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1
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Narrator:
WHAT IF EVERYTHING YOU KNEW
2
00:00:03,175 --> 00:00:06,040
ABOUT ONE OF THE GREATEST
KILLERS IN HUMAN HISTORY
3
00:00:06,075 --> 00:00:07,800
WAS WRONG?
4
00:00:07,835 --> 00:00:09,285
WHERE IT CAME FROM?
5
00:00:09,319 --> 00:00:10,562
ITS AGE?
6
00:00:10,596 --> 00:00:12,598
ITS FIRST VICTIMS?
7
00:00:12,633 --> 00:00:14,566
IT'S THE ULTIMATE COLD CASE.
8
00:00:14,600 --> 00:00:17,672
Man: WHEN, WHERE, AND HOW
DID THIS THING COME TO BE?
9
00:00:17,707 --> 00:00:20,675
Narrator: NOW, JOIN US
ON A SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
10
00:00:20,710 --> 00:00:23,747
TO UNCOVER A TRAIL
OF FORGOTTEN CLUES
11
00:00:23,782 --> 00:00:27,441
THAT IS REWRITING THE STORY
OF A GLOBAL PANDEMIC.
12
00:00:27,475 --> 00:00:29,063
IT'S A RACE AGAINST TIME...
13
00:00:29,098 --> 00:00:30,582
Man: HALLELUJAH!
14
00:00:30,616 --> 00:00:32,134
Narrator: AGAINST CHAOS...
15
00:00:32,170 --> 00:00:34,379
TO FIND THE FRAGILE EVIDENCE:
16
00:00:34,413 --> 00:00:36,967
A HIDDEN EPIDEMIC
NO ONE NOTICED,
17
00:00:37,002 --> 00:00:38,831
A LOST HISTORY,
18
00:00:38,866 --> 00:00:40,626
AND A DISCOVERY
THAT COULD SAVE US
19
00:00:40,661 --> 00:00:42,801
FROM THE NEXT DEADLY VIRUS.
20
00:00:49,428 --> 00:00:51,844
Tom Brokaw:
SCIENTISTS AT THE NATIONAL
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL
21
00:00:51,879 --> 00:00:55,227
IN ATLANTA TODAY RELEASED
THE RESULTS OF A STUDY,
22
00:00:55,262 --> 00:00:58,437
WHICH SHOWS THAT THE LIFESTYLE
OF SOME MALE HOMOSEXUALS
23
00:00:58,472 --> 00:01:02,476
HAS TRIGGERED AN EPIDEMIC
OF A RARE FORM OF CANCER.
24
00:01:02,510 --> 00:01:04,029
Man: HERE THE KILLER DISEASE
25
00:01:04,063 --> 00:01:06,342
HAS TAKEN ITS GREATEST TOLL
OF DEATH.
26
00:01:06,376 --> 00:01:08,413
Narrator: IN THE BEGINNING,
27
00:01:08,447 --> 00:01:11,519
THERE WERE A FEW
BUT HORRIBLE DEATHS.
28
00:01:11,554 --> 00:01:14,764
THE INVISIBLE KILLER
APPEARS TO STRIKE GAY MEN ONLY,
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00:01:14,798 --> 00:01:18,630
WITH A ZERO CHANCE OF SURVIVAL.
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Man: I KNOW MY LIFE
WILL END VERY SOON.
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00:01:23,393 --> 00:01:25,223
Narrator: THERE IS
CONFUSION AND PANIC,
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00:01:25,257 --> 00:01:28,674
AND NO MEDICAL EXPLANATION.
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00:01:28,709 --> 00:01:31,436
Man: IF IT IS CONTAGIOUS,
WHICH WE DON'T KNOW,
34
00:01:31,470 --> 00:01:35,923
THEN IT IS TRANSMITTED BY VERY,
VERY CLOSE PERSONAL CONTACT.
35
00:01:35,957 --> 00:01:38,753
Narrator: TO COMFORT
AN INCREASINGLY WORRIED PUBLIC,
36
00:01:38,788 --> 00:01:44,896
A LIFESTYLE IS MADE RESPONSIBLE
AND THE AGONY GIVEN A NAME.
37
00:01:44,932 --> 00:01:49,488
Man: THIS CONDITION
IS CALLED A-I-D-S. AIDS.
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00:01:49,523 --> 00:01:52,008
Narrator: MILLIONS OF LIVES
HANG IN THE BALANCE,
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WITH NO CLEAR CAUSE IDENTIFIED
40
00:01:54,252 --> 00:01:56,012
AND NO TREATMENT.
41
00:01:56,045 --> 00:02:02,052
DOCTORS AND PATIENTS
ARE EQUALLY HELPLESS.
42
00:02:02,087 --> 00:02:06,229
ONLY RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISTS
SEEM TO HAVE ANSWERS.
43
00:02:06,264 --> 00:02:08,920
Man: WHAT YOU'RE DOING
IS YOU'RE BELIEVING THE DEVIL,
44
00:02:08,955 --> 00:02:11,683
AND YOU'RE BELIEVING A LIE!
45
00:02:11,717 --> 00:02:14,789
Narrator: VICTIMS ARE
TURNED INTO PERPETRATORS.
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00:02:14,824 --> 00:02:19,103
FEAR, FUELED BY PREJUDICE,
ENGULFS AMERICA.
47
00:02:19,139 --> 00:02:23,626
THE STRANGE NEW PLAGUE WILL SOON
DEVOUR MILLIONS OF LIVES.
48
00:02:23,660 --> 00:02:26,939
BUT WHERE DID THIS
UNKNOWN KILLER COME FROM?
49
00:02:30,115 --> 00:02:34,775
IT IS A MYSTERY THAT'S TAKEN
SCIENCE DECADES TO UNRAVEL.
50
00:02:36,432 --> 00:02:38,848
THE ANSWER TO THE RIDDLE
COULD BE THE KEY
51
00:02:38,882 --> 00:02:44,164
TO FINDING A VACCINE
THAT COULD END AIDS FOREVER.
52
00:02:44,198 --> 00:02:47,305
WORKING AROUND THE GLOBE,
A TEAM OF DEDICATED SCIENTISTS
53
00:02:47,339 --> 00:02:51,204
IS NOW DETERMINED TO DISCOVER
THE TRUTH ABOUT HIV,
54
00:02:51,240 --> 00:02:55,554
WORKING LIKE DETECTIVES
ON THE ULTIMATE COLD CASE.
55
00:02:55,589 --> 00:02:57,418
Michael Worobey: IT'S ONE
OF THE MOST IMPORTANT PANDEMICS
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IN HUMAN HISTORY,
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00:02:58,695 --> 00:03:01,560
AND I JUST BECAME
REALLY INTERESTED
58
00:03:01,595 --> 00:03:03,976
IN THIS SORT OF DEEP HISTORY
THAT YOU CAN GET AT
59
00:03:04,011 --> 00:03:05,875
WHEN YOU COMPARE
THEIR GENE SEQUENCES.
60
00:03:05,909 --> 00:03:08,084
IT'S LIKE BUILDING
A FAMILY TREE OF HUMANS,
61
00:03:08,118 --> 00:03:11,950
AND IT TAKES YOU BACK
TO THE TIME
62
00:03:11,984 --> 00:03:13,917
WHEN THE PANDEMIC FIRST EMERGED,
63
00:03:13,952 --> 00:03:16,575
AND THAT'S ALWAYS BEEN
A FASCINATING QUESTION:
64
00:03:16,610 --> 00:03:19,958
WHEN, WHERE, AND HOW
DID THIS THING COME TO BE
65
00:03:19,992 --> 00:03:24,169
THAT ENTERED THE SCENE SEEMINGLY
OUT OF NOWHERE IN THE 1980s?
66
00:03:26,585 --> 00:03:28,553
Narrator: FOR SCIENTISTS
LIKE MIKE WOROBEY,
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THE FIRST CLUES
TO THE VIRUS'S ORIGINS
68
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WERE THERE
RIGHT FROM THE BEGINNING,
69
00:03:33,213 --> 00:03:35,353
IN THE EARLIEST DAYS
OF THE DISEASE,
70
00:03:35,387 --> 00:03:39,357
BACK WHEN FEAR AND SPECULATION
CLOUDED THE AIR.
71
00:03:39,391 --> 00:03:43,430
WHILE THE FIRST CASES OF AIDS
GOT NOTICED IN THE U.S.,
72
00:03:43,464 --> 00:03:47,088
3,000 MILES ACROSS THE ATLANTIC,
IN BELGIUM,
73
00:03:47,123 --> 00:03:50,437
DR. PETER PIOT
SAW A STRIKINGLY SIMILAR DISEASE
74
00:03:50,471 --> 00:03:52,956
QUIETLY APPEAR IN HIS COUNTRY.
75
00:03:58,478 --> 00:04:00,240
Peter Piot: WE STARTED SEEING
76
00:04:00,274 --> 00:04:03,173
AT OUR HOSPITAL
FOR TROPICAL DISEASES IN ANTWERP
77
00:04:03,208 --> 00:04:05,245
PEOPLE COMING
FROM CENTRAL AFRICA--
78
00:04:05,279 --> 00:04:08,213
AFRICANS BUT ALSO EUROPEANS
LIVING THERE.
79
00:04:08,248 --> 00:04:11,975
AND THEY ALL DIED
IN OUR HOSPITAL
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00:04:12,010 --> 00:04:15,116
WITH A VERY COMPLEX SET
81
00:04:15,151 --> 00:04:19,051
OF WHAT WE CALL NOW
OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS.
82
00:04:19,086 --> 00:04:20,293
Narrator: ALL HIS PATIENTS,
83
00:04:20,329 --> 00:04:22,123
WITH THE SAME SYMPTOMS AS AIDS,
84
00:04:22,158 --> 00:04:24,954
WEREN'T CONNECTED TO AMERICA...
85
00:04:24,988 --> 00:04:27,059
BUT TO CENTRAL AFRICA,
86
00:04:27,094 --> 00:04:28,957
TO THE FORMER BELGIAN COLONY,
87
00:04:28,992 --> 00:04:30,615
THE CONGO.
88
00:04:30,649 --> 00:04:33,238
TO PETER IT WAS A SMOKING GUN.
89
00:04:33,273 --> 00:04:36,206
WHILE AIDS WAS GRABBING
THE HEADLINES IN AMERICA,
90
00:04:36,241 --> 00:04:40,349
DID THE DISEASE IN FACT BEGIN
IN THE HEART OF AFRICA?
91
00:04:40,383 --> 00:04:43,075
Piot: IF WE SEE A HUNDRED
PATIENTS HERE IN BELGIUM,
92
00:04:43,110 --> 00:04:45,526
THERE MUST BE THOUSANDS OF THEM
IN CENTRAL AFRICA,
93
00:04:45,561 --> 00:04:47,183
IN THEIR COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN,
94
00:04:47,217 --> 00:04:51,325
BECAUSE WHO CAN AFFORD TO COME
TO EUROPE FOR MEDICAL CARE?
95
00:04:51,360 --> 00:04:53,016
Narrator: IN 1983,
96
00:04:53,051 --> 00:04:58,401
PETER HEADED OUT TO THE CONGO
TO SEE IF HE WAS RIGHT.
97
00:04:58,436 --> 00:04:59,954
KINSHASA,
98
00:04:59,989 --> 00:05:04,407
THE CAPITAL OF THE DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO.
99
00:05:04,442 --> 00:05:06,789
Piot: WHEN I ENTERED
MAMA YEMO HOSPITAL
100
00:05:06,823 --> 00:05:11,000
FOR THE FIRST TIME IN '83,
101
00:05:11,034 --> 00:05:16,557
I COULD SEE THAT THE WARDS
WERE FULL WITH AIDS PATIENTS.
102
00:05:16,592 --> 00:05:19,457
Narrator: AND AT LEAST
HALF OF THEM WERE WOMEN.
103
00:05:19,491 --> 00:05:24,013
PETER RECOGNIZED IMMEDIATELY
THAT AIDS WAS NOT A GAY DISEASE.
104
00:05:24,047 --> 00:05:29,190
HERE IT WAS SPREADING
BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN ALIKE.
105
00:05:29,225 --> 00:05:32,366
Piot: AND THEN
I TOOK A DEEP BREATH,
106
00:05:32,401 --> 00:05:34,955
AND I SAID
THAT THIS WAS AN EPIDEMIC,
107
00:05:34,989 --> 00:05:36,784
A HETEROSEXUAL EPIDEMIC.
108
00:05:36,819 --> 00:05:37,889
THIS IS A REAL, REAL PROBLEM.
109
00:05:37,923 --> 00:05:40,788
WE ARE IN DEEP TROUBLE.
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00:05:40,823 --> 00:05:43,653
Narrator: TO PETER, IT WAS
OBVIOUS THAT HERE IN AFRICA,
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AIDS WAS NOT A NEW DISEASE
112
00:05:46,104 --> 00:05:50,039
BUT HAD BEEN SPREADING
UNNOTICED FOR A LONG TIME--
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00:05:50,073 --> 00:05:55,389
A TERRIFYING TRUTH THE WORLD
WAS NOT READY TO HEAR.
114
00:05:55,424 --> 00:05:58,150
Piot: WE WROTE A PAPER,
AND THAT WAS REJECTED,
115
00:05:58,185 --> 00:06:00,946
AND THE COMMENT
OF THE REFEREE WAS,
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00:06:00,981 --> 00:06:04,294
"IT'S A WELL-KNOWN FACT
THAT AIDS CANNOT BE TRANSMITTED
117
00:06:04,329 --> 00:06:06,987
FROM WOMEN TO MEN,"
QUOTE, UNQUOTE,
118
00:06:07,021 --> 00:06:09,299
WHICH IS SHOCKING
RETROSPECTIVELY.
119
00:06:09,334 --> 00:06:11,094
BUT EVEN IN THESE DAYS,
120
00:06:11,129 --> 00:06:14,339
THE INFORMATION
WAS ALREADY CLEAR.
121
00:06:14,374 --> 00:06:16,237
Narrator:
EVEN AFTER THE DISCOVERY
122
00:06:16,272 --> 00:06:18,101
THAT AIDS WAS CAUSED BY A VIRUS
123
00:06:18,136 --> 00:06:20,587
THAT COULD BE TRANSMITTED
BETWEEN ANYONE,
124
00:06:20,621 --> 00:06:22,899
SPECULATION ABOUT
WHERE IT CAME FROM
125
00:06:22,934 --> 00:06:24,936
CONTINUED TO GROW.
126
00:06:27,973 --> 00:06:32,046
CONSPIRACY THEORISTS BELIEVED
THE CIA CREATED IT--
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00:06:32,081 --> 00:06:35,774
A BIOWEAPON DESIGNED
TO ELIMINATE MINORITY GROUPS.
128
00:06:39,813 --> 00:06:43,437
THE SEARCH FOR THE KILLER
BECAME A WITCH HUNT.
129
00:06:43,472 --> 00:06:46,267
WHO WAS RESPONSIBLE?
130
00:06:46,302 --> 00:06:48,787
Woman: IT WAS THE WHODUNIT
OF THE CENTURY.
131
00:06:48,822 --> 00:06:49,926
Harry Reasoner: PATIENT ZERO
132
00:06:49,961 --> 00:06:53,343
IS A MEDICAL
AND POLITICAL DETECTIVE STORY.
133
00:06:53,378 --> 00:06:56,657
Narrator: A RUMOR EMERGED
THAT IN THE LATE 1970s
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00:06:56,692 --> 00:06:59,349
A CANADIAN FLIGHT ATTENDANT
HAD SPREAD IT TO GAY MEN
135
00:06:59,384 --> 00:07:02,007
IN THE PROMISCUOUS
BATHHOUSE SCENE
136
00:07:02,042 --> 00:07:04,078
ON THE WEST COAST OF THE U.S.
137
00:07:08,358 --> 00:07:12,086
THE RUMOR WAS PART OF
A RIGHT-WING SMEAR CAMPAIGN.
138
00:07:16,297 --> 00:07:17,506
ONE CONSPIRACY THEORY
139
00:07:17,540 --> 00:07:20,474
EVEN TOOK ROOT
AMONG SOME SCIENTISTS:
140
00:07:20,509 --> 00:07:25,893
THAT THE VIRUS WAS INTRODUCED
INTO HUMANS VIA A VACCINE.
141
00:07:25,928 --> 00:07:27,377
IN THE LATE 1950s,
142
00:07:27,412 --> 00:07:30,207
SCIENTISTS DEVELOPED
AN ORAL POLIO VACCINE
143
00:07:30,242 --> 00:07:33,556
THAT WAS TESTED
IN CENTRAL AFRICA.
144
00:07:33,591 --> 00:07:35,247
IT WAS CLAIMED
THAT IN THE PROCESS,
145
00:07:35,282 --> 00:07:37,491
THEY SOMEHOW USED
CHIMPANZEE CELLS
146
00:07:37,526 --> 00:07:42,634
UNKNOWINGLY INFECTED WITH
A PRECURSOR TO THE AIDS VIRUS,
147
00:07:42,669 --> 00:07:44,325
AND THAT WHEN THE VACCINE
148
00:07:44,360 --> 00:07:46,569
WAS LATER GIVEN
TO MILLIONS OF PEOPLE,
149
00:07:46,604 --> 00:07:49,572
IT ACCIDENTALLY INTRODUCED HIV.
150
00:07:52,679 --> 00:07:55,578
ALTHOUGH LATER STUDIES
FOUND NO TRACE OF HIV
151
00:07:55,613 --> 00:07:58,547
AND NO TRACE OF CHIMP CELLS
IN THE VACCINE,
152
00:07:58,581 --> 00:08:03,241
THE CONSPIRACY THEORY
PERSISTS TO THIS DAY.
153
00:08:03,275 --> 00:08:06,934
Dirk Teuwen: CONSPIRACY THEORIES
NEVER DIE ALONE.
154
00:08:06,969 --> 00:08:10,317
AND SCIENTIFIC PROOF
WAS THE ONLY WAY
155
00:08:10,351 --> 00:08:15,460
TO, ONCE AND FOR ALL,
GET THIS OVER WITH.
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00:08:15,495 --> 00:08:17,738
Narrator: DIRK TEUWEN
IS A MEDICAL RESEARCHER
157
00:08:17,773 --> 00:08:19,637
WHO HAS TEAMED WITH MIKE WOROBEY
158
00:08:19,671 --> 00:08:21,535
BECAUSE THEY SHARE
A LONGSTANDING INTEREST
159
00:08:21,570 --> 00:08:25,056
IN UNCOVERING
THE REAL HISTORY OF HIV.
160
00:08:25,090 --> 00:08:27,852
THEY WANTED TO DISPROVE
ALL THE RUMORS.
161
00:08:27,886 --> 00:08:32,201
THE PLAN: RETURN TO THE CONGO
AND FOLLOW UP ON THE LEADS.
162
00:08:32,235 --> 00:08:34,893
Dirk: THAT WAS
A LUDICROUS IDEA.
163
00:08:34,928 --> 00:08:37,586
DIRK, YOU MUST BE
COMPLETELY CRAZY.
164
00:08:37,620 --> 00:08:40,760
CONGO HAS HAD
SO MANY REVOLUTIONS,
165
00:08:40,796 --> 00:08:43,971
AND NOTHING WILL HAVE BEEN
PRESERVED FROM THE PAST.
166
00:08:44,006 --> 00:08:46,905
BUT, OKAY, I MEAN,
I'M STUBBORN,
167
00:08:46,940 --> 00:08:49,667
AND I PERSISTED,
SO THERE WE GO.
168
00:08:52,532 --> 00:08:54,879
Narrator: BUT FINDING
FORGOTTEN EVIDENCE IN THE CONGO
169
00:08:54,913 --> 00:08:58,434
IS NOT EASY.
170
00:08:58,468 --> 00:09:01,057
THE COUNTRY WENT THROUGH
DECADES OF DECLINE.
171
00:09:01,092 --> 00:09:04,405
THINGS GOT LOST.
172
00:09:04,440 --> 00:09:06,269
BUT DIRK KEPT AT IT.
173
00:09:06,304 --> 00:09:09,928
A FEW YEARS BACK, HE AND MIKE
DISCOVERED SOMETHING CURIOUS:
174
00:09:09,963 --> 00:09:14,001
A BIOPSY SAMPLE THAT CONTAINED
TRACES OF THE VIRUS.
175
00:09:14,036 --> 00:09:17,557
IT CAME FROM A PATIENT
WHO DIED IN THE 1960s.
176
00:09:17,591 --> 00:09:20,249
TO PROVE THAT THIS
WAS NOT AN ISOLATED CASE,
177
00:09:20,283 --> 00:09:22,320
HE NEEDS TO FIND MORE EVIDENCE.
178
00:09:30,052 --> 00:09:32,710
Narrator: DIRK HAS BROUGHT
A COMMODITY THAT IS SCARCE HERE,
179
00:09:32,744 --> 00:09:34,781
BUT CENTRAL TO HIS RESEARCH:
180
00:09:34,815 --> 00:09:36,610
PARAFFIN.
181
00:09:36,645 --> 00:09:38,750
THIS IS THE PATHOLOGY LAB
182
00:09:38,785 --> 00:09:42,064
WHERE THE FIRST
TANTALIZING CLUE WAS FOUND.
183
00:09:42,098 --> 00:09:43,306
FOR DECADES,
184
00:09:43,341 --> 00:09:45,515
CLINICIANS HERE HAVE BEEN
PREPARING TISSUE SAMPLES
185
00:09:45,550 --> 00:09:47,552
FROM THE SICK AND THE DEAD:
186
00:09:47,587 --> 00:09:51,211
SLICES OF SPLEEN, LIVER,
AND LYMPH NODES.
187
00:09:51,245 --> 00:09:54,110
THE TISSUE SAMPLES ARE EMBEDDED
IN BLOCKS OF PARAFFIN
188
00:09:54,145 --> 00:09:56,492
TO SHIELD THEM FROM DECAY.
189
00:09:56,526 --> 00:09:58,011
THE TUMOR IN THIS BREAST TISSUE
190
00:09:58,045 --> 00:10:01,497
WILL BE ARCHIVED
AND PRESERVED FOR FUTURE STUDY.
191
00:10:01,531 --> 00:10:06,053
SINCE THE 1940s, THIS HAS BEEN
STANDARD MEDICAL PROCEDURE.
192
00:10:06,088 --> 00:10:08,538
EVEN HERE,
WHERE FREEZERS ARE A LUXURY,
193
00:10:08,573 --> 00:10:09,919
IT MEANS THAT IN THEORY,
194
00:10:09,954 --> 00:10:15,235
DECADES-OLD TISSUES
COULD REMAIN PRESERVED.
195
00:10:15,269 --> 00:10:18,721
EACH OF THESE BLOCKS
IS LIKE A MEDICAL FOSSIL.
196
00:10:18,756 --> 00:10:20,965
THEY PRESERVE
NOT JUST HUMAN TISSUE,
197
00:10:20,999 --> 00:10:24,485
BUT POTENTIALLY
ALSO ANY VIRUS INFECTING IT.
198
00:10:24,520 --> 00:10:25,970
DIRK AND MIKE'S TEAM
199
00:10:26,004 --> 00:10:28,662
HOPE TO FIND ARCHIVES
OF THESE TISSUE SAMPLES
200
00:10:28,697 --> 00:10:30,181
AND USE THEM LIKE A TIME MACHINE
201
00:10:30,215 --> 00:10:33,840
TO TRAVEL BACK TO THE VERY
BEGINNING OF THE EPIDEMIC,
202
00:10:33,874 --> 00:10:39,190
BEFORE ANYONE KNEW THAT AIDS
AND HIV EVEN EXISTED.
203
00:10:39,224 --> 00:10:41,675
BUT THEIR JOURNEY WON'T BE EASY.
204
00:10:45,299 --> 00:10:48,544
THIS IS CONGO'S
ONLY HIGH-SECURITY LAB.
205
00:10:48,578 --> 00:10:52,444
HIV, EBOLA, AND MONKEY POX
HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED HERE,
206
00:10:52,479 --> 00:10:53,998
ALL UNDER THE OVERSIGHT
207
00:10:54,032 --> 00:10:56,759
OF DR. JEAN-JACQUES
MUYEMBE-TAMFUM,
208
00:10:56,794 --> 00:11:00,936
THE COUNTRY'S MOST DISTINGUISHED
MEDICAL RESEARCHER.
209
00:11:00,970 --> 00:11:03,593
DIRK HAS COME TO ASK
JEAN-JACQUES FOR HELP
210
00:11:03,628 --> 00:11:05,665
IN GAINING ACCESS
TO A LOCAL HOSPITAL
211
00:11:05,699 --> 00:11:07,287
WHERE HE HOPES TO FIND CLUES
212
00:11:07,321 --> 00:11:10,911
THAT MAY HELP THEM DETERMINE
WHEN AND HOW AIDS FIRST BEGAN.
213
00:11:29,654 --> 00:11:34,107
Narrator: BUT GETTING HIS HANDS
ON THE SAMPLES WON'T BE EASY.
214
00:11:34,141 --> 00:11:36,143
IT TAKES DIRK
A LOT OF NEGOTIATING
215
00:11:36,178 --> 00:11:37,904
TO CONVINCE
A TEAM OF RESEARCHERS
216
00:11:37,938 --> 00:11:40,734
TO ALLOW HIM TO ENTER
THE HOSPITAL'S BASEMENT.
217
00:11:48,811 --> 00:11:51,607
Narrator: LOCATING OLD
TISSUE SAMPLES IN THIS CHAOS
218
00:11:51,641 --> 00:11:52,884
WILL BE DIFFICULT.
219
00:12:09,487 --> 00:12:13,767
Narrator: AMONG ALL THE JUNK,
THEY FIND A METAL CONTAINER.
220
00:12:13,802 --> 00:12:18,565
THESE ARE SAMPLES IN THEIR
ORIGINAL CARDBOARD BOXES.
221
00:12:18,599 --> 00:12:20,947
AND THEN, THE MOTHER LODE:
222
00:12:20,981 --> 00:12:23,156
PAY DIRT.
223
00:12:23,190 --> 00:12:26,676
THIS CORNER OF THE BASEMENT IS
STUFFED WITH ARCHIVAL DRAWERS.
224
00:12:37,480 --> 00:12:40,104
Narrator: SORTING OUT
HOW OLD THESE SAMPLES ARE
225
00:12:40,138 --> 00:12:41,830
ISN'T EASY.
226
00:12:41,864 --> 00:12:43,797
DELPHINE MAVINGA PHANZU,
227
00:12:43,832 --> 00:12:46,040
THE TECHNICIAN
FROM THE PATHOLOGY LAB,
228
00:12:46,075 --> 00:12:48,526
MIGHT BE ABLE TO HELP.
229
00:12:48,560 --> 00:12:50,217
DIRK HOPES THESE SAMPLES
230
00:12:50,252 --> 00:12:53,289
WILL DATE TO THE 1960s
OR EVEN EARLIER,
231
00:12:53,324 --> 00:12:55,567
TO WHEN HE BELIEVES
THE HOSPITAL HERE
232
00:12:55,602 --> 00:12:59,054
MIGHT HAVE SEEN ITS FIRST
UNIDENTIFIED CASES OF AIDS.
233
00:13:03,127 --> 00:13:05,681
THE DOCTORS PERHAPS
PERFORMED AN AUTOPSY
234
00:13:05,715 --> 00:13:08,063
AND PRESERVED THE TISSUE.
235
00:13:08,097 --> 00:13:13,378
COULD AN ANCIENT FORM OF HIV BE
LURKING IN THESE BLOCKS OF WAX?
236
00:13:13,413 --> 00:13:17,313
Dirk:
WE SEE BLOCKS FROM 1974,
237
00:13:17,348 --> 00:13:20,869
AND THEY ARE IN
A REMARKABLE GOOD CONDITION.
238
00:13:20,903 --> 00:13:24,044
IF YOU OPEN THIS BOX
AND YOU SEE THIS,
239
00:13:24,079 --> 00:13:28,359
AGAIN, IF YOU LOOK AT IT,
THIS IS BRILLIANT.
240
00:13:28,393 --> 00:13:29,912
THIS IS SIMPLY BRILLIANT.
241
00:13:32,190 --> 00:13:34,952
Narrator:
HE'LL HAVE TO KEEP DIGGING.
242
00:13:34,986 --> 00:13:38,231
ONLY OLDER SAMPLES WILL SHOW
WHETHER AN EPIDEMIC EXISTED
243
00:13:38,265 --> 00:13:41,821
LONG BEFORE AIDS BEGAN KILLING
PEOPLE IN NORTH AMERICA.
244
00:13:45,203 --> 00:13:49,552
IN 1985,
AMERICA GETS A WAKE-UP CALL.
245
00:13:49,587 --> 00:13:54,419
MOVIE STAR ROCK HUDSON
DIES OF AIDS.
246
00:13:54,454 --> 00:13:56,559
BUT DESPITE
THE SHOCKING HEADLINE,
247
00:13:56,594 --> 00:13:58,872
THE DISEASE IS IGNORED.
248
00:13:58,907 --> 00:14:01,771
UNCHECKED,
THE VIRUS IS SPREADING
249
00:14:01,806 --> 00:14:05,189
INTO HETEROSEXUALS
IN INNER-CITY AREAS.
250
00:14:05,223 --> 00:14:06,638
WITHOUT INTERVENTION,
251
00:14:06,673 --> 00:14:10,366
IT INVADES OTHER POPULATIONS
THE MAINSTREAM IGNORES:
252
00:14:10,401 --> 00:14:14,163
SEX WORKERS
AND INTRAVENOUS DRUG USERS.
253
00:14:14,198 --> 00:14:18,340
AND SOON THE VIRUS INFILTRATES
THE HEARTLAND OF AMERICA.
254
00:14:18,374 --> 00:14:24,553
QUIETLY IT SLIPS INTO
THE NATION'S BLOOD SUPPLY.
255
00:14:24,587 --> 00:14:29,316
IN 1990, IT TAKES THE LIFE OF
AN ADOLESCENT TEENAGER IN OHIO,
256
00:14:29,351 --> 00:14:30,904
A HEMOPHILIAC INFECTED
257
00:14:30,939 --> 00:14:33,873
BY A TAINTED BLOOD TRANSFUSION.
258
00:14:33,907 --> 00:14:34,977
Reporter:
THE GOVERNMENT PREDICTS
259
00:14:35,012 --> 00:14:36,220
THAT WITHIN THE NEXT FIVE YEARS
260
00:14:36,254 --> 00:14:39,533
165,000 AMERICANS--
MEN AND WOMEN--
261
00:14:39,568 --> 00:14:41,777
WILL DIE FROM
THIS MYSTERIOUS DISEASE.
262
00:14:41,811 --> 00:14:43,641
C. Everett Koop:
WE'RE TALKING ABOUT DEATH HERE.
263
00:14:43,675 --> 00:14:46,230
WE'RE TALKING ABOUT DEATH.
264
00:14:46,264 --> 00:14:47,576
Narrator:
POLITICIANS ARE THE LAST
265
00:14:47,610 --> 00:14:50,061
TO AWAKE TO THE REALITY.
266
00:14:50,096 --> 00:14:51,960
President Bush:
THIS IS A TRAGIC DISEASE.
267
00:14:51,994 --> 00:14:55,756
I'D LIKE TO FIND WAYS
TO BE HELPFUL AS PRESIDENT.
268
00:14:55,790 --> 00:14:57,862
THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
WILL SOON REQUIRE TESTING
269
00:14:57,897 --> 00:15:00,140
FOR PRISONERS, IMMIGRANTS,
270
00:15:00,175 --> 00:15:02,625
AND ALIENS SEEKING
PERMANENT RESIDENCE.
271
00:15:02,660 --> 00:15:05,870
[CROWD BOOS]
272
00:15:05,905 --> 00:15:08,631
Narrator: CLOSING BORDERS
IS A FUTILE GESTURE.
273
00:15:08,666 --> 00:15:12,083
THE GLOBAL PANDEMIC
IS ALREADY OUT OF CONTROL.
274
00:15:12,118 --> 00:15:16,777
HIV WILL EVENTUALLY CLAIM
30 MILLION LIVES.
275
00:15:16,812 --> 00:15:19,159
BUT WHAT'S UNKNOWN
IS WHAT THE VIRUS WAS DOING
276
00:15:19,194 --> 00:15:23,715
BEFORE THE FIRST CASE OF AIDS
SURFACED IN 1981.
277
00:15:23,750 --> 00:15:28,651
COULD THERE HAVE BEEN AN EARLIER
HIDDEN EPIDEMIC NO ONE NOTICED?
278
00:15:28,686 --> 00:15:30,377
THAT'S WHY DIRK
HAS RETURNED TO THE LAB
279
00:15:30,412 --> 00:15:33,173
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF KINSHASA.
280
00:15:33,208 --> 00:15:36,556
HE AND DELPHINE HAVE LOCATED
OLD MEDICAL RECORDS.
281
00:15:36,590 --> 00:15:38,385
THEY GIVE
VERY DETAILED INFORMATION
282
00:15:38,420 --> 00:15:40,422
ABOUT THE CONDITION
OF THE PATIENT.
283
00:15:40,456 --> 00:15:44,736
IN THEORY, EACH FILE HAS
A CORRESPONDING TISSUE SAMPLE.
284
00:15:44,771 --> 00:15:47,187
DIRK HOPES THAT THESE ARCHIVES
MIGHT CONTAIN CLUES
285
00:15:47,222 --> 00:15:50,156
ABOUT MORE EARLY PATIENTS
OF HIV.
286
00:16:06,862 --> 00:16:09,899
Narrator: THE DOCUMENTS DETAIL
THE MEDICAL HISTORY OF PATIENTS
287
00:16:09,934 --> 00:16:13,213
DATING BACK TO 1954.
288
00:16:13,248 --> 00:16:14,628
AS A TRAINED PROFESSIONAL,
289
00:16:14,663 --> 00:16:19,357
DIRK MIGHT BE ABLE TO SPOT CASES
THAT SUGGEST AIDS-LIKE SYMPTOMS.
290
00:16:19,392 --> 00:16:22,395
BUT TO CONFIRM
ANY EARLY HIV PATIENTS,
291
00:16:22,429 --> 00:16:24,776
THEY WILL HAVE TO
FIND TISSUE SAMPLES
292
00:16:24,811 --> 00:16:26,606
AND TEST THEM FOR THE VIRUS.
293
00:16:36,374 --> 00:16:39,757
Narrator: THE SAMPLES HAVE BEEN
MOVED TO A DIFFERENT LOCATION.
294
00:17:23,973 --> 00:17:26,665
Narrator: EVERYTHING HAS TO BE
CLEANED OUT AND CLASSIFIED.
295
00:17:30,428 --> 00:17:33,673
IT IS A TREASURE TROVE
OF THOUSANDS OF OLD SAMPLES.
296
00:17:33,707 --> 00:17:35,364
BUT FIGURING OUT
HOW OLD THEY ARE
297
00:17:35,399 --> 00:17:37,746
AND IF THE TISSUE SAMPLES
FROM THE 1950s
298
00:17:37,780 --> 00:17:41,025
ARE AMONG THE JUMBLED CHAOS
299
00:17:41,060 --> 00:17:44,477
WILL TAKE WORK.
300
00:17:44,511 --> 00:17:46,893
LOTS OF WORK.
301
00:17:46,927 --> 00:17:50,724
WHILE DELPHINE
SORTS OUT THE MESS,
302
00:17:50,759 --> 00:17:52,761
DIRK HITS THE ROAD.
303
00:17:52,795 --> 00:17:55,108
TOGETHER WITH HIS FRIEND
JEAN-JACQUES
304
00:17:55,143 --> 00:17:58,663
HE IS HEADING TO A TOWN
100 MILES OUTSIDE KINSHASA
305
00:17:58,698 --> 00:17:59,871
THAT MANY DECADES AGO
306
00:17:59,906 --> 00:18:05,291
WAS THE CENTER
OF A GIGANTIC RAILWAY PROJECT.
307
00:18:05,325 --> 00:18:08,397
THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE WORKED
UNDER VERY HARSH CONDITIONS,
308
00:18:08,432 --> 00:18:12,608
AND COUNTLESS WERE TREATED
IN THE LOCAL HOSPITAL.
309
00:18:12,643 --> 00:18:15,163
SO, THE TWO HOPE TO FIND
OLD TISSUE SAMPLES
310
00:18:15,197 --> 00:18:17,924
IN THIS PLACE CALLED
MBANZA-NGUNGU,
311
00:18:17,958 --> 00:18:23,412
WHICH COULD POINT
TO HIV'S EARLY VICTIMS.
312
00:18:23,447 --> 00:18:25,311
TODAY, RUINS AND WRECKS
313
00:18:25,345 --> 00:18:28,141
ARE ALL THAT'S LEFT
OF THE RAILWAY.
314
00:18:28,176 --> 00:18:31,248
[HORN BLOWS]
315
00:18:31,282 --> 00:18:33,250
DIRK'S BEEN TOLD THAT
THERE'S AN EYEWITNESS HERE
316
00:18:33,284 --> 00:18:37,116
WHO MIGHT BE ABLE TO HELP HIM
FIND THE KILLER'S TRACKS.
317
00:18:41,189 --> 00:18:44,019
A 92-YEAR-OLD
FORMER LAB TECHNICIAN
318
00:18:44,053 --> 00:18:45,745
AT A NEARBY HOSPITAL.
319
00:19:05,454 --> 00:19:08,216
Narrator: THE TISSUE SAMPLES
WERE THERE IN 1996
320
00:19:08,250 --> 00:19:09,838
WHEN THE MAN RETIRED,
321
00:19:09,872 --> 00:19:14,187
BUT WHERE THEY ARE TODAY
IS ANYONE'S GUESS.
322
00:19:14,222 --> 00:19:16,327
THE OLD MAN REMEMBERS
THAT THERE IS AN ARCHIVE
323
00:19:16,362 --> 00:19:19,986
WITH PATIENT RECORDS
GOING BACK DECADES.
324
00:19:20,020 --> 00:19:23,300
MAYBE THEY WILL POINT
TO THE SAMPLES.
325
00:19:23,334 --> 00:19:26,579
[DIRK GASPS]
326
00:19:26,613 --> 00:19:30,203
Dirk: HOLY, HOLY, HOLY!
327
00:19:30,238 --> 00:19:33,275
LOOK AT THIS!
328
00:19:33,310 --> 00:19:36,244
'85...
329
00:19:36,278 --> 00:19:39,385
'84. SO, '84...
330
00:19:39,419 --> 00:19:41,214
Narrator: COULD THIS
TREASURE TROVE OF FILES
331
00:19:41,249 --> 00:19:45,080
LEAD DIRK TO MORE
ANCIENT SAMPLES OF HIV
332
00:19:45,114 --> 00:19:49,153
AND TO ANSWERS ABOUT
THE PREHISTORY OF THE PANDEMIC?
333
00:19:56,471 --> 00:20:01,234
AFTER HAVING SEARCHED
THE WHOLE ARCHIVE,
334
00:20:01,269 --> 00:20:04,444
THEY FIND
AN OLD AND DUSTY SUITCASE.
335
00:20:04,479 --> 00:20:06,826
[MEN SPEAKING FRENCH]
336
00:20:20,564 --> 00:20:22,773
[LAUGHING]
337
00:20:28,675 --> 00:20:32,714
Narrator: THE OLD TISSUE SAMPLES
THAT WERE STILL THERE IN 1996
338
00:20:32,748 --> 00:20:34,785
ARE GONE.
339
00:20:34,819 --> 00:20:37,719
IT IS A REMINDER FOR DIRK
AND HIS FRIEND JEAN-JACQUES
340
00:20:37,753 --> 00:20:40,515
THAT THIS COUNTRY HAS BEEN
GOING THROUGH DIFFICULT TIMES.
341
00:20:40,549 --> 00:20:44,104
A LACK OF FUNDS HAS FORCED
THE DOCTORS TO IMPROVISE.
342
00:20:48,523 --> 00:20:50,835
PROBABLY, THE BLOCKS
HAVE BEEN MELTED DOWN
343
00:20:50,870 --> 00:20:55,115
BECAUSE THE PARAFFIN WAS NEEDED
TO MANUFACTURE NEW BLOCKS.
344
00:20:57,635 --> 00:20:59,844
ALL HIS HOPES
NOW REST WITH THE LAB
345
00:20:59,879 --> 00:21:02,364
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF KINSHASA.
346
00:21:02,399 --> 00:21:07,921
[PEOPLE SINGING]
347
00:21:07,956 --> 00:21:10,579
Narrator: DELPHINE HAS FINISHED
CLEANING OUT THE CLOSET.
348
00:21:12,409 --> 00:21:17,034
AT FIRST SIGHT, THIS DOESN'T
LOOK LIKE A MEDICAL GOLD MINE.
349
00:21:17,068 --> 00:21:18,932
Dirk: OH!
350
00:21:18,967 --> 00:21:21,521
[SPEAKING FRENCH]
351
00:21:21,556 --> 00:21:23,351
Narrator:
BUT THE SEARCH HAS PAID OFF.
352
00:21:23,385 --> 00:21:28,217
DELPHINE HAS FOUND THOUSANDS
OF SAMPLES FROM THE 1960s.
353
00:21:28,252 --> 00:21:32,152
DIRK'S HOPING SOME MAY EVEN BE
FROM THE MID-1950s.
354
00:21:32,187 --> 00:21:33,844
BUT DELPHINE IS CAUTIOUS.
355
00:21:33,878 --> 00:21:35,604
SHE DOUBLE-CHECKS WITH SLIDES
356
00:21:35,639 --> 00:21:38,607
THAT CONTAIN A COPY
OF EACH TISSUE SAMPLE.
357
00:21:58,869 --> 00:22:00,698
Narrator:
THE SAMPLES FROM THE 1950s
358
00:22:00,733 --> 00:22:03,839
THAT DIRK HAD HOPED TO FIND
AREN'T AMONG THEM.
359
00:22:03,874 --> 00:22:06,911
THEY, TOO, MAY HAVE BEEN
RECYCLED OR DESTROYED.
360
00:22:10,225 --> 00:22:17,301
Dirk: IN OUR JOURNEY
TO 1956 AND EARLIER
361
00:22:17,336 --> 00:22:23,480
I THINK WE MAY HERE BE
AT A DEAD END.
362
00:22:23,514 --> 00:22:25,240
Narrator:
BUT DESPITE THE DISAPPOINTMENT,
363
00:22:25,274 --> 00:22:30,866
THEY HAVE FOUND THOUSANDS OF
TISSUE SAMPLES FROM THE 1960s.
364
00:22:30,901 --> 00:22:33,524
Dirk: AND THEY MAY BE
EQUALLY IMPORTANT
365
00:22:33,559 --> 00:22:38,357
BECAUSE THE MORE INFORMATION
WE HAVE FROM THIS PERIOD,
366
00:22:38,391 --> 00:22:42,050
THE BETTER WE CAN
OBVIOUSLY POSITION
367
00:22:42,084 --> 00:22:46,848
EARLY HIV POSITIVE SAMPLES.
368
00:22:46,882 --> 00:22:51,266
Narrator: ARE ANCIENT PARTICLES
OF THE VIRUS LURKING INSIDE?
369
00:22:51,300 --> 00:22:52,440
PIECE BY PIECE,
370
00:22:52,474 --> 00:22:54,407
BATCHES OF THESE PRECIOUS BLOCKS
371
00:22:54,442 --> 00:22:57,824
ARE SHIPPED OUT TO ARIZONA
FOR ANALYSIS.
372
00:22:57,859 --> 00:23:02,381
IF THE LAB CAN I.D. THE VIRUS
IN THE 70-YEAR-OLD HUMAN TISSUE,
373
00:23:02,415 --> 00:23:05,832
IT WILL REWRITE
THE LOST HISTORY OF AIDS.
374
00:23:09,974 --> 00:23:11,459
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA,
375
00:23:11,493 --> 00:23:14,047
MOLECULAR BIOLOGIST MIKE WOROBEY
376
00:23:14,082 --> 00:23:16,843
IS WRESTLING WITH THE
HALF-CENTURY-OLD TISSUE SAMPLES
377
00:23:16,878 --> 00:23:19,190
FROM AFRICA.
378
00:23:19,225 --> 00:23:20,675
Worobey: THE TRICK NOW
379
00:23:20,709 --> 00:23:23,850
IS TO FIND THE TINY LITTLE BIT
OF HIV GENETIC MATERIAL
380
00:23:23,885 --> 00:23:25,404
THAT MIGHT BE IN THERE,
381
00:23:25,438 --> 00:23:28,579
AND IT'S KIND OF LIKE LOOKING
FOR A NEEDLE IN A HAYSTACK,
382
00:23:28,614 --> 00:23:30,201
BUT THE NEEDLES ARE BROKEN
383
00:23:30,236 --> 00:23:31,686
BECAUSE OF THE CHEMICALS
THAT WE USE,
384
00:23:31,720 --> 00:23:35,241
SO IT'S LIKE LOOKING FOR A TINY
FRAGMENT OF A BROKEN NEEDLE
385
00:23:35,275 --> 00:23:38,175
IN A FIELD OF HAYSTACKS.
386
00:23:38,209 --> 00:23:41,454
Narrator: MIKE IS LOOKING FOR
GENETIC MATERIAL FROM THE VIRUS
387
00:23:41,489 --> 00:23:44,388
AND MUST MAKE SURE
THAT THERE IS NO CONTAMINATION.
388
00:23:48,150 --> 00:23:50,463
Worobey: OK, WHAT HAVE WE GOT?
389
00:23:50,498 --> 00:23:54,502
Man: WELL, WE GOT A BAND HERE.
390
00:23:54,536 --> 00:23:56,124
LOOKS DECENT.
391
00:23:56,158 --> 00:23:58,471
HERE, HERE.
392
00:23:58,506 --> 00:24:00,646
AND THOSE TWO
ALL LOOK PROMISING.
393
00:24:00,680 --> 00:24:01,923
Worobey:
SO THOSE ARE ALL LOOKING--
394
00:24:01,957 --> 00:24:02,958
Narrator: THERE ARE SIGNALS
395
00:24:02,993 --> 00:24:05,271
THAT SOME OF THE SAMPLES
FROM THE 1960s
396
00:24:05,305 --> 00:24:07,307
ARE INDEED HIV-POSITIVE.
397
00:24:07,342 --> 00:24:08,688
Man: WE'LL CLONE
AND SEQUENCE IT.
398
00:24:08,723 --> 00:24:10,103
Worobey: BEAUTIFUL.
399
00:24:10,138 --> 00:24:11,415
Narrator:
THIS COULD MEAN THAT AIDS
400
00:24:11,450 --> 00:24:13,175
WAS WREAKING HAVOC IN AFRICA
401
00:24:13,210 --> 00:24:16,972
DECADES BEFORE
ANYONE EVER NOTICED.
402
00:24:17,007 --> 00:24:21,460
Worobey: THESE SORTS OF
OLD SEQUENCES, IF WE GET THEM,
403
00:24:21,494 --> 00:24:25,498
ALLOW US TO STEP BACK IN TIME
SEVERAL DECADES
404
00:24:25,533 --> 00:24:29,226
AND KIND OF HAVE A SNAPSHOT
OF WHAT HIV LOOKED LIKE
405
00:24:29,260 --> 00:24:32,160
IN 1966 OR 1960.
406
00:24:32,194 --> 00:24:33,230
IT'S KIND OF LIKE THE DIFFERENCE
407
00:24:33,264 --> 00:24:35,508
BETWEEN A STILL PHOTOGRAPH
AND FILM.
408
00:24:35,543 --> 00:24:38,235
A STILL PHOTOGRAPH CAN BE GREAT,
409
00:24:38,269 --> 00:24:42,550
BUT IF YOU CAN HAVE A SERIES
OF THESE THINGS OVER TIME,
410
00:24:42,584 --> 00:24:43,930
YOU PUT THEM TOGETHER
411
00:24:43,965 --> 00:24:45,932
AND ALL OF A SUDDEN
YOU GET A SENSE OF THE MOTION,
412
00:24:45,967 --> 00:24:49,488
THE SPEED AT WHICH THIS THING
CHANGES OVER TIME,
413
00:24:49,522 --> 00:24:53,319
AND THAT ALLOWS YOU
TO GO BACK EVEN DEEPER
414
00:24:53,353 --> 00:24:57,185
TO THE EARLIEST TIME POINTS
IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE VIRUS.
415
00:24:57,219 --> 00:24:58,324
Narrator: THESE OLD SEQUENCES
416
00:24:58,358 --> 00:25:00,602
MAY EVEN HOLD
VALUABLE INTELLIGENCE
417
00:25:00,637 --> 00:25:02,915
ABOUT THE VIRUS'S WEAKNESSES
418
00:25:02,949 --> 00:25:08,748
SCIENTISTS MIGHT ONE DAY EXPLOIT
IN THEIR QUEST FOR A VACCINE.
419
00:25:08,783 --> 00:25:11,855
DEFEATING THE VIRUS
HAS PROVEN IMPOSSIBLY HARD.
420
00:25:11,889 --> 00:25:13,891
HIV MUTATES FASTER
421
00:25:13,926 --> 00:25:16,963
THAN SCIENTISTS CAN INVENT
WEAPONS AGAINST IT.
422
00:25:16,998 --> 00:25:19,759
BUT WHILE WE STILL HAVE NO CURE
AND NO VACCINE,
423
00:25:19,794 --> 00:25:23,418
WE DID DISCOVER A WAY
TO PROLONG LIFE WITH HIV,
424
00:25:23,452 --> 00:25:27,077
WITH SO CALLED
ANTI-RETROVIRAL DRUGS.
425
00:25:27,111 --> 00:25:30,770
Magic Johnson: BECAUSE OF
THE HIV VIRUS THAT I HAVE
426
00:25:30,805 --> 00:25:33,393
I WILL HAVE TO RETIRE
FROM THE LAKERS.
427
00:25:33,428 --> 00:25:35,119
Narrator: IN 1992,
428
00:25:35,154 --> 00:25:37,259
MAGIC JOHNSON
BECAME THE NEW FACE
429
00:25:37,294 --> 00:25:40,400
FOR AMERICANS LIVING WITH AIDS.
430
00:25:40,435 --> 00:25:41,574
Johnson: SOMETIMES WE THINK,
431
00:25:41,609 --> 00:25:44,543
WELL, ONLY GAY PEOPLE
CAN GET IT...ONLY...
432
00:25:44,577 --> 00:25:46,545
IT'S NOT GOING TO HAPPEN TO ME.
433
00:25:46,579 --> 00:25:49,133
AND HERE I AM SAYING
THAT IT CAN HAPPEN TO ANYBODY.
434
00:25:49,168 --> 00:25:52,171
EVEN ME, MAGIC JOHNSON,
IT CAN HAPPEN TO.
435
00:25:52,205 --> 00:25:55,139
Narrator: NEARLY A DECADE
AFTER THE VIRUS WAS DISCOVERED,
436
00:25:55,174 --> 00:25:59,385
AIDS WAS FINALLY ACCEPTED
BY MAINSTREAM AMERICA.
437
00:25:59,419 --> 00:26:01,594
Woman: AND THE OSCAR GOES TO...
438
00:26:01,629 --> 00:26:04,355
TOM HANKS IN "PHILADELPHIA."
439
00:26:04,390 --> 00:26:07,186
Tom Hanks: I KNOW THAT MY WORK
IN THIS CASE
440
00:26:07,220 --> 00:26:09,119
IS MAGNIFIED BY THE FACT
441
00:26:09,153 --> 00:26:12,571
THAT THE STREETS OF HEAVEN
ARE TOO CROWDED WITH ANGELS.
442
00:26:12,605 --> 00:26:13,917
THEY NUMBER A THOUSAND
443
00:26:13,951 --> 00:26:16,609
FOR EACH ONE OF THE RED RIBBONS
THAT WE WEAR HERE TONIGHT.
444
00:26:16,644 --> 00:26:17,852
Narrator: BUT DESPITE
THE WORLD'S ACCEPTANCE
445
00:26:17,886 --> 00:26:19,923
AND THE DEVELOPMENT
OF TREATMENT DRUGS,
446
00:26:19,957 --> 00:26:23,927
THE VIRUS CONTINUES TO CLAIM
MILLIONS OF LIVES EACH YEAR.
447
00:26:25,514 --> 00:26:28,483
30 YEARS AFTER HIV
WAS FIRST DISCOVERED,
448
00:26:28,517 --> 00:26:31,969
WE MAY BE ON THE CUSP
OF A NEW DISCOVERY...
449
00:26:32,004 --> 00:26:35,145
IF THE TEAM CAN PROVE THAT
THERE WAS AN EPIDEMIC IN AFRICA
450
00:26:35,179 --> 00:26:38,631
AS EARLY AS THE 1960s.
451
00:26:38,666 --> 00:26:40,978
MIKE HAS BEEN BUSY WORKING
THROUGH A LOT OF THE SAMPLES
452
00:26:41,013 --> 00:26:43,878
HE AND DIRK HAVE RECEIVED
FROM KINSHASA.
453
00:26:43,912 --> 00:26:45,983
AND EVEN WITH THOUSANDS
STILL TO GO,
454
00:26:46,018 --> 00:26:49,366
THE RESULTS HE GOT
EXCEEDED ALL EXPECTATIONS.
455
00:26:49,400 --> 00:26:51,195
Mike: BON APPETIT.
Dirk: BON APPETIT.
456
00:26:51,230 --> 00:26:55,648
Worobey: I THINK WE'RE GOING
TO GET A LOT OF JOY
457
00:26:55,683 --> 00:26:59,169
OUT OF THESE 1960s SAMPLES,
458
00:26:59,203 --> 00:27:02,655
SO LET ME SHOW YOU.
459
00:27:02,690 --> 00:27:04,657
IT'S DEFINITELY
A GENUINE POSITIVE.
460
00:27:04,692 --> 00:27:06,521
Narrator:
THE TEAM HAS FOUND HIV
461
00:27:06,555 --> 00:27:09,248
IN THREE MORE SAMPLES
FROM THE 1960s.
462
00:27:09,282 --> 00:27:10,698
AND FOR THE FIRST TIME,
463
00:27:10,732 --> 00:27:12,423
MIKE HAS BEEN ABLE
TO STITCH TOGETHER
464
00:27:12,458 --> 00:27:15,495
A NEAR-COMPLETE GENOME
OF AN ANCIENT VIRUS,
465
00:27:15,530 --> 00:27:17,843
NOT JUST TINY FRAGMENTS OF IT.
466
00:27:17,877 --> 00:27:22,433
Worobey: ANOTHER INDICATION
THAT BY THE 1960s
467
00:27:22,468 --> 00:27:23,745
THIS WAS ALREADY
468
00:27:23,780 --> 00:27:27,542
A VERY WELL-ESTABLISHED
OUTBREAK IN KINSHASA.
469
00:27:27,576 --> 00:27:31,166
AND IT'S GETTING TO THE POINT
NOW WHERE, YOU KNOW,
470
00:27:31,201 --> 00:27:33,168
I THINK A LOT OF PEOPLE,
WHEN WE STARTED DOING THIS,
471
00:27:33,203 --> 00:27:35,826
THOUGHT THE MOST LIKELY OUTCOME
472
00:27:35,861 --> 00:27:39,036
WAS WE WOULD GET ZERO SAMPLES
THAT WERE POSITIVE.
473
00:27:39,071 --> 00:27:43,316
BUT WE NOW HAVE
AT LEAST THREE FROM THIS TIME.
474
00:27:43,351 --> 00:27:48,080
IT'S GIVING US A SNAPSHOT OF
KINSHASA IN THE 1950s AND '60s,
475
00:27:48,114 --> 00:27:50,703
WHERE IT'S ALREADY
A FAIRLY MATURE EPIDEMIC.
476
00:27:53,050 --> 00:27:55,604
Narrator: 1960 SHOULD HAVE BEEN
A YEAR OF CELEBRATIONS
477
00:27:55,639 --> 00:27:57,296
IN THE CONGO.
478
00:27:57,330 --> 00:28:00,023
Announcer: ON JUNE 30, 1960,
479
00:28:00,057 --> 00:28:03,302
KING BAUDOUIN OF BELGIUM
JOURNEYED TO LEOPOLDVILLE
480
00:28:03,336 --> 00:28:07,720
TO PROCLAIM THE INDEPENDENCE
OF THE BELGIAN CONGO.
481
00:28:07,755 --> 00:28:09,998
Narrator: WHILE THE PEOPLE
IN THE CONGO CELEBRATED,
482
00:28:10,033 --> 00:28:12,414
THE VIRUS SPREAD.
483
00:28:12,449 --> 00:28:14,796
NO ONE KNOWS THE EXACT NUMBERS,
484
00:28:14,831 --> 00:28:17,937
BUT THERE MUST ALREADY HAVE BEEN
MANY PEOPLE INFECTED WITH HIV
485
00:28:17,972 --> 00:28:19,663
IN KINSHASA.
486
00:28:19,698 --> 00:28:22,252
HUNDREDS, MAYBE THOUSANDS.
487
00:28:22,286 --> 00:28:24,357
THEN, CONGO DESCENDED
INTO CHAOS.
488
00:28:24,392 --> 00:28:26,739
Announcer:
THEIR JOY WAS SHORT-LIVED.
489
00:28:26,774 --> 00:28:28,810
Narrator: CIVIL WAR ERUPTED,
490
00:28:28,845 --> 00:28:30,570
HOSPITALS CLOSED DOWN,
491
00:28:30,605 --> 00:28:33,712
AND SOLDIERS ROAMED THE COUNTRY.
492
00:28:33,746 --> 00:28:35,127
FOR HIV,
493
00:28:35,161 --> 00:28:41,064
THESE WERE IDEAL CONDITIONS
TO SPREAD AND KILL, UNNOTICED.
494
00:28:41,098 --> 00:28:42,859
OVER TWO DECADES WOULD GO BY
495
00:28:42,893 --> 00:28:45,724
BEFORE ANYONE WOULD REALIZE
WHAT WAS HAPPENING.
496
00:28:48,657 --> 00:28:52,144
Mike: IT FIRST CAME INTO PUBLIC
CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE 1980s,
497
00:28:52,178 --> 00:28:55,803
BUT WE'VE NOW GOT
DIRECT EVIDENCE FROM KINSHASA
498
00:28:55,837 --> 00:28:58,391
IN THE 1950s AND '60s
499
00:28:58,426 --> 00:29:02,119
THAT IT WAS ALREADY
A DIVERSIFIED EPIDEMIC.
500
00:29:02,154 --> 00:29:06,089
THERE WERE LOTS OF PEOPLE
IN KINSHASA WITH THAT VIRUS
501
00:29:06,123 --> 00:29:08,747
EVEN AT THAT EARLY TIME POINT.
502
00:29:08,781 --> 00:29:10,818
Narrator: THE EVIDENCE
THAT AIDS WAS WIDESPREAD
503
00:29:10,852 --> 00:29:12,543
IN THE 1960s CONGO
504
00:29:12,578 --> 00:29:14,545
IS IRREFUTABLE.
505
00:29:14,580 --> 00:29:17,065
WHILE THIS IS
A SHOCKING DISCOVERY,
506
00:29:17,100 --> 00:29:21,518
IT STILL DOESN'T EXPLAIN WHAT
THE VIRUS WAS DOING BEFORE 1960,
507
00:29:21,552 --> 00:29:23,589
HOW IT GOT INTO SO MANY PEOPLE,
508
00:29:23,623 --> 00:29:25,833
AND WHERE IT CAME FROM.
509
00:29:27,869 --> 00:29:30,320
DIRK SUSPECTS
THERE IS ANOTHER CHAPTER
510
00:29:30,354 --> 00:29:32,840
TO THE HISTORY OF THE VIRUS.
511
00:29:32,874 --> 00:29:35,877
KNOWING THE EXACT LOCATION
OF HIV'S FIRST VICTIM
512
00:29:35,912 --> 00:29:38,880
COULD REVEAL THE MISSING PART
OF THE STORY.
513
00:29:38,915 --> 00:29:42,297
FOR THAT,
HE'S COME TO PHILADELPHIA.
514
00:29:42,332 --> 00:29:44,886
HERE, MEDICAL RESEARCHER
BEATRICE HAHN
515
00:29:44,921 --> 00:29:46,198
HAS BEEN TRYING TO IDENTIFY
516
00:29:46,232 --> 00:29:51,030
WHERE EXACTLY
THE VIRUS WAS BORN.
517
00:29:51,065 --> 00:29:53,895
Beatrice Hahn: THE REASON WE
WANTED TO GO BACK TO THE SOURCE
518
00:29:53,930 --> 00:29:55,863
IS TO UNDERSTAND
WHAT HAD HAPPENED.
519
00:29:55,897 --> 00:29:57,657
I STARTED OUT CHARACTERIZING
520
00:29:57,692 --> 00:29:59,936
THE MOLECULAR FINGERPRINTS
OF THE VIRUS.
521
00:29:59,970 --> 00:30:01,420
ONE WAY TO DO THAT
522
00:30:01,454 --> 00:30:05,804
IS TO COMPARE AND CONTRAST IT
TO THE NEXT CLOSEST RELATIVES.
523
00:30:05,838 --> 00:30:09,186
AND IT WAS CLEAR
FROM THE VERY EARLY DAYS
524
00:30:09,221 --> 00:30:12,707
THAT THESE WOULD BE VIRUSES
INFECTING PRIMATES.
525
00:30:12,741 --> 00:30:15,572
AND IN FACT, ONE OF THE EARLIEST
VIRUS ISOLATES
526
00:30:15,606 --> 00:30:17,367
THAT WAS IDENTIFIED
527
00:30:17,401 --> 00:30:20,853
WAS FROM A CAPTIVE CHIMPANZEE.
528
00:30:20,888 --> 00:30:22,544
Narrator: IN RURAL AFRICA,
529
00:30:22,579 --> 00:30:25,824
PEOPLE HUNT AND EAT
MONKEYS AND CHIMPS.
530
00:30:25,858 --> 00:30:26,963
WHAT NO ONE KNEW
531
00:30:26,997 --> 00:30:29,828
IS THAT THEY DIE
OF THEIR OWN VERSION OF AIDS,
532
00:30:29,862 --> 00:30:34,073
CAUSED BY A VIRUS THAT IS VERY
SIMILAR TO THE HUMAN VERSION.
533
00:30:34,108 --> 00:30:35,557
A SINGLE SLIP OF THE KNIFE,
534
00:30:35,592 --> 00:30:37,628
A DROP OF BLOOD IN A WOUND,
535
00:30:37,663 --> 00:30:40,873
AND THE KILLER HAS JUMPED
MONKEY TO MAN.
536
00:30:40,908 --> 00:30:45,395
BUT WHERE DID THAT
ACCIDENTAL TRANSMISSION HAPPEN?
537
00:30:45,429 --> 00:30:47,880
CHIMPANZEES
LIVE IN RAINFOREST AREAS
538
00:30:47,915 --> 00:30:53,127
IN WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA
TO THE NORTH OF THE CONGO RIVER.
539
00:30:53,161 --> 00:30:55,715
FOR DECADES,
BEATRICE HAHN'S FIELD WORKERS
540
00:30:55,750 --> 00:30:57,925
HAVE SEARCHED
THIS REMOTE CORNER OF THE WORLD
541
00:30:57,959 --> 00:31:02,619
FOR EVIDENCE THEY CAN
SEND BACK TO THE LAB.
542
00:31:02,653 --> 00:31:06,140
Men: OOH! OOH! HEE HEE HEE!
543
00:31:06,174 --> 00:31:09,591
WHOA! WHOA!
HEE HEE HEE HEE!
544
00:31:09,626 --> 00:31:11,421
Narrator: ONLY THE INDIGENOUS
PYGMY PEOPLE,
545
00:31:11,455 --> 00:31:13,492
WHO LIVE IN THESE
IMPENETRABLE FORESTS,
546
00:31:13,526 --> 00:31:18,221
KNOW HOW TO FIND
THE ELUSIVE CHIMPANZEES.
547
00:31:18,255 --> 00:31:21,396
ARMY MEDIC
COLONEL MPOUDI-NGOLE
548
00:31:21,431 --> 00:31:25,366
HEADS UP A TEAM
DURING RESEARCH IN CAMEROON.
549
00:31:25,400 --> 00:31:28,541
[SPEAKING FRENCH]
550
00:31:28,576 --> 00:31:29,888
Eitel Mpoudi-Ngole, translated:
SOMETIMES THERE ARE DAYS
551
00:31:29,922 --> 00:31:31,717
WITHOUT FINDING ANY SAMPLES,
552
00:31:31,751 --> 00:31:32,994
NOTHING AT ALL.
553
00:31:33,029 --> 00:31:34,927
THIS IS VERY DIFFICULT WORK.
554
00:31:34,962 --> 00:31:40,001
IT TOOK YEARS
BEFORE WE OBTAINED ANY RESULTS.
555
00:31:40,036 --> 00:31:41,727
Narrator: THEY PICK UP A TRACK.
556
00:31:53,187 --> 00:31:56,017
Narrator: BUT GETTING
A BLOOD SAMPLE FROM A WILD CHIMP
557
00:31:56,052 --> 00:31:56,949
IS IMPOSSIBLE.
558
00:32:00,504 --> 00:32:04,094
SO INSTEAD, THE RESEARCHERS
ARE LOOKING FOR FECES
559
00:32:04,129 --> 00:32:07,339
BECAUSE THE DROPPINGS THAT ARE
SCATTERED UNDER THE NESTS
560
00:32:07,373 --> 00:32:10,273
ALSO CONTAIN
THE FINGERPRINTS OF THE VIRUS.
561
00:32:24,528 --> 00:32:26,496
Narrator: ONLY NESTS
FROM THE PREVIOUS NIGHT
562
00:32:26,530 --> 00:32:28,601
PROMISE FRESH FECES.
563
00:32:45,584 --> 00:32:48,242
Narrator: THE RESEARCHERS
PUT THE DUNG IN A SPECIAL LIQUID
564
00:32:48,276 --> 00:32:50,692
SO THAT ANY VIRAL MATERIAL
IS PRESERVED.
565
00:32:59,287 --> 00:33:05,017
THEY TAKE THE COORDINATES
WHERE THE DROPPINGS WERE FOUND.
566
00:33:05,052 --> 00:33:07,019
BY METHODICALLY
SEARCHING A VAST AREA
567
00:33:07,054 --> 00:33:09,711
IN THE CENTRAL
AFRICAN RAINFOREST,
568
00:33:09,746 --> 00:33:13,715
THE HOPE IS TO FIND OUT WHERE
EXACTLY HIV WAS TRANSMITTED
569
00:33:13,750 --> 00:33:15,476
FROM CHIMPANZEES TO HUMANS.
570
00:33:18,824 --> 00:33:20,308
BACK IN PHILADELPHIA,
571
00:33:20,343 --> 00:33:23,760
THOUSANDS OF FECAL SAMPLES
FROM WILD LIVING CHIMPANZEES
572
00:33:23,794 --> 00:33:25,762
ARE BEING ANALYZED.
573
00:33:25,796 --> 00:33:29,559
ARE THEY INFECTED WITH A VIRUS
SIMILAR TO HIV?
574
00:33:29,593 --> 00:33:30,732
AND IF SO,
575
00:33:30,767 --> 00:33:33,356
HOW DOES THE GENOME SEQUENCE
OF THEIR VIRUS
576
00:33:33,390 --> 00:33:36,566
RESEMBLE THE HUMAN FORM?
577
00:33:36,600 --> 00:33:40,156
BY IDENTIFYING THE CLOSEST
RELATIVE OF CHIMP HIV
578
00:33:40,190 --> 00:33:41,536
TO HUMAN HIV,
579
00:33:41,571 --> 00:33:43,607
THE SCIENTISTS CAN FIND OUT
WHERE THE TRANSMISSION
580
00:33:43,642 --> 00:33:47,266
MUST HAVE TAKEN PLACE.
581
00:33:47,301 --> 00:33:52,064
Beatrice: CHIMPANZEE COMMUNITIES
ARE RELATIVELY STATIONARY
582
00:33:52,099 --> 00:33:54,860
DUE TO NATURAL BOUNDARIES,
LIKE RIVERS,
583
00:33:54,894 --> 00:33:57,863
OR TO HABITAT FRAGMENTATION
THROUGH HUNTING.
584
00:33:57,897 --> 00:34:00,866
THEY STAY PUT,
AND SO THE VIRUSES STAY PUT.
585
00:34:00,900 --> 00:34:03,282
AND SO YOU CAN
COME BACK AND SAY,
586
00:34:03,317 --> 00:34:05,767
THIS IS THE AREA
WITH THE CLOSEST RELATIVE,
587
00:34:05,802 --> 00:34:10,806
HENCE THIS IS THE CRADLE
OF THE PANDEMIC HIV-1.
588
00:34:10,841 --> 00:34:12,567
Narrator: AFTER YEARS
OF DATA COLLECTION,
589
00:34:12,601 --> 00:34:15,087
BEATRICE
HAS NARROWED DOWN THE AREA
590
00:34:15,121 --> 00:34:18,021
WHERE HIV MADE THE JUMP
FROM CHIMPS TO PEOPLE
591
00:34:18,056 --> 00:34:21,576
TO JUST A FEW SQUARE MILES
IN A REMOTE CORNER OF CAMEROON.
592
00:34:21,610 --> 00:34:24,614
GROUND ZERO,
THE BIRTHPLACE OF THE KILLER,
593
00:34:24,648 --> 00:34:27,789
IS MORE THAN A THOUSAND MILES
AWAY FROM KINSHASA.
594
00:34:27,824 --> 00:34:32,656
Dirk: HOW WOULD
THE VIRUS FROM HERE
595
00:34:32,690 --> 00:34:36,350
THEN GOTTEN DOWN TO KINSHASA?
596
00:34:36,384 --> 00:34:40,078
Narrator: THE REMOTE LOCATION
OF GROUND ZERO IS A BIG CLUE.
597
00:34:40,112 --> 00:34:43,840
BUT ALONE IT RAISES
MORE QUESTIONS THAN ANSWERS.
598
00:34:43,873 --> 00:34:45,876
IT'S A PLACE
SO CUT OFF FROM THE WORLD
599
00:34:45,911 --> 00:34:49,603
THAT IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO SEE
HOW HIV EVER GOT FROM THERE
600
00:34:49,639 --> 00:34:53,125
TO A BIG CITY LIKE KINSHASA.
601
00:34:53,159 --> 00:34:54,851
DIRK WILL RETURN TO ARIZONA
602
00:34:54,885 --> 00:34:57,233
BECAUSE MIKE
HAS DEVELOPED A METHOD
603
00:34:57,267 --> 00:35:02,583
THAT COULD BE CRITICAL
TO SOLVING THE RIDDLE.
604
00:35:02,617 --> 00:35:06,207
MIKE HAS RECEIVED DATA FROM
AN HIV POSITIVE BLOOD SAMPLE
605
00:35:06,242 --> 00:35:08,623
DATING FROM 1959,
606
00:35:08,658 --> 00:35:10,038
WHICH WAS TAKEN FROM THE CONGO
607
00:35:10,073 --> 00:35:13,559
AND SURVIVED IN A FREEZER
IN THE U.S.
608
00:35:13,594 --> 00:35:16,873
IF HE CAN SQUEEZE MORE DATA
OUT OF THE TISSUE BLOCKS,
609
00:35:16,907 --> 00:35:18,081
HE WILL BE ABLE TO HOME IN
610
00:35:18,116 --> 00:35:21,257
ON THE COMMON ANCESTOR
FOR ALL THESE VIRUSES
611
00:35:21,291 --> 00:35:24,432
AND THE TIME
WHEN IT MUST HAVE CIRCULATED--
612
00:35:24,467 --> 00:35:26,538
THE FIRST PATIENT
OF MORE THAN 70 MILLION
613
00:35:26,572 --> 00:35:31,094
WHO'VE BEEN INFECTED TO DATE.
614
00:35:31,129 --> 00:35:32,785
Worobey:
I'M LOOKING FORWARD TO,
615
00:35:32,820 --> 00:35:35,995
IF WE CAN GET SEQUENCE
FROM SEVERAL MORE OF THESE,
616
00:35:36,030 --> 00:35:39,827
TO PLUG THEM INTO
THE DATING ANALYSES.
617
00:35:39,861 --> 00:35:42,174
Narrator: MIKE ALWAYS FOUND
THE DESERT AROUND TUCSON
618
00:35:42,209 --> 00:35:43,693
INSPIRING.
619
00:35:43,727 --> 00:35:45,246
HE IS NOW CONVINCED
620
00:35:45,281 --> 00:35:48,456
THAT HE CAN PINPOINT
THE TIME WHEN HIV EMERGED
621
00:35:48,491 --> 00:35:52,184
TO WITHIN A FEW YEARS.
622
00:35:52,219 --> 00:35:55,532
Worobey: YOU LOOK AT THAT CACTUS
AND YOU ASK, HOW OLD IS IT?
623
00:35:55,567 --> 00:35:56,982
NOTHING LEAPS OUT IMMEDIATELY.
624
00:35:57,016 --> 00:35:59,847
BUT IF WE HAD A PHOTO
FROM TEN YEARS AGO
625
00:35:59,881 --> 00:36:02,470
AND WE COULD COMPARE HOW QUICKLY
THE BRANCHES HAVE GROWN
626
00:36:02,505 --> 00:36:03,816
OVER THAT TEN-YEAR PERIOD,
627
00:36:03,851 --> 00:36:05,370
THAT GIVES US A RATE.
628
00:36:05,404 --> 00:36:08,269
IF IT GROWS AT, SAY,
15, 20 CENTIMETERS PER YEAR,
629
00:36:08,304 --> 00:36:10,340
YOU CAN THEN EXTRAPOLATE BACK
630
00:36:10,375 --> 00:36:13,171
AND SAY, WELL, THAT THING'S
PROBABLY 120 YEARS OLD.
631
00:36:13,205 --> 00:36:17,244
WITH HIV, THOSE FOUR BRANCHES
MIGHT BE SAMPLES FROM THE 1960s.
632
00:36:17,278 --> 00:36:21,869
THE TALL BRANCH MIGHT BE
A RECENT SAMPLE FROM 2013.
633
00:36:21,903 --> 00:36:23,560
THE DIFFERENCE IN HEIGHT
BETWEEN THOSE
634
00:36:23,595 --> 00:36:26,460
GIVES YOU THE RATE OF EVOLUTION,
635
00:36:26,494 --> 00:36:29,670
WHICH THEN ALLOWS YOU
TO ASSUME THAT SAME RATE
636
00:36:29,704 --> 00:36:32,604
AND GO BACK DOWN
THE COLUMN OF THE CACTUS
637
00:36:32,638 --> 00:36:34,226
BEFORE YOUR EARLIEST SAMPLE
638
00:36:34,261 --> 00:36:38,023
AND ESTIMATE WHEN IT GERMINATED.
639
00:36:38,057 --> 00:36:39,852
Narrator:
THE SEED OF THE EPIDEMIC,
640
00:36:39,887 --> 00:36:42,545
THE VIRUS THAT INFECTED
THE FIRST HUMAN,
641
00:36:42,579 --> 00:36:46,652
THE FIRST
OF 70 MILLION VICTIMS,
642
00:36:46,687 --> 00:36:51,485
THE ANCESTOR FROM WHICH
ALL LATER STRAINS OF HIV EVOLVED
643
00:36:51,519 --> 00:36:56,559
IS OVER 100 YEARS OLD.
644
00:36:56,593 --> 00:37:01,046
1908 IS MIKE'S BEST ESTIMATE
FOR THE ORIGIN OF AIDS--
645
00:37:01,080 --> 00:37:04,498
A DISCOVERY THAT RE-WRITES
EVERYTHING WE BELIEVED TO KNOW
646
00:37:04,532 --> 00:37:06,741
ABOUT THE PANDEMIC.
647
00:37:06,776 --> 00:37:08,018
THAT'S SEVEN DECADES
648
00:37:08,053 --> 00:37:10,883
BEFORE PEOPLE STARTED
TO DIE IN THE U.S.,
649
00:37:10,918 --> 00:37:15,543
FIVE DECADES BEFORE KINSHASA
WAS IN THE GRIPS OF AN EPIDEMIC.
650
00:37:15,578 --> 00:37:17,821
BUT WHY EXACTLY THEN?
651
00:37:17,856 --> 00:37:20,721
WHAT ALLOWED A VIRUS
TO LEAP FROM THE JUNGLE
652
00:37:20,755 --> 00:37:22,723
INTO THE WORLD?
653
00:37:24,932 --> 00:37:27,003
CATHERINE COQUERY-VIDROVITCH
654
00:37:27,037 --> 00:37:30,213
IS A HISTORIAN WHO HAS SPENT
HER WHOLE ACADEMIC CAREER
655
00:37:30,248 --> 00:37:32,284
STUDYING THE REGION
IN CENTRAL AFRICA
656
00:37:32,319 --> 00:37:34,666
WHERE HIV EMERGED.
657
00:37:34,700 --> 00:37:38,186
MAYBE SHE WILL HAVE
ANSWERS FOR DIRK.
658
00:37:38,221 --> 00:37:42,225
BY 1908, EUROPEAN NATIONS HAD
DIVIDED UP THE AFRICAN CONTINENT
659
00:37:42,260 --> 00:37:45,884
FOR ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION.
660
00:37:45,918 --> 00:37:47,299
FRANCE AND BELGIUM
661
00:37:47,334 --> 00:37:49,715
HAD CARVED OUT CHUNKS
OF THE RESOURCE-RICH TERRITORIES
662
00:37:49,750 --> 00:37:51,165
IN CENTRAL AFRICA.
663
00:37:51,199 --> 00:37:52,580
THE BIRTHPLACE OF HIV
664
00:37:52,615 --> 00:37:55,687
FALLS INTO AN AREA
THAT WAS TAKEN OVER BY FRANCE.
665
00:37:55,721 --> 00:37:57,965
TODAY, THIS IS
THE REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO,
666
00:37:57,999 --> 00:38:00,036
BORDERING CAMEROON.
667
00:38:21,851 --> 00:38:24,129
Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch,
translated: THE FIRST WHITES
668
00:38:24,163 --> 00:38:28,651
ARRIVED IN THE AREA
AT THE END OF THE 19th CENTURY.
669
00:38:28,685 --> 00:38:33,345
Narrator: THEY CAME
FOR THE RICHES OF THE FOREST.
670
00:38:33,380 --> 00:38:35,727
Coquery-Vidrovitch: WHAT COULD
BE EXPLOITED AT THAT TIME
671
00:38:35,761 --> 00:38:37,936
WAS IVORY.
672
00:38:40,594 --> 00:38:45,184
AND THEY CAME
FOR TAPPING RUBBER.
673
00:38:45,219 --> 00:38:47,773
Narrator: AND THEY ALSO
CAME FOR PRECIOUS WOOD,
674
00:38:47,808 --> 00:38:49,361
WORTH A FORTUNE.
675
00:38:57,196 --> 00:38:59,578
Coquery-Vidrovitch: SO, HOW
WOULD THEY EXPLOIT ALL THIS?
676
00:38:59,613 --> 00:39:01,925
HOW WOULD THEY TRANSPORT IT
WITH NO MONEY?
677
00:39:01,960 --> 00:39:04,031
WITH NO PUBLIC MONEY?
678
00:39:04,065 --> 00:39:05,515
THERE WAS ONLY ONE SOLUTION,
679
00:39:05,550 --> 00:39:09,692
AND THAT WAS TO USE LOCALS
AS PORTERS.
680
00:39:09,726 --> 00:39:12,142
Narrator:
TENS OF THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE
681
00:39:12,177 --> 00:39:14,421
WERE FORCED TO WORK AS PORTERS.
682
00:39:14,455 --> 00:39:16,595
AMONG THEM, A SINGLE INDIVIDUAL
683
00:39:16,630 --> 00:39:19,564
RIPPED FROM HIS ISOLATED LIFE
IN THE DEEP JUNGLE,
684
00:39:19,598 --> 00:39:23,361
WHERE HE OR A CLOSE CONTACT
HAD BUTCHERED AN APE.
685
00:39:23,395 --> 00:39:28,262
IN HIS BLOOD SWIRLED
ONE OF THE FIRST STRAINS OF HIV.
686
00:39:28,296 --> 00:39:30,298
SURROUNDED
BY THOUSANDS OF LABORERS,
687
00:39:30,333 --> 00:39:33,129
THE VIRUS WAS READY TO SPREAD.
688
00:39:33,163 --> 00:39:35,407
AND IT DIDN'T NEED TO WAIT LONG.
689
00:39:35,442 --> 00:39:39,584
HIV SOON GOT HELP
FROM ANOTHER DISEASE.
690
00:39:39,618 --> 00:39:41,275
Coquery-Vidrovitch:
SLEEPING SICKNESS
691
00:39:41,309 --> 00:39:44,071
APPEARED BETWEEN 1900 AND 1910,
692
00:39:44,105 --> 00:39:45,486
WHEN THE SYSTEM
OF FORCED PORTERAGE
693
00:39:45,521 --> 00:39:48,282
REACHED ITS HEIGHT.
694
00:39:48,316 --> 00:39:51,043
Narrator: SLEEPING SICKNESS
IS A HIGHLY INFECTIOUS DISEASE
695
00:39:51,078 --> 00:39:53,218
TRANSMITTED BY THE TSETSE FLY,
696
00:39:53,252 --> 00:39:58,119
AND IT SPREAD LIKE WILD FIRE
AMONG THE FORCED LABORERS.
697
00:39:58,154 --> 00:40:01,260
THE COLONIALISTS RESPONDED WITH
AGGRESSIVE MEDICAL CAMPAIGNS
698
00:40:01,295 --> 00:40:03,815
TO CONTROL
THE SLEEPING SICKNESS.
699
00:40:03,849 --> 00:40:06,611
THEY USED NON-DISPOSABLE
STEEL NEEDLES
700
00:40:06,645 --> 00:40:08,785
TO DIAGNOSE
AND TREAT THE DISEASE.
701
00:40:08,820 --> 00:40:11,995
OFTEN, CLOSE TO 10,000 PEOPLE
WERE TREATED AT A TIME,
702
00:40:12,030 --> 00:40:15,551
WITHOUT PROPER STERILIZATION
OF THE NEEDLES.
703
00:40:15,585 --> 00:40:18,070
IT SEEMS LIKELY THAT EARLY HIV
704
00:40:18,105 --> 00:40:20,728
SPREAD IN PART
THROUGH DIRTY NEEDLES.
705
00:40:20,763 --> 00:40:24,663
NEXT, HIV HITCHES A RIDE THROUGH
A SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE
706
00:40:24,698 --> 00:40:27,701
LIKELY BROUGHT TO THE COUNTRY
BY EUROPEANS:
707
00:40:27,735 --> 00:40:29,806
SYPHILIS.
708
00:40:29,841 --> 00:40:32,602
Coquery-Vidrovitch:
WOMEN WERE SEEN AS OBJECTS
709
00:40:32,637 --> 00:40:35,674
TO BE EXPLOITED
FOR LABOR AND FOR SEX,
710
00:40:35,709 --> 00:40:36,813
WITHIN THE FAMILIES,
711
00:40:36,848 --> 00:40:40,541
AND OF COURSE
BY THE FIRST COLONIALISTS.
712
00:40:40,576 --> 00:40:43,924
SO, IF MEN WERE INFECTED,
THEY'D PASS IT ON.
713
00:40:43,958 --> 00:40:49,516
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
SPREAD EXPONENTIALLY.
714
00:40:49,550 --> 00:40:52,898
Narrator: SYPHILIS DECIMATED
THE LOCAL POPULATION.
715
00:40:52,933 --> 00:40:55,694
HAVING OPEN SORES
MAKES TRANSMITTING HIV
716
00:40:55,729 --> 00:40:58,766
400 TIMES MORE LIKELY.
717
00:40:58,801 --> 00:41:01,010
THE CHAOS
OF COLONIAL EXPLOITATION
718
00:41:01,044 --> 00:41:04,220
CREATED THE PERFECT ENVIRONMENT
FOR THE VIRUS TO EXPLODE
719
00:41:04,254 --> 00:41:07,016
FROM AN ISOLATED CORNER
OF THE JUNGLE
720
00:41:07,050 --> 00:41:08,845
TO A LARGER POPULATION.
721
00:41:08,880 --> 00:41:11,641
BY 1930,
IT WAS WELL ON ITS WAY.
722
00:41:11,676 --> 00:41:16,025
ALL IT NEEDED NOW
WAS A TICKET OUT OF AFRICA.
723
00:41:16,059 --> 00:41:18,061
Dirk:
THE VIRUS WAS VERY FORTUNATE
724
00:41:18,096 --> 00:41:20,132
TO HAVE REACHED KINSHASA,
725
00:41:20,167 --> 00:41:24,930
TO HAVE COME
AT A CROSSROAD OF TURMOIL.
726
00:41:24,965 --> 00:41:28,934
ONE AFTER THE OTHER,
A SUCCESSION OF DISASTERS,
727
00:41:28,969 --> 00:41:35,320
AND THAT DEFINITELY GAVE IT
A PASSPORT TO TRAVEL THE WORLD.
728
00:41:35,354 --> 00:41:37,460
Narrator: WE HAVE AT LAST
TRACED THE AIDS PANDEMIC
729
00:41:37,495 --> 00:41:39,427
BACK TO ITS VERY BEGINNINGS.
730
00:41:42,948 --> 00:41:45,261
THE SANGHA RIVER IN CAMEROON.
731
00:41:45,295 --> 00:41:47,435
THIS IS THE VERY SPOT
WHERE DIRK BELIEVES
732
00:41:47,470 --> 00:41:52,026
HIV BEGAN ITS FATEFUL JOURNEY
OUT OF THE JUNGLE.
733
00:41:52,682 --> 00:41:54,442
JUST LIKE A CENTURY AGO,
734
00:41:54,477 --> 00:41:58,032
FOREIGN COMPANIES STILL PILLAGE
THE RICHES OF THE RAINFOREST,
735
00:41:58,067 --> 00:42:00,310
PRECIOUS WOODS
SHIPPED OFF TO THE U.S.,
736
00:42:00,345 --> 00:42:02,036
TO EUROPE, AND CHINA,
737
00:42:02,071 --> 00:42:03,900
WITH LITTLE IN RETURN.
738
00:42:03,935 --> 00:42:05,246
THOUSANDS OF MIGRANT LABORERS
739
00:42:05,281 --> 00:42:08,042
STILL TOIL
FOR THE LOGGING COMPANIES.
740
00:42:08,077 --> 00:42:10,251
AND WITH NO OTHER
FOOD AVAILABLE,
741
00:42:10,286 --> 00:42:14,566
SLAUGHTERING BUSH MEAT IS STILL
AN IMPORTANT WAY TO SURVIVE.
742
00:42:14,601 --> 00:42:18,466
IT'S THE PERFECT ENVIRONMENT FOR
ANOTHER KILLER VIRUS TO EMERGE--
743
00:42:18,501 --> 00:42:23,644
AGAIN, ONE WE MIGHT NOT NOTICE
BEFORE IT'S TOO LATE.
744
00:42:23,679 --> 00:42:24,852
A RESEARCH TEAM
745
00:42:24,887 --> 00:42:27,199
MAKES THE TWO-DAY TREK
TO THIS REMOTE OUTPOST
746
00:42:27,234 --> 00:42:29,754
AS OFTEN AS THEY CAN.
747
00:42:29,788 --> 00:42:32,653
ARMY MEDIC
DR. EITEL MPOUDI-NGOLE
748
00:42:32,688 --> 00:42:33,827
HAS COME TO DRAW BLOOD
749
00:42:33,861 --> 00:42:36,001
FROM PEOPLE
THAT LIVE IN THE EXACT SPOT
750
00:42:36,036 --> 00:42:41,317
WHERE 100 YEARS AGO
THE AIDS VIRUS FIRST APPEARED...
751
00:42:41,351 --> 00:42:42,594
BECAUSE HE SUSPECTS
752
00:42:42,629 --> 00:42:45,839
ANOTHER DEADLY VIRUS
MAY BE BREEDING HERE.
753
00:42:49,463 --> 00:42:51,223
Mpoudi-Ngole, translated:
EMERGING DISEASES
754
00:42:51,258 --> 00:42:52,777
THAT SPREAD
FROM ANIMALS TO HUMANS
755
00:42:52,811 --> 00:42:55,400
ARE A MAJOR THREAT TO HUMANITY.
756
00:42:55,434 --> 00:42:57,816
IT'S A MAJOR
PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM.
757
00:42:57,851 --> 00:43:00,060
THERE ARE MANY NEW DISEASES.
758
00:43:00,094 --> 00:43:03,270
INTER-SPECIES TRANSMISSIONS
ARE ON THE RISE--
759
00:43:03,304 --> 00:43:06,618
GERMS PASSING BETWEEN
HUMANS AND ANIMALS.
760
00:43:06,653 --> 00:43:08,447
THESE INTER-SPECIES
TRANSMISSIONS
761
00:43:08,482 --> 00:43:10,518
CAN CAUSE NEW EPIDEMICS.
762
00:43:10,553 --> 00:43:13,625
THEY THREATEN PRACTICALLY
THE WHOLE POPULATION
763
00:43:13,660 --> 00:43:16,663
BECAUSE HUNTING
IS A MAJOR ACTIVITY HERE.
764
00:43:19,182 --> 00:43:20,770
Narrator:
UP TO 10% OF THE PEOPLE HERE
765
00:43:20,805 --> 00:43:23,324
SHOW SIGNS OF VIRUSES
IN THEIR BLOODSTREAMS
766
00:43:23,359 --> 00:43:26,362
THAT HAVE NEVER BEEN SEEN
IN HUMANS BEFORE.
767
00:43:26,396 --> 00:43:30,159
THIS COULD BE THE BEGINNING
OF THE NEXT PANDEMIC.
768
00:43:30,193 --> 00:43:32,644
Beatrice: YOU HAVE TO UNDERSTAND
WHAT WE DO TO NATURE
769
00:43:32,679 --> 00:43:35,164
AND WHAT THE RESULTS
AND CONSEQUENCES ARE.
770
00:43:35,198 --> 00:43:40,652
AND ONE ASPECT OF THAT
IS THAT WE, THROUGH OUR ACTIONS,
771
00:43:40,687 --> 00:43:46,037
OPEN UP NEW NICHES AND AVENUES
AND NEW WAYS OF EXPOSURE
772
00:43:46,071 --> 00:43:51,214
TO PATHOGENS THAT
WE WERE NOT EXPOSED TO BEFORE.
773
00:43:51,249 --> 00:43:54,804
Narrator: HIV EXPLOITED THE
CHAOS OF COLONIALISM IN AFRICA
774
00:43:54,839 --> 00:43:58,290
TO SPREAD UNNOTICED
FOR ALMOST A CENTURY.
775
00:44:00,776 --> 00:44:03,364
AND WHEN WE FINALLY
WOKE UP IN THE 1980s,
776
00:44:03,399 --> 00:44:05,366
MORE PRECIOUS TIME WAS LOST
777
00:44:05,401 --> 00:44:09,025
BY BLAMING THE WRONG PEOPLE
FOR THE WRONG REASONS.
778
00:44:10,786 --> 00:44:15,238
Piot: WE WASTED SO MUCH TIME
IN DEALING WITH HIV,
779
00:44:15,273 --> 00:44:17,447
AND WE COULD HAVE DONE
SO MUCH MORE--
780
00:44:17,482 --> 00:44:21,106
FIRST OF ALL BY RECOGNIZING
THAT WE HAD A PROBLEM.
781
00:44:21,141 --> 00:44:23,350
IF, IN THE '80s,
782
00:44:23,384 --> 00:44:25,732
AT THE BEGINNING
OF THE EPIDEMIC,
783
00:44:25,766 --> 00:44:30,012
WE WOULD HAVE HAD A MASSIVE
EFFORT OF THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY,
784
00:44:30,046 --> 00:44:32,186
EVEN IN THE ABSENCE OF DRUGS,
785
00:44:32,221 --> 00:44:34,706
WE WOULD HAVE SAVED
MILLIONS OF LIVES.
786
00:44:34,741 --> 00:44:37,226
Narrator: UNDERSTANDING
WHERE AIDS CAME FROM,
787
00:44:37,260 --> 00:44:39,090
HOW AND WHY IT SPREAD
788
00:44:39,124 --> 00:44:41,230
IS CRITICAL
FOR OUR FUTURE SURVIVAL.
789
00:44:41,264 --> 00:44:43,370
WHEN THE NEXT PANDEMIC
BREAKS OUT,
790
00:44:43,404 --> 00:44:44,543
KNOWING ITS TACTICS
791
00:44:44,578 --> 00:44:47,546
COULD BE THE BEST CHANCE
WE HAVE TO DEFEAT IT.
792
00:44:47,581 --> 00:44:50,101
Worobey:
HIV IS JUST ONE EVENT,
793
00:44:50,135 --> 00:44:52,103
ONE THING THAT'S HAPPENED.
794
00:44:52,137 --> 00:44:56,038
IT'S NOT GOING TO BE THE LAST
VIRUS THAT JUMPS INTO HUMANS.
795
00:44:56,072 --> 00:44:57,936
THERE MAY BE SOMETHING ELSE
796
00:44:57,971 --> 00:45:00,525
THAT'S CIRCULATING
IN A FEW PEOPLE RIGHT NOW
797
00:45:00,559 --> 00:45:04,771
THAT MIGHT BE THE NEXT HIV.
798
00:45:04,805 --> 00:45:07,359
Narrator: THIS IS WHY DIRK
KEEPS THE TISSUE SAMPLES
799
00:45:07,394 --> 00:45:09,810
LIKE THE ONES THAT HAVE GIVEN US
SUCH AN INTIMATE INSIGHT
800
00:45:09,845 --> 00:45:13,193
INTO ONE OF THE BIGGEST
KILLERS OF OUR TIMES, HIV,
801
00:45:13,227 --> 00:45:17,197
LOCKED UP IN A BANK SAFE
IN BELGIUM--
802
00:45:17,231 --> 00:45:20,648
SO FUTURE GENERATIONS CAN
ONCE AGAIN TURN TO THESE SAMPLES
803
00:45:20,683 --> 00:45:25,550
IN THEIR FIGHT AGAINST
THE UNKNOWN ENEMY.
804
00:45:25,584 --> 00:45:28,760
Dirk: WELL, IT IS SOMETHING
OF THE FUTURE,
805
00:45:28,795 --> 00:45:31,418
BECAUSE VIRUSES NOW HAVE
806
00:45:31,452 --> 00:45:35,940
NOT ONLY THE OPPORTUNITY
TO JUMP SPECIES VERY EASILY
807
00:45:35,974 --> 00:45:39,978
BECAUSE WE CONTINUOUSLY
INTRUDE IN THEIR HABITAT.
808
00:45:40,013 --> 00:45:44,776
BUT ON TOP, VIRUSES
TRAVEL THE WORLD IN 24 HOURS.
809
00:45:44,811 --> 00:45:47,745
WE SHOULD BE VERY HUMBLE
TOWARDS NATURE.
810
00:45:47,779 --> 00:45:50,368
AND I THINK THAT'S
THE MAJOR LESSON.
811
00:45:50,402 --> 00:45:52,059
IF WE FORGET THIS,
812
00:45:52,094 --> 00:45:55,753
THAT WOULD BE SO DEVASTATING FOR
OUR CHILDREN AND GRANDCHILDREN.
60804
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