Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated:
1
00:00:00,770 --> 00:00:02,950
- [Narrator] Washington, D.C.,
2
00:00:02,950 --> 00:00:05,013
a city of power and patriotism,
3
00:00:06,010 --> 00:00:08,940
and at its heart, a complex of museums
4
00:00:08,940 --> 00:00:11,603
with secrets dark and strange.
5
00:00:13,630 --> 00:00:15,173
How to rule the road,
6
00:00:17,790 --> 00:00:19,763
how to take a trip to Mars,
7
00:00:21,860 --> 00:00:24,103
and how to take down a legendary fighter,
8
00:00:26,280 --> 00:00:29,210
secrets hidden in plain sight
9
00:00:29,210 --> 00:00:32,059
inside the Smithsonian Institution.
10
00:00:32,059 --> 00:00:35,142
(ominous music)
11
00:00:35,142 --> 00:00:37,892
(exciting music)
12
00:00:51,390 --> 00:00:54,323
In a nation whose motto could
be the bigger the better,
13
00:00:55,750 --> 00:00:58,963
the Smithsonian Institution
is as big as it gets.
14
00:01:00,400 --> 00:01:03,410
It's comprised of 19 museums and galleries
15
00:01:03,410 --> 00:01:06,323
that host over 30 million
visitors every year.
16
00:01:07,820 --> 00:01:10,820
As a single institution, the Smithsonian
17
00:01:10,820 --> 00:01:13,650
is truly a museum of everything,
18
00:01:13,650 --> 00:01:16,663
much of it seen from a distinctly
American point of view,
19
00:01:18,440 --> 00:01:23,313
from pop culture to technology to war.
20
00:01:25,200 --> 00:01:26,740
But the Smithsonian isn't simply
21
00:01:26,740 --> 00:01:28,973
a showcase for the nation's victories,
22
00:01:30,650 --> 00:01:33,580
because in one corner of
the Air and Space Museum,
23
00:01:33,580 --> 00:01:35,933
you will find an American nemesis,
24
00:01:36,790 --> 00:01:38,993
the Japanese Zero fighter plane.
25
00:01:41,780 --> 00:01:45,780
On December 7, 1941, the
Zero was the killing machine
26
00:01:45,780 --> 00:01:47,963
of the infamous attack on Pearl Harbor.
27
00:01:52,970 --> 00:01:54,670
- With great stealth, they maneuvered
28
00:01:54,670 --> 00:01:57,940
this large battle fleet
with four aircraft carriers
29
00:01:57,940 --> 00:02:00,150
close enough to launch a strike.
30
00:02:00,150 --> 00:02:02,379
The Americans weren't expecting it.
31
00:02:02,379 --> 00:02:05,110
(bomb exploding)
32
00:02:05,110 --> 00:02:06,890
- [Narrator] During and after the battle,
33
00:02:06,890 --> 00:02:09,030
squadrons of Zero fighter planes ruled
34
00:02:09,030 --> 00:02:10,553
the skies over the Pacific.
35
00:02:12,580 --> 00:02:14,893
Why were they such a powerful force?
36
00:02:16,410 --> 00:02:18,073
That is our museum's secret.
37
00:02:22,300 --> 00:02:24,960
Our story begins in Houston, Texas,
38
00:02:24,960 --> 00:02:26,863
during the city's annual airshow.
39
00:02:29,140 --> 00:02:31,350
Thousands turn out to see precision flying
40
00:02:31,350 --> 00:02:32,633
and modern war planes,
41
00:02:33,620 --> 00:02:36,503
and to witness historic
reenactments of aerial combat.
42
00:02:42,470 --> 00:02:43,936
A dozen vintage American fighters
43
00:02:43,936 --> 00:02:45,913
will take part in today's events,
44
00:02:47,870 --> 00:02:49,610
as will several U.S. trainers
45
00:02:49,610 --> 00:02:52,373
that have been modified
to look like Zeros.
46
00:02:54,640 --> 00:02:56,760
Stand-ins are necessary because so few
47
00:02:56,760 --> 00:02:58,173
Zeros have survived.
48
00:03:02,900 --> 00:03:05,453
But the plane in this
hangar is the real deal.
49
00:03:06,520 --> 00:03:09,853
It is one of the last
operational Zeros in existence.
50
00:03:11,010 --> 00:03:14,590
It's the pride of veteran
pilot, Warren Peach.
51
00:03:14,590 --> 00:03:16,680
- If you look at it just
strictly as an airplane,
52
00:03:16,680 --> 00:03:19,100
it's still one of the
prettiest airplanes ever built.
53
00:03:19,100 --> 00:03:20,420
There isn't a barnacle on it.
54
00:03:20,420 --> 00:03:22,070
It's smooth as glass everywhere.
55
00:03:22,070 --> 00:03:24,100
The riveting is exquisite.
56
00:03:24,100 --> 00:03:27,679
The design is very graceful.
57
00:03:27,679 --> 00:03:29,790
It's a dream come true
to get to get in there
58
00:03:29,790 --> 00:03:30,990
and fly these airplanes.
59
00:03:32,520 --> 00:03:34,246
Somebody sat in this airplane and fought
60
00:03:34,246 --> 00:03:36,400
in World War II, and
I'm sittin' in the same
61
00:03:36,400 --> 00:03:37,430
seat that they sat in,
62
00:03:37,430 --> 00:03:39,647
and I can't help but
reflect on the history
63
00:03:39,647 --> 00:03:42,563
and just what's happened in this airplane.
64
00:03:44,860 --> 00:03:46,700
- [Narrator] In the
air, the Zero's fighting
65
00:03:46,700 --> 00:03:48,550
capabilities quickly become apparent.
66
00:03:50,680 --> 00:03:52,190
- It has a great power-to-weight ratio.
67
00:03:52,190 --> 00:03:54,720
It accelerates extremely quick.
68
00:03:54,720 --> 00:03:56,900
The whole thing about a
dogfight was how tight
69
00:03:56,900 --> 00:03:58,570
you could turn and how
tight you could loop
70
00:03:58,570 --> 00:03:59,950
and how quick you could get on the tail
71
00:03:59,950 --> 00:04:00,950
of another airplane.
72
00:04:02,300 --> 00:04:03,790
I don't think there's
an airplane out there
73
00:04:03,790 --> 00:04:05,943
that could touch a Zero in that realm.
74
00:04:07,670 --> 00:04:09,110
- [Narrator] At the beginning of the war,
75
00:04:09,110 --> 00:04:11,400
in hundreds of dogfights,
76
00:04:11,400 --> 00:04:14,113
the Zero had a 12-to-one kill ratio.
77
00:04:16,170 --> 00:04:18,230
But can this be explained by the Zero's
78
00:04:18,230 --> 00:04:20,623
speed and agility alone?
79
00:04:22,140 --> 00:04:25,773
Aviation Historian, Osamu
Tagaya doesn't think so.
80
00:04:26,690 --> 00:04:28,660
- One of the primary reasons,
81
00:04:28,660 --> 00:04:31,100
was that the quality of the pilots
82
00:04:31,100 --> 00:04:33,563
who flew them was extremely high.
83
00:04:34,500 --> 00:04:36,870
Pilot training in the
Imperial Japanese Navy
84
00:04:36,870 --> 00:04:38,213
was extremely intense.
85
00:04:39,700 --> 00:04:41,170
- [Narrator] By order of the emperor,
86
00:04:41,170 --> 00:04:42,410
trainees were to follow
87
00:04:42,410 --> 00:04:45,020
an ancient code of conduct called Bushido.
88
00:04:45,020 --> 00:04:47,853
(sticks slapping)
89
00:04:49,200 --> 00:04:51,920
Bushido is the way of the samurai,
90
00:04:51,920 --> 00:04:53,696
11th century warriors who excelled
91
00:04:53,696 --> 00:04:56,260
at a martial art called Bujutsu.
92
00:04:58,636 --> 00:05:00,803
(yelling)
93
00:05:02,777 --> 00:05:05,663
Testutake Sugawara is a revered master.
94
00:05:14,812 --> 00:05:17,562
(rhythmic music)
95
00:05:19,250 --> 00:05:21,770
Bushido training like
this helped Zero pilots
96
00:05:21,770 --> 00:05:23,393
develop tactical abilities,
97
00:05:25,310 --> 00:05:28,593
and the inner strength to
remain calm during battle.
98
00:05:42,052 --> 00:05:45,280
When the pilots took their
samurai skills into the air,
99
00:05:45,280 --> 00:05:49,930
they became fliers unlike
any the world had ever seen.
100
00:05:49,930 --> 00:05:53,250
- It's almost spiritual
in the concentration
101
00:05:53,250 --> 00:05:56,933
that they brought to
bear on their profession,
102
00:05:58,220 --> 00:06:03,050
not merely physically being
adept at flying their aircraft,
103
00:06:03,050 --> 00:06:07,217
but to make the aircraft
an extension of themselves.
104
00:06:07,217 --> 00:06:10,190
(plane engine roaring)
105
00:06:10,190 --> 00:06:13,700
It's like the samurai
sword being an extension
106
00:06:13,700 --> 00:06:15,353
of the warrior himself.
107
00:06:18,900 --> 00:06:20,620
- [Narrator] At the Houston Airshow,
108
00:06:20,620 --> 00:06:22,760
a Japanese squadron makes a bombing run
109
00:06:22,760 --> 00:06:26,309
that simulates hits on
American ships at Pearl Harbor.
110
00:06:26,309 --> 00:06:29,890
(bombs exploding)
111
00:06:29,890 --> 00:06:33,193
During the real battle, American
losses were devastating.
112
00:06:35,950 --> 00:06:38,853
Japan was determined to force
America out of the Pacific.
113
00:06:40,890 --> 00:06:42,063
It didn't work.
114
00:06:43,170 --> 00:06:45,769
- We're going to destroy Japan's armies,
115
00:06:45,769 --> 00:06:48,573
Japan's navy, Japan's air forces,
116
00:06:48,573 --> 00:06:51,560
Japan's whole power to wage war.
117
00:06:51,560 --> 00:06:54,190
- [Narrator] Immobilized
America struck back at sea
118
00:06:54,190 --> 00:06:58,310
and in the air, and within a few months,
119
00:06:58,310 --> 00:06:59,860
American fighter pilots believed
120
00:06:59,860 --> 00:07:02,463
they had discovered the Zero's fatal flaw.
121
00:07:04,240 --> 00:07:05,450
- They didn't have armor plate,
122
00:07:05,450 --> 00:07:07,650
they didn't have self-sealing fuel tanks.
123
00:07:07,650 --> 00:07:10,160
I think the Zero went in with no intention
124
00:07:10,160 --> 00:07:13,230
of ever being shot at, only
shooting at other people.
125
00:07:13,230 --> 00:07:14,903
It was a sword, not a shield.
126
00:07:17,260 --> 00:07:18,670
- [Narrator] The Bushido code offered
127
00:07:18,670 --> 00:07:20,280
Zero pilots no protection
128
00:07:20,280 --> 00:07:23,403
from 50 caliber bullets fired from behind.
129
00:07:24,738 --> 00:07:26,309
(crashing)
130
00:07:26,309 --> 00:07:29,240
(explosion)
131
00:07:29,240 --> 00:07:31,570
Once Japan lost air supremacy,
132
00:07:31,570 --> 00:07:35,313
its leaders ordered pilots on
suicidal kamikaze missions.
133
00:07:36,350 --> 00:07:39,375
It was the Bushido code
that made them obey.
134
00:07:39,375 --> 00:07:42,740
(plane whirring)
(explosion)
135
00:07:42,740 --> 00:07:45,440
But it was not enough to
change the course of history.
136
00:07:48,050 --> 00:07:50,680
The U.S. may have one the Pacific War,
137
00:07:50,680 --> 00:07:53,070
but many Americans who
faced the Zero in battle
138
00:07:53,070 --> 00:07:55,633
have not forgotten, or forgiven.
139
00:07:57,410 --> 00:08:00,070
- I've had vets that
came and saw the airplane
140
00:08:00,070 --> 00:08:01,080
and that have said the last time
141
00:08:01,080 --> 00:08:02,290
they saw one was right before
142
00:08:02,290 --> 00:08:03,410
it hit a ship they were on,
143
00:08:03,410 --> 00:08:06,080
and I'd just as soon see that one burn.
144
00:08:06,080 --> 00:08:07,600
And I've had that comment a few times
145
00:08:07,600 --> 00:08:09,460
where people felt the
airplane shouldn't exist,
146
00:08:09,460 --> 00:08:10,610
it should be destroyed.
147
00:08:12,770 --> 00:08:13,980
- [Narrator] And perhaps that's why
148
00:08:13,980 --> 00:08:16,800
the annual Houston Airshow
features a dogfight
149
00:08:16,800 --> 00:08:19,173
where a Zero mounts a sneak attack,
150
00:08:21,370 --> 00:08:24,070
but the American fighter
turns the tables...
151
00:08:27,200 --> 00:08:29,883
And its nemesis goes down in smoke.
152
00:08:36,770 --> 00:08:40,533
Next on Museum Secrets,
a heroic homing pigeon.
153
00:08:41,729 --> 00:08:44,130
(gunshots)
154
00:08:44,130 --> 00:08:46,880
(exciting music)
155
00:08:48,000 --> 00:08:51,350
The Smithsonian's National
Museum of American History
156
00:08:51,350 --> 00:08:54,013
is a massive complex
in downtown Washington,
157
00:08:55,060 --> 00:08:59,490
and like any urban edifice,
it has its share of pigeons.
158
00:08:59,490 --> 00:09:01,080
(pigeons cooing)
159
00:09:01,080 --> 00:09:03,970
At the museum, pigeons
are part of the scenery,
160
00:09:03,970 --> 00:09:05,263
not part of history.
161
00:09:08,360 --> 00:09:11,393
And that makes this
preserved specimen unique.
162
00:09:12,860 --> 00:09:16,823
His name is Cher Ami,
French for dear friend.
163
00:09:18,300 --> 00:09:22,530
- Cher Ami was one of eight
pigeons that was assigned
164
00:09:22,530 --> 00:09:25,633
to Major Charles
Whittlesey's 1st Battalion.
165
00:09:28,185 --> 00:09:29,320
- [Narrator] The 1st was a battalion
166
00:09:29,320 --> 00:09:31,140
of the U.S. Army in World War I.
167
00:09:32,960 --> 00:09:35,298
During this conflict,
American soldiers used
168
00:09:35,298 --> 00:09:37,790
message capsules attached
to homing pigeons
169
00:09:37,790 --> 00:09:39,473
to communicate with headquarters.
170
00:09:41,530 --> 00:09:44,600
And in October of 1918, the 1st Battalion
171
00:09:44,600 --> 00:09:46,920
needed desperately to communicate
172
00:09:46,920 --> 00:09:47,753
(explosions)
173
00:09:47,753 --> 00:09:49,170
- [Kathleen] The 1st Battalion
174
00:09:49,170 --> 00:09:51,640
was surrounded by the Germans.
175
00:09:51,640 --> 00:09:55,853
They were cut off from the
rest of the 77th Division.
176
00:09:57,530 --> 00:09:59,740
- [Narrator] And worse,
as American artillery
177
00:09:59,740 --> 00:10:03,020
pounded German positions,
they also hit their own men
178
00:10:03,020 --> 00:10:04,133
of the 1st Battalion.
179
00:10:06,190 --> 00:10:09,973
Over two days, this friendly
fire killed over 300 men.
180
00:10:11,720 --> 00:10:13,970
- They needed to send a message
181
00:10:13,970 --> 00:10:16,560
to have the Americans stop shelling them.
182
00:10:16,560 --> 00:10:18,607
- [Narrator] They typed a
message that ended with,
183
00:10:18,607 --> 00:10:20,967
"For Heaven's sake stop it,"
184
00:10:22,410 --> 00:10:23,820
and attached it to the battalion's
185
00:10:23,820 --> 00:10:26,313
last surviving pigeon, Cher Ami.
186
00:10:27,530 --> 00:10:29,810
- He was pretty much a sitting duck,
187
00:10:29,810 --> 00:10:33,438
because German snipers had
discovered he was there.
188
00:10:33,438 --> 00:10:34,750
(gunshots)
189
00:10:34,750 --> 00:10:37,070
- [Narrator] Cher Ami was hit,
190
00:10:37,070 --> 00:10:40,423
but then somehow, he found
the will to rise again.
191
00:10:41,720 --> 00:10:43,102
He disappeared into the smoke
192
00:10:43,102 --> 00:10:46,003
as he headed for home
behind the American lines.
193
00:10:49,320 --> 00:10:52,570
What compelled this pigeon
to brave the bullets?
194
00:10:52,570 --> 00:10:55,690
And how does any pigeon
find their way home?
195
00:10:55,690 --> 00:10:58,423
Those are our museum secrets.
196
00:11:03,460 --> 00:11:06,420
Our investigation begins
in a backyard pigeon coop
197
00:11:06,420 --> 00:11:09,400
in Washington D.C.
(whistling)
198
00:11:09,400 --> 00:11:12,350
- Everything we do, 365 days a year,
199
00:11:12,350 --> 00:11:14,000
is done to make sure that our birds
200
00:11:14,000 --> 00:11:16,013
are healthy and fit.
201
00:11:17,770 --> 00:11:22,475
Their diet is as controlled
as any prize fighter.
202
00:11:22,475 --> 00:11:23,550
(whistling)
203
00:11:23,550 --> 00:11:25,060
- [Narrator] Drew
Lesofski is the president
204
00:11:25,060 --> 00:11:26,923
of a local pigeon fanciers club.
205
00:11:28,860 --> 00:11:31,290
- Homing pigeons have
been bred for millennia
206
00:11:31,290 --> 00:11:35,800
to come from great distances,
and they're bred for stamina.
207
00:11:35,800 --> 00:11:38,620
Their heart is different,
they have more advanced lungs,
208
00:11:38,620 --> 00:11:41,220
their eyesight tends to be better.
209
00:11:41,220 --> 00:11:43,620
Through that, they're
just completely different.
210
00:11:45,250 --> 00:11:46,620
- [Narrator] Club member, John Celia,
211
00:11:46,620 --> 00:11:49,293
augments their inbred
abilities with training.
212
00:11:50,960 --> 00:11:52,850
- As we progress every week,
213
00:11:52,850 --> 00:11:54,658
we go a little further
and a little further,
214
00:11:54,658 --> 00:11:58,140
the birds get fitter,
they eventually put on
215
00:11:58,140 --> 00:12:00,890
enough stamina where they
can fly the longer distances.
216
00:12:02,650 --> 00:12:04,490
- [Narrator] Today, John
will release his pigeons
217
00:12:04,490 --> 00:12:06,103
25 miles from home.
218
00:12:08,980 --> 00:12:10,750
On this clear day, they will have
219
00:12:10,750 --> 00:12:12,403
familiar landmarks to guide them.
220
00:12:15,850 --> 00:12:18,313
But when Cher Ami set
off for the U.S. lines,
221
00:12:19,250 --> 00:12:22,023
the fog of war made
landmarks impossible to see,
222
00:12:23,240 --> 00:12:25,770
and yet, he headed in the right direction.
223
00:12:25,770 --> 00:12:26,923
How is this possible?
224
00:12:31,440 --> 00:12:33,830
For decades, scientists have theorized
225
00:12:33,830 --> 00:12:34,812
that pigeons get their bearings
226
00:12:34,812 --> 00:12:36,973
from the earth's magnetic field.
227
00:12:38,000 --> 00:12:41,000
- We believe that it's a
GPS in the bird's brain.
228
00:12:41,000 --> 00:12:42,900
The bird would form a map
229
00:12:42,900 --> 00:12:46,220
of magnetic space, and
this map can be used,
230
00:12:46,220 --> 00:12:47,870
then, to tell the bird's position,
231
00:12:47,870 --> 00:12:49,403
and his directional heading.
232
00:12:51,340 --> 00:12:52,515
- [Narrator] Today, neuroscientists
233
00:12:52,515 --> 00:12:55,620
at Baylor College of Medicine
are testing the theory
234
00:12:55,620 --> 00:12:57,663
with the help of a pigeon in a box,
235
00:12:58,890 --> 00:13:01,290
surrounded by electromagnetic coils
236
00:13:01,290 --> 00:13:03,413
that simulate the earth's magnetic field.
237
00:13:05,400 --> 00:13:07,460
To eliminate external stimuli,
238
00:13:07,460 --> 00:13:09,950
the lab is made completely dark.
239
00:13:09,950 --> 00:13:11,690
- Let's present the earth's magnetic field
240
00:13:11,690 --> 00:13:13,533
in the XY plane.
- Okay, great.
241
00:13:15,200 --> 00:13:17,710
- [Narrator] If cells within
the pigeon's brain respond
242
00:13:17,710 --> 00:13:21,190
to changes in magnetism, the
response will be registered
243
00:13:21,190 --> 00:13:23,733
as waveforms on this screen.
244
00:13:25,011 --> 00:13:27,678
(rapid ticking)
245
00:13:29,540 --> 00:13:31,625
- And look, it's modulating in sync
246
00:13:31,625 --> 00:13:33,390
with the earth's magnetic field.
247
00:13:33,390 --> 00:13:34,820
- Yeah, you're right, that's great.
248
00:13:34,820 --> 00:13:36,610
- That's really exciting.
249
00:13:36,610 --> 00:13:37,950
- [Narrator] The fact that they're in sync
250
00:13:37,950 --> 00:13:40,890
proves the pigeon has an internal compass,
251
00:13:40,890 --> 00:13:42,570
and that the brain cells are responding
252
00:13:42,570 --> 00:13:44,513
to the earth's magnetic field.
253
00:13:45,670 --> 00:13:47,910
- Now for the first time,
we are understanding
254
00:13:47,910 --> 00:13:49,710
the processes of how the brain
255
00:13:49,710 --> 00:13:51,570
actually uses that information
256
00:13:51,570 --> 00:13:53,680
for homing for very long distances,
257
00:13:53,680 --> 00:13:54,953
or even short distances.
258
00:13:55,820 --> 00:13:57,433
It is a sixth sense.
259
00:14:00,100 --> 00:14:01,857
- There they are, see 'em?
260
00:14:02,890 --> 00:14:05,850
- [Narrator] This sixth
sense helps John's pigeons
261
00:14:05,850 --> 00:14:07,120
find their way home.
262
00:14:07,120 --> 00:14:09,640
Come on, guys. (whistling)
263
00:14:09,640 --> 00:14:10,880
Come on, come on.
264
00:14:10,880 --> 00:14:13,573
- [Narrator] And allowed
Cher Ami to stay on course.
265
00:14:15,600 --> 00:14:18,050
After an hour over no man's land,
266
00:14:18,050 --> 00:14:20,663
the wounded bird reached
the American lines.
267
00:14:21,940 --> 00:14:25,180
- And when he got there,
his leg had been shot off,
268
00:14:25,180 --> 00:14:28,750
his breast had been shot,
and he had lost an eye,
269
00:14:28,750 --> 00:14:30,203
but he still had the capsule.
270
00:14:31,330 --> 00:14:32,510
- [Narrator] The message he carried
271
00:14:32,510 --> 00:14:36,183
led to the rescue of 200
survivors of the 1st Battalion.
272
00:14:37,930 --> 00:14:40,470
Medics also saved Cher Ami,
273
00:14:40,470 --> 00:14:42,870
who was awarded the Croix
de Guerre for bravery.
274
00:14:44,880 --> 00:14:49,180
But of course, birds don't take
sides in brutal human wars,
275
00:14:49,180 --> 00:14:51,610
so it's strange that
Cher Ami fought so hard
276
00:14:51,610 --> 00:14:52,493
to make it home.
277
00:14:53,530 --> 00:14:55,370
Or maybe not.
278
00:14:55,370 --> 00:14:56,970
- I've had 'em come home from a race
279
00:14:56,970 --> 00:15:00,350
as far as 500 miles away
with buckshot in 'em.
280
00:15:00,350 --> 00:15:02,970
They just got hit by hunters,
281
00:15:02,970 --> 00:15:05,370
and they'd come home, I'd
pull the buckshot out.
282
00:15:06,800 --> 00:15:09,140
Tough birds, and determination,
283
00:15:09,140 --> 00:15:12,693
incentive to get home, is unbelievable.
284
00:15:14,320 --> 00:15:15,290
- [Narrator] And it turns out,
285
00:15:15,290 --> 00:15:19,000
the reason for that
determination is universal.
286
00:15:19,000 --> 00:15:21,270
- We use motivational tools,
287
00:15:21,270 --> 00:15:24,850
such as food, light, territory.
288
00:15:24,850 --> 00:15:27,940
Probably the most
successful is to use sex,
289
00:15:27,940 --> 00:15:29,343
it's all about sex, baby.
290
00:15:30,870 --> 00:15:32,800
- [Narrator] No one
knows who Cheri Ami had
291
00:15:32,800 --> 00:15:35,490
waiting for him behind American lines,
292
00:15:35,490 --> 00:15:38,010
but since he was lucky enough to survive,
293
00:15:38,010 --> 00:15:40,350
perhaps he was lucky in love, too,
294
00:15:40,350 --> 00:15:42,333
and received a hero's welcome.
295
00:15:44,966 --> 00:15:46,460
(booming)
296
00:15:46,460 --> 00:15:48,870
Next on Museum Secrets,
297
00:15:48,870 --> 00:15:50,803
how to take a trip to Mars.
298
00:15:53,536 --> 00:15:56,933
(exciting music)
299
00:15:56,933 --> 00:15:57,900
(slow music)
300
00:15:57,900 --> 00:16:00,580
The Smithsonian's Air and Space Museum
301
00:16:00,580 --> 00:16:03,563
is home to many icons
of space exploration,
302
00:16:05,170 --> 00:16:08,623
including the most powerful
liquid-fueled rocket in history.
303
00:16:09,510 --> 00:16:11,580
- This is the five engine cluster,
304
00:16:11,580 --> 00:16:14,780
or simulation five engine
cluster of a Saturn V,
305
00:16:14,780 --> 00:16:15,825
the business end of the rocket
306
00:16:15,825 --> 00:16:17,573
that took humans to The Moon.
307
00:16:19,240 --> 00:16:22,104
- [Narrator] In 1969,
two American astronauts
308
00:16:22,104 --> 00:16:25,640
walked on the lunar
surface for the first time.
309
00:16:25,640 --> 00:16:26,900
- [Announcer] They've got the flag up now
310
00:16:26,900 --> 00:16:28,378
and you can see the stars and stripes
311
00:16:28,378 --> 00:16:30,128
on the lunar surface.
312
00:16:31,170 --> 00:16:32,800
- [Narrator] But since
the sixth lunar lander
313
00:16:32,800 --> 00:16:37,800
departed in 1972, no human
has visited another world.
314
00:16:40,090 --> 00:16:42,413
Mars is the nearest planet to our own.
315
00:16:44,650 --> 00:16:48,123
To date, only robot probes
have reaches its surface,
316
00:16:49,080 --> 00:16:50,860
but that could change.
317
00:16:50,860 --> 00:16:55,030
- By the mid 2030s, I believe
we can send humans to orbit,
318
00:16:55,030 --> 00:16:57,840
Mars, and return them safely to Earth.
319
00:16:57,840 --> 00:17:00,410
And a landing on Mars will follow,
320
00:17:00,410 --> 00:17:02,210
and I expect to be around to see it.
321
00:17:04,880 --> 00:17:06,210
- [Narrator] But putting a man on The Moon
322
00:17:06,210 --> 00:17:09,483
required a journey of
just 380,000 kilometers.
323
00:17:11,460 --> 00:17:14,253
Mars is hundreds of times further away.
324
00:17:15,650 --> 00:17:17,840
What will it take to put a human footprint
325
00:17:17,840 --> 00:17:18,963
on the red planet?
326
00:17:20,250 --> 00:17:22,333
That is our museum secret.
327
00:17:24,158 --> 00:17:25,830
(upbeat piano music)
328
00:17:25,830 --> 00:17:28,680
Our story begins at the
turn of the 20th century,
329
00:17:28,680 --> 00:17:32,313
when space travel was
invented, as fantasy.
330
00:17:33,690 --> 00:17:36,720
In George Melies movie,
"A Trip to the Moon"
331
00:17:36,720 --> 00:17:38,883
space is a tourist destination.
332
00:17:40,550 --> 00:17:43,890
And in H.G. Wells' novel,
"The War of the Worlds"
333
00:17:43,890 --> 00:17:46,443
aliens invade Earth from Mars.
334
00:17:47,950 --> 00:17:52,200
Wells' story inspired a
scientist named Robert Goddard.
335
00:17:52,200 --> 00:17:53,870
- Goddard was really a dreamer.
336
00:17:53,870 --> 00:17:56,370
He became obsessed with the idea of,
337
00:17:56,370 --> 00:17:57,673
how could you develop a technology
338
00:17:57,673 --> 00:17:59,772
to go into space?
339
00:17:59,772 --> 00:18:00,850
(cheerful music)
340
00:18:00,850 --> 00:18:02,450
- [Narrator] Goddard
designed the first rocket
341
00:18:02,450 --> 00:18:04,163
powered by liquid fuel.
342
00:18:06,230 --> 00:18:09,170
He experimented at his Aunt Effie's farm,
343
00:18:09,170 --> 00:18:13,700
without much success.
(explosions)
344
00:18:13,700 --> 00:18:17,990
But in 1928, this odd looking design,
345
00:18:17,990 --> 00:18:20,270
known as the Hoopskirt rocket,
346
00:18:20,270 --> 00:18:22,043
finally changed all that.
347
00:18:23,840 --> 00:18:25,263
It took off.
348
00:18:26,260 --> 00:18:27,903
Well, almost.
349
00:18:28,972 --> 00:18:29,805
(explosion)
350
00:18:29,805 --> 00:18:33,142
- Goddard was a much better
tinkerer and scientist
351
00:18:33,142 --> 00:18:34,803
than he was an engineer.
352
00:18:35,640 --> 00:18:37,690
- [Narrator] The neighbors thought so too,
353
00:18:37,690 --> 00:18:41,023
especially after he set
Aunt Effie's farm on fire.
354
00:18:42,080 --> 00:18:44,100
- People were ridiculing him,
355
00:18:44,100 --> 00:18:47,340
but there were also incredible
amounts of enthusiasm.
356
00:18:47,340 --> 00:18:48,667
People wrote to him and said,
357
00:18:48,667 --> 00:18:51,447
"I'm volunteering for the
first trip to The Moon."
358
00:18:52,510 --> 00:18:55,313
- [Narrator] Goddard didn't
live to realize his dreams.
359
00:18:57,200 --> 00:18:59,780
But in the hands of later engineers,
360
00:18:59,780 --> 00:19:01,700
the liquid-fueled rocket would turn out
361
00:19:01,700 --> 00:19:03,438
to be a visionary idea.
362
00:19:03,438 --> 00:19:05,688
- [Announcer] And, liftoff.
363
00:19:11,030 --> 00:19:13,350
- [Narrator] And because
it put humans on the moon,
364
00:19:13,350 --> 00:19:16,610
some scientists believe
liquid fuel has what it takes
365
00:19:16,610 --> 00:19:17,973
to get us to Mars.
366
00:19:19,330 --> 00:19:22,050
But this man doesn't think so.
367
00:19:22,050 --> 00:19:24,610
Franklin Chang Diaz is a physicist
368
00:19:24,610 --> 00:19:26,623
who became an astronaut in 1980.
369
00:19:28,160 --> 00:19:30,483
A veteran of seven space shuttle missions,
370
00:19:31,630 --> 00:19:34,493
he became head of NASA's
advanced propulsion program,
371
00:19:35,540 --> 00:19:37,990
and today he runs his own private lab.
372
00:19:37,990 --> 00:19:39,640
- Looks like.
373
00:19:39,640 --> 00:19:42,200
The problem with the kind
of conventional rockets
374
00:19:42,200 --> 00:19:44,180
we use today is that they're too slow
375
00:19:44,180 --> 00:19:45,743
and they take too much fuel.
376
00:19:47,130 --> 00:19:48,330
- [Narrator] Liquid-fueled rockets
377
00:19:48,330 --> 00:19:51,260
cannot carry enough propellant
for continuous acceleration
378
00:19:51,260 --> 00:19:53,490
over a long distance.
379
00:19:53,490 --> 00:19:57,053
So, after reaching their
maximum speed, they coast.
380
00:19:58,610 --> 00:20:01,730
- Typically today, if
you wanna go to Mars,
381
00:20:01,730 --> 00:20:03,823
it takes you eight months to get there.
382
00:20:04,670 --> 00:20:06,200
- [Narrator] For a human mission,
383
00:20:06,200 --> 00:20:08,123
eight months might be too long.
384
00:20:09,180 --> 00:20:11,410
- There is, of course,
the psychological issues
385
00:20:11,410 --> 00:20:15,290
of living in a small confined space
386
00:20:15,290 --> 00:20:17,233
under weightless conditions.
387
00:20:18,280 --> 00:20:21,130
Also, you're moving through
interplanetary space,
388
00:20:21,130 --> 00:20:25,830
you're no longer protected
by the natural shield
389
00:20:25,830 --> 00:20:27,773
of the earth magnetic field.
390
00:20:29,200 --> 00:20:32,710
You're being radiated by cosmic radiation
391
00:20:32,710 --> 00:20:36,763
and also energetic particles
from the sun the entire time.
392
00:20:39,210 --> 00:20:41,350
So, in order to get to Mars,
393
00:20:41,350 --> 00:20:43,983
we need a better propulsion system.
394
00:20:46,040 --> 00:20:48,823
- [Narrator] And that's why
Chang Diaz invented this.
395
00:20:50,060 --> 00:20:52,470
He calls it a Variable Specific Impulse
396
00:20:52,470 --> 00:20:54,043
Magnetoplasma Rocket.
397
00:20:55,900 --> 00:20:58,040
Instead of using liquid fuel,
398
00:20:58,040 --> 00:21:00,640
a powerful electromagnet
propels a small amount
399
00:21:00,640 --> 00:21:04,623
of plasma out of the nozzle,
generating high-speed thrust.
400
00:21:06,470 --> 00:21:08,480
- It is what we call the Model T.
401
00:21:08,480 --> 00:21:11,340
It is the first unit that we think
402
00:21:11,340 --> 00:21:13,863
will actually fly in space.
403
00:21:15,110 --> 00:21:17,070
- [Narrator] He calculates
that a plasma engine
404
00:21:17,070 --> 00:21:18,990
could provide the continuous acceleration
405
00:21:18,990 --> 00:21:22,273
required to reach Mars in just 39 days.
406
00:21:25,020 --> 00:21:27,403
Some scientists ridicule this notion.
407
00:21:29,460 --> 00:21:32,160
Plasma engine technology is complex,
408
00:21:32,160 --> 00:21:34,063
and is untested in space.
409
00:21:36,463 --> 00:21:39,880
But there was a time when
Goddard's liquid-fueled rocket
410
00:21:39,880 --> 00:21:41,243
was ridiculed, too.
411
00:21:42,290 --> 00:21:45,240
- Robert Goddard has always
been one of my heroes,
412
00:21:45,240 --> 00:21:47,603
who was able to see the future.
413
00:21:48,850 --> 00:21:52,010
It was amazing how many times he failed,
414
00:21:52,010 --> 00:21:53,413
and he just didn't give up.
415
00:21:54,790 --> 00:21:58,820
Part of the message here, is
that persistence is necessary.
416
00:21:58,820 --> 00:22:00,560
You have to, little by little,
417
00:22:00,560 --> 00:22:02,533
demonstrate the capabilities.
418
00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:05,500
You just have to stay with it.
419
00:22:06,790 --> 00:22:08,570
- [Narrator] Chang Diaz
hopes to demonstrate
420
00:22:08,570 --> 00:22:10,730
his plasma engine in space
421
00:22:10,730 --> 00:22:13,280
by tethering it to the
International Space Station.
422
00:22:14,800 --> 00:22:16,310
If it performs well,
423
00:22:16,310 --> 00:22:19,463
NASA scientists may
embrace plasma after all.
424
00:22:21,880 --> 00:22:23,620
It may be the best technology
425
00:22:23,620 --> 00:22:26,223
to put a human footprint on Mars.
426
00:22:29,130 --> 00:22:33,263
Chang Diaz just needs to prove
it's got the right stuff.
427
00:22:37,507 --> 00:22:38,440
(engine roaring)
428
00:22:38,440 --> 00:22:39,490
Up next...
429
00:22:41,890 --> 00:22:44,763
The secret of a badass American icon.
430
00:22:46,093 --> 00:22:48,843
(exciting music)
431
00:22:50,820 --> 00:22:53,590
Inside the Smithsonian, one can discover
432
00:22:53,590 --> 00:22:55,423
many American originals,
433
00:22:56,790 --> 00:23:00,943
from the Space Shuttle to Kermit The Frog.
434
00:23:04,860 --> 00:23:08,980
And in a storage area of the
museum not open to the public
435
00:23:08,980 --> 00:23:10,713
is another American original.
436
00:23:11,950 --> 00:23:14,883
the first generation of a legendary brand.
437
00:23:17,110 --> 00:23:20,750
The name on the side isn't
a mistake, or a joke.
438
00:23:20,750 --> 00:23:22,113
This is a Harley.
439
00:23:23,070 --> 00:23:24,680
- It only has five horsepower though,
440
00:23:24,680 --> 00:23:26,810
and only a 35 cubic inch motorcycle,
441
00:23:26,810 --> 00:23:28,810
quite small by today's standards,
442
00:23:28,810 --> 00:23:30,100
but it was enough to get around
443
00:23:30,100 --> 00:23:32,663
in the teens and '20s when it was in use.
444
00:23:34,340 --> 00:23:36,640
- Soon this 90 pound weakling
445
00:23:37,570 --> 00:23:40,903
grew into a 900 pound American icon.
446
00:23:42,550 --> 00:23:45,700
It's loud and proud.
(engine revving)
447
00:23:45,700 --> 00:23:47,493
With its own distinctive rumble.
448
00:23:49,410 --> 00:23:51,500
It has become a symbol of freedom,
449
00:23:51,500 --> 00:23:52,933
with an outlaw attitude.
450
00:23:54,910 --> 00:23:57,333
How did the Harley
achieve such a mystique?
451
00:23:58,560 --> 00:24:00,393
That is our museum secret.
452
00:24:03,270 --> 00:24:04,970
(rock music)
453
00:24:04,970 --> 00:24:07,410
Smithsonian Curator, Paul Johnston begins
454
00:24:07,410 --> 00:24:09,553
the investigation with a road trip.
455
00:24:11,300 --> 00:24:13,980
He's heading for a laboratory
where he hopes to discover
456
00:24:13,980 --> 00:24:16,093
one of the keys to the Harley's mystique,
457
00:24:17,080 --> 00:24:18,573
its trademark sound.
458
00:24:19,850 --> 00:24:22,130
He's not a Harley owner, but he's ridden
459
00:24:22,130 --> 00:24:24,640
many brands of motorbikes over the years,
460
00:24:24,640 --> 00:24:26,573
so he's a good test subject.
461
00:24:26,573 --> 00:24:27,989
- Hi, nice to meet you, I'm Aduche.
462
00:24:27,989 --> 00:24:28,993
- Hi, Aduche.
463
00:24:28,993 --> 00:24:30,820
- Have a seat, make yourself comfortable.
464
00:24:30,820 --> 00:24:31,653
- [Narrator] Paul will listen
465
00:24:31,653 --> 00:24:34,320
to recordings of various motorcycles.
466
00:24:34,320 --> 00:24:35,486
- [Aduche] You feel comfortable?
467
00:24:35,486 --> 00:24:36,319
- [Paul] Mm-hmm.
468
00:24:36,319 --> 00:24:37,290
- [Patrick] We're gonna hook you up
469
00:24:37,290 --> 00:24:40,103
to monitor a couple different responses.
470
00:24:40,980 --> 00:24:43,550
- [Narrator] Dr. Patrick
Mahoney and his assistant
471
00:24:43,550 --> 00:24:46,810
wire him for EEG, heart
rate, body temperature,
472
00:24:46,810 --> 00:24:47,993
and sweat response.
473
00:24:49,030 --> 00:24:51,104
- Okay, we can get ready to begin.
474
00:24:51,104 --> 00:24:52,400
(engine roaring)
475
00:24:52,400 --> 00:24:54,800
- [Narrator] Paul hears
a Harley at 80 decibels.
476
00:24:56,490 --> 00:24:58,640
There's no detectable
spike on the monitor.
477
00:25:01,460 --> 00:25:02,530
But when he's given a sound
478
00:25:02,530 --> 00:25:04,380
that is similar to his own motorcycle
479
00:25:06,230 --> 00:25:08,653
he has a clear physiological response.
480
00:25:10,520 --> 00:25:12,163
- It was as if he was riding.
481
00:25:13,240 --> 00:25:15,840
He had a very kinda, intuitive sense
482
00:25:15,840 --> 00:25:17,253
of what the rider was doing.
483
00:25:18,510 --> 00:25:21,990
- [Narrator] If sound alone
can take Paul back on the road,
484
00:25:21,990 --> 00:25:25,770
it means the motorbike riding
experience is powerful.
485
00:25:25,770 --> 00:25:28,770
But it doesn't tell us anything
about the Harley's mystique.
486
00:25:31,180 --> 00:25:33,713
Perhaps you have to own one to understand.
487
00:25:35,450 --> 00:25:37,440
- Just knowing you've
got American classic,
488
00:25:37,440 --> 00:25:38,503
true American bike.
489
00:25:39,710 --> 00:25:43,720
Once you get American
in ya with the Harleys,
490
00:25:43,720 --> 00:25:45,570
I guess it's just in your blood then.
491
00:25:48,240 --> 00:25:49,990
- [Narrator] Harleys
became American classics
492
00:25:49,990 --> 00:25:51,890
when they served their country in war,
493
00:25:53,340 --> 00:25:55,763
including the desert
campaign of World war II.
494
00:25:59,080 --> 00:26:01,871
After the war, Harley production was part
495
00:26:01,871 --> 00:26:04,773
of the made in the U.S.A. industrial boom.
496
00:26:06,520 --> 00:26:09,403
The boom has faded, but Harley didn't.
497
00:26:12,510 --> 00:26:16,343
So, for some, choosing to ride
a Harley is a patriotic act.
498
00:26:17,370 --> 00:26:19,773
For others, it's a power trip.
499
00:26:20,830 --> 00:26:22,030
- I wanted the big bike.
500
00:26:22,030 --> 00:26:24,680
I wanted to be the five foot seven,
501
00:26:24,680 --> 00:26:28,300
125 pound woman on the big bike.
502
00:26:28,300 --> 00:26:29,900
I kinda wanted to be a renegade.
503
00:26:31,150 --> 00:26:33,250
- [Narrator] But renegades reject society.
504
00:26:34,980 --> 00:26:37,100
How did an icon of American life
505
00:26:37,100 --> 00:26:38,973
become a symbol of the outsider?
506
00:26:40,820 --> 00:26:42,430
- Probably the best
thing that ever happened
507
00:26:42,430 --> 00:26:46,520
to Harley-Davidson was when the
movie "Easy Rider" came out.
508
00:26:46,520 --> 00:26:48,310
- Oh, they're not scared of you,
509
00:26:48,310 --> 00:26:51,090
they scared of what you represent to 'em.
510
00:26:51,090 --> 00:26:53,633
What you represent to them is freedom.
511
00:26:55,150 --> 00:26:57,690
- Me and three friends
at a drive-in theater,
512
00:26:57,690 --> 00:27:01,023
saw "Easy Rider" and that was it for us.
513
00:27:01,970 --> 00:27:06,067
We had to have choppers, we
had to have Harley-Davidsons.
514
00:27:07,619 --> 00:27:08,452
It was cool.
515
00:27:10,124 --> 00:27:11,350
- [Narrator] But the Harley's mystique
516
00:27:11,350 --> 00:27:13,380
goes beyond cool.
517
00:27:13,380 --> 00:27:15,613
It's cool with a raised middle finger.
518
00:27:17,740 --> 00:27:20,230
- I think that there is
a certain bad boy image
519
00:27:20,230 --> 00:27:21,770
associated with motorcycles,
520
00:27:21,770 --> 00:27:23,760
and particularly Harley-Davidsons.
521
00:27:23,760 --> 00:27:25,720
And I mean, you can see accountants,
522
00:27:25,720 --> 00:27:27,889
and physicians, and dentists on weekends
523
00:27:27,889 --> 00:27:30,023
all driving around like tough guys.
524
00:27:31,960 --> 00:27:34,830
- [Narrator] The tough guy
part of the Harley's mystique
525
00:27:34,830 --> 00:27:36,620
seems to come from its popularity
526
00:27:36,620 --> 00:27:40,323
among violent gang members,
and stone-cold killers.
527
00:27:42,560 --> 00:27:43,543
Or maybe not.
528
00:27:45,960 --> 00:27:50,210
- In 1947, Life Magazine
in its 4th of July issue
529
00:27:50,210 --> 00:27:55,210
published an article on a
motorcycle rally out in Hollister.
530
00:27:55,570 --> 00:27:57,670
There's a picture of a motorcyclist
531
00:27:57,670 --> 00:27:59,320
sprawled out on his motorcycle,
532
00:27:59,320 --> 00:28:01,970
leaning backward on the
seat as though he was drunk,
533
00:28:01,970 --> 00:28:05,030
surrounded by empty beer bottles.
534
00:28:05,030 --> 00:28:05,863
- [Narrator] It was presented
535
00:28:05,863 --> 00:28:09,160
as the aftermath of a
biker riot, but in fact,
536
00:28:09,160 --> 00:28:12,970
the photograph was completely
staged to sell magazines.
537
00:28:12,970 --> 00:28:15,130
- It frightened the American
public a little bit,
538
00:28:15,130 --> 00:28:17,230
because it looked sort of, out of control.
539
00:28:18,220 --> 00:28:20,800
- [Narrator] Hollywood
dramatized the mythical riot
540
00:28:20,800 --> 00:28:24,220
in "The Wild One" starring Marlon Brando.
541
00:28:24,220 --> 00:28:25,840
- 10 guys like that give people the idea
542
00:28:25,840 --> 00:28:27,790
everybody drives a motorcycle is crazy.
543
00:28:29,230 --> 00:28:31,430
(men yelling)
544
00:28:31,430 --> 00:28:32,800
- And ever since that day,
545
00:28:32,800 --> 00:28:36,760
people have considered
motorcycles and bad behavior
546
00:28:36,760 --> 00:28:38,553
to go along together,
and it's still an image
547
00:28:38,553 --> 00:28:41,684
that motorcycles are living down today.
548
00:28:41,684 --> 00:28:44,310
(engine roaring)
549
00:28:44,310 --> 00:28:45,660
- [Narrator] Most riders don't know
550
00:28:45,660 --> 00:28:47,290
that part of the Harley's mystique
551
00:28:47,290 --> 00:28:49,270
was created in Hollywood,
552
00:28:49,270 --> 00:28:52,453
and if they did, they
probably wouldn't care.
553
00:28:53,710 --> 00:28:55,980
- There's something about
the mystique of a Harley
554
00:28:55,980 --> 00:28:56,900
compared to another bike.
555
00:28:56,900 --> 00:28:58,060
There's a lot of new bikes out there
556
00:28:58,060 --> 00:29:00,460
that look just like these,
they're not the same.
557
00:29:03,570 --> 00:29:04,717
- The freedom, that's like a dog
558
00:29:04,717 --> 00:29:06,778
hanging its head out the window.
559
00:29:06,778 --> 00:29:07,945
So, best move.
560
00:29:10,030 --> 00:29:11,420
- [Narrator] On the open road,
561
00:29:11,420 --> 00:29:13,653
the origins of a myth don't matter.
562
00:29:14,820 --> 00:29:17,823
These bikers just want to enjoy the ride.
563
00:29:22,520 --> 00:29:24,309
Next on Museum Secrets,
564
00:29:24,309 --> 00:29:25,490
(gunshot)
565
00:29:25,490 --> 00:29:27,423
how to make an amputee whole again.
566
00:29:29,907 --> 00:29:32,657
(exciting music)
567
00:29:34,150 --> 00:29:37,310
Inside the Smithsonian's
Museum of American History
568
00:29:38,310 --> 00:29:40,140
The Price of Freedom exhibition
569
00:29:40,140 --> 00:29:43,633
examines how wars have
transformed American society.
570
00:29:45,160 --> 00:29:49,133
From present day back to
the War of Independence.
571
00:29:50,740 --> 00:29:54,230
But perhaps no war remade
the nation more profoundly
572
00:29:54,230 --> 00:29:58,723
than the Civil War, when
600,000 Americans died.
573
00:30:02,850 --> 00:30:06,621
When the war began, the canon
was the deadliest weapon,
574
00:30:06,621 --> 00:30:09,090
(canon booming)
575
00:30:09,090 --> 00:30:12,693
but it was soon eclipsed by a
newly-designed rifled musket.
576
00:30:14,860 --> 00:30:17,110
- These muskets have a much longer range
577
00:30:17,110 --> 00:30:20,100
than their predecessors, but
they're just as quick to load,
578
00:30:20,100 --> 00:30:22,778
and they tend to deliver their
bullets at a higher velocity.
579
00:30:22,778 --> 00:30:24,760
(gunshot)
580
00:30:24,760 --> 00:30:26,410
- [Narrator] No battle in American history
581
00:30:26,410 --> 00:30:28,340
was bloodier than Antietam,
582
00:30:28,340 --> 00:30:30,883
fought just a hundred
kilometers from the museum.
583
00:30:32,270 --> 00:30:37,130
On September 17th, 1862, 70,000 riflemen
584
00:30:37,130 --> 00:30:40,383
turned this farmer's
field into a killing zone.
585
00:30:41,350 --> 00:30:42,950
- Just to give you one
image from the battle,
586
00:30:42,950 --> 00:30:45,650
there was a corn field
like the one behind me
587
00:30:45,650 --> 00:30:49,433
that was mowed down by
bullets to the very ground.
588
00:30:50,810 --> 00:30:53,723
- [Narrator] By day's end
there were nearly 4,000 dead,
589
00:30:54,810 --> 00:30:57,393
and over 20,000 casualties in total.
590
00:30:58,980 --> 00:31:00,830
- I don't think anyone could've calculated
591
00:31:00,830 --> 00:31:02,720
how effective these new weapons were,
592
00:31:02,720 --> 00:31:05,240
and bones being hit by these weapons
593
00:31:05,240 --> 00:31:07,393
don't simply break, they shatter.
594
00:31:07,393 --> 00:31:09,560
(gunshot)
595
00:31:10,500 --> 00:31:14,180
- [Narrator] How do you make
shattered bodies whole again?
596
00:31:14,180 --> 00:31:16,273
That is our museum secret.
597
00:31:20,150 --> 00:31:22,080
Our investigation begins in a part
598
00:31:22,080 --> 00:31:24,753
of the Smithsonian not open to the public.
599
00:31:27,410 --> 00:31:29,070
- This is a instrument set,
600
00:31:29,070 --> 00:31:31,660
a field set from the era,
601
00:31:31,660 --> 00:31:36,423
with amputation knives,
typical of the period.
602
00:31:37,470 --> 00:31:39,930
- [Narrator] When limbs
were shattered and infected
603
00:31:39,930 --> 00:31:41,343
they had to be cut off.
604
00:31:43,080 --> 00:31:46,110
- [Katherine] Amputation was brutal, fast.
605
00:31:46,110 --> 00:31:47,570
It usually had four people,
606
00:31:47,570 --> 00:31:49,670
one to administer the chloroform,
607
00:31:49,670 --> 00:31:51,660
one to hold the artery,
608
00:31:51,660 --> 00:31:54,520
and then someone to support the limb.
609
00:31:54,520 --> 00:31:56,010
- [Narrator] And a surgeon strong enough
610
00:31:56,010 --> 00:31:57,927
to saw quickly through the bone.
611
00:31:57,927 --> 00:32:00,600
(splattering)
612
00:32:00,600 --> 00:32:04,980
During the Civil War, 10,000
died during amputations.
613
00:32:04,980 --> 00:32:07,330
40,000 survived.
614
00:32:07,330 --> 00:32:09,610
- For Civil War veterans,
615
00:32:09,610 --> 00:32:12,550
an empty sleeve, whether
it was shirt sleeve
616
00:32:12,550 --> 00:32:15,863
or a pants leg was a mark of valor.
617
00:32:17,430 --> 00:32:19,730
- [Narrator] The choice
was stoic resignation,
618
00:32:20,880 --> 00:32:22,830
or one of these.
619
00:32:22,830 --> 00:32:25,450
- The prosthetic industry
as we know it today
620
00:32:25,450 --> 00:32:27,420
can probably trace its roots really back
621
00:32:27,420 --> 00:32:28,360
to the American Civil War.
622
00:32:28,360 --> 00:32:31,470
There was an absolute explosion
and a need for these things.
623
00:32:31,470 --> 00:32:33,730
This is really quite a marvel for its day.
624
00:32:33,730 --> 00:32:35,940
We can see an articulated elbow
625
00:32:35,940 --> 00:32:39,260
that allows the arm to move
to different positions.
626
00:32:39,260 --> 00:32:40,980
This hand can actually be removed
627
00:32:40,980 --> 00:32:43,703
and an eating utensil put in its place.
628
00:32:45,710 --> 00:32:48,460
- [Narrator] Over the decades
prosthetics have evolved,
629
00:32:50,240 --> 00:32:52,438
but so have the injuries of war.
630
00:32:52,438 --> 00:32:54,290
(explosion)
631
00:32:54,290 --> 00:32:56,580
- I have met a number of courageous,
632
00:32:56,580 --> 00:32:59,730
intelligent warriors who have lost
633
00:32:59,730 --> 00:33:02,124
two, three, or four limbs,
634
00:33:02,124 --> 00:33:04,810
just because the explosive devices,
635
00:33:04,810 --> 00:33:06,533
unfortunately, are getting better.
636
00:33:07,490 --> 00:33:08,960
- [Narrator] Prosthetics help amputees
637
00:33:08,960 --> 00:33:11,110
accomplish almost anything,
638
00:33:11,110 --> 00:33:14,710
but artificial limbs are still artificial.
639
00:33:14,710 --> 00:33:17,980
- Losing a hand can be devastating.
640
00:33:17,980 --> 00:33:20,220
Not just because loss of function,
641
00:33:20,220 --> 00:33:24,200
but the human hand is used
in social interaction,
642
00:33:24,200 --> 00:33:26,113
and expression of emotion.
643
00:33:27,660 --> 00:33:28,840
- [Narrator] Dr. Lee strives
644
00:33:28,840 --> 00:33:30,810
to make his patients whole again,
645
00:33:30,810 --> 00:33:33,773
using revolutionary new
transplantation surgery.
646
00:33:35,920 --> 00:33:39,620
Not only on soldiers,
but also on civilians,
647
00:33:39,620 --> 00:33:43,850
like Sheila Advento, who
lost her limbs to disease.
648
00:33:43,850 --> 00:33:46,590
- A great deal of me is gone.
649
00:33:46,590 --> 00:33:48,390
And being able to do things on my own
650
00:33:48,390 --> 00:33:49,450
is what I've been used to,
651
00:33:49,450 --> 00:33:51,320
so losing that all of a sudden,
652
00:33:51,320 --> 00:33:53,403
it's almost defeating.
653
00:33:54,750 --> 00:33:55,970
- [Narrator] When Sheila became aware
654
00:33:55,970 --> 00:33:57,890
of Dr. Lee's pioneering work,
655
00:33:57,890 --> 00:34:00,436
she applied to be a transplant candidate.
656
00:34:00,436 --> 00:34:01,700
(machine beeping)
657
00:34:01,700 --> 00:34:05,123
When a match was found, Sheila
was rushed into surgery.
658
00:34:06,890 --> 00:34:09,110
This would be the first female double hand
659
00:34:09,110 --> 00:34:11,563
transplant surgery in U.S. history.
660
00:34:13,440 --> 00:34:17,010
After a marathon procedure
that lasted 12 hours,
661
00:34:17,010 --> 00:34:19,123
Sheila opened her eyes in recovery.
662
00:34:20,260 --> 00:34:21,327
- Immediately when I woke up,
663
00:34:21,327 --> 00:34:25,330
as groggy as I was, I
looked down right away,
664
00:34:25,330 --> 00:34:28,850
and oh wow, they're right
there in front of me.
665
00:34:28,850 --> 00:34:32,100
Right here where you see the lines,
666
00:34:32,100 --> 00:34:34,703
that's where the transplanted area is.
667
00:34:36,670 --> 00:34:37,820
- [Narrator] But when Sheila reached out
668
00:34:37,820 --> 00:34:40,623
to touch the world she felt nothing.
669
00:34:41,850 --> 00:34:44,390
Weeks passed without improvement.
670
00:34:44,390 --> 00:34:46,910
- I went to the bathroom to wash my hands
671
00:34:46,910 --> 00:34:48,610
and all of a sudden I felt something,
672
00:34:48,610 --> 00:34:52,210
and I was astounded by what I felt.
673
00:34:52,210 --> 00:34:54,130
I was playing with my hair
674
00:34:54,130 --> 00:34:56,590
and then all of a sudden I just, felt it.
675
00:34:56,590 --> 00:34:58,480
I was like, okay, wow. (laughs)
676
00:34:58,480 --> 00:35:00,363
I can feel my hair.
677
00:35:01,460 --> 00:35:05,230
- [Narrator] Now she has
sensation but limited function.
678
00:35:05,230 --> 00:35:07,690
- My fingers are very clawed,
679
00:35:07,690 --> 00:35:11,353
my fingers are very tight,
so they have to loosen up.
680
00:35:12,510 --> 00:35:15,660
- A hand transplant
recipient needs to understand
681
00:35:15,660 --> 00:35:19,150
that it requires hard work on their part
682
00:35:19,150 --> 00:35:21,373
to make the hand transplant successful.
683
00:35:23,230 --> 00:35:25,500
- [Narrator] After
countless hours of therapy,
684
00:35:25,500 --> 00:35:27,563
Sheila has reached a new milestone.
685
00:35:29,080 --> 00:35:31,260
- I like to draw in the past,
686
00:35:31,260 --> 00:35:34,973
so my therapists have allowed
me to start drawing again.
687
00:35:36,800 --> 00:35:40,430
And now that I'm able to
do stuff like that again,
688
00:35:40,430 --> 00:35:42,628
I love it. (laughs)
689
00:35:42,628 --> 00:35:47,320
- A hand transplant is not
a life-saving operation,
690
00:35:47,320 --> 00:35:50,063
but it's a life-giving operation.
691
00:35:51,070 --> 00:35:52,430
- [Narrator] As he strives to improve
692
00:35:52,430 --> 00:35:54,140
his technique for the future,
693
00:35:54,140 --> 00:35:57,023
Dr. Lee is mindful of
his debt to the past.
694
00:35:58,180 --> 00:36:00,240
- The existence of our specialty
695
00:36:00,240 --> 00:36:03,647
really owes itself to
treatment of war injury.
696
00:36:03,647 --> 00:36:05,750
(explosion)
(muffled speaking on radio)
697
00:36:05,750 --> 00:36:08,530
With all the tragedies of war,
698
00:36:08,530 --> 00:36:11,563
they have spurred advances in our field.
699
00:36:12,881 --> 00:36:15,670
- It is one of the many
ways American society
700
00:36:15,670 --> 00:36:19,423
has been transformed while
paying the price of freedom.
701
00:36:22,240 --> 00:36:23,164
Up next--
702
00:36:23,164 --> 00:36:25,380
♪ And the rockets' red glare ♪
703
00:36:25,380 --> 00:36:27,670
The secret of "The Star-Spangled Banner".
704
00:36:27,670 --> 00:36:32,670
♪ The bombs bursting in air ♪
(explosions)
705
00:36:34,295 --> 00:36:37,045
(exciting music)
706
00:36:38,550 --> 00:36:41,360
At the Smithsonian, one
artifact is presented
707
00:36:41,360 --> 00:36:43,550
with the reverence usually reserved
708
00:36:43,550 --> 00:36:45,053
for a religious relic.
709
00:36:46,810 --> 00:36:48,430
- So, what we're doing with this object
710
00:36:48,430 --> 00:36:52,160
is to showcase one of the grandest icons
711
00:36:52,160 --> 00:36:54,223
in American identity.
712
00:36:55,187 --> 00:36:57,260
"The Star-Spangled Banner"
has been the physical
713
00:36:57,260 --> 00:37:00,093
and emotional heart at the
center of this museum here.
714
00:37:01,310 --> 00:37:04,660
- [Narrator] Anyone can visit
the Star-Spangled Banner,
715
00:37:04,660 --> 00:37:06,693
but not everyone can sing it.
716
00:37:08,020 --> 00:37:11,060
Those who fail in front
of an unforgiving crowd,
717
00:37:11,060 --> 00:37:14,713
like comedian, Roseanne Barr,
suffer ridicule and shame.
718
00:37:15,649 --> 00:37:18,937
♪ And the rockets red glare ♪
719
00:37:18,937 --> 00:37:23,100
- It was the going from
being a beloved person
720
00:37:23,100 --> 00:37:27,663
to a despised and hated
person, literally over night.
721
00:37:28,740 --> 00:37:30,000
- [Narrator] But some performers,
722
00:37:30,000 --> 00:37:31,650
like D.C. Washington,
723
00:37:31,650 --> 00:37:34,244
are invited to sing it again and again.
724
00:37:34,244 --> 00:37:39,244
♪ O say does that
star-spangled banner yet wave ♪
725
00:37:41,670 --> 00:37:44,700
- [Narrator] Why is the
American anthem so hard to sing?
726
00:37:44,700 --> 00:37:46,258
And how to great singers do it justice?
727
00:37:46,258 --> 00:37:48,260
♪ O'er the land of the free ♪
728
00:37:48,260 --> 00:37:50,155
Those are our museum secrets
729
00:37:50,155 --> 00:37:53,031
♪ And the home ♪
730
00:37:53,031 --> 00:37:58,031
♪ Of the brave ♪
(crowd cheering)
731
00:37:59,980 --> 00:38:03,300
Our story begins just five
kilometers from the Smithsonian
732
00:38:03,300 --> 00:38:05,327
at Howard University.
733
00:38:05,327 --> 00:38:07,094
(whistle blowing)
734
00:38:07,094 --> 00:38:09,927
(upbeat drumming)
735
00:38:10,880 --> 00:38:13,473
The football team is
practicing for a big game,
736
00:38:14,970 --> 00:38:16,550
but no one has been chosen yet
737
00:38:16,550 --> 00:38:18,537
to sing "The Star-Spangled Banner".
738
00:38:19,890 --> 00:38:22,560
Today the school is
holding open auditions--
739
00:38:22,560 --> 00:38:23,393
- Hi, April.
- Hi.
740
00:38:23,393 --> 00:38:25,960
- [Narrator] With the
help of D.C. Washington.
741
00:38:25,960 --> 00:38:30,520
- I have not sung in any
professional (laughs)
742
00:38:30,520 --> 00:38:31,353
environment at all.
743
00:38:31,353 --> 00:38:33,590
- This is a great opportunity to learn
744
00:38:33,590 --> 00:38:36,600
and to expand my knowledge and my growth.
745
00:38:36,600 --> 00:38:38,910
- [Narrator] There is a
range of talent in the room,
746
00:38:38,910 --> 00:38:40,880
but everyone has the jitters.
747
00:38:40,880 --> 00:38:43,245
- Stand forth and let's hear.
748
00:38:43,245 --> 00:38:44,078
♪ O ♪
749
00:38:44,078 --> 00:38:44,911
(clears throat) Excuse me.
750
00:38:44,911 --> 00:38:49,797
♪ O say can you see ♪
751
00:38:49,797 --> 00:38:52,709
♪ By the dawn's early light ♪
752
00:38:52,709 --> 00:38:55,714
♪ What so proudly we hailed ♪
753
00:38:55,714 --> 00:38:59,670
♪ At the twilight last gleaming ♪
754
00:38:59,670 --> 00:39:04,670
♪ Whose broad stripes and bright stars ♪
755
00:39:05,371 --> 00:39:08,994
♪ Through the perilous fight ♪
756
00:39:08,994 --> 00:39:12,461
♪ O'er the ramparts we watched ♪
757
00:39:12,461 --> 00:39:16,903
♪ Were so gallantly streaming ♪
758
00:39:16,903 --> 00:39:18,267
- Well, that was very very nice.
759
00:39:18,267 --> 00:39:19,110
Very good.
760
00:39:19,110 --> 00:39:22,060
Who tells Noreeda that she has the gig?
761
00:39:22,060 --> 00:39:23,221
- I do? (laughs)
762
00:39:23,221 --> 00:39:25,349
(laughing)
Thank you!
763
00:39:25,349 --> 00:39:26,277
That's great, I'm so excited.
764
00:39:26,277 --> 00:39:27,110
- [D.C.] Congratulations.
765
00:39:27,110 --> 00:39:27,943
- Thank you.
766
00:39:27,943 --> 00:39:28,776
- [D.C.] Congratulations.
767
00:39:28,776 --> 00:39:29,609
- Thank you.
768
00:39:29,609 --> 00:39:30,512
Thank you.
- Yeah.
769
00:39:30,512 --> 00:39:33,960
- [Narrator] Noreeda Street
grew up singing in church,
770
00:39:33,960 --> 00:39:35,993
and has experience in front of a crowd,
771
00:39:37,290 --> 00:39:40,040
but she has never performed
"The National Anthem" solo.
772
00:39:41,227 --> 00:39:45,700
♪ By the dawn's early light ♪
773
00:39:45,700 --> 00:39:46,533
- We changed keys.
774
00:39:46,533 --> 00:39:47,366
- [Noreeda] Did we?
775
00:39:47,366 --> 00:39:48,330
- We did.
- What was I?
776
00:39:48,330 --> 00:39:49,163
- You went lower.
777
00:39:49,163 --> 00:39:50,440
- That was actually the thing
778
00:39:50,440 --> 00:39:51,870
that I was most nervous about,
779
00:39:51,870 --> 00:39:54,065
was starting it in an awkward key.
780
00:39:54,065 --> 00:39:55,794
'Cause once you get up
there you can't come back.
781
00:39:55,794 --> 00:39:57,472
- Yeah, you're right, you can't go back.
782
00:39:57,472 --> 00:39:58,498
- (laughs) Right.
783
00:39:58,498 --> 00:39:59,860
(laughing)
784
00:39:59,860 --> 00:40:01,950
- [Narrator] A singer who starts too high
785
00:40:01,950 --> 00:40:03,283
will end up way up here.
786
00:40:04,768 --> 00:40:07,290
(glass shattering)
787
00:40:07,290 --> 00:40:09,219
Vocal technique is crucial,
788
00:40:09,219 --> 00:40:11,580
but it's not the most important thing.
789
00:40:11,580 --> 00:40:13,950
- You have to remember that
you're selling this song
790
00:40:13,950 --> 00:40:16,515
to a crowd that buys into all
791
00:40:16,515 --> 00:40:18,739
that "The Star-Spangled Banner" means.
792
00:40:18,739 --> 00:40:19,720
- [Noreeda] Okay.
793
00:40:19,720 --> 00:40:22,040
- [D.C.] You're singing
words that are emblematic
794
00:40:22,040 --> 00:40:23,795
of who you are as an American.
795
00:40:23,795 --> 00:40:25,660
♪ And the rockets' red glare. ♪
796
00:40:25,660 --> 00:40:27,950
- [Narrator] As every
American school kid knows,
797
00:40:27,950 --> 00:40:29,670
the words word written by a patriot
798
00:40:29,670 --> 00:40:31,323
named Francis Scott Key.
799
00:40:32,810 --> 00:40:34,920
During the War of 1812,
800
00:40:34,920 --> 00:40:38,330
he watched the British navy
attack an American fortress
801
00:40:38,330 --> 00:40:40,800
with a barrage of rockets.
802
00:40:40,800 --> 00:40:42,960
And in the rockets' red glare,
803
00:40:42,960 --> 00:40:44,903
he saw something that inspired him.
804
00:40:46,590 --> 00:40:49,753
The flag of his nation was still flying.
805
00:40:51,412 --> 00:40:55,412
♪ That our flag was still there ♪
806
00:40:57,201 --> 00:40:58,526
- Of Washington.
807
00:40:58,526 --> 00:41:00,863
See the charred timber
from The White House.
808
00:41:02,738 --> 00:41:05,050
So, this flag here is the very flag
809
00:41:05,050 --> 00:41:08,430
that Key saw, and this is
the Star-Spangled Banner.
810
00:41:08,430 --> 00:41:09,634
- [Noreeda] This is the actual flag?
811
00:41:09,634 --> 00:41:10,467
- [Jeffrey] This is the actual flag.
812
00:41:10,467 --> 00:41:11,533
- [Noreeda] Are you kidding me?
813
00:41:11,533 --> 00:41:12,893
This is amazing.
814
00:41:14,640 --> 00:41:18,260
- There's a moment of
respect in hushed silence.
815
00:41:18,260 --> 00:41:20,350
It sort of freezes them for a moment,
816
00:41:20,350 --> 00:41:22,683
and that's a truly wonderful thing.
817
00:41:30,050 --> 00:41:32,610
- It's just been a song
to me all this time,
818
00:41:32,610 --> 00:41:34,750
but to actually understand the history
819
00:41:34,750 --> 00:41:36,600
and the story behind it, yeah,
820
00:41:36,600 --> 00:41:38,063
it definitely inspired me.
821
00:41:39,050 --> 00:41:40,682
- [Narrator] But when game day arrives
822
00:41:40,682 --> 00:41:43,260
and Noreeda is due to perform,
823
00:41:43,260 --> 00:41:45,443
she still has a few last minute jitters.
824
00:41:46,360 --> 00:41:49,190
- I'm repeating the words
over and over again.
825
00:41:49,190 --> 00:41:51,640
Of course I know the song,
but I just wanna make sure
826
00:41:51,640 --> 00:41:52,950
that I don't forget the words.
827
00:41:52,950 --> 00:41:54,860
That would be terrible.
828
00:41:54,860 --> 00:41:57,036
- Hang in there, it's gonna be all right.
829
00:41:57,036 --> 00:41:58,360
(laughing)
830
00:41:58,360 --> 00:41:59,660
You're gonna do just fine.
831
00:42:00,830 --> 00:42:01,706
Ladies and gentlemen,
832
00:42:01,706 --> 00:42:05,180
the singing of "The Star-Spangled Banner"
833
00:42:05,180 --> 00:42:06,680
by Noreeda Street.
834
00:42:07,707 --> 00:42:12,707
♪ O say can you see ♪
835
00:42:13,639 --> 00:42:17,306
♪ By the dawn's early light ♪
836
00:42:18,390 --> 00:42:21,130
- The anthem, it's completely intertwined
837
00:42:21,130 --> 00:42:22,373
with the flag itself.
838
00:42:23,490 --> 00:42:25,270
So, in times of happiness,
times of sorrow,
839
00:42:25,270 --> 00:42:29,000
times of protest, everything
that we think of as America,
840
00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:30,030
everything we wanted to be,
841
00:42:30,030 --> 00:42:31,980
everything that we don't like about it.
842
00:42:33,010 --> 00:42:35,745
When we see the flag, that's
what we're thinking about.
843
00:42:35,745 --> 00:42:40,745
♪ O'er the land of the free ♪
844
00:42:43,154 --> 00:42:46,248
♪ And the home ♪
845
00:42:46,248 --> 00:42:49,792
♪ Of the ♪
846
00:42:49,792 --> 00:42:51,792
♪ Brave ♪
847
00:42:52,750 --> 00:42:55,500
(crowd cheering)
848
00:42:56,533 --> 00:42:58,277
- [D.C.] Great job, Noreeda.
849
00:42:58,277 --> 00:42:59,110
That was so good.
850
00:42:59,110 --> 00:43:00,366
- [Noreeda] I couldn't
have done it without you.
851
00:43:00,366 --> 00:43:02,180
(D.C. laughs)
852
00:43:02,180 --> 00:43:03,850
- [Narrator] Or without the inspiration
853
00:43:03,850 --> 00:43:06,433
of the Smithsonian's most famous icon.
854
00:43:09,660 --> 00:43:12,743
In this place where
patriotism and power meet,
855
00:43:14,090 --> 00:43:16,570
for every mystery we reveal,
856
00:43:16,570 --> 00:43:18,923
far more must remain unspoken.
857
00:43:19,880 --> 00:43:21,933
Secrets of the questing mind,
858
00:43:23,060 --> 00:43:24,623
and of the restless heart,
859
00:43:25,510 --> 00:43:27,113
hidden in plain sight,
860
00:43:28,340 --> 00:43:31,223
inside the Smithsonian Institution.
861
00:43:31,223 --> 00:43:33,973
(exciting music)
65604
Can't find what you're looking for?
Get subtitles in any language from opensubtitles.com, and translate them here.