.
471
00:23:29,270 --> 00:23:32,760
I think without that they
probably won't have survived.
472
00:23:32,760 --> 00:23:35,190
- [Narrator] It was Bligh's
obsessive, controlling
473
00:23:35,190 --> 00:23:39,300
personality that turned
his ship's crew to mutiny
474
00:23:39,300 --> 00:23:43,200
but in the end it was
this same tough discipline
475
00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:45,693
that saved them all from certain death.
476
00:23:48,690 --> 00:23:51,903
Up next, the secret of fighting pirates.
477
00:23:53,382 --> 00:23:56,132
(dramatic music)
478
00:24:02,090 --> 00:24:04,520
Britain's National Maritime Museum
479
00:24:04,520 --> 00:24:07,863
is filled with reminders
of naval conflicts.
480
00:24:08,820 --> 00:24:13,733
From the American revolutionary
war to the Second World War.
481
00:24:15,170 --> 00:24:18,080
But one war would outlast them all.
482
00:24:18,080 --> 00:24:21,680
It began centuries ago and remarkably,
483
00:24:21,680 --> 00:24:23,363
it's still going on today.
484
00:24:24,960 --> 00:24:27,300
- This is a presentation
sword that was awarded
485
00:24:27,300 --> 00:24:31,130
to Lieutenant Robert Gore
of the gunboat Andromache
486
00:24:31,130 --> 00:24:33,440
and it was awarded to him in 1837
487
00:24:33,440 --> 00:24:36,140
for action against the pirates
in the Malacca Straits.
488
00:24:38,374 --> 00:24:40,920
- [Narrator] By the 1830s
the Straits of Malacca,
489
00:24:40,920 --> 00:24:43,420
a major trading route
between India and China,
490
00:24:43,420 --> 00:24:46,163
had become a notorious
hotspot for pirates.
491
00:24:48,230 --> 00:24:50,850
Robert Gore was part of
a Royal Navy taskforce
492
00:24:50,850 --> 00:24:52,753
created to eradicate this menace.
493
00:24:54,020 --> 00:24:55,033
- Man the guns!
494
00:24:56,167 --> 00:24:57,250
(cannons firing)
495
00:24:57,250 --> 00:25:00,000
- [Narrator] The word pirates
most often brings to mind
496
00:25:00,000 --> 00:25:03,480
images of swashbuckling
villains from centuries past
497
00:25:04,480 --> 00:25:08,283
but the truth is pirates
are still very much with us.
498
00:25:09,630 --> 00:25:12,640
In the past few years
Somali pirates have hijacked
499
00:25:12,640 --> 00:25:16,280
hundreds of ships from sail
boats and fishing trawlers,
500
00:25:16,280 --> 00:25:19,130
to 1000 foot long super tankers.
501
00:25:19,130 --> 00:25:20,070
(machine gun firing)
502
00:25:20,070 --> 00:25:22,180
Piracy is as lucrative and serious
503
00:25:22,180 --> 00:25:24,603
a threat today as it ever was.
504
00:25:25,464 --> 00:25:27,760
(ominous music)
(coins tinkling)
505
00:25:27,760 --> 00:25:30,493
So how do you wage war on piracy?
506
00:25:31,380 --> 00:25:33,763
This is our museum secret.
507
00:25:36,110 --> 00:25:39,000
The investigation begins on
the waters of the Gair Loch
508
00:25:39,000 --> 00:25:43,243
in Scotland, home to her
majesties naval base, Clyde.
509
00:25:44,540 --> 00:25:47,640
These Royal Marines are the
latest in a long tradition
510
00:25:47,640 --> 00:25:50,473
of Royal Navy counter piracy task forces.
511
00:25:51,361 --> 00:25:52,240
- [Man] Go, clear!
512
00:25:52,240 --> 00:25:53,860
- The intelligence picture so far,
513
00:25:53,860 --> 00:25:56,340
they've seen four crew
members on the upper deck.
514
00:25:56,340 --> 00:25:57,960
No weapons have been sighted,
515
00:25:57,960 --> 00:26:01,180
brief your orders Rob, at 10:00.
516
00:26:01,180 --> 00:26:02,840
Any other issues, we'll
update you on the...
517
00:26:02,840 --> 00:26:05,010
- [Narrator] Captain Chris
Vigors is the second in command
518
00:26:05,010 --> 00:26:08,623
of S Squadron 43 Commando
Fleet Protection Services.
519
00:26:10,400 --> 00:26:13,400
His men are training for
deployment to the Gulf of Aden
520
00:26:13,400 --> 00:26:16,424
where their job is to
combat today's pirates.
521
00:26:16,424 --> 00:26:17,773
(boat roaring)
522
00:26:17,773 --> 00:26:20,440
(hose spraying)
523
00:26:23,330 --> 00:26:25,240
His squadron is performing an exercise
524
00:26:25,240 --> 00:26:28,443
in chasing and boarding a
suspected pirate vessel.
525
00:26:29,609 --> 00:26:30,442
- Right, get back.
526
00:26:30,442 --> 00:26:31,690
- [Man] No hands low!
527
00:26:31,690 --> 00:26:32,523
- Put it down!
528
00:26:32,523 --> 00:26:33,763
- [In Unison] No hands low!
529
00:26:33,763 --> 00:26:34,700
- A few years ago they used to just work
530
00:26:34,700 --> 00:26:35,770
very close to their coast.
531
00:26:35,770 --> 00:26:38,140
They didn't really have
the vessels to go out there
532
00:26:38,140 --> 00:26:39,890
but since then piracy has increased
533
00:26:39,890 --> 00:26:41,620
and they've now got big mother ships
534
00:26:41,620 --> 00:26:44,626
which are capable of doing long distances.
535
00:26:44,626 --> 00:26:45,830
(cannons firing)
536
00:26:45,830 --> 00:26:47,050
- [Narrator] In the 19th century
537
00:26:47,050 --> 00:26:50,117
the best way to evade
pirates was to out run them
538
00:26:51,660 --> 00:26:54,743
but no ship could sail at
full speed all the time.
539
00:26:55,660 --> 00:26:59,050
19th century pirates knew
this and would patiently wait
540
00:26:59,050 --> 00:27:01,780
for the right opportunity to strike.
541
00:27:01,780 --> 00:27:05,450
- They would wait until
the ship was becalmed
542
00:27:05,450 --> 00:27:07,460
or maybe even temporarily run aground
543
00:27:07,460 --> 00:27:10,370
and then they would dart out from cover,
544
00:27:10,370 --> 00:27:13,240
from hiding in their proas and cluster
545
00:27:13,240 --> 00:27:16,101
around the bow and the stern of the ship.
546
00:27:16,101 --> 00:27:16,934
(oars splashing)
547
00:27:16,934 --> 00:27:18,520
- [Narrator] Being overtaken by pirates
548
00:27:18,520 --> 00:27:21,133
pretty much always meant death.
549
00:27:22,210 --> 00:27:25,100
- When they captured a ship
they either killed the crew
550
00:27:25,100 --> 00:27:27,590
or held them prisoner
but if there was any sign
551
00:27:27,590 --> 00:27:29,390
of resistance in no uncertain terms
552
00:27:29,390 --> 00:27:31,740
they made it very clear
that they would just carve
553
00:27:31,740 --> 00:27:34,023
everyone up and throw them overboard.
554
00:27:35,370 --> 00:27:38,040
- [Narrator] By the
1830s piracy was causing
555
00:27:38,040 --> 00:27:40,740
such a disruption to trade
in the Straits of Malacca
556
00:27:40,740 --> 00:27:42,320
that the Royal Navy were called in
557
00:27:42,320 --> 00:27:44,563
to eradicate pirates from the area.
558
00:27:46,630 --> 00:27:49,380
Among the officers was Robert Gore.
559
00:27:49,380 --> 00:27:53,060
- The gun boat on which
Robert Gore was serving,
560
00:27:53,060 --> 00:27:55,870
in the course of six months,
from May to September,
561
00:27:55,870 --> 00:27:58,950
burnt down three
so-called pirate villages,
562
00:27:58,950 --> 00:28:01,420
killed upwards of 200 pirates
563
00:28:01,420 --> 00:28:04,919
and they lost only one man and 17 wounded.
564
00:28:04,919 --> 00:28:07,360
(intense music)
565
00:28:07,360 --> 00:28:10,310
- [Narrator] Today many modern
pirates use captured tankers
566
00:28:10,310 --> 00:28:12,603
or cargo vessels as their home base.
567
00:28:16,530 --> 00:28:18,220
This presents new challenges
568
00:28:18,220 --> 00:28:20,093
for Chris Vigors and S Squadron.
569
00:28:22,090 --> 00:28:23,551
- We use flashbangs.
570
00:28:23,551 --> 00:28:25,860
(flashbangs exploding)
571
00:28:25,860 --> 00:28:29,700
Basically that's just a
big shock for the entry.
572
00:28:29,700 --> 00:28:30,880
(flashbangs exploding)
573
00:28:30,880 --> 00:28:34,070
So they'll throw a flashbang
in which has six loud bangs
574
00:28:34,070 --> 00:28:35,900
which just takes the
enemies mind off anything
575
00:28:35,900 --> 00:28:38,593
that we might be doing
or shocks them a little.
576
00:28:40,580 --> 00:28:43,320
- [Narrator] For vulnerable
ships on the high seas
577
00:28:43,320 --> 00:28:47,660
the same rules apply today
that have held for centuries.
578
00:28:47,660 --> 00:28:49,580
If you can't outrun the pirates,
579
00:28:49,580 --> 00:28:52,420
and you can't cut them
off at their source,
580
00:28:52,420 --> 00:28:54,673
then you have only two options left.
581
00:28:55,630 --> 00:28:57,150
- Tryna prevent them from boarding you
582
00:28:57,150 --> 00:28:59,320
and obviously fighting back
if they come against you.
583
00:28:59,320 --> 00:29:00,699
If you fire any shots at them,
584
00:29:00,699 --> 00:29:02,623
they'll normally just turn and run.
585
00:29:03,700 --> 00:29:06,380
- [Narrator] And if that
fails, then just hope
586
00:29:06,380 --> 00:29:09,753
that there's a counter piracy
unit working in your area.
587
00:29:11,120 --> 00:29:14,947
After all, they've got centuries
of experience behind them.
588
00:29:14,947 --> 00:29:16,364
- [Man] Get down!
589
00:29:19,780 --> 00:29:22,030
- [Man] Get down, get down!
590
00:29:23,339 --> 00:29:25,720
Next on museum secrets, the secret
591
00:29:25,720 --> 00:29:28,339
to controlling a million
volts of lightning.
592
00:29:28,339 --> 00:29:30,688
(lightning zapping)
593
00:29:30,688 --> 00:29:33,438
(dramatic music)
594
00:29:38,720 --> 00:29:42,720
The tall ships designed for
trade, war and exploration
595
00:29:42,720 --> 00:29:45,440
faced many dangers from both sea and land
596
00:29:47,920 --> 00:29:51,670
but with main masts reaching
as high as 60 meters
597
00:29:51,670 --> 00:29:54,213
they also faced a threat from the sky.
598
00:29:56,050 --> 00:29:57,310
- This is one of the mast heads
599
00:29:57,310 --> 00:29:59,560
of the great French flagship, the L'Orient
600
00:29:59,560 --> 00:30:01,520
that was destroyed by British warships
601
00:30:01,520 --> 00:30:04,240
at the battle of the Nile in August 1798.
602
00:30:04,240 --> 00:30:06,800
At the top you can see a lightning rod
603
00:30:06,800 --> 00:30:09,510
that would've conducted
a bolt of lightning
604
00:30:09,510 --> 00:30:11,290
right the way down the mast,
605
00:30:11,290 --> 00:30:13,940
down through the hull of
the ship, to the keel,
606
00:30:13,940 --> 00:30:16,620
which was several hundred feet below
607
00:30:16,620 --> 00:30:19,917
and then the charge would
disperse into the ocean.
608
00:30:19,917 --> 00:30:22,204
(shelf sliding)
609
00:30:22,204 --> 00:30:24,060
- [Narrator] The L'Orient
was Napoleon's flagship
610
00:30:24,060 --> 00:30:26,103
during the French invasion of Egypt.
611
00:30:27,440 --> 00:30:29,560
His fleet was confronted one night
612
00:30:29,560 --> 00:30:31,463
by Britain's Admiral Nelson.
613
00:30:33,520 --> 00:30:36,040
This painting depicts
the climax of the battle
614
00:30:36,040 --> 00:30:37,663
when the L'Orient caught fire.
615
00:30:39,140 --> 00:30:40,660
- There was a colossal explosion
616
00:30:40,660 --> 00:30:44,270
which sent a gout of
flame high up into the air
617
00:30:44,270 --> 00:30:46,140
and also carried chunks of the ship
618
00:30:46,140 --> 00:30:49,950
and pieces of wreckage right
up into the heavens as well.
619
00:30:49,950 --> 00:30:51,920
- [Narrator] This rod was
one of the only remnants
620
00:30:51,920 --> 00:30:54,470
of the ship to survive the explosion.
621
00:30:54,470 --> 00:30:56,210
It was fished out of the water
622
00:30:56,210 --> 00:30:58,780
and presented to Admiral Nelson.
623
00:30:58,780 --> 00:31:01,530
- We know that Nelson was
very fond of this object.
624
00:31:01,530 --> 00:31:03,930
His house was completely full of artifacts
625
00:31:03,930 --> 00:31:06,680
from battles; it was full
of portraits of himself.
626
00:31:06,680 --> 00:31:08,460
It was full of paintings of battles
627
00:31:08,460 --> 00:31:11,360
but he kept his lightning
conductor by the front door.
628
00:31:11,360 --> 00:31:13,120
It was the first thing that you'd see.
629
00:31:13,120 --> 00:31:14,540
Now, because it looks curious,
630
00:31:14,540 --> 00:31:16,270
I think it was a conversation starter.
631
00:31:16,270 --> 00:31:18,967
People said, "what is
that, why have you got it?"
632
00:31:20,570 --> 00:31:21,610
- [Narrator] And the conversation
633
00:31:21,610 --> 00:31:24,143
continues among scientists today.
634
00:31:25,320 --> 00:31:27,400
- I've never seen one which is so blunt.
635
00:31:27,400 --> 00:31:28,660
I can't see there's any reason
636
00:31:28,660 --> 00:31:30,100
that could've happened in an accident,
637
00:31:30,100 --> 00:31:33,100
it looks like somebody has
bent it in that fashion.
638
00:31:33,100 --> 00:31:35,660
Maybe they had a good
reason for it; I don't know.
639
00:31:37,630 --> 00:31:40,130
- [Narrator] Modern
lightning rods are sharper
640
00:31:40,130 --> 00:31:43,723
so just how effective was this
unusually shaped antique one?
641
00:31:45,730 --> 00:31:47,783
That is our museum secret.
642
00:31:49,360 --> 00:31:54,360
(lift whirring)
(light clicking)
643
00:31:57,820 --> 00:32:00,460
Our investigation begins at the University
644
00:32:00,460 --> 00:32:02,733
of Manchester's high voltage lab.
645
00:32:06,330 --> 00:32:08,410
- Lightning is likely to hit anything
646
00:32:08,410 --> 00:32:11,210
that's tall and anything that's sharp.
647
00:32:11,210 --> 00:32:15,660
So if you have, say, a
tree, if you have yourself
648
00:32:15,660 --> 00:32:18,834
holding an umbrella, if
you have a tall building,
649
00:32:18,834 --> 00:32:19,960
(lightning crackling)
650
00:32:19,960 --> 00:32:22,270
all of those things could be hit.
651
00:32:22,270 --> 00:32:24,200
- [Narrator] The electrical
field around tall
652
00:32:24,200 --> 00:32:26,550
and sharp objects is intensified
653
00:32:26,550 --> 00:32:28,563
and attracts lightning strikes,
654
00:32:29,720 --> 00:32:33,160
including, of course, a mast at sea.
655
00:32:33,160 --> 00:32:36,268
- Lightning can be 200,000 amps
656
00:32:36,268 --> 00:32:38,950
which is a huge amount of current.
657
00:32:38,950 --> 00:32:42,380
It's about the same as
20,000 electric kettles.
658
00:32:42,380 --> 00:32:45,180
It's only there for a very very short time
659
00:32:45,180 --> 00:32:47,880
but it can blow things apart
and cause massive damage.
660
00:32:50,560 --> 00:32:51,630
- [Narrator] And for the wooden ships
661
00:32:51,630 --> 00:32:55,180
of Nelson's era the threat was even worse.
662
00:32:55,180 --> 00:32:57,340
- There's obviously a
huge problem with warships
663
00:32:57,340 --> 00:32:58,460
because they were made of wood
664
00:32:58,460 --> 00:33:00,880
but also because they
were full of gunpowder.
665
00:33:00,880 --> 00:33:02,430
If you think about HMS Victory
666
00:33:02,430 --> 00:33:04,700
when she was first
commissioned in the 1770s
667
00:33:04,700 --> 00:33:08,100
she had 42,000 pounds of gunpowder on her
668
00:33:08,100 --> 00:33:12,677
which is the equivalent to
25 and a half tonnes of TNT.
669
00:33:12,677 --> 00:33:15,763
Now that gets a bit messy if
you get struck by lightning.
670
00:33:17,670 --> 00:33:20,310
- [Narrator] In 1752 the experiments
671
00:33:20,310 --> 00:33:22,720
of American inventor Benjamin Franklin
672
00:33:22,720 --> 00:33:25,260
proved that a sharp, pointed rod
673
00:33:25,260 --> 00:33:27,180
could be used to attract lightning
674
00:33:28,870 --> 00:33:31,430
but 50 years after Franklin's experiment
675
00:33:31,430 --> 00:33:34,930
the French were still using
their own blunt tipped design
676
00:33:38,450 --> 00:33:41,123
which brings us back to our museum secret.
677
00:33:42,640 --> 00:33:44,280
How did the blunt lightning rod
678
00:33:44,280 --> 00:33:46,333
compare to the sharp lightning rod?
679
00:33:47,560 --> 00:33:50,653
Today Ian will test
this for the first time.
680
00:33:52,130 --> 00:33:55,260
This generator will send 1.1 million volts
681
00:33:55,260 --> 00:33:58,193
to a hanging electrode,
which represents a cloud.
682
00:33:59,520 --> 00:34:03,250
Ian is placing the rods at an
equal distance from the cloud.
683
00:34:03,250 --> 00:34:05,040
- I think what will happen is we'll see
684
00:34:05,040 --> 00:34:07,120
that the sharp lightning
rod attracts more lightning
685
00:34:07,120 --> 00:34:09,020
than the blunt one and I think we'll show
686
00:34:09,020 --> 00:34:11,200
that the French were probably wrong
687
00:34:11,200 --> 00:34:13,710
but they didn't have the
knowledge that we have today,
688
00:34:13,710 --> 00:34:16,340
that the sharp lightning rod intensifies
689
00:34:16,340 --> 00:34:18,530
this electric field around the tip.
690
00:34:18,530 --> 00:34:21,113
(door closing)
691
00:34:26,846 --> 00:34:30,578
(lightning crashing)
692
00:34:30,578 --> 00:34:32,937
- [Narrator] That's two
strikes to the blunt rod.
693
00:34:33,820 --> 00:34:37,103
The rods are swapped around
to make sure the test is fair.
694
00:34:39,501 --> 00:34:40,740
(lightning crashing)
695
00:34:40,740 --> 00:34:43,490
And one strike to the sharp rod.
696
00:34:43,490 --> 00:34:45,829
Ian is surprised by the results.
697
00:34:45,829 --> 00:34:48,912
(lightning crashing)
698
00:34:52,370 --> 00:34:53,670
- And the blunt one again.
699
00:34:55,140 --> 00:34:56,950
Before the tests I would've assumed
700
00:34:56,950 --> 00:34:59,470
that every single lightning strike we saw
701
00:34:59,470 --> 00:35:01,960
would've gone to this rod
compared with this rod
702
00:35:01,960 --> 00:35:04,620
where there's no real sharpness to it
703
00:35:04,620 --> 00:35:06,918
but obviously this one must work
704
00:35:06,918 --> 00:35:07,751
(lightning crashing)
705
00:35:07,751 --> 00:35:09,440
otherwise you wouldn't see the results
706
00:35:09,440 --> 00:35:11,460
that we just saw in the lab.
707
00:35:11,460 --> 00:35:12,970
- [Narrator] So the
French were onto something
708
00:35:12,970 --> 00:35:17,970
with their unconventional
design but one question remains,
709
00:35:18,150 --> 00:35:22,000
why was Nelson so fond
of this particular piece?
710
00:35:22,000 --> 00:35:24,880
- Nelson may have appreciated
that lightning conductor
711
00:35:24,880 --> 00:35:27,820
because it was a reminder
of the shockingly violent
712
00:35:27,820 --> 00:35:30,670
and merciless assault that
he launched on the French
713
00:35:30,670 --> 00:35:33,450
at the Battle of the Nile in 1798.
714
00:35:33,450 --> 00:35:35,730
You see they had this piece
of maritime technology
715
00:35:35,730 --> 00:35:38,270
which would protect
them from nature's wrath
716
00:35:38,270 --> 00:35:39,560
but they didn't have anything
717
00:35:39,560 --> 00:35:41,587
to protect them from the British.
718
00:35:41,587 --> 00:35:45,550
(canons firing)
(boats crashing)
719
00:35:45,550 --> 00:35:47,610
- [Narrator] Up next, a harrowing secret
720
00:35:47,610 --> 00:35:51,373
of the Franklin expedition, frozen in ice.
721
00:35:52,962 --> 00:35:55,712
(dramatic music)
722
00:36:01,050 --> 00:36:04,640
The National Maritime Museum
is home to many artifacts
723
00:36:04,640 --> 00:36:07,880
celebrating Britain's
greatest maritime explorations
724
00:36:09,190 --> 00:36:11,980
but in the 19th century
there was one region
725
00:36:11,980 --> 00:36:14,223
that the British Navy hadn't charted.
726
00:36:15,260 --> 00:36:16,223
The Arctic.
727
00:36:17,770 --> 00:36:20,610
Determined to discover the
elusive northwest passage
728
00:36:20,610 --> 00:36:22,970
through the Arctic, the
British Admiral team
729
00:36:22,970 --> 00:36:25,713
mount their most well
equipped expedition to date.
730
00:36:27,310 --> 00:36:29,980
The ships are outfitted
with steam engines,
731
00:36:29,980 --> 00:36:33,780
water filtration systems,
extensive libraries
732
00:36:33,780 --> 00:36:38,780
and a recent invention,
food preserved in tins.
733
00:36:39,170 --> 00:36:42,030
They appoint this man
to lead the expedition,
734
00:36:42,030 --> 00:36:43,860
Sir John Franklin.
735
00:36:43,860 --> 00:36:45,620
- Franklin was an Arctic veteran.
736
00:36:45,620 --> 00:36:46,970
He was a survivor.
737
00:36:46,970 --> 00:36:49,910
He was someone who had been
entrusted with leadership
738
00:36:49,910 --> 00:36:52,800
on two separate Arctic
expeditions in the past
739
00:36:52,800 --> 00:36:55,050
and he was famously an
explorer who had eaten
740
00:36:55,050 --> 00:36:58,140
his own boots to survive
and this is a testament
741
00:36:58,140 --> 00:37:01,960
to his skills in surviving, his skills
742
00:37:01,960 --> 00:37:04,523
in getting a job done and
in coming back safely.
743
00:37:06,730 --> 00:37:09,480
- [Narrator] But Franklin
doesn't come back safely.
744
00:37:09,480 --> 00:37:14,093
He and his 128 men disappear
into the Arctic abyss.
745
00:37:16,460 --> 00:37:19,770
After three years with no
word from the expedition
746
00:37:19,770 --> 00:37:22,683
Britain launches the
largest manhunt in history.
747
00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:26,683
Finding Franklin becomes
a national obsession.
748
00:37:28,840 --> 00:37:31,330
Desperate to cover the
vast Arctic expanses
749
00:37:31,330 --> 00:37:34,300
in their search, the
Victorians are inspired
750
00:37:34,300 --> 00:37:38,910
by a popular means of travel
at the time, the balloon.
751
00:37:38,910 --> 00:37:40,750
- This is a communication balloon
752
00:37:40,750 --> 00:37:43,280
and it's made from animal gut and paper,
753
00:37:43,280 --> 00:37:45,030
kind of patchwork-ed together.
754
00:37:45,030 --> 00:37:48,071
It's stained with what we
think is blackberry juice
755
00:37:48,071 --> 00:37:51,003
to make it very visible
against the Arctic landscape.
756
00:37:52,030 --> 00:37:53,870
- [Narrator] Released from rescue vessels,
757
00:37:53,870 --> 00:37:56,550
these hydrogen balloons
carried hundreds of messages
758
00:37:56,550 --> 00:38:00,920
on burning fuses, scattering
them over a wide area.
759
00:38:00,920 --> 00:38:02,580
- These are messages of
hope, these are messages
760
00:38:02,580 --> 00:38:04,250
telling them that there
are people out there
761
00:38:04,250 --> 00:38:06,690
looking for them, that there
are provisions there for them,
762
00:38:06,690 --> 00:38:08,273
that there is hope of survival.
763
00:38:09,180 --> 00:38:10,520
- [Narrator] The Victorians dreamed up
764
00:38:10,520 --> 00:38:14,570
other creative ways for
distributing these messages of hope.
765
00:38:14,570 --> 00:38:16,890
These collars were stamped
with the coordinates
766
00:38:16,890 --> 00:38:20,650
of rescue parties and
attached to Arctic foxes
767
00:38:20,650 --> 00:38:23,500
in the hope that Franklin's
men would discover them.
768
00:38:23,500 --> 00:38:26,090
- We also have examples of badges
769
00:38:26,090 --> 00:38:28,070
which would be given to Inuit men
770
00:38:28,070 --> 00:38:29,840
who traveled through the Arctic
771
00:38:29,840 --> 00:38:34,060
and these badges contained
details of the exact location
772
00:38:34,060 --> 00:38:36,173
where Franklin's men could find rescue.
773
00:38:37,930 --> 00:38:39,730
- [Narrator] But every
attempt to make contact
774
00:38:39,730 --> 00:38:43,083
with the expedition is
met with absolute silence.
775
00:38:45,620 --> 00:38:47,883
What happened to Franklin and his men?
776
00:38:48,920 --> 00:38:51,193
This is our museum secret.
777
00:38:55,950 --> 00:38:57,850
A clue is discovered five years
778
00:38:57,850 --> 00:38:59,660
into the search with the discovery
779
00:38:59,660 --> 00:39:02,763
of Franklin's first
camp on Beechey Island.
780
00:39:04,310 --> 00:39:07,540
- There was a coal pile,
there was a tin can dump
781
00:39:07,540 --> 00:39:10,160
and there were three graves
and these were really
782
00:39:10,160 --> 00:39:13,500
the first pieces of
evidence of the expedition
783
00:39:13,500 --> 00:39:15,250
and also the first sign that things
784
00:39:15,250 --> 00:39:18,883
had gone terribly awry very
early on in the expedition.
785
00:39:20,440 --> 00:39:22,490
- [Narrator] More clues
to the expedition's trail
786
00:39:22,490 --> 00:39:25,683
surfaced farther south
on King William Island.
787
00:39:26,870 --> 00:39:30,040
Here, Inuit natives are
discovered carrying buttons
788
00:39:30,040 --> 00:39:31,993
and other objects from the expedition.
789
00:39:33,250 --> 00:39:35,670
The Inuit claimed to
have acquired the objects
790
00:39:35,670 --> 00:39:37,403
from a large group of white men.
791
00:39:39,540 --> 00:39:41,630
Motivated by the Inuit testimony
792
00:39:41,630 --> 00:39:45,503
the British send out one
last search party in 1859.
793
00:39:46,380 --> 00:39:48,390
They strike gold.
794
00:39:48,390 --> 00:39:51,010
A can with a report inside filled out
795
00:39:51,010 --> 00:39:55,140
by one of Franklin's officers
two years into the expedition.
796
00:39:55,140 --> 00:39:56,900
- The form was filled out
saying that everything
797
00:39:56,900 --> 00:40:01,270
was going well on the
expedition up until May 1847
798
00:40:01,270 --> 00:40:02,620
and then squeezed around the edge
799
00:40:02,620 --> 00:40:05,170
in tiny, desperate handwriting is the tale
800
00:40:05,170 --> 00:40:07,030
that John Franklin had
died and that the men
801
00:40:07,030 --> 00:40:08,950
that were remaining, stuck in the ice
802
00:40:08,950 --> 00:40:10,940
decided to head southwards
for the Fish River
803
00:40:10,940 --> 00:40:13,190
to see if they could
find provisions to help.
804
00:40:14,090 --> 00:40:16,640
- [Narrator] And so
Britain had her answer.
805
00:40:16,640 --> 00:40:18,480
Franklin was dead.
806
00:40:18,480 --> 00:40:20,980
The fate of the rest of
his men was a mystery,
807
00:40:20,980 --> 00:40:23,370
lost in the ice.
808
00:40:23,370 --> 00:40:25,093
The search was called off.
809
00:40:26,440 --> 00:40:30,430
But great mysteries never
die and in the 1980s
810
00:40:30,430 --> 00:40:33,230
Canadian forensic
anthropologist Owen Beattie
811
00:40:33,230 --> 00:40:37,373
resurrected the old obsession,
relocating the human remains.
812
00:40:39,340 --> 00:40:40,830
- I don't think he was prepared
813
00:40:40,830 --> 00:40:45,240
for what he encountered on Beech Island
814
00:40:45,240 --> 00:40:48,300
which was a level of
preservation that as astonishing.
815
00:40:48,300 --> 00:40:50,283
It looked like these men had just died.
816
00:40:52,430 --> 00:40:55,130
The men had died of
pneumonia and their tissue
817
00:40:55,130 --> 00:40:57,290
and bone showed dramatically high levels
818
00:40:57,290 --> 00:41:00,700
of lead poisoning which brings us back
819
00:41:00,700 --> 00:41:04,283
to that recent invention, canned food.
820
00:41:05,650 --> 00:41:07,470
- I've held some of those tin cans
821
00:41:07,470 --> 00:41:11,990
and the lead is on the inside of the seams
822
00:41:11,990 --> 00:41:14,163
and it drips like candle wax.
823
00:41:15,490 --> 00:41:17,280
- [Narrator] After
three years of consuming
824
00:41:17,280 --> 00:41:19,690
the lead poisoned food Franklin's men
825
00:41:19,690 --> 00:41:23,240
would've been in terrible
mental and physical shape.
826
00:41:23,240 --> 00:41:25,220
Desperate to seek food and rescue,
827
00:41:25,220 --> 00:41:27,653
the men left their ships and headed south.
828
00:41:28,640 --> 00:41:32,300
Owen Beattie followed the men's
trail on King William Island
829
00:41:32,300 --> 00:41:35,800
and here he made a grisly discovery.
830
00:41:35,800 --> 00:41:39,170
- That's where a tent circle was located
831
00:41:39,170 --> 00:41:42,820
and around the outside of that tent circle
832
00:41:42,820 --> 00:41:45,003
was a scatter of human remains.
833
00:41:45,890 --> 00:41:48,940
- [Narrator] Among the remains
were a smashed in skull
834
00:41:48,940 --> 00:41:52,170
and a femur with unusual cut marks.
835
00:41:52,170 --> 00:41:57,000
- They were marks that had
been cut using a metal knife
836
00:41:57,000 --> 00:41:59,720
and they're really
evidence of de-fleshing.
837
00:41:59,720 --> 00:42:01,580
They're butcher marks.
838
00:42:01,580 --> 00:42:05,553
So whoever was doing this
was literally cutting off
839
00:42:05,553 --> 00:42:09,570
the muscle, trying to
get access to the flesh.
840
00:42:09,570 --> 00:42:12,580
The skull was smashed in,
there were fracture lines
841
00:42:12,580 --> 00:42:15,810
and so the teeth and
the face were missing.
842
00:42:15,810 --> 00:42:20,050
So clearly there was an
effort to access the brain,
843
00:42:20,050 --> 00:42:21,250
likely as a food source.
844
00:42:22,560 --> 00:42:25,600
- [Narrator] But the
skeleton wasn't complete.
845
00:42:25,600 --> 00:42:27,280
It appeared that the bones of the heavier
846
00:42:27,280 --> 00:42:32,013
part of the body, the torso,
had been left somewhere else.
847
00:42:33,400 --> 00:42:35,870
- The portable parts,
the easily portable parts
848
00:42:35,870 --> 00:42:38,453
of the body, the legs,
the arms and the skull,
849
00:42:38,453 --> 00:42:43,453
were carried along almost
like takeaway food,
850
00:42:43,730 --> 00:42:47,770
to put it crudely and
these surviving crewmen
851
00:42:47,770 --> 00:42:52,363
then reached this point,
built the camp and had a meal.
852
00:42:54,750 --> 00:42:56,870
- [Narrator] The fate of
the Franklin expedition
853
00:42:56,870 --> 00:42:59,100
marked the end of Britain's great legacy
854
00:42:59,100 --> 00:43:01,033
of conquest over the seas.
855
00:43:02,600 --> 00:43:05,030
The Arctic had become the last
856
00:43:05,030 --> 00:43:07,623
and most unforgiving frontier.
857
00:43:10,750 --> 00:43:14,650
In this place where Empire
and exploration meet,
858
00:43:14,650 --> 00:43:19,650
for every mystery we reveal,
far more must remain unspoken.
859
00:43:19,890 --> 00:43:24,513
Tales of high seas triumph
and ice bound tragedy.
860
00:43:25,460 --> 00:43:28,190
Secrets hidden in plain sight
861
00:43:28,190 --> 00:43:30,813
inside the National Maritime Museum.
862
00:43:31,945 --> 00:43:34,695
(dramatic music)
69388
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