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(suspenseful music)
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- [Colm] Red Square, a
place of power and piety,
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and at its heart, a museum
with secrets dark and strange.
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A terrible Ivan,
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(weapon explodes)
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a revolutionary Rolls Royce,
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Napoleon's most shameful dishonor,
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(cannons booming)
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and the lost art of winning a lethal game.
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(gun blasts)
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Secrets hidden in plain sight
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inside Moscow's State Historical Museum.
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(suspenseful music)
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(mysterious music)
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From the Stone Age to the modern day,
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the State Historical Museum of Moscow
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tells the story of Russia and her people.
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The 19th century gallery
is filled with artifacts
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that speak of wealth,
nobility, and sudden death.
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This is the museum's
collection of dueling pistols.
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It's one of the largest
of its kind in the world
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and is never seen by the public.
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(speaks in foreign language)
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The pistols are ornate,
almost works of art.
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That's because they were
made only for a select few.
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In 19th century Russia, pistol
duels were the preferred
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method of settling disputes
among the noble class.
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(gun cracks and man grunts
and thuds on the ground)
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By 1715, dueling had become so popular,
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it was killing off many
members of Russian aristocracy.
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The tsar outlawed the
practice, declaring it foolish.
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But not all duelists were fools.
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The brilliant writer and
poet Alexander Pushkin
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is considered to be the
father of Russian literature.
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But in his own time, Pushkin
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was notorious for fighting duels.
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(people talking)
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A nobleman with a sharp
tongue (glove slaps),
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he was often challenged by other nobles
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who claimed he had offended
their honor. (glove slaps)
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(speaks in foreign language)
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The offended nobles came
to the dueling field angry,
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while Pushkin maintained his cool.
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(gun cracks, man grunts)
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28 times he faced a hotheaded opponent,
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and 28 times he survived.
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(gun cracks, man gasps)
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But his 29th duel cost him his life.
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What went wrong?
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That is our museum secret.
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Our investigation starts here,
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on a gun range just outside Moscow.
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Russian historian and
author Alexei Vostrokov
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is eager to reenact Pushkin's last duel.
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But before he can do that,
he'll need to learn to shoot.
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(speaks in foreign language)
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- [Andrey] Okay, this is our pistol.
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- [Colm] Military
historian Andrey Schildbach
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has brought a replica of
the type of dueling pistol
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that Pushkin would have used.
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- [Andrey] Now we start loading it.
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(powder rattles)
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We make sure that the
powder is compact enough.
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We are ready to shoot, but
first don't forget to put--
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- [Colm] Of course, the best way
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to survive a duel is not to fight one.
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But in a society where
honor was paramount,
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that wasn't always an option.
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(old-style Russian music)
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A nobleman's honor was in the greatest
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danger at social occasions.
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Fancy dress balls were
rife with sexual tension,
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often instigated by men,
but sometimes the flames
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of jealousy were fanned by women.
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Pushkin's wife Natalia
was a notorious flirt.
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At a public function, he caught
her enjoying the attention
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of a handsome French
officer, George D'Anthes.
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Hurt and enraged, Pushkin
challenged D'Anthes to a duel.
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(glove slaps and man gasps)
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Back at the gun range, Alexei
is making slow progress.
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- [Andrey] And the recoil
will be quite strong.
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(drum roll)
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(gun blasts)
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(speaking in foreign language)
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- [Colm] Determined to
channel Pushkin's cool,
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Alexei collects his nerves
and steadies his hand.
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(hammer clicks)
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(speaks in foreign language)
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(gun blasts)
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(blows)
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Andrey has brought along
an opponent for Alexei,
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champion marksman Alexander Lebedev.
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(speaking in foreign language)
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Like the duelists of Pushkin's era,
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Alexei and Alexander will face each other
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in a secluded area.
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(speaks in foreign language)
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But for the purposes of our demonstration,
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they will not fire lead
balls at each other.
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Instead, they are each equipped
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with a modern air gun that
shoots a single paintball.
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(speaking in foreign language)
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In accordance with 19th century rules,
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the opponents will begin 20 paces apart.
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At five paces, there is a line
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that neither man is allowed to cross.
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(speaks in foreign language)
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Lowering a handkerchief will signal
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the beginning of the duel.
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The duelists then have a choice.
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They can take their shot immediately
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or wait until they move
closer to their opponent.
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(suspenseful music)
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When Pushkin dueled with
D'Anthes, he was filled with rage.
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He charged the line,
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hoping to score a kill shot
at close range. (gun cracks)
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But his anger-fueled plan failed.
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D'Anthes fired first, scoring a direct hit
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to Pushkin's midsection. (man groans)
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On the modern gun range,
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Alexei and Alexander take their positions.
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(speaking in foreign language)
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(footsteps crunching)
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(gun pops)
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(suspenseful music)
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- Are you wounded?
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(speaking in foreign language)
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(groaning)
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As Pushkin lay wounded, he
struggled to take his shot.
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D'Anthes did the honorable thing
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by standing still while Pushkin fired.
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(gun cracks)
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He received only a flesh wound.
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Two days later, Pushkin
would die of his injuries.
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The greatest writer in Russia,
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killed because he lost
his cool in his 29th duel.
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(speaks in foreign language)
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Up next, the secret of a Stone Age grave.
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(dramatic music)
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(gentle, mysterious music)
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In Moscow's State Historical Museum,
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one can stroll back through time,
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all the way to the Stone Age.
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Here in a gallery dedicated
to Russia's earliest
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inhabitants, there is
something haunting and strange.
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The skeletons of a boy and a girl
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that were buried head-to-head
in a single grave.
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Their remains were unearthed
not far from Moscow,
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where they had laid undisturbed
for over 20,000 years.
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Both children were covered with beads
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that numbered in the thousands.
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Why they were buried this way,
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and why they died so
young, is a museum secret.
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Our investigation begins
the town of Zaraysk,
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160 kilometers south of Moscow,
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in the region where the children
lived their brief lives.
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In the shadow of a 500-year-old castle,
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there is a 23,000-year-old
Stone Age settlement.
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Here, archeologist Sergey Lev leads a team
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that has uncovered a wealth of evidence
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about how early humans lived and died.
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- In prehistoric times, they were hunting.
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That was a perfect view on a valley,
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and they can see animals walking there.
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And the site is rich,
very much, in artifacts.
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Very, very many.
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Now the collection is coming
to one million pieces.
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- [Colm] Along with
flint tools and knives,
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the team has discovered
a fertility goddess
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and a talisman of the natural world.
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- We see the most
impressive object is here.
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It is the bison figurine.
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From the other side, there is traces
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of red ochre, symbolizing blood.
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And we think it is a real magic
ritual linked with hunting.
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- [Colm] The bison is carved
from the same material
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as the beads from the children's grave.
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Ivory from the tusk of a wooly mammoth.
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During the Stone Age, wooly mammoths
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were by far the biggest
game, as heavy as a bus,
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with tusks five meters long.
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In the museum, above the children's bones,
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a panorama depicts the long-held theory
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that hunters killed mammoths
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by driving them into giant pits.
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(tribal music)
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(people shouting)
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(mammoth roaring)
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Sergey believes the illustration
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is out of step with recent discoveries.
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- From modern point of view,
it looks a little bit fantastic
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because first, if it is permafrost,
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it is quite hard to dig in it.
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And you can imagine the size of mammoth
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and what size of pit it should be.
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So maybe after one year
of work (chuckles),
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they will succeed, but how
they will put mammoth inside?
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(laughs)
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So summary, this theory doesn't work.
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- [Colm] Sergey has found evidence
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that the pits were actually dwellings,
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roofed with mammoth bones and hides.
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- It means that it was
very, very, very much
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important in their life.
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They used them for
constructions, they used them
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for producing tools,
and probably for food.
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00:13:45,360 --> 00:13:47,320
- [Colm] The latest research suggests
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that mammoths were
brought down with spears.
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In the treeless tundra,
some spears were made
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from mammoth tusks that were
straightened over a flame.
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Such spears were found
in the children's grave.
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00:14:02,380 --> 00:14:05,030
This could mean that the
children took part in a hunt
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00:14:06,150 --> 00:14:08,103
and were killed by misadventure,
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(mammoth roars)
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crushed or gored by a wounded beast.
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If so, their bones may tell the story.
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Recently at Moscow's
archeological forensic laboratory,
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Dr. Maria Mednikova
ran a battery of tests.
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- Concerning these
remains, we haven't found
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indications of trauma in this case.
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- [Colm] But while none
of the children's bones
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were broken, their teeth
show something unexpected.
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- We can notice such transversal lines
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on the anterior teeth.
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Here and over here they are visible.
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That means that growth of those children
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was interrupted by some
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strong hunger, starvation.
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- [Colm] This suggests that in the region
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where the children lived,
game was becoming scarce.
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As hunger and desperation grew,
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their tribe may have appealed
to a higher power for help.
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That brings us back to the thousands
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of beads in the children's grave.
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Researchers have determined
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that each bead took at
least an hour to make.
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The enormous effort suggests
an extraordinary purpose.
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- They were decorated
in special, rich manner
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to send some message to
another world, to God.
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- [Colm] Maria can't say
how the children died,
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but she believes she knows why.
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- Such young people,
they were very important
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00:15:48,780 --> 00:15:53,780
for their society because they
were just close to be adult,
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and they were hope of society.
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They could be a gift for some gods,
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so they could be sacrificed.
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- [Colm] Covered in beads of ivory,
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00:16:05,230 --> 00:16:08,390
a boy and girl were
sent into the hereafter
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so that their tribe could
continue to walk the earth.
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00:16:11,709 --> 00:16:14,292
(somber music)
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Next on Museum Secrets, the
secret of a winged horseman.
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(dramatic music)
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00:16:27,547 --> 00:16:29,520
(marching band music)
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Today, just outside the
State Historical Museum
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in Red Square, Russia and
Poland will meet in battle.
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In this annual military band competition,
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Poland and Russia vie for top honors.
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Today their rivalry is all good fun,
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but in the 17th century, Poland and Russia
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were at each other's throats
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(cannon booms)
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in a bloody struggle for
supremacy in Eastern Europe.
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(soldiers shouting)
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00:16:59,230 --> 00:17:01,680
And at the forefront of this conflict,
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a warrior both dark and strange.
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00:17:06,790 --> 00:17:10,540
(speaks in foreign language)
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00:17:19,570 --> 00:17:22,580
For nearly two centuries,
Poland's Winged Hussars
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00:17:22,580 --> 00:17:26,110
were undefeated across
the battlefields of Europe
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and the most feared army in the land.
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The reason why is our museum secret.
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(ominous music)
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(buckles clicking)
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To investigate, we've come to the ranch
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00:17:41,690 --> 00:17:46,090
of Hussar enthusiast and
proud Polish-American Rik Fox.
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The purpose of the wings has baffled
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and divided historians for centuries.
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Some believe that the
wings made a hissing sound
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and that the hissing of a thousand wings
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would've terrified the enemy.
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Did a frightening sound give
Polish Hussars the edge?
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00:18:10,140 --> 00:18:12,850
- There's lots of legends about the wings.
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Some say that they made noise.
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Some say they vibrated.
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My wings have, on rare occasions,
have made a buzzing sound.
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They've scared horses that were nearby,
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so we know that to be true.
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I've never actually had myself mic'ed.
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We've never done a setup like this before
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00:18:27,360 --> 00:18:29,260
to try and see if we can replicate it.
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00:18:30,188 --> 00:18:31,120
(reverberation distorts speech)
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00:18:31,120 --> 00:18:33,580
- [Colm] With the aid of a
sensitive sound recorder,
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- [Man] Recording now.
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00:18:34,413 --> 00:18:36,210
- [Colm] Rik hopes to capture any sound
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the wings might make and put
the age-old debate to rest.
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00:18:40,728 --> 00:18:41,561
(horse whinnies)
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(quiet, suspenseful music)
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(horse's hooves crunch)
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00:18:55,260 --> 00:18:56,870
- [Rik] Okay, so, we
got the recording here.
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00:18:56,870 --> 00:18:59,070
I'm gonna take a listen
and see what we got.
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00:19:02,830 --> 00:19:03,990
- Couldn't really hear anything.
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00:19:03,990 --> 00:19:04,823
Why don't you take...
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00:19:04,823 --> 00:19:05,656
Do you hear anything?
303
00:19:05,656 --> 00:19:07,670
- I hear a lot of wind,
just ambient noise,
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wind, flags, horse, and armor.
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00:19:10,380 --> 00:19:11,213
- Yeah.
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00:19:11,213 --> 00:19:12,200
- I can't hear the wings.
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00:19:12,200 --> 00:19:13,990
And of course I'm sitting
in front of the feathers,
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00:19:13,990 --> 00:19:15,340
and I didn't hear anything today, so.
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00:19:15,340 --> 00:19:16,340
- No.
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It's unfortunate.
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Would've liked to hear it.
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00:19:18,430 --> 00:19:21,320
- Hate to put a pin in the
romantic balloon of the legend,
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00:19:21,320 --> 00:19:24,080
but there's more going
on on the battlefield
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by real sounds of war
that are gonna overshadow
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any sounds that the wings may have made.
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00:19:31,770 --> 00:19:33,000
- [Colm] If it wasn't sound
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00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:36,143
that terrified their enemies,
then what could it have been?
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00:19:38,330 --> 00:19:40,330
Rik thinks the answer lies in something
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00:19:40,330 --> 00:19:42,493
that every Hussar carried into battle.
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00:19:43,600 --> 00:19:46,700
- The signature weapon of
the Hussars was the lance,
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00:19:46,700 --> 00:19:48,400
in Polish called (speaks
in foreign language).
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00:19:48,400 --> 00:19:50,380
They were hollowed out for lightness.
323
00:19:50,380 --> 00:19:54,040
They were designed to impale
and shatter on impact.
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And it was, it's a terrifying weapon.
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00:19:56,630 --> 00:19:58,580
- [Colm] While Russian
infantrymen had pikes
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00:19:58,580 --> 00:20:03,483
that were 15 feet long, the
Hussars' lances measured 20.
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00:20:05,310 --> 00:20:07,700
So in a battle with a Russian adversary,
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00:20:07,700 --> 00:20:09,990
a Polish Hussar could impale his target
329
00:20:09,990 --> 00:20:12,777
five feet before his
enemy could reach him.
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00:20:12,777 --> 00:20:15,777
(suspenseful music)
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00:20:20,383 --> 00:20:24,133
(lance crashing into target)
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00:20:26,700 --> 00:20:30,970
As lances go, the Hussars'
weapon was highly effective.
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00:20:30,970 --> 00:20:33,610
But by the 17th century,
both Russia and Poland
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were fielding regiments
of armored musketeers.
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00:20:36,247 --> 00:20:38,230
(guns blasting)
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You might think that muskets
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would've stopped the
Hussars in their tracks.
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00:20:42,920 --> 00:20:43,753
But they didn't.
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00:20:45,660 --> 00:20:47,020
- Those weapons were not rifled.
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00:20:47,020 --> 00:20:48,540
They weren't accurate.
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It was a ball, didn't
always fit perfectly.
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00:20:50,990 --> 00:20:53,773
Powder consistency wasn't always right on.
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It was hit and miss.
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00:20:57,000 --> 00:20:59,690
- [Colm] Unlike the
plodding Russian infantry,
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the Winged Hussars were lightning fast.
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00:21:03,640 --> 00:21:05,830
- The Hussars would start at a walk,
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00:21:05,830 --> 00:21:07,460
then they would work their way to a trot,
348
00:21:07,460 --> 00:21:09,780
the enemy would fire a salvo,
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00:21:09,780 --> 00:21:13,100
and within that moment of
going from trot to canter
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00:21:13,100 --> 00:21:16,550
to gallop, Hussars would
pretty much cross the field
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00:21:16,550 --> 00:21:20,243
in moments before the muskets
could actually hit them.
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00:21:22,500 --> 00:21:25,240
- [Colm] With speed,
precision, and sheer force,
353
00:21:25,240 --> 00:21:28,823
the Hussars easily smashed
through Russian infantry columns.
354
00:21:29,720 --> 00:21:31,010
And there was one more thing
355
00:21:31,010 --> 00:21:33,033
that assured their victory in battle.
356
00:21:34,030 --> 00:21:36,400
- To see a charge coming at you,
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00:21:36,400 --> 00:21:38,370
several hundred or several thousand,
358
00:21:38,370 --> 00:21:41,373
the ground shook like an earthquake,
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00:21:42,530 --> 00:21:44,880
and through the smoke and musket,
360
00:21:44,880 --> 00:21:48,740
the powder burning and clouds
of gunsmoke in front of you,
361
00:21:48,740 --> 00:21:51,330
and you would start to see
the tops of the lance pennants
362
00:21:51,330 --> 00:21:55,490
coming towards you, and the
wings, those spectacular wings,
363
00:21:55,490 --> 00:21:59,670
you knew there was not gonna
be too many guys with dry pants
364
00:21:59,670 --> 00:22:03,163
because to receive a charge
from the Hussars is death.
365
00:22:04,330 --> 00:22:06,520
- [Colm] And that's why
every Russian soldier
366
00:22:06,520 --> 00:22:09,620
feared the angels of
death of the battlefield,
367
00:22:09,620 --> 00:22:11,700
the Polish Winged Hussars.
368
00:22:13,730 --> 00:22:16,090
It would take several
centuries for conflict
369
00:22:16,090 --> 00:22:18,270
between Russia and Poland to be reduced
370
00:22:18,270 --> 00:22:20,020
from violence on the battlefield
371
00:22:22,440 --> 00:22:24,002
to a battle of the bands.
372
00:22:24,002 --> 00:22:27,169
(marching band music)
373
00:22:30,180 --> 00:22:33,123
Up next, the secrets of Ivan the Terrible.
374
00:22:34,994 --> 00:22:37,574
(dramatic music)
375
00:22:37,574 --> 00:22:41,510
(lighthearted Russian music)
376
00:22:41,510 --> 00:22:45,180
Just outside Moscow's
State Historical Museum,
377
00:22:45,180 --> 00:22:48,673
tourists pose with lookalikes
from Russia's past.
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00:22:49,910 --> 00:22:51,063
Tsar Nicholas II,
379
00:22:52,400 --> 00:22:54,330
Vladimir Lenin,
380
00:22:54,330 --> 00:22:55,633
and Joseph Stalin.
381
00:22:58,080 --> 00:22:59,663
This woman looks unafraid.
382
00:23:00,800 --> 00:23:02,840
Perhaps that's because she doesn't know
383
00:23:02,840 --> 00:23:06,023
that she's posing with Ivan the Terrible.
384
00:23:08,420 --> 00:23:12,030
Inside the museum, Ivan
has an entire gallery
385
00:23:12,030 --> 00:23:13,489
all to himself.
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00:23:13,489 --> 00:23:16,156
(ominous music)
387
00:23:19,399 --> 00:23:23,149
(speaks in foreign language)
388
00:23:42,578 --> 00:23:44,390
- [Colm] The case contains several books
389
00:23:44,390 --> 00:23:49,390
in Ivan's own handwriting,
and above them is this.
390
00:23:49,749 --> 00:23:53,499
(speaks in foreign language)
391
00:24:04,220 --> 00:24:06,790
Hair shirts were often worn by monks
392
00:24:06,790 --> 00:24:09,160
who hoped to show remorse for their sins
393
00:24:09,160 --> 00:24:11,123
by suffering extreme pain.
394
00:24:13,313 --> 00:24:17,063
(speaks in foreign language)
395
00:24:29,002 --> 00:24:30,210
(firebomb wooshing)
396
00:24:30,210 --> 00:24:31,835
(people shouting)
397
00:24:31,835 --> 00:24:34,680
Why would Ivan the
Terrible, powerful leader
398
00:24:34,680 --> 00:24:38,033
and notorious tyrant, want to wear this?
399
00:24:38,870 --> 00:24:43,200
How did Ivan the Terrible
become Ivan the Remorseful?
400
00:24:43,200 --> 00:24:45,493
That is our museum secret.
401
00:24:48,920 --> 00:24:53,220
The story begins in 1547, as a young Ivan
402
00:24:53,220 --> 00:24:54,982
is crowned the first tsar of Russia.
403
00:24:54,982 --> 00:24:57,110
(coins clinking)
404
00:24:57,110 --> 00:25:00,330
He came to power at a time
when Russia's noble class,
405
00:25:00,330 --> 00:25:04,160
the boyars, were agitating
for a larger share of power.
406
00:25:04,160 --> 00:25:06,610
(speaks in foreign language)
407
00:25:06,610 --> 00:25:09,983
Some may have believed that
Ivan would be a pushover.
408
00:25:10,840 --> 00:25:12,013
They were wrong.
409
00:25:13,490 --> 00:25:16,910
The new tsar sought to unify
and modernize his nation,
410
00:25:16,910 --> 00:25:18,650
protecting the borders by creating
411
00:25:18,650 --> 00:25:21,233
a people's army, known as the streltsy.
412
00:25:23,970 --> 00:25:26,690
Ivan was a complicated man.
413
00:25:26,690 --> 00:25:29,280
He was an avid chess player who brought
414
00:25:29,280 --> 00:25:32,013
careful calculation
into everything he did.
415
00:25:33,780 --> 00:25:36,390
He was also deeply religious.
416
00:25:36,390 --> 00:25:38,260
Like his subjects, he believed
417
00:25:38,260 --> 00:25:42,113
that even the smallest sin
could lead to eternal damnation.
418
00:25:44,110 --> 00:25:47,170
He felt that his subjects would
be more likely to follow him
419
00:25:47,170 --> 00:25:50,513
if they understood the depth
of his religious devotion.
420
00:25:52,620 --> 00:25:55,300
To prove his piety, he built the church
421
00:25:55,300 --> 00:25:58,133
that has become an icon of Russia itself,
422
00:25:59,540 --> 00:26:01,323
St Basil's Cathedral.
423
00:26:01,323 --> 00:26:04,266
(singing in foreign language)
424
00:26:04,266 --> 00:26:06,940
- Ivan the Terrible believed that God was
425
00:26:06,940 --> 00:26:10,430
on his side because he
God, as he believed,
426
00:26:10,430 --> 00:26:13,350
gives him a power to rule the country.
427
00:26:13,350 --> 00:26:14,732
That was his mission.
428
00:26:14,732 --> 00:26:18,230
(singing in foreign language)
429
00:26:18,230 --> 00:26:21,070
- [Colm] Believing he
should answer to God alone,
430
00:26:21,070 --> 00:26:24,643
Ivan proposed laws that would
give him absolute power.
431
00:26:26,480 --> 00:26:31,303
The boyars resisted, insisting
that Ivan rule by consensus.
432
00:26:32,840 --> 00:26:35,500
Instead of leading an
army against the boyars,
433
00:26:35,500 --> 00:26:37,783
Ivan made an unexpected move.
434
00:26:39,830 --> 00:26:42,760
He left his palace in
Moscow to take up residence
435
00:26:42,760 --> 00:26:44,903
in the village of Aleksandrova Sloboda.
436
00:26:48,777 --> 00:26:50,830
Historian Larissa Zaraskaya
437
00:26:50,830 --> 00:26:53,613
believes this was a brilliant tactic.
438
00:26:54,575 --> 00:26:58,325
(speaks in foreign language)
439
00:27:07,300 --> 00:27:09,610
Ivan knew that the boyars would realize
440
00:27:09,610 --> 00:27:12,350
that they couldn't rule
Russia without him,
441
00:27:12,350 --> 00:27:14,683
and soon they begged him to come back.
442
00:27:16,640 --> 00:27:19,390
Ivan agreed to return on condition
443
00:27:19,390 --> 00:27:22,700
that the boyars accede to
his demand to absolute power
444
00:27:24,530 --> 00:27:28,093
and that he be allowed to
command his own secret police.
445
00:27:29,790 --> 00:27:32,700
Ivan ordered them to
identify and arrest anyone
446
00:27:32,700 --> 00:27:34,663
who might pose a threat to his rule.
447
00:27:35,960 --> 00:27:38,743
His methods were ruthless and terrifying.
448
00:27:40,420 --> 00:27:44,550
(door clangs and creaks)
449
00:27:44,550 --> 00:27:47,700
And when suspected traitors wouldn't talk,
450
00:27:47,700 --> 00:27:50,152
Ivan had them brought here.
451
00:27:50,152 --> 00:27:53,902
(speaks in foreign language)
452
00:28:01,600 --> 00:28:04,530
Under Ivan's direction, his secret police
453
00:28:04,530 --> 00:28:07,270
extracted information and confessions
454
00:28:07,270 --> 00:28:09,313
through brutality and torture.
455
00:28:10,652 --> 00:28:11,485
(screaming)
456
00:28:11,485 --> 00:28:14,026
Victims were flayed
alive and boiled in oil.
457
00:28:14,026 --> 00:28:15,340
(screaming)
458
00:28:15,340 --> 00:28:17,853
Often their agony lasted for days.
459
00:28:19,440 --> 00:28:21,597
Ivan's methods cemented his power,
460
00:28:21,597 --> 00:28:23,230
(cannons boom)
461
00:28:23,230 --> 00:28:25,710
giving him the authority to launch wars
462
00:28:25,710 --> 00:28:28,513
that would expand and
unify the Russian state.
463
00:28:29,780 --> 00:28:31,590
He would continue to use torture
464
00:28:31,590 --> 00:28:36,590
to pursue his goals until, in
the 37th year of his reign,
465
00:28:36,920 --> 00:28:39,563
he began to reflect on his sins.
466
00:28:40,720 --> 00:28:44,890
He feared no man, but he did fear God.
467
00:28:44,890 --> 00:28:46,340
- He was very religious.
468
00:28:46,340 --> 00:28:50,600
He knew that he would like
to enter paradise someday,
469
00:28:50,600 --> 00:28:54,720
and he knew that he was very severe,
470
00:28:54,720 --> 00:28:58,060
and a lot of people
were brought into prison
471
00:28:58,060 --> 00:29:00,760
and were killed according to his order,
472
00:29:00,760 --> 00:29:03,300
and as a religious man, he started
473
00:29:03,300 --> 00:29:07,550
to be prepared for this new afterlife.
474
00:29:07,550 --> 00:29:09,900
- [Colm] In an attempt to appease God,
475
00:29:09,900 --> 00:29:12,253
Ivan ordered the creation of this,
476
00:29:13,260 --> 00:29:16,173
a synodic, a Russian book of the dead.
477
00:29:17,912 --> 00:29:21,662
(speaks in foreign language)
478
00:29:37,700 --> 00:29:40,600
For each name, a prayer was to be given
479
00:29:40,600 --> 00:29:44,202
to soothe the souls of those
who perished under Ivan.
480
00:29:44,202 --> 00:29:47,952
(speaks in foreign language)
481
00:29:51,210 --> 00:29:53,763
But Ivan worried that it wasn't enough.
482
00:29:55,000 --> 00:29:58,307
He'd forgotten many of his victims' names.
483
00:29:58,307 --> 00:30:02,057
(speaks in foreign language)
484
00:30:08,308 --> 00:30:12,150
And so, tormented still,
Ivan turned to the garment
485
00:30:12,150 --> 00:30:14,923
that would make him
penitent in the eyes of God.
486
00:30:16,350 --> 00:30:19,790
And legend has it that for
the remainder of his days,
487
00:30:19,790 --> 00:30:22,900
Ivan wore only the hair shirt.
488
00:30:22,900 --> 00:30:25,467
And that's because Ivan the Terrible
489
00:30:25,467 --> 00:30:28,243
had become Ivan the Remorseful.
490
00:30:30,670 --> 00:30:32,460
Up next, (cannons boom)
491
00:30:32,460 --> 00:30:34,683
the secret of Napoleon's eagle.
492
00:30:35,987 --> 00:30:38,949
(dramatic music)
493
00:30:38,949 --> 00:30:42,616
(military-style drum music)
494
00:30:47,930 --> 00:30:50,940
The newest wing of the
State Historical Museum
495
00:30:50,940 --> 00:30:54,430
is dedicated to Napoleon's
invasion of Russia.
496
00:30:54,430 --> 00:30:59,430
Or, as it's known to Russians,
the Patriotic War of 1812.
497
00:30:59,800 --> 00:31:03,230
The collection celebrates one
of Russia's greatest victories
498
00:31:03,230 --> 00:31:06,313
and one of Napoleon's worst defeats.
499
00:31:07,644 --> 00:31:11,311
(cannons and guns blasting)
500
00:31:14,350 --> 00:31:17,550
Every year, thousands of
reenactors come to Russia
501
00:31:17,550 --> 00:31:19,450
to commemorate the Battle of Borodino,
502
00:31:20,850 --> 00:31:23,583
Napoleon's army's bloodiest day.
503
00:31:25,630 --> 00:31:28,453
The reenactors pride
themselves on authenticity,
504
00:31:29,610 --> 00:31:32,660
from their uniforms to their weapons
505
00:31:32,660 --> 00:31:35,743
to this, the French Imperial Eagle.
506
00:31:37,310 --> 00:31:39,140
The eagle was a sacred emblem
507
00:31:39,140 --> 00:31:41,490
that every French regiment
carried into battle.
508
00:31:42,542 --> 00:31:43,940
(soldiers shouting)
509
00:31:43,940 --> 00:31:46,843
French soldiers swore to
defend it to the death.
510
00:31:48,590 --> 00:31:50,870
Inside the State Historical Museum
511
00:31:50,870 --> 00:31:54,043
is an Imperial Eagle of
the Third French Regiment,
512
00:31:55,270 --> 00:31:58,423
one of the few surviving
examples in the world.
513
00:32:00,150 --> 00:32:02,860
But this eagle should not be here.
514
00:32:02,860 --> 00:32:05,583
The reason why is a museum secret.
515
00:32:07,240 --> 00:32:08,950
The secret has brought Victor Eiser
516
00:32:08,950 --> 00:32:10,883
to Russia from his home in Canada.
517
00:32:12,190 --> 00:32:14,350
Victor is the president
of a Montreal-based
518
00:32:14,350 --> 00:32:17,663
reenactment group called (gun
cracks) Brigade Napoleon.
519
00:32:20,220 --> 00:32:23,070
He's here as a member
of the Imperial Guard,
520
00:32:23,070 --> 00:32:26,550
but he's also a soldier
of the Third Regiment.
521
00:32:26,550 --> 00:32:31,060
That gives him a special
interest in the museum's eagle.
522
00:32:31,060 --> 00:32:33,450
- The eagle represents our regiment
523
00:32:33,450 --> 00:32:34,630
and has our number on it.
524
00:32:34,630 --> 00:32:37,420
We follow it, and even in a reenactment
525
00:32:37,420 --> 00:32:41,630
when we have a mock battle,
the eagle is protected.
526
00:32:41,630 --> 00:32:44,376
If you lost your eagle, it
was a terrible disgrace.
527
00:32:44,376 --> 00:32:47,280
(guns blasting)
528
00:32:47,280 --> 00:32:49,190
The interesting thing about reenactors,
529
00:32:49,190 --> 00:32:52,690
when we don the uniforms, we feel younger,
530
00:32:52,690 --> 00:32:54,190
and we feel passionate.
531
00:32:54,190 --> 00:32:57,790
We're proud of our regiment,
so just as the eagle
532
00:32:57,790 --> 00:33:01,300
was life and death to the
regiments 200 years ago,
533
00:33:01,300 --> 00:33:02,860
we feel very much the same way.
534
00:33:02,860 --> 00:33:06,010
So when I heard that there was an eagle
535
00:33:06,010 --> 00:33:07,810
in Moscow, I was interested,
536
00:33:07,810 --> 00:33:10,550
but when it was described
as Third of the Line,
537
00:33:10,550 --> 00:33:13,700
I suddenly questioned how that could be.
538
00:33:13,700 --> 00:33:16,893
As far as we know, we never
lost an eagle in battle.
539
00:33:18,070 --> 00:33:19,960
- [Colm] The Third French Infantry was one
540
00:33:19,960 --> 00:33:23,053
of the most illustrious
regiments in Napoleon's army.
541
00:33:24,760 --> 00:33:28,940
Its soldiers were often
bloodied but never defeated,
542
00:33:28,940 --> 00:33:31,460
and according to the regiment's records,
543
00:33:31,460 --> 00:33:33,303
they never left an eagle behind.
544
00:33:34,691 --> 00:33:36,700
(guns blasting)
545
00:33:36,700 --> 00:33:39,990
- The possibility to go and
see the eagle with my own eyes
546
00:33:39,990 --> 00:33:42,930
and try and resolve the discrepancy
547
00:33:42,930 --> 00:33:47,230
between the history I know and
whatever background history
548
00:33:47,230 --> 00:33:49,420
they have on their eagle is essential.
549
00:33:49,420 --> 00:33:51,246
I can't go home without that.
550
00:33:51,246 --> 00:33:54,480
(people talking)
551
00:33:54,480 --> 00:33:57,653
- [Colm] Victor's next
stop, the 1812 gallery.
552
00:33:59,350 --> 00:34:01,680
He's going to examine the museum's eagle
553
00:34:01,680 --> 00:34:03,743
with the help of curator Dmitry Ozerkov.
554
00:34:04,950 --> 00:34:07,038
- So here is the famous eagle.
555
00:34:07,038 --> 00:34:07,996
- Ah.
556
00:34:07,996 --> 00:34:09,255
- [Dmitry] That's definitely eagle
557
00:34:09,255 --> 00:34:11,760
of the Third Regiment of the Line.
558
00:34:11,760 --> 00:34:13,823
- This is what I've come so far to see.
559
00:34:14,780 --> 00:34:17,430
- I've noticed this
button with number three,
560
00:34:17,430 --> 00:34:19,977
so it makes that eagle of your regiment.
561
00:34:19,977 --> 00:34:22,380
- Oh certainly my heart is pounding,
562
00:34:22,380 --> 00:34:24,320
and that's why for me it's of course,
563
00:34:24,320 --> 00:34:27,457
emotionally, looking at it and saying,
564
00:34:27,457 --> 00:34:31,170
"I know my regimental history
says we didn't lose it,"
565
00:34:31,170 --> 00:34:32,390
and then when you see it,
566
00:34:32,390 --> 00:34:33,233
then you go,
(Dmitry laughs)
567
00:34:33,233 --> 00:34:34,530
(sucks in air) "I don't know."
568
00:34:34,530 --> 00:34:36,943
Some mystery is there.
569
00:34:37,930 --> 00:34:40,130
- [Colm] Victor needs
to take a closer look.
570
00:34:41,690 --> 00:34:44,120
Because the eagle is too
precious to be removed
571
00:34:44,120 --> 00:34:47,220
from its case, Victor and Dmitry decide
572
00:34:47,220 --> 00:34:49,573
to take some high-definition photographs.
573
00:34:50,540 --> 00:34:52,210
They hope to capture details
574
00:34:52,210 --> 00:34:54,187
that are invisible to the naked eye.
575
00:34:56,480 --> 00:34:58,300
On a computer monitor they examine
576
00:34:58,300 --> 00:35:00,553
the image in a magnified view.
577
00:35:01,690 --> 00:35:03,370
- Maybe on the closeups we can,
578
00:35:03,370 --> 00:35:04,380
there we go.
579
00:35:04,380 --> 00:35:05,660
- [Dmitry] Yeah.
580
00:35:05,660 --> 00:35:06,493
- [Colm] At this point,
581
00:35:06,493 --> 00:35:08,803
the two men make a surprising discovery.
582
00:35:10,290 --> 00:35:12,860
- There was something that
was then scratched off.
583
00:35:14,030 --> 00:35:15,500
- With the lighting...
- I really see
584
00:35:15,500 --> 00:35:17,250
that there's...
- Oh, that's five.
585
00:35:18,130 --> 00:35:19,450
- And I think that's definitely a
586
00:35:19,450 --> 00:35:20,283
one.
- One.
587
00:35:20,283 --> 00:35:21,116
- [Victor] That's nice.
588
00:35:21,116 --> 00:35:23,423
- [Dmitry] Definitely
a not-authentic number.
589
00:35:24,410 --> 00:35:25,833
- [Colm] The men are stunned.
590
00:35:26,730 --> 00:35:30,353
The original number was not three, but 15.
591
00:35:31,210 --> 00:35:33,680
Dmitry suspects that
someone assembled the eagle
592
00:35:33,680 --> 00:35:37,240
and its number from available parts.
593
00:35:37,240 --> 00:35:40,740
- And my guess would be
that they had an eagle
594
00:35:40,740 --> 00:35:43,267
with a damaged number for it, 15.
595
00:35:43,267 --> 00:35:45,700
And they had an authentic number three
596
00:35:45,700 --> 00:35:49,440
and put it on the base of the eagle
597
00:35:49,440 --> 00:35:51,220
to make it look more authentic
598
00:35:51,220 --> 00:35:53,363
than with a broken numbers.
599
00:35:54,340 --> 00:35:55,173
- Yeah.
600
00:35:55,173 --> 00:35:56,380
- [Colm] Victor knows
that there were several
601
00:35:56,380 --> 00:35:58,803
Napoleonic regiments with the number 15.
602
00:35:59,682 --> 00:36:02,380
One 15th Regiment served in Russia
603
00:36:02,380 --> 00:36:03,213
(gun cracks)
604
00:36:03,213 --> 00:36:05,120
and was decimated during Napoleon's
605
00:36:05,120 --> 00:36:06,893
final defeat at Waterloo.
606
00:36:08,530 --> 00:36:10,510
But when the regiment was disbanded,
607
00:36:10,510 --> 00:36:11,963
its eagle was destroyed.
608
00:36:13,350 --> 00:36:15,870
There is no record that any 15th Regiment
609
00:36:15,870 --> 00:36:17,303
ever lost its eagle.
610
00:36:18,760 --> 00:36:21,600
Victor and Dmitry have solved one mystery,
611
00:36:21,600 --> 00:36:23,350
only to reveal another.
612
00:36:23,350 --> 00:36:26,290
- I'm much relieved that
it's not my regiment
613
00:36:26,290 --> 00:36:30,600
that lost its eagle, but
still, to be able to see
614
00:36:30,600 --> 00:36:33,630
200 years of history there
615
00:36:35,720 --> 00:36:37,270
is very moving.
616
00:36:37,270 --> 00:36:39,690
If I was someone from the 15th
617
00:36:39,690 --> 00:36:41,130
who happened to be touring through,
618
00:36:41,130 --> 00:36:44,010
I'd like to know where it
came from, how it got there,
619
00:36:44,010 --> 00:36:48,090
but with the few eagles
still existing in the world,
620
00:36:48,090 --> 00:36:51,090
they now represent all the French armies
621
00:36:51,090 --> 00:36:53,540
that fought during that period.
622
00:36:53,540 --> 00:36:55,840
So today it really doesn't matter
623
00:36:55,840 --> 00:36:58,530
whether it's the Third
or the 15th, whatever.
624
00:36:58,530 --> 00:36:59,923
The respect that the men held for it,
625
00:36:59,923 --> 00:37:04,070
that the men died for it,
followed it, is still there.
626
00:37:04,070 --> 00:37:07,660
So it's no less valuable,
and anyone seeing the eagle
627
00:37:07,660 --> 00:37:12,553
should be proud of that type
of heroic determination.
628
00:37:18,120 --> 00:37:19,993
- [Colm] Next on Museum Secrets,
629
00:37:21,900 --> 00:37:24,253
a revolutionary Rolls Royce.
630
00:37:26,738 --> 00:37:29,488
(dramatic music)
631
00:37:30,770 --> 00:37:34,190
Moscow's State Historical
Museum makes no secret
632
00:37:34,190 --> 00:37:36,513
of the opulent lifestyle of the tsars.
633
00:37:38,690 --> 00:37:40,600
Over the centuries that they ruled,
634
00:37:40,600 --> 00:37:43,283
the tsars acquired enormous wealth.
635
00:37:45,250 --> 00:37:50,193
But all this ended with the
Communist Revolution of 1917.
636
00:37:52,110 --> 00:37:54,400
After the execution of Tsar Nicholas,
637
00:37:54,400 --> 00:37:56,810
the culture of excess was replaced
638
00:37:56,810 --> 00:37:59,933
by the classless equality
of the Soviet state.
639
00:38:01,620 --> 00:38:04,300
And that makes one of
the museum's acquisitions
640
00:38:04,300 --> 00:38:05,673
a little strange.
641
00:38:08,060 --> 00:38:11,010
It's the only artifact with fog lamps
642
00:38:11,010 --> 00:38:12,803
and an all-leather interior.
643
00:38:14,630 --> 00:38:18,253
- It's a Rolls Royce
car, Silver Ghost model.
644
00:38:20,330 --> 00:38:22,300
- [Colm] This luxury vehicle
645
00:38:22,300 --> 00:38:26,370
was owned by communist
leader Vladimir Lenin.
646
00:38:26,370 --> 00:38:31,080
- Lenin used this car for
traveling around Moscow,
647
00:38:31,080 --> 00:38:33,853
to the suburbs of Moscow
and the surroundings.
648
00:38:34,800 --> 00:38:37,990
Of course it was very
convenient for Lenin, I think,
649
00:38:37,990 --> 00:38:41,820
to make speeches and to
have some discussions,
650
00:38:41,820 --> 00:38:44,750
maybe with people who
gathered around the cars
651
00:38:44,750 --> 00:38:47,908
in the Red Square or in
the streets of Moscow.
652
00:38:47,908 --> 00:38:50,500
(male operatic singing
in foreign language)
653
00:38:50,500 --> 00:38:51,490
- [Colm] Lenin declared
654
00:38:51,490 --> 00:38:53,310
that revolutionaries must guard
655
00:38:53,310 --> 00:38:55,233
against bourgeois tendencies.
656
00:38:55,233 --> 00:38:58,790
(male operatic singing
in foreign language)
657
00:38:58,790 --> 00:39:02,030
So why did Lenin own a Rolls?
658
00:39:02,030 --> 00:39:04,253
That's our museum secret.
659
00:39:08,060 --> 00:39:10,330
The investigation begins at Moscow's
660
00:39:10,330 --> 00:39:12,303
premier Rolls Royce showroom.
661
00:39:13,650 --> 00:39:15,690
Until the fall of the Soviet Union,
662
00:39:15,690 --> 00:39:17,713
there were no dealerships in Russia,
663
00:39:18,780 --> 00:39:22,030
but perhaps a visiting
salesperson convinced Lenin
664
00:39:22,030 --> 00:39:24,783
that the Rolls was his kind of car.
665
00:39:26,000 --> 00:39:27,790
- People who buy Rolls Royces
666
00:39:27,790 --> 00:39:30,370
are definitely very successful people.
667
00:39:30,370 --> 00:39:32,460
- [Colm] So far, so good.
668
00:39:32,460 --> 00:39:36,020
Lenin was definitely a
successful revolutionary.
669
00:39:36,020 --> 00:39:38,340
- And they don't want any compromises.
670
00:39:38,340 --> 00:39:40,610
- [Colm] That sounds like Lenin too.
671
00:39:40,610 --> 00:39:42,810
When counter-revolutionaries
challenged him,
672
00:39:42,810 --> 00:39:45,540
he started a bloody civil war.
673
00:39:45,540 --> 00:39:47,499
Definitely not a compromiser.
674
00:39:47,499 --> 00:39:48,900
(guns fire)
675
00:39:48,900 --> 00:39:52,790
- Of course, these people
can afford to buy the best.
676
00:39:52,790 --> 00:39:55,200
- [Colm] That part
doesn't sound like Lenin.
677
00:39:55,200 --> 00:39:56,373
He wasn't a rich man.
678
00:39:57,210 --> 00:39:59,460
But early on in the revolution,
679
00:39:59,460 --> 00:40:02,670
his Bolsheviks had
liberated the tsar's gold
680
00:40:02,670 --> 00:40:05,923
and the tsar's collection
of fine automobiles.
681
00:40:07,490 --> 00:40:12,490
- There were about 40 motorcars
in the tsarist garage,
682
00:40:13,260 --> 00:40:17,500
and it seems that even
the communist leaders
683
00:40:17,500 --> 00:40:20,960
were not against such cars.
684
00:40:20,960 --> 00:40:23,070
- [Colm] So perhaps Lenin owned this Rolls
685
00:40:23,070 --> 00:40:24,623
because he got it for free.
686
00:40:26,180 --> 00:40:28,130
To be certain, we'll need to prove
687
00:40:28,130 --> 00:40:30,433
that Tsar Nicholas was the original owner.
688
00:40:31,420 --> 00:40:36,420
- Unfortunately, we haven't
got the original documents.
689
00:40:36,610 --> 00:40:41,610
But if we speak about our
car and about its identity,
690
00:40:41,620 --> 00:40:44,113
we have got the chassis number,
691
00:40:44,113 --> 00:40:46,870
and the chassis number is fixed
692
00:40:46,870 --> 00:40:50,283
to the front of the
dashboard, under the bonnet.
693
00:40:52,730 --> 00:40:55,433
- [Colm] 17KG is clearly visible.
694
00:40:56,490 --> 00:40:58,850
But with a car this old,
it would be surprising
695
00:40:58,850 --> 00:41:00,833
if the chassis number could be traced.
696
00:41:04,690 --> 00:41:05,523
Or maybe not.
697
00:41:07,180 --> 00:41:10,770
- Rolls Royce keeps
records on all the cars
698
00:41:10,770 --> 00:41:14,240
of previous years to track those cars
699
00:41:14,240 --> 00:41:17,830
that have wonderful history behind them.
700
00:41:17,830 --> 00:41:19,580
- [Colm] Incredibly, a request
701
00:41:19,580 --> 00:41:22,773
to head office elicits
the original bill of sale.
702
00:41:23,770 --> 00:41:26,270
The purchaser was not Tsar Nicholas,
703
00:41:26,270 --> 00:41:29,410
but an emissary of Vladimir Lenin.
704
00:41:29,410 --> 00:41:31,663
The date is 1922.
705
00:41:35,119 --> 00:41:36,040
(bell crashes)
706
00:41:36,040 --> 00:41:38,640
In the years following
the bloody revolution,
707
00:41:38,640 --> 00:41:41,680
all industrial nations imposed an embargo,
708
00:41:41,680 --> 00:41:44,463
forbidding trade with the
Russian communist state.
709
00:41:46,260 --> 00:41:48,340
So how did Lenin manage to do business
710
00:41:48,340 --> 00:41:50,460
with a British car maker?
711
00:41:50,460 --> 00:41:54,263
A clue lies not in cars, but planes.
712
00:41:56,000 --> 00:41:59,470
Rolls Royce made the best
engines for bomber planes,
713
00:41:59,470 --> 00:42:01,823
and Lenin needed them for his war machine.
714
00:42:03,630 --> 00:42:06,580
Lenin asked the British
to break the embargo.
715
00:42:06,580 --> 00:42:09,560
He knew that Britain
was mired in depression,
716
00:42:09,560 --> 00:42:12,623
with idle factories and hungry workers.
717
00:42:13,700 --> 00:42:15,580
British leaders held their noses
718
00:42:15,580 --> 00:42:17,340
and allowed Lenin to buy several
719
00:42:17,340 --> 00:42:20,400
of their most advanced airplane engines.
720
00:42:20,400 --> 00:42:22,880
To sweeten the deal, Lenin was given
721
00:42:22,880 --> 00:42:26,690
a 15% discount on something else.
722
00:42:26,690 --> 00:42:28,743
A Rolls Royce automobile.
723
00:42:31,740 --> 00:42:34,060
The Rolls Royce plane engines helped Lenin
724
00:42:34,060 --> 00:42:36,410
and his Bolsheviks win the civil war
725
00:42:36,410 --> 00:42:39,253
and impose a brutal totalitarian state.
726
00:42:40,990 --> 00:42:44,950
But the question remains,
should he have kept the car?
727
00:42:44,950 --> 00:42:46,600
- Of course not.
728
00:42:46,600 --> 00:42:49,820
Lenin was our leader of communist party,
729
00:42:49,820 --> 00:42:52,520
and the motto of that party was
730
00:42:52,520 --> 00:42:54,920
that all people have to be equal.
731
00:42:54,920 --> 00:42:57,180
He should've done something
that the whole country
732
00:42:57,180 --> 00:42:59,291
is driving Rolls Royces. (laughs)
733
00:42:59,291 --> 00:43:04,291
(male operatic singing
in foreign language)
734
00:43:10,580 --> 00:43:14,550
- [Colm] In this place
where power and piety meet,
735
00:43:14,550 --> 00:43:19,033
for every mystery we reveal,
far more must remain unspoken.
736
00:43:20,950 --> 00:43:23,550
Secrets of sacrifice
737
00:43:23,550 --> 00:43:24,640
and strategy
738
00:43:25,560 --> 00:43:26,700
hidden in plain sight
739
00:43:27,760 --> 00:43:30,700
inside Moscow's State Historical Museum.
740
00:43:30,700 --> 00:43:33,258
(doors bang)
741
00:43:33,258 --> 00:43:37,258
(mysterious instrumental music)
57096
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