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(dramatic music)
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- [Narrator] New York, the world
capital of power and style.
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And at its heart, a museum
with secrets dark and strange.
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A nude statue linked to murder.
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(gunshot echoes)
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The mysterious power
of an Egyptian temple.
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The suit of armor that sheds new light
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on the blood lust of Henry VIII.
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Secrets hidden in plain sight
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inside the Metropolitan Museum.
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(suspenseful music)
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(enchanting music)
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New York's Metropolitan Museum
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draws five million visitors every year.
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For a century and a half,
the Met has been the hub
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for famous, priceless art
from all over the world
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in a city that defines American culture.
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At the center of this sky lit
sculpture court stands Diana.
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Many statues depict a naked human form,
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but in this case, nudity matters.
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Diana's nudity is linked to America's
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first tabloid murder sensation.
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(gun bangs)
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A drug addicted billionaire playboy
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(pages crinkle)
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and a lascivious, upper crust architect
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were both entangled in a love triangle
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with America's most famous beauty.
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And all had a fateful connection
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to the bronze statue of Diana,
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ancient goddess of the hunt.
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In 1892, Diana was the tallest object
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on the Manhattan skyline.
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In Victorian America, this
was as risque as it got.
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Commissioned by architect Stanford White,
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she was created by American
sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens.
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- Diana is bathing by a woodland pool,
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and she senses that she's being spied on,
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and she stands up nude,
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shoots her arrow at the
young prince Actaeon,
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who is then transformed into the stag,
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so because she had to
be nude in this story,
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sculptors liked this idea
of having a veiled reason
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for creating a nude figure.
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- [Narrator] White placed
Diana at the pinnacle
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of what was then Madison Square Garden.
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Not the sports arena we know today,
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but an earlier building
surmounted by an ornate tower.
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Illuminated by a powerful spotlight,
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Diana could be seen by every New Yorker.
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- There were newspaper
reports that nannies
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had to rush their charges
through Madison Square Park,
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and you might walk into some old gentleman
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with his spy glasses who
had them preened up on Diana
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so he could get a close
look at this nude figure.
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(contemplative music)
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- [Narrator] Diana was a
figure from Roman mythology,
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but spoke to an America where modesty
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was on its way out and overt
display was on its way in.
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A real woman who embodied this spirit
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was an artist's model named Evelyn Nesbit.
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Many New Yorkers came to
believe her face and figure
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were the inspiration for Diana.
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Like a supermodel of today,
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Evelyn was first famous for her looks,
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and then famous for being famous.
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Her life became a source
of gossip and speculation
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in the pages of a new kind of newspaper,
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one New York City helped invent.
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The celebrity tabloid.
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Barry Levine is the executive editor
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of the National Enquirer.
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- Evelyn was a Marilyn Monroe,
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she was a, on the scale
of today's actresses,
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she would be up there with Angelina Jolie,
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a woman that was just the personification
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of every man's fantasy at the time.
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- [Narrator] Stanford
White shared this fantasy.
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The famous architect was
also an infamous womanizer.
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He was rumored to have
a secret love life nest
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in the penthouse of Madison Square Garden,
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where he seduced many young
women, like Evelyn Nesbit.
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Wonderly White is Standford
White's great granddaughter.
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- [Wonderly] He met her when
she was merely 14 years old,
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but she was an absolutely
breathtaking beauty.
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He saw that in her, and decided
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to take her under his wing.
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At the turn of the century,
the thing to remember is
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even though a woman was 14 years old,
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that was considered nearly the right age
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to get married at and have children.
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It was a different society
than the one we live in now.
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So, even though she was so young,
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becoming his mistress wasn't
like we would see it today
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as practically a case of pedophilia.
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- [Narrator] Evelyn Nesbit
biographer, Paula Uruburu,
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takes a less charitable view
of White's sexual preference
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and method of seduction.
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- [Paula] So Stanford White had this,
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he used to call them snuggeries,
he had these apartments
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apparently, in various
places around the city,
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and he would invite these young girls in,
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and Evelyn in a faithful night
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he invites her to this apartment.
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(mysterious music)
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He's giving her champagne,
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and in one end of the apartment,
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there's this red velvet swing
hanging from the ceiling.
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She gets on the red velvet
swing that's hanging
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from the rafters in the
ceiling in one corner
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of the apartment and
pushing her on the swing,
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and telling her to kick her foot
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through this Japanese parasol,
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this paper parasol that's
hung from the ceiling.
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And the higher he pushes her,
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the closer she comes to
piercing the parasol.
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Of course, she's already been plied
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with a great deal of champagne.
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The way Evelyn described it
in her own memoir, she said,
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"when I went into that
room I was a virgin,
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"when I came out I was not."
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When she becomes conscious,
White is next to her
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and he's naked and she's almost naked,
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and he says "Now you belong to me."
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- [Narrator] Evelyn kept the
liaison secret from everyone,
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including a new man who entered her life,
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millionaire playboy Harry Thaw.
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- [Paula] Harry Thaw was born
into this wealthy family,
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the 1890s we're talking about
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there's no income tax or anything,
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but the minute that he's 18, his mother,
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she ups his allowance to $80,000 a month,
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which is an insane amount of money.
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Harry was probably a cocaine fiend,
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that was the term that
they used at the time.
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He always had this, sort of,
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manic glazed look in his
eyes and almost every picture
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you see of him, I mean, he looks crazy.
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Harry was clearly indulging
in everything there
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was possible to indulge in.
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- [Narrator] Stanford White
used his considerable influence
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in New York society to shut Thaw out.
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The two men hated each other.
(paper tears)
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- [Wonderly] Thaw had a
tremendous cocaine problem
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and would go into cocaine rages
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and throw around 15th century furniture
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that my great grandparents
had brought back from Europe.
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Stanford White had blackballed him
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from joining any of the clubs.
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Thaw took a tremendous affront to this,
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and in response married
Stanford White's mistress.
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- [Narrator] On their wedding
night, Evelyn revealed
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that White had taken her virginity.
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(sinister music)
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Thaw flew into a violent rage
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and over time came to assault
his bride with a dog whip.
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- When Thaw realized that Stanford White
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wasn't heartbroken or crushed
or infuriated by this,
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it made him even more incensed.
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And he started on the
notion that Stanford White
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had ruined his wife, and not only that,
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had used her as the model
for a statue that was
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at the top of the original
Madison Square Garden.
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- [Narrator] Thaw's anger,
fueled by righteous indignation
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and cocaine, coalesced
into a plan of action.
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He decided White must pay with his life.
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(dramatic music)
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June 25th 1906, in an open air theater
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beneath the statue of Diana, Harry Thaw
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and Evelyn Nesbit attend
a musical performance.
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Seeing Stanford White,
Thaw takes out a pistol,
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approaches to point blank range,
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and shoots him in the face.
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(gun bangs)
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(crowd screaming)
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- White fell to the ground,
people started screaming,
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people started rushing away from this man
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who was holding up the gun.
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Harry was holding up the gun,
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saying, "I did it because
he ruined my wife!"
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(stressed orchestral music)
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- [Narrator] Beneath
the statue that helped
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trigger Thaw's rage, Stanford
White dies in a pool of blood.
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The arrest and trial that follow
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ignite a media frenzy
in New York and beyond.
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- [Barry] This was the granddaddy
of all tabloid stories.
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The trial that we kids consider the trial
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of the century was O.J. Simpson.
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This, at the time, probably was bigger.
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It had all the elements.
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It had a love triangle, it
had violence, it had betrayal.
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I think this is the type of story, if this
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had occurred today, this
would wipe Brad and Angelina,
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and the Tom Cruise type
stories off the map.
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And this would be the story that would
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be talked about day in and day out.
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- [Narrator] The trial
results in a hung jury.
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At Thaw's second trial,
Evelyn Nesbit takes the stand
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as the prosecution's star witness.
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All of America hangs on
her tale of seduction
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at the hands of Stanford White.
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Many felt her husband
was within his rights
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to defend her honor with a gun.
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Thaw was found not guilty
by reason of insanity.
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(sinister music)
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Evelyn Nesbit, America's first supermodel,
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faded into obscurity,
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dying alone after a long
struggle with drugs and alcohol.
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And as it turns out, the
statue that sparked a murder
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wasn't really Evelyn after all.
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When Diana was created, Evelyn
was just seven years old.
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But as they say in the tabloids,
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never let the truth get in
the way of a good story.
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(gentle music)
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Diana may be made of bronze,
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but as tabloid stories
go, she's solid gold.
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(noble music)
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Next, a suit of armor sheds new light
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on the blood lust of Henry VIII.
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(dramatic orchestral music)
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(noble music)
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The Metropolitan Museum in New York
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has over 15,000 pieces in its
arms and armor collection.
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(horses snorting)
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(horses whinnying)
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One piece in particular has
been at the center of mystery.
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For many years this suit
of armor was thought
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to belong to a minor 16th
century French nobleman.
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(calm music)
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But recently discovered
documents and forensic evidence
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have led to a startling revelation.
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This is actually the last battle armor
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of a king of England, Henry VIII.
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Armed with this knowledge we hope
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to reveal an elusive secret.
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Why did a monarch who was
once athletic and popular
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end his reign as an obese tyrant?
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Met curator, Stuart Pyhrr,
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helped discover the armor's true owner.
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- In 1547, Henry VIII died.
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A complete inventory of
his collection was made,
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including every chair,
every piece of bed linen,
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all the armors, and there
was an armor called Italian,
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and described in such a
way, it sounded very similar
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to the one in our collection.
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- [Narrator] The armor sounded similar
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but Pyhrr couldn't be sure.
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He couldn't even be certain Henry's armor
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had survived to the present day.
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But he had a clue.
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The will of the Earl of Pembroke.
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It mentions armor given to him
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by his benefactor, Henry VIII.
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- [Stuart] The documentation
seemed overwhelming.
255
00:12:55,080 --> 00:12:58,670
So we had to look at the
armor with fresh eyes.
256
00:12:58,670 --> 00:13:00,980
- [Narrator] A fresh look
revealed something no one
257
00:13:00,980 --> 00:13:01,833
had seen before.
258
00:13:03,120 --> 00:13:04,910
- [Stuart] It was only
on dismantling the armor
259
00:13:04,910 --> 00:13:06,690
and looking at every detail,
260
00:13:06,690 --> 00:13:09,880
began to realize there
were changes in the armor.
261
00:13:09,880 --> 00:13:12,920
That some plates were
of a different color.
262
00:13:12,920 --> 00:13:17,223
The etching was slightly
different, the gilding brighter.
263
00:13:18,740 --> 00:13:20,520
- [Narrator] Then Pyhrr
noticed something one
264
00:13:20,520 --> 00:13:22,530
would only expect to find on an armor
265
00:13:22,530 --> 00:13:23,973
belonging to Henry VIII.
266
00:13:26,850 --> 00:13:30,453
New studs were added, and
those studs have Tudor roses.
267
00:13:31,540 --> 00:13:33,850
- [Narrator] The Tudor
rose was Henry's symbol,
268
00:13:33,850 --> 00:13:35,693
his favorite decorative design.
269
00:13:36,670 --> 00:13:38,120
- [Stuart] An emblem that was completely
270
00:13:38,120 --> 00:13:40,503
overlooked for the last 400 years.
271
00:13:42,650 --> 00:13:46,309
- [Narrator] The clincher
was the armors enormous size.
272
00:13:46,309 --> 00:13:49,210
(ambient music)
273
00:13:49,210 --> 00:13:52,623
It was constructed to
accommodate a 51 inch waist.
274
00:13:55,330 --> 00:13:57,040
Clearly, the man who wore this suit
275
00:13:57,040 --> 00:13:59,963
of armor was morbidly obese.
276
00:14:03,200 --> 00:14:05,960
Henry's biographer, Suzannah Lipscomb,
277
00:14:05,960 --> 00:14:08,473
is not surprised the king got so fat.
278
00:14:09,990 --> 00:14:11,900
- The thing about Henry
VIII's eating habits
279
00:14:11,900 --> 00:14:14,700
is that he mostly ate meat.
280
00:14:14,700 --> 00:14:17,440
In those days, you ate meat
if you could afford it,
281
00:14:17,440 --> 00:14:21,070
so it's probably a very vitamin free diet,
282
00:14:21,070 --> 00:14:23,470
without any fresh vegetables,
none of his five a day
283
00:14:23,470 --> 00:14:24,670
that we're recommended to eat.
284
00:14:24,670 --> 00:14:28,420
So he would obviously
put on a lot of weight,
285
00:14:28,420 --> 00:14:30,690
taking in all that protein,
286
00:14:30,690 --> 00:14:32,490
and without anything to work it off.
287
00:14:33,350 --> 00:14:36,467
- [Narrator] In his youth
Henry, was athletic and slim.
288
00:14:36,467 --> 00:14:39,540
(harpsichord music)
289
00:14:39,540 --> 00:14:41,590
Lipscomb believes that
one specific incident
290
00:14:41,590 --> 00:14:44,870
may be the cause of
Henry's late onset obesity.
291
00:14:44,870 --> 00:14:47,013
And perhaps a negative personality change.
292
00:14:49,166 --> 00:14:51,940
(crowd chanting)
293
00:14:51,940 --> 00:14:56,200
On January 24th 1536,
during a jousting match
294
00:14:56,200 --> 00:14:58,067
Henry suffered a serious accident.
295
00:14:58,067 --> 00:14:58,926
(hoof steps pounding)
296
00:14:58,926 --> 00:15:00,880
(metal scrapes)
(horse whinnies)
297
00:15:00,880 --> 00:15:04,033
Head trauma rendered him
unconscious for two hours.
298
00:15:05,130 --> 00:15:08,153
From that day forward, he
became more erratic and violent.
299
00:15:10,736 --> 00:15:11,569
(metal scrapes)
(blood splats)
300
00:15:11,569 --> 00:15:13,913
Within months, he ordered
Anne Boleyn beheaded.
301
00:15:15,250 --> 00:15:18,220
During the remainder of his
reign, he ordered the execution
302
00:15:18,220 --> 00:15:21,059
of more than 50,000 of his subjects.
303
00:15:21,059 --> 00:15:23,642
(dreary music)
304
00:15:27,150 --> 00:15:30,373
Could head trauma have
altered Henry's personality?
305
00:15:35,570 --> 00:15:37,720
- [Suzannah] Maybe he
bruised his cerebral cortex
306
00:15:37,720 --> 00:15:39,870
and in the papers over the last few years,
307
00:15:39,870 --> 00:15:42,410
there've been all these references to
308
00:15:42,410 --> 00:15:45,370
American footballers and
others who had head accidents
309
00:15:45,370 --> 00:15:46,800
and then have seen a real change
310
00:15:46,800 --> 00:15:49,050
in their character and personality.
311
00:15:49,050 --> 00:15:51,199
And we think maybe that's
what happened to Henry.
312
00:15:51,199 --> 00:15:54,199
(harpsichord music)
313
00:15:56,020 --> 00:15:57,250
- [Narrator] If a jousting accident
314
00:15:57,250 --> 00:16:00,328
changed Henry's personality,
why did it change it
315
00:16:00,328 --> 00:16:01,613
for the worse?
316
00:16:05,820 --> 00:16:09,560
Doctor Naftali Berrill is a
New York neuropsychologist.
317
00:16:09,560 --> 00:16:11,943
He sees cases like this all the time.
318
00:16:13,137 --> 00:16:15,880
- Sometime you hear stories like,
319
00:16:15,880 --> 00:16:19,880
gee, before the head trauma,
they were fairly calm.
320
00:16:19,880 --> 00:16:23,470
After the accident, a
personality change occurred.
321
00:16:23,470 --> 00:16:25,210
And you hear reports of family and people
322
00:16:25,210 --> 00:16:27,260
that know the individual that they behave
323
00:16:27,260 --> 00:16:30,600
in a way that suggests
a level of dyscontrol,
324
00:16:30,600 --> 00:16:34,440
they become irritable,
violent, unpredictable,
325
00:16:34,440 --> 00:16:37,160
assaultive, obnoxious, and sometimes,
326
00:16:37,160 --> 00:16:40,186
they commit crimes as a consequence.
327
00:16:40,186 --> 00:16:42,911
(distant chatter)
328
00:16:42,911 --> 00:16:44,960
(soft sinister music)
329
00:16:44,960 --> 00:16:46,490
- [Narrator] It's a textbook description
330
00:16:46,490 --> 00:16:48,133
of Henry VIII's condition.
331
00:16:49,930 --> 00:16:51,789
And this armor, acquired when he
332
00:16:51,789 --> 00:16:55,960
was nearly too fat to walk,
let alone go into battle,
333
00:16:55,960 --> 00:16:59,683
suggests that Henry's ambitions
were also out of control.
334
00:17:01,780 --> 00:17:03,520
- Later in life, there's one more attempt
335
00:17:03,520 --> 00:17:05,193
to regain his lost glory.
336
00:17:06,080 --> 00:17:09,762
So in the 1540s, he thinks,
well, I'll invade France again.
337
00:17:09,762 --> 00:17:11,760
(noble music)
338
00:17:11,760 --> 00:17:13,340
- [Narrator] To lead the invasion,
339
00:17:13,340 --> 00:17:16,803
Henry required his armor to be supersized.
340
00:17:16,803 --> 00:17:19,470
(metal scrapes)
341
00:17:21,640 --> 00:17:24,923
- It turns out, in fact, it
was modified for Henry's body
342
00:17:24,923 --> 00:17:28,463
after it was given by
the Italian milliner.
343
00:17:29,680 --> 00:17:30,513
It was cut,
344
00:17:30,513 --> 00:17:31,780
(iron clangs)
345
00:17:31,780 --> 00:17:34,620
plates were added at the
sides of the arm holes
346
00:17:34,620 --> 00:17:36,420
to perhaps give it more flexibility
347
00:17:36,420 --> 00:17:38,350
and comfort for the king.
348
00:17:38,350 --> 00:17:40,450
The breast and the back were shortened.
349
00:17:40,450 --> 00:17:41,460
(metal clangs)
350
00:17:41,460 --> 00:17:43,330
A plate was taken out in the front,
351
00:17:43,330 --> 00:17:48,040
at least two in the back,
which truncated the upper body.
352
00:17:48,040 --> 00:17:49,240
The helmet was modified.
353
00:17:50,970 --> 00:17:54,660
Add two plates to the back
to give it more flexibility,
354
00:17:54,660 --> 00:17:57,410
something that only the
king would have wanted.
355
00:17:57,410 --> 00:17:59,083
It wasn't necessary otherwise.
356
00:18:01,170 --> 00:18:03,230
- [Narrator] Against the
advice of his councilors,
357
00:18:03,230 --> 00:18:07,670
Henry dawned his armor and led
the English army into France.
358
00:18:07,670 --> 00:18:11,793
The invasion was a complete,
unmitigated disaster.
359
00:18:11,793 --> 00:18:14,820
(dramatic orchestral music)
360
00:18:14,820 --> 00:18:16,740
Soon after, Henry died,
361
00:18:16,740 --> 00:18:19,540
a huge man and a huge failure.
362
00:18:19,540 --> 00:18:22,983
His legacy was a needless
war and a depleted treasury.
363
00:18:28,130 --> 00:18:32,230
This tragic comic suit of armor
protected his beloved body,
364
00:18:32,230 --> 00:18:35,693
but could not save England
from his bloated ambition.
365
00:18:48,956 --> 00:18:50,760
(intimidating music)
366
00:18:50,760 --> 00:18:54,470
Next, an Egyptian temple that
offers the spiritual power
367
00:18:54,470 --> 00:18:56,933
of the pharaohs to the people of New York.
368
00:19:00,652 --> 00:19:03,840
(triumphant music)
369
00:19:03,840 --> 00:19:07,250
(intimidating music)
370
00:19:07,250 --> 00:19:09,620
Within the walls of
the Metropolitan Museum
371
00:19:09,620 --> 00:19:11,883
is a massive temple of ancient Egypt.
372
00:19:14,910 --> 00:19:16,790
The temple of Dendur can be seen
373
00:19:16,790 --> 00:19:20,333
from outside the museum,
through a wall of glass.
374
00:19:26,920 --> 00:19:30,730
Twenty-five meters
across, eight meters tall,
375
00:19:30,730 --> 00:19:34,120
the temple's gallery is the
size of a football field.
376
00:19:34,120 --> 00:19:36,863
It is one of the Met's
most popular attractions.
377
00:19:38,489 --> 00:19:41,156
(ancient music)
378
00:19:44,370 --> 00:19:45,750
But visitors are not permitted
379
00:19:45,750 --> 00:19:47,933
to enter the secret chamber at its heart.
380
00:19:51,037 --> 00:19:54,570
This is an exclusive look
beyond the forbidden threshold.
381
00:19:54,570 --> 00:19:57,380
- So you move through a temple
382
00:19:57,380 --> 00:20:00,950
and it goes from light to dark
383
00:20:00,950 --> 00:20:05,080
and it goes uphill so that
the central part of the temple
384
00:20:05,080 --> 00:20:08,370
the most sacred area, which is the shrine,
385
00:20:08,370 --> 00:20:10,770
sanctuary, which would be here,
386
00:20:10,770 --> 00:20:14,163
is the darkest and the
highest point of the temple.
387
00:20:16,200 --> 00:20:20,223
There is behind this
wall an empty chamber.
388
00:20:21,800 --> 00:20:23,800
It's a hidden chamber, you can't see it.
389
00:20:26,380 --> 00:20:28,260
- [Narrator] The purpose
of this hidden chamber
390
00:20:28,260 --> 00:20:30,300
is a museum secret.
391
00:20:30,300 --> 00:20:32,570
When we scanned the
temple walls for clues,
392
00:20:32,570 --> 00:20:34,890
we find nothing about the chamber.
393
00:20:34,890 --> 00:20:36,723
But we do see something else.
394
00:20:37,570 --> 00:20:40,423
Images that have no business
in an Egyptian temple.
395
00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:43,863
Images of a Roman Emperor.
396
00:20:46,300 --> 00:20:48,144
Caesar Augustus.
397
00:20:48,144 --> 00:20:49,620
(dramatic music)
398
00:20:49,620 --> 00:20:52,287
Augustus conquered Egypt in 30 B.C.,
399
00:20:53,150 --> 00:20:55,290
famously prompting Queen Cleopatra
400
00:20:55,290 --> 00:20:58,053
and her lover Mark
Anthony to commit suicide.
401
00:20:59,870 --> 00:21:02,830
Unlike other empire
builders, Augustus did not
402
00:21:02,830 --> 00:21:05,990
force his beliefs on conquered nations.
403
00:21:05,990 --> 00:21:09,250
His genius lay in embracing local customs
404
00:21:09,250 --> 00:21:11,100
for his own benefit.
405
00:21:11,100 --> 00:21:15,620
- [Diana] The Romans built the
temple in the Egyptian style
406
00:21:15,620 --> 00:21:16,960
because it was much easier to control
407
00:21:16,960 --> 00:21:18,840
the population that way.
408
00:21:18,840 --> 00:21:21,230
The Romans wanted cooperation from Egypt
409
00:21:21,230 --> 00:21:23,630
because they saw Egypt as an agricultural,
410
00:21:23,630 --> 00:21:25,930
rich country which they needed
411
00:21:25,930 --> 00:21:28,197
to exploit for the Roman world.
412
00:21:28,197 --> 00:21:29,680
(Egyptian music)
413
00:21:29,680 --> 00:21:31,710
- [Narrator] To win
Egyptian hearts and minds,
414
00:21:31,710 --> 00:21:33,040
Augustus allowed the temple
415
00:21:33,040 --> 00:21:35,830
to be dedicated to two local boys.
416
00:21:35,830 --> 00:21:37,180
They are Pediese and Pihor,
417
00:21:38,290 --> 00:21:40,280
young sons of a local chieftain,
418
00:21:40,280 --> 00:21:42,663
who was an important ally of Augustus.
419
00:21:45,690 --> 00:21:47,680
- [Diana] They occur
several times in the temple.
420
00:21:47,680 --> 00:21:49,270
Pediese is always the fist one,
421
00:21:49,270 --> 00:21:52,490
so he is believed to be more important.
422
00:21:52,490 --> 00:21:57,490
We don't know why they are
treated as Gods in this temple.
423
00:21:57,680 --> 00:21:58,750
(water sloshing)
424
00:21:58,750 --> 00:22:02,000
One understanding is that
they both drowned in the Nile,
425
00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:03,670
and when humans drown in the Nile,
426
00:22:03,670 --> 00:22:06,300
they were deified immediately.
427
00:22:06,300 --> 00:22:09,260
We just know that they
were revered enough,
428
00:22:09,260 --> 00:22:11,770
possibly local saints in some way,
429
00:22:11,770 --> 00:22:14,550
to be given a place in this temple.
430
00:22:14,550 --> 00:22:16,870
- [Narrator] The Egyptians
who used the temple would soon
431
00:22:16,870 --> 00:22:20,730
discover that Augustus'
love was strictly temporary.
432
00:22:20,730 --> 00:22:23,340
A few years after the temple was finished,
433
00:22:23,340 --> 00:22:26,250
his army invaded in force.
434
00:22:26,250 --> 00:22:29,882
Egypt fell under Rome's
boot, never to rise again.
435
00:22:29,882 --> 00:22:32,382
(tense music)
436
00:22:35,060 --> 00:22:39,240
The temple, however, remained
standing until the 1960s,
437
00:22:39,240 --> 00:22:41,300
when it became one of
many ancient structures
438
00:22:41,300 --> 00:22:44,460
threatened by the
construction of the Aswan Dam.
439
00:22:44,460 --> 00:22:47,110
A UN mission largely funded
by the United States,
440
00:22:47,110 --> 00:22:49,620
helped save many important monuments.
441
00:22:49,620 --> 00:22:51,260
To thank their benefactors,
442
00:22:51,260 --> 00:22:53,930
Egypt offered America
the Temple of Dendur.
443
00:22:53,930 --> 00:22:55,623
The gift had one condition.
444
00:22:57,130 --> 00:23:00,403
The temple must be available
to everyone at all times.
445
00:23:01,380 --> 00:23:04,170
The Met responded by providing
a gallery with a wall
446
00:23:04,170 --> 00:23:08,193
of glass, so the temple
can remain in view 24/7.
447
00:23:10,320 --> 00:23:12,550
For believers in the gods of the pharaohs,
448
00:23:12,550 --> 00:23:16,113
a temple available to everyone
retains its spiritual power.
449
00:23:19,970 --> 00:23:21,223
What is this power?
450
00:23:23,260 --> 00:23:26,343
And what of the chamber deep
inside the temple walls?
451
00:23:27,910 --> 00:23:30,960
To construct a temple with
such a symmetrical plan,
452
00:23:30,960 --> 00:23:34,290
and then dig through the
walls to add a hidden chamber,
453
00:23:34,290 --> 00:23:38,753
the builders must've had some
important purpose in mind.
454
00:23:41,450 --> 00:23:43,900
- There are two hypotheses.
455
00:23:43,900 --> 00:23:47,460
One is that it was a
burial chamber for one
456
00:23:47,460 --> 00:23:50,360
or both of the brothers who
were worshiped in this temple.
457
00:23:50,360 --> 00:23:52,420
And the other possibility is that it
458
00:23:52,420 --> 00:23:54,330
was a chamber for oracles.
459
00:23:54,330 --> 00:23:57,310
In other words, someone
would stand in there,
460
00:23:57,310 --> 00:24:00,050
a supplicate would come in,
or a priest would come in
461
00:24:00,050 --> 00:24:03,940
and ask a question, and the
answer would be given to him
462
00:24:03,940 --> 00:24:07,323
from an unknown place, all
they would hear is a voice.
463
00:24:09,088 --> 00:24:12,421
(tranquil string music)
464
00:24:13,750 --> 00:24:15,860
This was something that
was common in Egypt,
465
00:24:15,860 --> 00:24:18,120
oracles existed, but we just don't know
466
00:24:18,120 --> 00:24:19,223
if that's what it was.
467
00:24:20,700 --> 00:24:22,123
We have no hard answers.
468
00:24:24,175 --> 00:24:26,925
(dramatic music)
469
00:24:36,250 --> 00:24:38,500
- [Narrator] Today, the temple
of Dendur offers a glimpse
470
00:24:38,500 --> 00:24:40,703
of ancient Egypt in
the heart of Manhattan.
471
00:24:43,830 --> 00:24:46,720
In its own time, it was
a monument to the end
472
00:24:46,720 --> 00:24:50,263
of the most enduring civilization
the world has ever known.
473
00:24:55,070 --> 00:24:58,460
(anxious piano music)
474
00:24:58,460 --> 00:25:02,090
Next, we explore the
relics of Christendom,
475
00:25:02,090 --> 00:25:04,193
to reveal a talisman of hope,
476
00:25:07,490 --> 00:25:09,303
and a harbinger of doom.
477
00:25:12,064 --> 00:25:15,359
(dramatic orchestral music)
478
00:25:15,359 --> 00:25:17,950
(tranquil music)
479
00:25:17,950 --> 00:25:19,760
According to the New Testament,
480
00:25:19,760 --> 00:25:22,280
at the last supper, Jesus
raised a cup of wine
481
00:25:22,280 --> 00:25:25,827
to his disciples and
said, "This is my blood."
482
00:25:29,520 --> 00:25:32,700
Today, in the Metropolitan
Museum in New York,
483
00:25:32,700 --> 00:25:34,660
there is an artifact that looks very much
484
00:25:34,660 --> 00:25:36,733
like a cup form Biblical times.
485
00:25:39,270 --> 00:25:42,003
The ancient name for cup is grail.
486
00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:46,240
In years past, several
scholars of early Christianity
487
00:25:46,240 --> 00:25:47,930
argued that this is the cup Christ
488
00:25:47,930 --> 00:25:49,803
drank from at the last supper.
489
00:25:51,480 --> 00:25:53,903
The chalice known as the Holy Grail.
490
00:25:55,090 --> 00:25:57,720
- There are many people trying to prove
491
00:25:57,720 --> 00:26:01,200
that both Christ and old testament figure
492
00:26:01,200 --> 00:26:04,890
like Moses were or were
not real human beings.
493
00:26:04,890 --> 00:26:06,730
Were they historical figures
494
00:26:06,730 --> 00:26:09,600
or were they epic heroes like Achilles?
495
00:26:09,600 --> 00:26:12,217
And so this is a huge
theological debate there,
496
00:26:12,217 --> 00:26:16,180
and this chalice and what the images on it
497
00:26:16,180 --> 00:26:19,191
represent play into that larger debate.
498
00:26:19,191 --> 00:26:20,930
(tranquil music)
499
00:26:20,930 --> 00:26:23,640
- [Narrator] The artifact was
discovered in the early 1900s
500
00:26:23,640 --> 00:26:25,440
in Antioch, hidden in a well
501
00:26:25,440 --> 00:26:27,893
with several other
precious religious relics.
502
00:26:29,670 --> 00:26:31,330
Shortly after the crucifixion,
503
00:26:31,330 --> 00:26:34,150
Antioch became a center for Christianity.
504
00:26:34,150 --> 00:26:36,233
Both Peter and Paul preached here.
505
00:26:38,220 --> 00:26:41,253
Is it possible they brought
Christ's chalice with them?
506
00:26:44,020 --> 00:26:46,200
Careful examination
reveals that the artifact
507
00:26:46,200 --> 00:26:48,873
is comprised of two very different layers.
508
00:26:50,310 --> 00:26:52,430
The outer shell is highly crafted,
509
00:26:52,430 --> 00:26:55,470
decorated with images of
Christ and his disciples.
510
00:26:55,470 --> 00:26:58,580
But inside is a simple unadorned cup.
511
00:26:58,580 --> 00:27:00,191
Just the sort of crude drinking vessel
512
00:27:00,191 --> 00:27:03,703
that might have been owned by
a poor carpenter like Jesus.
513
00:27:05,310 --> 00:27:07,870
Shortly after the outbreak of World War I,
514
00:27:07,870 --> 00:27:11,310
the relic was transported
to New York for safekeeping.
515
00:27:11,310 --> 00:27:14,050
A respected expert examined it
516
00:27:14,050 --> 00:27:16,433
and declared it to be the cup of Christ.
517
00:27:20,971 --> 00:27:23,388
(holy music)
518
00:27:26,850 --> 00:27:28,730
- [Helen] And what to be more important
519
00:27:28,730 --> 00:27:30,560
than to find the Holy Grail?
520
00:27:30,560 --> 00:27:32,470
The beginning of the Eucharist,
521
00:27:32,470 --> 00:27:34,193
the Mass of the Christian Church?
522
00:27:37,460 --> 00:27:39,840
- [Narrator] In the 1920s
and 30s, the artifact
523
00:27:39,840 --> 00:27:43,223
was exhibited throughout
America as the true Holy Grail.
524
00:27:43,223 --> 00:27:44,960
(peaceful piano music)
525
00:27:44,960 --> 00:27:47,830
Armed guards were hired to protect it.
526
00:27:47,830 --> 00:27:51,343
Thousands of Christians lined
up to catch a fleeting look.
527
00:27:53,010 --> 00:27:56,510
But when the artifact was
gifted to the Met in 1950,
528
00:27:56,510 --> 00:27:59,483
museum experts gave it another hard look.
529
00:28:00,910 --> 00:28:02,740
They saw clear indications it was
530
00:28:02,740 --> 00:28:06,270
made 500 years after Christ.
531
00:28:06,270 --> 00:28:08,360
And though it looks like a cup,
532
00:28:08,360 --> 00:28:10,550
it looks much more like the oil lamps
533
00:28:10,550 --> 00:28:12,313
found in early churches.
534
00:28:13,359 --> 00:28:16,030
(choir music)
535
00:28:16,030 --> 00:28:19,050
While experts felt they
had closed the case,
536
00:28:19,050 --> 00:28:21,610
many believers sought a different verdict
537
00:28:21,610 --> 00:28:25,490
from a higher power, the Catholic Church.
538
00:28:25,490 --> 00:28:28,670
- [Helen] When the chalice
came to the Met in 1950,
539
00:28:28,670 --> 00:28:31,420
there had been a huge
effort to get the Vatican
540
00:28:31,420 --> 00:28:33,700
to declare that this was the Holy Grail.
541
00:28:33,700 --> 00:28:36,040
There'd been huge efforts
to get the Vatican over time
542
00:28:36,040 --> 00:28:39,193
to declare many things
to be the sacred object.
543
00:28:40,160 --> 00:28:42,036
- [Narrator] The Vatican declined.
544
00:28:42,036 --> 00:28:45,560
And in the years since
then, as interest faded,
545
00:28:45,560 --> 00:28:49,150
the artifact was consigned
to a quiet corridor.
546
00:28:49,150 --> 00:28:52,310
But even though this
is not the Holy Grail,
547
00:28:52,310 --> 00:28:56,780
it still carries the hopes
of those who want to believe.
548
00:28:56,780 --> 00:28:59,510
- People want to touch things
that are important to them.
549
00:28:59,510 --> 00:29:03,160
You get autographs because
you admire this figure,
550
00:29:03,160 --> 00:29:06,130
you want to have Derek Jeter's signature
551
00:29:06,130 --> 00:29:07,390
because you're a Yankee fan
552
00:29:07,390 --> 00:29:09,521
and he's the captain of the team.
553
00:29:09,521 --> 00:29:11,040
(gentle harp music)
554
00:29:11,040 --> 00:29:12,700
And that's what a relic is,
555
00:29:12,700 --> 00:29:15,240
it's something that gives you access
556
00:29:15,240 --> 00:29:17,923
to the holy by being able to touch it.
557
00:29:24,351 --> 00:29:27,018
(anxious music)
558
00:29:31,550 --> 00:29:33,490
- [Narrator] From Christian hope, we turn
559
00:29:33,490 --> 00:29:35,183
to Christian visions of doom.
560
00:29:39,010 --> 00:29:41,910
This is the manuscript of the apocalypse.
561
00:29:41,910 --> 00:29:44,980
A 14th century volume containing dramatic,
562
00:29:44,980 --> 00:29:48,710
frightening illustrations
of the end of days.
563
00:29:48,710 --> 00:29:51,710
The manuscript is displayed
in the Met's satellite museum
564
00:29:51,710 --> 00:29:53,620
known as The Cloisters.
565
00:29:53,620 --> 00:29:56,260
And if it looks like something
from the Middle Ages,
566
00:29:56,260 --> 00:29:57,650
that's because it was constructed
567
00:29:57,650 --> 00:30:00,340
of elements taken from
medieval structures.
568
00:30:00,340 --> 00:30:02,780
Doorways, windows, and walls purchased
569
00:30:02,780 --> 00:30:05,250
in Europe and transported to New York.
570
00:30:05,250 --> 00:30:07,900
The building on view today
has a tranquil beauty
571
00:30:07,900 --> 00:30:10,473
that is more than the sum
of its medieval parts.
572
00:30:11,970 --> 00:30:13,810
Few artifacts capture the dark
573
00:30:13,810 --> 00:30:15,850
and brooding qualities of the era
574
00:30:15,850 --> 00:30:18,253
quite like the manuscript
of the apocalypse.
575
00:30:19,200 --> 00:30:23,000
Is is a book of power and secrets.
576
00:30:23,000 --> 00:30:25,270
- All great works of art are reluctant
577
00:30:25,270 --> 00:30:28,360
to give up all their
secrets at once. (laughs)
578
00:30:28,360 --> 00:30:31,120
and this is no exception.
579
00:30:31,120 --> 00:30:35,010
It must've been in England, and
then it came back to France.
580
00:30:35,010 --> 00:30:37,760
This piece was confiscated by the Nazis,
581
00:30:37,760 --> 00:30:39,300
we don't know where it was exactly
582
00:30:39,300 --> 00:30:40,910
during the second World War.
583
00:30:40,910 --> 00:30:43,900
So it's extraordinary with all
584
00:30:43,900 --> 00:30:46,360
of this difficult past that it's had
585
00:30:46,360 --> 00:30:49,503
that it survived in such
remarkable condition.
586
00:30:51,881 --> 00:30:54,160
(page crinkling)
587
00:30:54,160 --> 00:30:56,050
- [Narrator] The manuscript
predicts that the world
588
00:30:56,050 --> 00:30:58,890
as we know it is doomed to end.
589
00:30:58,890 --> 00:31:02,230
Christ will return to judge
the living and the dead.
590
00:31:02,230 --> 00:31:04,090
And as written in the book of John,
591
00:31:04,090 --> 00:31:07,760
the end will be heralded by
four horsemen of the apocalypse,
592
00:31:07,760 --> 00:31:12,760
bringers of pestilence,
war, famine, and death.
593
00:31:15,530 --> 00:31:18,300
Bernard McGinn is a retired
professor of divinity
594
00:31:18,300 --> 00:31:19,973
from the University of Chicago.
595
00:31:21,290 --> 00:31:24,260
- The literal interpretation
of the Book of Revelation
596
00:31:24,260 --> 00:31:28,490
is alive and well at the
beginning of the 21st century,
597
00:31:28,490 --> 00:31:31,710
and according to certain
polls, a very large proportion,
598
00:31:31,710 --> 00:31:34,770
if not a majority of
the American believers,
599
00:31:34,770 --> 00:31:38,258
think that Jesus will come
back in their own lifetime.
600
00:31:38,258 --> 00:31:39,331
(crowd shouting)
601
00:31:39,331 --> 00:31:40,681
- [Narrator] For some believers, the signs
602
00:31:40,681 --> 00:31:43,231
of the apocalypse are already here.
603
00:31:43,231 --> 00:31:46,030
- [Bernard] Apocalyptic
literature is in part a response
604
00:31:46,030 --> 00:31:49,890
to crisis, and the crisis
that in some way hopes
605
00:31:49,890 --> 00:31:52,900
for a denouement in the
final age of history.
606
00:31:52,900 --> 00:31:55,190
But sometimes that denouement,
607
00:31:55,190 --> 00:31:57,030
that end of scene is far, far away.
608
00:31:57,030 --> 00:32:00,577
Other times it's remarkably
close, even predictably close.
609
00:32:00,577 --> 00:32:02,489
(intense music)
610
00:32:02,489 --> 00:32:04,540
(horse whinnies)
Medieval Christians had reason
611
00:32:04,540 --> 00:32:08,130
to believe that John the
Apostle's end times were at hand.
612
00:32:08,130 --> 00:32:10,690
Famine, war and the
pestilence of the Black Death
613
00:32:10,690 --> 00:32:12,640
were part of everyday life.
614
00:32:12,640 --> 00:32:15,510
- And at various points through history,
615
00:32:15,510 --> 00:32:19,100
people are sort of
anxiously awaiting the idea
616
00:32:19,100 --> 00:32:21,810
that time is about to come to an end.
617
00:32:21,810 --> 00:32:24,160
The good news is if you
play your cards right
618
00:32:24,160 --> 00:32:25,940
and you do what you're supposed to do,
619
00:32:25,940 --> 00:32:28,980
you end up in a very happy
place at the end of time.
620
00:32:28,980 --> 00:32:31,600
So even if the story has some
621
00:32:31,600 --> 00:32:35,030
frightening scenes, you can
622
00:32:36,020 --> 00:32:38,190
anticipate that that's
not going to involve you,
623
00:32:38,190 --> 00:32:41,320
because you're gonna be on
the right side of things.
624
00:32:41,320 --> 00:32:43,040
- [Narrator] Not everyone
sees a bright side
625
00:32:43,040 --> 00:32:45,300
to the frightening violence of our age.
626
00:32:45,300 --> 00:32:46,870
But for some believers, the violence
627
00:32:46,870 --> 00:32:49,670
that heralds Christ's
return is actually good news
628
00:32:49,670 --> 00:32:51,040
that should be shared.
629
00:32:51,040 --> 00:32:52,920
The book's illustrated form presented a
630
00:32:52,920 --> 00:32:54,960
powerful message then, and it's one
631
00:32:54,960 --> 00:32:56,426
that still resonates today.
632
00:32:56,426 --> 00:32:58,060
(hoof steps pound)
633
00:32:58,060 --> 00:33:00,730
- Well, I think the notion of
Revelation as a graphic novel
634
00:33:00,730 --> 00:33:03,530
is extremely powerful
notion, and one that fits it
635
00:33:03,530 --> 00:33:07,630
in terms of our cultural
milieu, very, very exactly.
636
00:33:07,630 --> 00:33:11,560
The book seems to lend itself
to the pictorial imagination
637
00:33:11,560 --> 00:33:14,170
of the particular era within which it is.
638
00:33:14,170 --> 00:33:17,630
So that no book of the Bible
had been more illustrated
639
00:33:17,630 --> 00:33:19,840
and had a more powerful effect on art
640
00:33:19,840 --> 00:33:22,771
and literature than the
book of the apocalypse.
641
00:33:22,771 --> 00:33:24,470
(sinister orchestral music)
642
00:33:24,470 --> 00:33:25,620
- [Narrator] And there's another mystery
643
00:33:25,620 --> 00:33:27,330
surrounding the book.
644
00:33:27,330 --> 00:33:28,863
There are pages missing.
645
00:33:30,050 --> 00:33:32,943
There is evidence the
manuscript is incomplete.
646
00:33:36,920 --> 00:33:39,660
- [Barbara] There's some missing pictures,
647
00:33:39,660 --> 00:33:43,090
and that probably happened
at quite a recent date.
648
00:33:43,090 --> 00:33:45,233
If I turn this page, I think you'll see.
649
00:33:46,590 --> 00:33:48,370
Oh this page there's a great illumination,
650
00:33:48,370 --> 00:33:49,930
on this page there's a great illumination,
651
00:33:49,930 --> 00:33:52,280
here's just half a page, you see.
652
00:33:52,280 --> 00:33:53,527
And its been cut out.
653
00:33:55,670 --> 00:33:57,410
- [Narrator] There's no
way to know when the pages
654
00:33:57,410 --> 00:33:59,430
were removed or by whom.
655
00:33:59,430 --> 00:34:01,800
But the book was in
the hands of the Nazis,
656
00:34:01,800 --> 00:34:04,100
and Hitler was obsessed
with the supernatural.
657
00:34:05,140 --> 00:34:07,980
Did he or his followers
believe the manuscript
658
00:34:07,980 --> 00:34:10,083
of the Apocalypse had some special power?
659
00:34:12,600 --> 00:34:15,350
- And it's odd in particular
with an Apocalypse
660
00:34:15,350 --> 00:34:19,990
because the text itself says
that one must be very careful
661
00:34:19,990 --> 00:34:23,210
that the words are in correctly.
662
00:34:23,210 --> 00:34:25,710
What I mean is that you'll end up
663
00:34:25,710 --> 00:34:28,333
in the mouth of hell if
you don't get this right.
664
00:34:29,290 --> 00:34:31,820
- [Bernard] This book
is the key to the past
665
00:34:31,820 --> 00:34:33,890
and the revelation of the future,
666
00:34:33,890 --> 00:34:35,843
it's a power that's not dead today.
667
00:34:36,970 --> 00:34:39,060
The book can be a dangerous book
668
00:34:39,060 --> 00:34:41,793
when it's read only in a
strictly literal sense.
669
00:34:44,070 --> 00:34:45,370
- [Narrator] But no one can control
670
00:34:45,370 --> 00:34:46,973
how books like these are read.
671
00:34:47,880 --> 00:34:50,580
There will be those who
interpret the apocalyptic vision
672
00:34:50,580 --> 00:34:53,200
as metaphor or warning,
673
00:34:53,200 --> 00:34:54,470
and there will always be those
674
00:34:54,470 --> 00:34:57,713
who say it's coming, bring it on.
675
00:34:59,029 --> 00:35:00,155
(dramatic music)
676
00:35:00,155 --> 00:35:00,988
(electronic trilling)
677
00:35:00,988 --> 00:35:04,720
Next, medieval technology
meets modern combat,
678
00:35:04,720 --> 00:35:06,680
as the Met does its bit to help America
679
00:35:06,680 --> 00:35:08,611
fight two world wars.
680
00:35:08,611 --> 00:35:11,278
(water sloshes)
681
00:35:12,214 --> 00:35:15,503
(dramatic music)
682
00:35:15,503 --> 00:35:18,040
(intimidating music)
683
00:35:18,040 --> 00:35:19,340
In medieval times,
684
00:35:19,340 --> 00:35:22,610
European armorers worked to
provide maximum protection
685
00:35:22,610 --> 00:35:23,693
for elite soldiers.
686
00:35:25,539 --> 00:35:28,289
(dramatic music)
687
00:35:29,530 --> 00:35:33,060
By the 20th century, war
had become a bloody struggle
688
00:35:33,060 --> 00:35:34,963
between unarmored forces.
689
00:35:36,950 --> 00:35:39,403
Armor making was by then a lost art.
690
00:35:41,340 --> 00:35:45,270
But when America entered
World War I in 1917,
691
00:35:45,270 --> 00:35:48,260
the military concerned
about potential casualties
692
00:35:48,260 --> 00:35:50,263
turned to the Metropolitan Museum.
693
00:35:53,700 --> 00:35:55,500
Deep below the public galleries
694
00:35:55,500 --> 00:35:57,900
is a room that few ever see,
695
00:35:57,900 --> 00:36:00,730
a room that played a crucial
role in saving the lives
696
00:36:00,730 --> 00:36:02,510
of countless soldiers.
697
00:36:02,510 --> 00:36:06,350
Stuart Pyhrr is the curator
in charge of arms and armor.
698
00:36:06,350 --> 00:36:08,870
- One of the least well known aspects
699
00:36:08,870 --> 00:36:11,520
of the Metropolitan
Museum is its contribution
700
00:36:11,520 --> 00:36:14,070
to the war efforts in World
War I and World War II.
701
00:36:14,930 --> 00:36:18,870
In 1917, the war department
contacted the museum's curator
702
00:36:18,870 --> 00:36:20,670
of arms and armor, Bashford Dean,
703
00:36:20,670 --> 00:36:23,960
and asked him to apply
his historical knowledge
704
00:36:23,960 --> 00:36:27,730
of ancient armor to the
development of modern helmets
705
00:36:27,730 --> 00:36:30,370
and body armor for the current conflict.
706
00:36:30,370 --> 00:36:32,910
(easygoing music)
707
00:36:32,910 --> 00:36:35,220
- [Narrator] Bashford Dean
had a double challenge,
708
00:36:35,220 --> 00:36:37,700
to design a helmet that
would provide protection
709
00:36:37,700 --> 00:36:40,053
and be something soldiers
would agree to wear.
710
00:36:41,530 --> 00:36:44,030
- [Stuart] Getting the
modern soldier to accept
711
00:36:44,030 --> 00:36:47,210
a steel helmet was an uphill battle.
712
00:36:47,210 --> 00:36:48,480
It couldn't be too heavy,
713
00:36:48,480 --> 00:36:52,670
it couldn't be out sized,
one that got in the way.
714
00:36:52,670 --> 00:36:54,600
- [Narrator] For
inspiration, Bashford Dean
715
00:36:54,600 --> 00:36:57,250
studied the Met's
medieval armor collection.
716
00:36:57,250 --> 00:36:59,380
He found many examples of helmets that
717
00:36:59,380 --> 00:37:01,633
struck a balance between
form and function.
718
00:37:03,140 --> 00:37:06,313
He conceived and built
several promising prototypes.
719
00:37:08,610 --> 00:37:11,810
But the war ended before
his work was complete.
720
00:37:11,810 --> 00:37:13,410
And the prototypes were shelved.
721
00:37:14,644 --> 00:37:16,820
(footsteps pounding)
722
00:37:16,820 --> 00:37:19,816
In retrospect, this may
have been short sighted.
723
00:37:19,816 --> 00:37:21,850
(Hitler yells in German)
724
00:37:21,850 --> 00:37:25,360
Bashford Dean died before
the start of World War II,
725
00:37:25,360 --> 00:37:27,413
but his protege carried on his work.
726
00:37:28,600 --> 00:37:31,290
- [Stuart] The museum's armorer
came up with this design,
727
00:37:31,290 --> 00:37:34,210
very much based on the M1 helmet,
728
00:37:34,210 --> 00:37:37,750
but more compact, with the idea being
729
00:37:37,750 --> 00:37:41,650
a smaller head and more compact helmet
730
00:37:41,650 --> 00:37:43,800
would be more efficient
in the battlefield.
731
00:37:45,120 --> 00:37:46,240
- [Narrator] After the helmet,
732
00:37:46,240 --> 00:37:47,923
the Met moved on to body armor.
733
00:37:49,960 --> 00:37:53,640
This 15th century armor,
too fragile to display
734
00:37:53,640 --> 00:37:56,461
in the public galleries,
was an inspiration.
735
00:37:56,461 --> 00:37:59,550
(gentle foreboding music)
736
00:37:59,550 --> 00:38:01,530
- [Stuart] The textile
is is on the outside,
737
00:38:01,530 --> 00:38:03,580
the plates on the inside,
and they would've been
738
00:38:03,580 --> 00:38:07,350
covered by another coat of textile.
739
00:38:07,350 --> 00:38:09,400
And then wrapping
around, this is the back,
740
00:38:09,400 --> 00:38:12,500
it was wrapped around jacket
like, sleeveless jacket,
741
00:38:12,500 --> 00:38:14,500
and tied in the front.
742
00:38:14,500 --> 00:38:17,958
It provided a flexible, armored defense.
743
00:38:17,958 --> 00:38:21,040
(anxious piano music)
744
00:38:21,040 --> 00:38:23,830
This is the Met's revolutionary design.
745
00:38:23,830 --> 00:38:25,370
Medieval technology,
746
00:38:25,370 --> 00:38:27,883
updated for the 20th century battlefield.
747
00:38:29,212 --> 00:38:31,030
(weapons fire)
748
00:38:31,030 --> 00:38:33,320
Once again, the brutal war came to an end
749
00:38:33,320 --> 00:38:35,463
before the Met's design could be tested.
750
00:38:37,400 --> 00:38:39,070
Today's helmets look remarkably
751
00:38:39,070 --> 00:38:42,120
like Bashford Dean's original design.
752
00:38:42,120 --> 00:38:45,253
He saw the future by
looking into the past.
753
00:38:46,705 --> 00:38:48,460
(electronic trilling)
754
00:38:48,460 --> 00:38:51,890
The Met's body armor
proved even more prophetic.
755
00:38:51,890 --> 00:38:54,000
Some modern soldiers wear armor made
756
00:38:54,000 --> 00:38:58,008
from independent plates held
together by flexible material.
757
00:38:58,008 --> 00:38:58,841
(gun bangs)
758
00:38:58,841 --> 00:39:01,200
Such armor can withstand high caliber,
759
00:39:01,200 --> 00:39:02,953
high velocity rifle fire.
760
00:39:05,703 --> 00:39:09,100
This is the body armor
of the 21st century,
761
00:39:09,100 --> 00:39:11,250
but the underlying technology was invented
762
00:39:11,250 --> 00:39:13,607
by medieval craftsmen, and updated
763
00:39:13,607 --> 00:39:16,563
by the curators of the
Metropolitan Museum.
764
00:39:17,510 --> 00:39:20,040
Unfortunately, no one
can know how many lives
765
00:39:20,040 --> 00:39:22,690
might've been spared,
had the Met's prototypes
766
00:39:22,690 --> 00:39:25,184
gone into production a century ago.
767
00:39:25,184 --> 00:39:28,017
(energetic music)
768
00:39:30,334 --> 00:39:33,010
(upbeat pop music)
769
00:39:33,010 --> 00:39:36,540
Next, modern science
unlocks ancient mysteries
770
00:39:36,540 --> 00:39:38,503
and uncovers new facts.
771
00:39:42,243 --> 00:39:45,365
(dramatic music)
772
00:39:45,365 --> 00:39:48,210
(upbeat music)
773
00:39:48,210 --> 00:39:50,220
Two million square feet,
774
00:39:50,220 --> 00:39:51,803
over two million works of art,
775
00:39:52,910 --> 00:39:55,123
five million visitors per year.
776
00:39:55,990 --> 00:39:57,910
At New York's Metropolitan Museum,
777
00:39:57,910 --> 00:40:01,160
there's a new marvel around every corner.
778
00:40:01,160 --> 00:40:03,860
But there are more marvels
the public can't see,
779
00:40:03,860 --> 00:40:05,193
just below their feet.
780
00:40:08,850 --> 00:40:11,410
In the Met's department
of scientific research,
781
00:40:11,410 --> 00:40:13,810
scientists use state of the art technology
782
00:40:13,810 --> 00:40:16,630
to solve ancient mysteries.
783
00:40:16,630 --> 00:40:18,850
- The laboratory is essentially
784
00:40:20,030 --> 00:40:23,810
a fully equipped modern
analytical chemistry lab.
785
00:40:23,810 --> 00:40:26,260
We're dealing, if you
think about our collection,
786
00:40:26,260 --> 00:40:29,790
with 5,000 years of history
from five continents
787
00:40:29,790 --> 00:40:31,860
so every possible material
that has been used
788
00:40:31,860 --> 00:40:36,550
by humankind in artistic
production is represented here.
789
00:40:36,550 --> 00:40:41,550
We have glass, wood, stone,
organic material, textiles.
790
00:40:41,860 --> 00:40:45,560
We have natural materials
and synthetic materials.
791
00:40:45,560 --> 00:40:48,160
- [Narrator] Recently the
lad acquired a new tool.
792
00:40:48,160 --> 00:40:51,100
Used by NASA to study
Martian soil samples,
793
00:40:51,100 --> 00:40:54,130
only a handful of the
world's museums have one.
794
00:40:54,130 --> 00:40:56,073
This is a Raman Spectrometer.
795
00:40:58,900 --> 00:41:01,370
For important and fragile artifacts,
796
00:41:01,370 --> 00:41:04,120
the Raman Spectrometer
offers a non invasive way
797
00:41:04,120 --> 00:41:06,633
to reveal a unique molecular fingerprint.
798
00:41:10,200 --> 00:41:11,700
Here's how it works.
799
00:41:11,700 --> 00:41:15,130
First, a microscopic sample
is taken from an artwork,
800
00:41:15,130 --> 00:41:17,760
using an ultra sharp Tungsten needle.
801
00:41:17,760 --> 00:41:20,563
The sample is smaller than
the width of a human hair.
802
00:41:22,430 --> 00:41:24,130
Next, it's placed in a solution
803
00:41:24,130 --> 00:41:26,253
containing tiny particles of silver.
804
00:41:27,330 --> 00:41:29,810
Placed under a laser, the shiny silver
805
00:41:29,810 --> 00:41:32,403
amplifies the sample's
chemical properties.
806
00:41:37,370 --> 00:41:39,130
The laser scans the sample,
807
00:41:39,130 --> 00:41:41,193
seeking its molecular fingerprint.
808
00:41:42,160 --> 00:41:45,293
The result is a graphic signature
of the chemical elements.
809
00:41:48,510 --> 00:41:49,690
- And the result is incredible,
810
00:41:49,690 --> 00:41:54,280
we go from not seeing
anything to almost magic,
811
00:41:54,280 --> 00:41:58,070
seeing a very distinct
signal that corresponds
812
00:41:58,070 --> 00:42:00,400
to the molecule present in the color
813
00:42:01,460 --> 00:42:02,930
- [Narrator] Using the spectrometer,
814
00:42:02,930 --> 00:42:05,460
Leona made a discovery about world's trade
815
00:42:05,460 --> 00:42:07,193
during the time of the crusades.
816
00:42:08,130 --> 00:42:11,233
The paint on this French
Madonna came from Asia.
817
00:42:12,950 --> 00:42:17,400
- So you have to imagine
this huge trade chain
818
00:42:17,400 --> 00:42:22,170
that went from India all
the way to Southern France
819
00:42:22,170 --> 00:42:23,920
in the Middle Ages, in the 1100s
820
00:42:23,920 --> 00:42:26,680
and if you think about
it, to me it's fascinating
821
00:42:26,680 --> 00:42:29,620
'cause we're talking about
a global trade connection
822
00:42:29,620 --> 00:42:31,880
at a time where Europe
and the Muslim world,
823
00:42:31,880 --> 00:42:34,810
which would've been the
intermediary for this type
824
00:42:34,810 --> 00:42:38,056
of commerce, were at war at
the time of the crusades.
825
00:42:38,056 --> 00:42:39,610
- [Narrator] The spectrometer provides
826
00:42:39,610 --> 00:42:42,440
a new way to explore the past.
827
00:42:42,440 --> 00:42:45,230
- [Marco] The term that
I use is, we're trying
828
00:42:45,230 --> 00:42:47,660
to build a material history of art.
829
00:42:47,660 --> 00:42:50,463
So essentially doing
artistry through science.
830
00:42:51,310 --> 00:42:53,200
- [Narrator] This new material history
831
00:42:53,200 --> 00:42:56,253
is changing Leona's view
of how artists work.
832
00:42:57,440 --> 00:42:59,950
- [Marco] We're seeing that artists,
833
00:42:59,950 --> 00:43:02,870
instead of being completely
disconnected from this art,
834
00:43:02,870 --> 00:43:06,910
supremely aware of that and
exploit to their advantage
835
00:43:08,530 --> 00:43:09,886
the properties of materials,
836
00:43:09,886 --> 00:43:13,540
and that's really also the
definition of a scientist,
837
00:43:13,540 --> 00:43:16,060
someone who can take a
material, knowing the properties
838
00:43:16,060 --> 00:43:18,240
and bring it to some kind of use.
839
00:43:18,240 --> 00:43:20,810
(inspirational music)
840
00:43:20,810 --> 00:43:23,230
- [Narrator] For every
mystery science reveals,
841
00:43:23,230 --> 00:43:25,730
far more remain unspoken.
842
00:43:25,730 --> 00:43:28,008
Secrets of the past and of the human heart
843
00:43:28,008 --> 00:43:31,693
hidden in plain sight at
the Metropolitan Museum.
844
00:43:35,148 --> 00:43:38,815
(dramatic orchestral music)
66784
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