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[Narrator] 1943.
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New Nazi superweapons
power east,
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Hitler's last chance
to win the war.
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-[explosions blasting]
-[whistle shrills]
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The Red Army scrambles to
defend the Soviet Union,
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00:00:18,225 --> 00:00:20,986
throwing hundreds
of T-34 tanks
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at the gargantuan
German Tigers
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in the greatest tank
battle ever seen.
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00:00:29,512 --> 00:00:30,099
Now, rare home movies show
life behind the lines.
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While newly
colorized footage
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takes us to the
heart of the action.
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-[explosion booms]
-[gun blasting]
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Audacious raids, sabotage,
and aerial combat.
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[airplane engines whirring]
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-As fanatical SS units
attack, -[gun blasting]
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the Soviet people must rise
up to protect their
motherland.
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[gun blasting]
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Kursk, the ultimate
clash of the titans.
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00:01:01,440 --> 00:01:03,132
[suspenseful music]
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[upbeat pensive music]
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German soldier
Gotz Hirt-Reger
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has been shooting film
throughout the war,
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[gun blasting]
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and is now assigned
to a Ministry of Propaganda
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camera crew.
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It's an itinerant lifestyle.
Wake up. Wash up.
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Then check your equipment
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and head out to
capture the latest news
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-from the Eastern Front.
-[tense music]
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Like the arrival of one of a
new generation of Nazi
tanks.
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A Tiger.
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[tank engine revving]
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00:02:06,919 --> 00:02:07,886
-Hirt-Reger rolls film
-[gun blasting]
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as its 88-millimeter
gun test fires.
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[gun blasting]
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-It's a powerful
demonstration. -[gun
blasting]
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Cotton balls in the ears
provide essential
protection.
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[guns blasting]
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[suspenseful music]
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This Tiger is one of 2,700
German armored vehicles
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assigned to a vast new
offensive in the Soviet
Union.
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900,000 veteran soldiers
prepare for the attack.
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They'll be covered by 1,700
Luftwaffe fighters and
bombers.
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[Matthias]The Germans are
building up a massive force.
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They hope that this offensive
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will regain them the initiative
on the Eastern Front.
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[Narrator]The driving force
behind the German operation
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is none other than
Adolf Hitler.
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He's counting on
his elite units,
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00:03:10,845 --> 00:03:12,951
and the cameramen
following them,
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to deliver some desperately
needed good news.
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[tense music]
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By mid-1943, the Nazis have
seized a vast area of
Europe.
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But the previous
six months
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have seen the German
advance stall,
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00:03:27,276 --> 00:03:28,208
and the Allied forces
push back.
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-[guns blasting]
-[dramatic music]
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Far in the frozen north,
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the Red Army breaks the
German Siege of Leningrad.
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In the central
Soviet Union,
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[explosion blasts]
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a doomed attempt
to take Stalingrad
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sees almost one
million German
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and Italian Axis troops
killed or captured.
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00:03:53,129 --> 00:03:55,787
And to the south, American
and British armies
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have blown the Axis forces
out of North Africa.
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[gun blasting]
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Buoyed by the recent
Allied victories,
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US President
Franklin D. Roosevelt
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and British Prime
Minister Winston Churchill
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meet in Casablanca,
Morocco.
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To turn the
screws on Hitler,
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00:04:18,844 --> 00:04:20,570
they announce that the
Allies will now accept
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00:04:20,570 --> 00:04:21,675
nothing less than his
unconditional surrender.
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And plan a joint
invasion of Italy.
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By stretching the Germans
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as far as possible in
North Africa, in Italy,
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and potentially,
also, in France,
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it would give Stalin and
the Red Army an opportunity
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to finally make the
decisive breakthrough
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on the Eastern Front,
and push towards Berlin.
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[ominous music]
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[Narrator] The string of
defeats dents Hitler's
swagger.
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[Matthias]The Third Reich's
expansion has stalled
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and the Germans know that they
need to change their strategy
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if they want to win, or perhaps,
even just survive this war.
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[Narrator] Hitler is
determined to seize back
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the initiative with a major
new military offensive.
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But first, he must ramp
up enthusiasm at home.
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[dramatic music]
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So the Nazis hold a rally, at
Berlin's Sportpalast arena.
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German newsreel cameras
cover every angle
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as propaganda minister,
Josef Goebbels,
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whips a 14,000 strong,
carefully selected crowd
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into a frenzy.
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[Josef speaks in German]
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[crowd cheers]
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[Narrator] He announces
total war,
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the full mobilization
of the German economy
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to support the
military effort.
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Senior Nazi Albert
Speer is watching.
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[Albert] Except
for Hitler's
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most successful
public meetings,
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I had never seen
an audience
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so effectively
roused to fanaticism.
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[Josef speaks in German]
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[crowd cheering]
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00:06:01,188 --> 00:06:03,880
[Narrator] Energized
workers across the Reich
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rush to build a new
generation of superweapons.
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The Panther medium tank
has advanced sloping armor,
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a 75-millimeter gun, and a
top speed of 34 miles an
hour.
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It sets a new standard
for an all-round tank.
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[dramatic rock music]
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The heavy Tiger is
slow but powerful.
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Early demonstrations see the
57-ton machine take on trees
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-[tank engine whirring]
-[house crashing]
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and houses, destroying
everything in its path.
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00:06:38,984 --> 00:06:41,780
[Matthias]When the
Tiger tank appears,
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its combination of
a very powerful gun,
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00:06:44,680 --> 00:06:46,613
together with heavy armament,
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00:06:47,614 --> 00:06:48,787
means that it
can outclass
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any Soviet tank on
the battlefield.
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00:06:51,825 --> 00:06:53,413
[guns blasting]
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[Narrator] The Ferdinand
self-propelled gun
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is a tank killer.
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00:07:01,904 --> 00:07:04,216
Named after its designer,
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the car manufacturer
Ferdinand Porsche,
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00:07:06,011 --> 00:07:08,876
its 88-millimeter gun is
even longer than the Tigers.
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00:07:08,876 --> 00:07:11,603
This gives its armor-piercing
shells increased velocity
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00:07:12,984 --> 00:07:15,711
and a range of nearly
two miles.
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00:07:17,126 --> 00:07:19,300
The new wonder weapons are
up-armored and up-gunned,
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and gave the Germans
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a great tactical advantage
on the battlefield,
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00:07:26,238 --> 00:07:27,067
as well as a great psychological
advantage over the enemy.
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00:07:29,276 --> 00:07:31,105
[Narrator] Hitler
is convinced
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these devastating new
machines will put the Reich
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00:07:34,902 --> 00:07:37,077
back on the path to
European domination.
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00:07:37,077 --> 00:07:39,044
He must now pick the spot
to unleash their power.
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[majestic music]
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280 miles south of Moscow
is the city of Kursk,
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a major population
center and transport hub.
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In early 1943 the city is
newly liberated by the
Soviets
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after nearly a year of
brutal Nazi occupation.
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00:07:59,651 --> 00:08:03,448
Roughly 10,000 inhabitants
of the city of Kursk
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00:08:03,448 --> 00:08:05,899
died from malnutrition
in the 18 months
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00:08:06,762 --> 00:08:08,833
that the Germans were there.
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00:08:10,041 --> 00:08:11,283
[Narrator]Land mines
and ruined buildings
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are the Germans' legacy.
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00:08:14,563 --> 00:08:15,460
The city's devastation
is obvious.
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00:08:17,704 --> 00:08:19,360
But the Nazis
still want it back.
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00:08:24,331 --> 00:08:27,368
By the summer of 1943,
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00:08:28,680 --> 00:08:30,337
the Germans are finding
it increasingly difficult
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to sustain a very long
front in the Soviet Union.
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00:08:33,547 --> 00:08:37,931
[Narrator]Kursk sits in
the center of a large bulge
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00:08:37,931 --> 00:08:38,483
or salient, protruding 100
miles into German territory.
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00:08:40,312 --> 00:08:43,108
The Germans' ambition
is to remove that bulge
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00:08:44,489 --> 00:08:47,112
so they can release resources
by flattening the line.
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[Narrator] In
Operation Citadel
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Hitler plans attacks
to the north and south
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that will link up,
reclaim the entire area,
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and stabilize the
front lines.
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00:08:59,815 --> 00:09:02,403
[suspenseful music]
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00:09:02,403 --> 00:09:03,784
His military advisers
are keen to attack
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00:09:03,784 --> 00:09:05,303
as soon as the
weather allows.
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00:09:06,822 --> 00:09:08,617
But the Fuhrer decides
to wait until early July,
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00:09:08,617 --> 00:09:10,998
to allow the new
generation of tanks
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00:09:12,137 --> 00:09:13,138
time to reach
the front line.
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00:09:14,864 --> 00:09:15,934
Kursk is do or die
for the Germans.
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00:09:18,937 --> 00:09:20,836
They're really laying
everything they have,
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00:09:20,836 --> 00:09:22,113
all their new weaponry on
a single throw of the dice.
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00:09:23,252 --> 00:09:26,013
If this doesn't work,
they're done.
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[tense music]
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[Narrator] At the Kremlin,
Soviet leader Josef Stalin
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00:09:30,846 --> 00:09:32,330
considers how to react
to the impending attack.
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00:09:33,331 --> 00:09:36,161
In the first two
years of the war
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the most significant successes
that the Red Army enjoy
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00:09:39,199 --> 00:09:42,271
were at the point
where a German advance
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00:09:42,271 --> 00:09:45,792
had exhausted itself.
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00:09:45,792 --> 00:09:47,310
And then the Red Army
was able to carry out
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00:09:47,310 --> 00:09:48,346
a large counteroffensive
on weaker flanks.
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00:09:50,728 --> 00:09:51,521
[Narrator] Stalin decides
to use Kursk as bait
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in a giant trap.
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00:09:56,906 --> 00:09:58,425
[dramatic music]
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The Red Army will build
defenses
185
00:10:03,016 --> 00:10:04,742
to stop the Nazis
once and for all,
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00:10:04,742 --> 00:10:06,364
then unleash a
massive counterstrike.
187
00:10:07,952 --> 00:10:09,160
Soviet civilians in the area
now become a vital resource.
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00:10:13,889 --> 00:10:17,962
Just two months after being
liberated from Nazi rule,
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00:10:17,962 --> 00:10:20,171
300,000 Kursk residents
are pressed into service
190
00:10:20,999 --> 00:10:25,176
for the Red Army
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00:10:25,176 --> 00:10:27,350
and begin to turn
farmland into a fortress.
192
00:10:27,350 --> 00:10:28,248
But trench digging is just
the tip of the iceberg.
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00:10:31,320 --> 00:10:34,150
The Red Army is now becoming
194
00:10:35,496 --> 00:10:36,256
an army, for all intents
and purposes, of occupation,
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00:10:37,291 --> 00:10:40,053
not occupation in the same way
196
00:10:41,261 --> 00:10:42,538
that the Germans occupy
the territory, mind you,
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00:10:42,538 --> 00:10:45,921
but it still
needs to be fed.
198
00:10:45,921 --> 00:10:48,199
It still needs
to be cared for.
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00:10:48,199 --> 00:10:50,373
[Narrator]Propaganda films
show the civilian population
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00:10:51,892 --> 00:10:53,169
taking on all aspects of
Red Army rear services,
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00:10:54,412 --> 00:10:56,863
from food supply
to medical care.
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00:10:58,243 --> 00:11:00,383
They build a brand
new 60-mile railroad,
203
00:11:01,799 --> 00:11:03,283
to speed hundreds of
tanks to the front lines.
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00:11:05,250 --> 00:11:06,458
It's German Totaler Krieg
versus Soviet Total'Naya
Voyna.
205
00:11:10,704 --> 00:11:13,431
The total war of half a
continent focused on Kursk.
206
00:11:14,915 --> 00:11:17,573
[tank engine whirring]
207
00:11:21,163 --> 00:11:21,957
After two months of
concentrated effort,
208
00:11:25,270 --> 00:11:26,478
the fields around
Kursk are transformed
209
00:11:27,894 --> 00:11:30,172
into a fortified defensive
network of trenches,
210
00:11:30,172 --> 00:11:32,450
gun emplacements,
even dugouts for tanks.
211
00:11:33,762 --> 00:11:36,454
One declares "For
Stalin" on its side.
212
00:11:38,594 --> 00:11:39,595
The earthworks
are so substantial
213
00:11:42,529 --> 00:11:43,426
that they are still
visible to this day,
214
00:11:45,014 --> 00:11:46,464
as jagged lines of trees,
or shadows in the fields.
215
00:11:50,917 --> 00:11:51,607
Over 3,000 miles of
trenches are arranged
216
00:11:54,368 --> 00:11:56,301
in a zig-zag pattern,
217
00:11:58,096 --> 00:11:59,719
to protect defenders from
flanking fire and
explosions.
218
00:11:59,719 --> 00:12:02,445
Soviet defenses are developed
like a spider's web,
219
00:12:05,000 --> 00:12:07,519
in which the Germans would
struggle, exhaust
themselves,
220
00:12:08,831 --> 00:12:11,316
and then leave themselves
open to a counterattack.
221
00:12:12,524 --> 00:12:14,354
[Narrator]On top of
1.3 million soldiers
222
00:12:15,562 --> 00:12:16,805
waiting in the
web of trenches,
223
00:12:18,116 --> 00:12:19,635
two massive Soviet
armies hold position
224
00:12:19,635 --> 00:12:21,292
to the north and south,
225
00:12:22,811 --> 00:12:23,432
ready to counterstrike,
if they get the chance.
226
00:12:24,329 --> 00:12:27,056
The danger of the Soviet plan,
227
00:12:28,299 --> 00:12:29,369
is that if the Germans
manage to break through
228
00:12:29,369 --> 00:12:31,233
the Soviet defensive positions,
229
00:12:32,648 --> 00:12:34,892
the Wehrmacht will be able
to encircle a large amount
230
00:12:34,892 --> 00:12:37,584
of Soviet troops, and
completely annihilate them.
231
00:12:37,584 --> 00:12:40,449
[Narrator]2/5 of
the entire Red Army
232
00:12:41,968 --> 00:12:42,589
now waits for the arrival of
the new German superweapons.
233
00:12:44,315 --> 00:12:47,628
The stage is set for one
of the biggest battles
234
00:12:47,628 --> 00:12:50,528
the world has ever seen.
235
00:12:50,528 --> 00:12:51,909
[gentle accordion music]
236
00:12:54,877 --> 00:12:56,361
[tense music]
237
00:13:00,089 --> 00:13:02,367
The Red Army braces for a new
German offensive at Kursk.
238
00:13:05,094 --> 00:13:07,648
The Nazis are gathering on
the edge of the open fields.
239
00:13:12,515 --> 00:13:15,622
Stalin sends
political commissar,
240
00:13:15,622 --> 00:13:16,934
and future Soviet leader
241
00:13:18,487 --> 00:13:19,039
Nikita Khrushchev to keep
an eye on his generals.
242
00:13:20,592 --> 00:13:23,457
[Nikita] The events unfolding
were extremely important.
243
00:13:24,838 --> 00:13:26,529
The outcome of the
war was being decided,
244
00:13:27,841 --> 00:13:29,705
along with the fate
of our country.
245
00:13:29,705 --> 00:13:30,671
[Narrator] Later
that evening,
246
00:13:33,502 --> 00:13:34,848
Khrushchev meets
a German deserter,
247
00:13:34,848 --> 00:13:36,574
who claims he has
just been issued
248
00:13:36,574 --> 00:13:38,300
with a ration
of schnapps.
249
00:13:38,300 --> 00:13:40,716
[suspenseful music]
250
00:13:40,716 --> 00:13:42,476
It's a German
military tradition.
251
00:13:42,476 --> 00:13:43,546
Boxes labeled "For
front line fighters
252
00:13:44,375 --> 00:13:46,135
"in large-scale combat,"
253
00:13:47,688 --> 00:13:48,413
contain candy, chocolate,
cigarettes, and matches.
254
00:13:51,796 --> 00:13:54,419
They are distributed
on the eve of battle.
255
00:13:56,249 --> 00:13:57,215
Khrushchev
leaves convinced
256
00:13:59,942 --> 00:14:01,495
the German offensive
is imminent.
257
00:14:01,495 --> 00:14:02,531
So the Red Army
sends a greeting.
258
00:14:03,704 --> 00:14:05,948
-[dramatic music]
-[rockets whooshing]
259
00:14:07,398 --> 00:14:09,089
Thousands of Katyusha
rockets leave their rails
260
00:14:09,089 --> 00:14:09,641
at 780 miles an hour, with a
distinctive metallic howl,
261
00:14:12,679 --> 00:14:15,337
that adds a shock factor
to the bombardment.
262
00:14:20,790 --> 00:14:23,414
The Germans are
caught by surprise.
263
00:14:24,449 --> 00:14:27,142
[Bernard]The scene
was chaotic.
264
00:14:28,005 --> 00:14:30,662
Vehicles were on fire
265
00:14:30,662 --> 00:14:31,732
and there were several
corpses lying in the grass,
266
00:14:31,732 --> 00:14:34,770
but we soon recovered.
267
00:14:34,770 --> 00:14:35,702
[Narrator]The attack
delays the Germans
268
00:14:37,462 --> 00:14:38,705
but does not stop them.
269
00:14:40,051 --> 00:14:41,570
[guns blasting]
270
00:14:44,366 --> 00:14:45,608
They send a massive artillery
and rocket barrage
271
00:14:45,608 --> 00:14:47,334
right back at
the Soviets.
272
00:14:47,334 --> 00:14:49,026
[rockets whooshing]
273
00:14:49,026 --> 00:14:50,096
Operation Citadel
has begun.
274
00:14:50,096 --> 00:14:52,512
[dramatic music]
275
00:14:53,616 --> 00:14:55,204
To the north of
the salient,
276
00:14:55,204 --> 00:14:56,757
the German 9th
Army moves out.
277
00:14:56,757 --> 00:14:58,380
Their aim is to
penetrate the defenses
278
00:14:59,277 --> 00:15:01,866
and head towards Kursk.
279
00:15:01,866 --> 00:15:02,729
In command is
General Walter Model.
280
00:15:05,663 --> 00:15:06,595
He favors defensive tactics,
so decides his tanks
281
00:15:10,185 --> 00:15:12,083
and Ferdinand self-propelled
guns will initially hold
back.
282
00:15:15,569 --> 00:15:16,432
Having seen the sophistication
of the Soviet defenses
283
00:15:19,780 --> 00:15:22,438
that he was up against, Model
decides to use the infantry
284
00:15:23,405 --> 00:15:26,270
to create the breach,
285
00:15:27,754 --> 00:15:28,444
and then for the tanks
to exploit that breach,
286
00:15:29,652 --> 00:15:31,447
and hopefully,
break through to victory.
287
00:15:32,690 --> 00:15:33,725
[Narrator] Thousands of
infantry push forward,
288
00:15:36,038 --> 00:15:37,488
right into a
Soviet minefield.
289
00:15:40,353 --> 00:15:43,839
[explosion blasts]
290
00:15:43,839 --> 00:15:45,323
[Henri] The
Soviets had sown
291
00:15:45,323 --> 00:15:46,738
thousands upon
thousands of mines,
292
00:15:46,738 --> 00:15:48,430
we could never
remove all of them
293
00:15:49,810 --> 00:15:50,501
and those that we
removed were replaced.
294
00:15:52,192 --> 00:15:53,607
[explosion blasts]
295
00:15:56,127 --> 00:15:57,784
[Narrator] Red Army
crews have it down
296
00:15:57,784 --> 00:15:59,165
to a white
knuckle science.
297
00:15:59,165 --> 00:16:00,614
[explosion blasts]
298
00:16:01,891 --> 00:16:02,237
Get to a gap in
the line and dig.
299
00:16:02,237 --> 00:16:04,204
Fast.
300
00:16:04,894 --> 00:16:07,000
[explosion blasts]
301
00:16:07,000 --> 00:16:07,311
Drop in an anti-tank mine,
cover your tracks, and get
out
302
00:16:08,001 --> 00:16:11,832
[explosion booms]
303
00:16:11,832 --> 00:16:12,902
before a German shell
finds you.
304
00:16:12,902 --> 00:16:16,044
[explosion blasts]
305
00:16:16,044 --> 00:16:16,354
The Red Army can lay hundreds
of thousands of mines an
hour.
306
00:16:18,978 --> 00:16:20,496
They use the extensive
trench network
307
00:16:23,189 --> 00:16:24,431
to replenish the fields
behind the advancing Germans
308
00:16:26,813 --> 00:16:27,641
and swarm at them
from all angles.
309
00:16:30,748 --> 00:16:32,336
If you stick your hand
into a fire ant mound,
310
00:16:33,544 --> 00:16:35,511
the ants will attack
you all the way in.
311
00:16:37,065 --> 00:16:37,789
As you keep penetrating, your
entire limb will be attacked,
312
00:16:39,860 --> 00:16:42,656
and so this is the idea.
313
00:16:44,486 --> 00:16:44,796
You absorb the attack and
then you destroy the
elements
314
00:16:46,867 --> 00:16:49,353
that have made
the penetration.
315
00:16:49,974 --> 00:16:52,390
[gun blasting]
316
00:16:52,390 --> 00:16:53,874
[Soviet Observer] The
soldiers were deafened
317
00:16:53,874 --> 00:16:55,393
by the thunder of
guns and mortars
318
00:16:55,393 --> 00:16:56,808
and the creaking
of tracks.
319
00:16:56,808 --> 00:16:58,327
All of the weapons
of the infantry
320
00:16:58,327 --> 00:17:00,226
entered the battle to
repel the enemy blows.
321
00:17:00,226 --> 00:17:02,021
Such was the sophistication
of the Soviet defensive plan,
322
00:17:04,678 --> 00:17:07,267
the German infantry
found it very difficult
323
00:17:08,303 --> 00:17:10,512
to bludgeon a hole
in the defenses,
324
00:17:10,512 --> 00:17:11,789
and therefore, the armor
couldn't exploit it.
325
00:17:13,101 --> 00:17:14,792
[fire whooshes]
326
00:17:17,208 --> 00:17:18,830
-[explosions booming]
-[suspenseful music]
327
00:17:21,902 --> 00:17:24,491
[Narrator]
The Soviet swarm begins
328
00:17:25,630 --> 00:17:27,494
to bleed the
attacking Germans.
329
00:17:27,494 --> 00:17:28,185
Newly restored footage
reveals a scouting party,
330
00:17:30,808 --> 00:17:32,465
led by Captain
Dmitry Zakrevsky,
331
00:17:33,742 --> 00:17:34,846
returning from an
overnight raid.
332
00:17:36,641 --> 00:17:37,539
They're celebrating
the capture
333
00:17:40,266 --> 00:17:41,267
of one of the feared
Nazi tanks.
334
00:17:44,028 --> 00:17:46,065
[Ilya] We found in the tank
secret papers, documents.
335
00:17:47,928 --> 00:17:50,552
There was also a
working radio.
336
00:17:54,728 --> 00:17:57,559
[Narrator] The German
officers in the north
337
00:17:58,767 --> 00:18:00,182
sense their
momentum stalling.
338
00:18:00,182 --> 00:18:02,391
[gun blasting]
339
00:18:03,082 --> 00:18:05,981
[explosion booms]
340
00:18:05,981 --> 00:18:06,809
But they maintain
the offensive,
341
00:18:06,809 --> 00:18:08,294
to keep the pressure on.
342
00:18:08,294 --> 00:18:09,640
[guns blasting]
343
00:18:13,299 --> 00:18:17,199
To the south of Kursk,
344
00:18:17,199 --> 00:18:18,683
Field Marshal
Erich von Manstein
345
00:18:18,683 --> 00:18:20,202
takes a different
approach.
346
00:18:20,202 --> 00:18:21,479
He leads with tanks.
347
00:18:23,378 --> 00:18:25,587
-[dramatic music]
-[tank engines whirring]
348
00:18:25,587 --> 00:18:26,381
Brand new, heavy Tigers
form up into spearheads,
349
00:18:27,589 --> 00:18:31,248
flanked by the
medium Panthers
350
00:18:31,248 --> 00:18:32,145
and an array of
older Panzers.
351
00:18:33,836 --> 00:18:34,734
Manstein had seen the
very great success
352
00:18:37,806 --> 00:18:39,877
that could be achieved
by fast-moving armor,
353
00:18:39,877 --> 00:18:42,535
creating a psychological impact
354
00:18:43,674 --> 00:18:45,710
and a shock impact
on enemy defenses,
355
00:18:45,710 --> 00:18:47,436
no matter how
sophisticated they are.
356
00:18:48,644 --> 00:18:51,544
[Narrator] Many of
Manstein's tank crews
357
00:18:52,821 --> 00:18:54,788
are drawn from the
most experienced
358
00:18:54,788 --> 00:18:56,963
and fanatical
soldiers Germany has.
359
00:18:56,963 --> 00:18:58,758
The military wing of
Hitler's personal guard,
360
00:18:59,483 --> 00:19:02,141
the Waffen-SS.
361
00:19:02,969 --> 00:19:05,558
The SS is the most fanatical
362
00:19:06,628 --> 00:19:07,974
and feared organization
in Nazi Germany.
363
00:19:07,974 --> 00:19:11,219
They'll stop at nothing
364
00:19:11,219 --> 00:19:12,047
to enact Hitler's
vision for a new Europe.
365
00:19:12,047 --> 00:19:14,394
[tank rumbles]
366
00:19:15,257 --> 00:19:19,606
[Narrator] In early 1943,
367
00:19:19,606 --> 00:19:20,883
newsreel cameras are
permitted into the SS training
school
368
00:19:20,883 --> 00:19:23,438
at Bad Tolz,
south of Munich.
369
00:19:26,303 --> 00:19:26,613
Here, new recruits are
groomed for life in the
Waffen-SS,
370
00:19:30,790 --> 00:19:33,379
a military organization
that fights alongside
371
00:19:34,897 --> 00:19:36,175
the regular German Army, but
reports directly to Hitler.
372
00:19:38,763 --> 00:19:41,559
Hitler doesn't really
trust the old elites
373
00:19:42,422 --> 00:19:44,355
that he can see within Germany,
374
00:19:45,770 --> 00:19:46,668
for example, also, the
old-established officer corps
375
00:19:46,668 --> 00:19:48,359
of the normal armed forces.
376
00:19:49,429 --> 00:19:50,465
[Narrator] SS
indoctrination
377
00:19:53,122 --> 00:19:53,468
emphasizes Hitler's dark
vision of European
domination,
378
00:19:55,297 --> 00:19:56,919
and physical conformity,
379
00:19:59,474 --> 00:20:00,199
to mold a fanatically
loyal fighting force.
380
00:20:03,650 --> 00:20:06,584
[Matthias] The fact that Hitler
builds up the SS,
381
00:20:07,999 --> 00:20:10,278
means that he has an extremely
loyal group of people,
382
00:20:10,278 --> 00:20:12,280
up to 900,000 that are loyal
to him and to no one else.
383
00:20:16,042 --> 00:20:17,388
[Narrator] SS Section
Leader Johannes Schumacher
384
00:20:20,391 --> 00:20:23,670
carries a personal film
camera throughout the war.
385
00:20:23,670 --> 00:20:26,190
He is a member of the
Totenkopf or Death's Head
division.
386
00:20:28,227 --> 00:20:30,815
The skull and crossbones
on their collars
387
00:20:32,334 --> 00:20:33,680
symbolize a willingness
to sacrifice their lives
388
00:20:34,509 --> 00:20:38,513
for the Nazi cause.
389
00:20:38,513 --> 00:20:39,238
Schumacher travels
to the Eastern Front.
390
00:20:42,241 --> 00:20:43,449
He records the devastation
wrought by the SS divisions
391
00:20:45,002 --> 00:20:46,486
tasked with controlling
the occupied Soviet Union.
392
00:20:49,627 --> 00:20:52,216
As villages burn, Soviet
civilians forced from the
area
393
00:20:53,459 --> 00:20:56,220
carry children too
small for the march.
394
00:20:56,807 --> 00:20:58,947
[solemn music]
395
00:21:00,811 --> 00:21:01,846
The SS are always training,
ready to wreak destruction.
396
00:21:08,922 --> 00:21:11,615
The SS carry out
countless war crimes.
397
00:21:12,719 --> 00:21:14,721
They're responsible
for atrocities
398
00:21:14,721 --> 00:21:17,034
and massacres across Europe.
399
00:21:17,034 --> 00:21:18,691
They aren't really soldiering,
400
00:21:20,140 --> 00:21:21,349
they're fighting a war of
annihilation, of extermination.
401
00:21:21,349 --> 00:21:24,213
They're probably
as close to evil
402
00:21:25,076 --> 00:21:26,492
as the modern world has seen.
403
00:21:27,803 --> 00:21:29,495
[Narrator] As the tanks
of the Totenkopf Division
404
00:21:29,495 --> 00:21:30,703
arrive at the Kursk
battlefield,
405
00:21:32,049 --> 00:21:34,431
Schumacher uses his
home movie camera
406
00:21:34,431 --> 00:21:35,846
to film the 57 ton
Tigers in close-up.
407
00:21:37,296 --> 00:21:39,677
The fanatical SS divisions
now intend to use
408
00:21:41,265 --> 00:21:42,542
these Nazi superweapons to
crack the Soviet defenses.
409
00:21:44,510 --> 00:21:47,340
[tank rattles]
410
00:21:48,376 --> 00:21:49,860
-[dramatic music]
-[gun blasting]
411
00:21:51,931 --> 00:21:53,760
zer Corps
will spearhead
412
00:21:53,760 --> 00:21:55,175
the attack to the
south of Kursk.
413
00:21:55,175 --> 00:21:56,694
The initial target
414
00:21:58,972 --> 00:21:59,628
is a small Russian
village named Prokhorovka.
415
00:22:04,150 --> 00:22:06,325
42 Tigers are followed
by a further 450 tanks
416
00:22:08,292 --> 00:22:10,915
and assault guns across
an eight-mile front.
417
00:22:12,710 --> 00:22:14,367
It's a slow,
methodical advance.
418
00:22:16,714 --> 00:22:18,509
But they can
take their time.
419
00:22:20,649 --> 00:22:22,789
The five-man crews
inside the Tigers
420
00:22:22,789 --> 00:22:23,894
are protected by four
inches of steel armor.
421
00:22:27,104 --> 00:22:27,725
To the Soviets, the
tanks appear unstoppable.
422
00:22:31,246 --> 00:22:35,561
[Vassily]Shells hit them
but bounced off like peas.
423
00:22:35,561 --> 00:22:36,907
There have been cases
where artillerymen
424
00:22:38,046 --> 00:22:39,012
went insane after
seeing this.
425
00:22:41,705 --> 00:22:42,740
[Narrator] The
tanks plow forward
426
00:22:45,709 --> 00:22:47,607
and reach the
Soviet trenches.
427
00:22:47,607 --> 00:22:48,884
They deliberately
use their weight
428
00:22:50,438 --> 00:22:50,990
to collapse the earthworks
and crush the defenders.
429
00:22:56,133 --> 00:22:58,722
German infantry
and engineers
430
00:22:59,964 --> 00:23:02,381
follow to clear
the fortifications.
431
00:23:02,381 --> 00:23:05,694
[Stefan] Dropping
into a trench system,
432
00:23:05,694 --> 00:23:07,765
my section threw grenades
around the corners
433
00:23:07,765 --> 00:23:09,111
and into dug-outs which were
then cleared out by men
434
00:23:09,111 --> 00:23:11,044
with sub-machine guns.
435
00:23:14,703 --> 00:23:17,361
[Narrator] Soviet
footage reveals
436
00:23:18,569 --> 00:23:20,088
the Red Army's
defensive network
437
00:23:20,088 --> 00:23:21,641
beginning to buckle
under the attack.
438
00:23:21,641 --> 00:23:23,747
[explosion blasts]
439
00:23:25,714 --> 00:23:27,233
[Mykhailo] Every time
they moved, we shot them.
440
00:23:27,233 --> 00:23:29,442
But then we saw that
they had a mortar
441
00:23:29,442 --> 00:23:30,478
and before I could open
fire, we had been hit.
442
00:23:30,478 --> 00:23:34,205
I was a mess.
443
00:23:34,205 --> 00:23:36,000
Deaf, confused,
and unable to stand.
444
00:23:36,000 --> 00:23:38,589
I can still recall the
mixture of damp earth,
445
00:23:38,589 --> 00:23:39,590
cordite, and blood which
filled my nostrils.
446
00:23:40,833 --> 00:23:42,455
-[mortar shell thuds]
-[explosion blasts]
447
00:23:43,560 --> 00:23:45,493
The German tank
advance is relentless.
448
00:23:45,493 --> 00:23:46,563
-[gun blasting]
-[explosion booms]
449
00:23:47,702 --> 00:23:49,428
The new models
slowly chew their way
450
00:23:50,221 --> 00:23:52,120
through the Soviet lines.
451
00:23:52,120 --> 00:23:53,811
Soviet losses are huge.
452
00:23:53,811 --> 00:23:55,399
Six, seven, eight to one
in favor of the Germans.
453
00:23:55,399 --> 00:23:59,472
[suspenseful music]
454
00:23:59,472 --> 00:24:00,577
[Narrator] As the German tanks
identify enemy positions,
455
00:24:01,888 --> 00:24:03,890
they radio for
supporting airstrikes.
456
00:24:05,513 --> 00:24:07,446
Waves of Junkers Ju 87 dive
bombers, known as Stukas,
457
00:24:09,689 --> 00:24:12,899
bear down on
their targets.
458
00:24:12,899 --> 00:24:14,591
[bombs blasting]
459
00:24:16,144 --> 00:24:17,766
Carrying a
550-pound bomb,
460
00:24:17,766 --> 00:24:20,631
they drop into an
almost vertical dive
461
00:24:20,631 --> 00:24:21,598
before releasing with
pinpoint accuracy.
462
00:24:22,184 --> 00:24:24,946
[bombs booming]
463
00:24:24,946 --> 00:24:26,430
But to make a dent
on the hundreds
464
00:24:26,430 --> 00:24:29,537
of Soviet tanks at Kursk
465
00:24:29,537 --> 00:24:30,848
the Stukas need more than
just one bomb per run.
466
00:24:30,848 --> 00:24:33,886
[airplane engine whirring]
467
00:24:35,439 --> 00:24:36,958
German newsreel cameras
follow Hans-Ulrich Rudel,
468
00:24:37,855 --> 00:24:40,444
a Luftwaffe fighter ace
469
00:24:41,756 --> 00:24:42,515
who trials a new way
of using the aircraft.
470
00:24:43,827 --> 00:24:45,000
His custom Stuka
is fitted
471
00:24:47,762 --> 00:24:48,383
with twin 37-millimeter
anti-tank guns.
472
00:24:48,383 --> 00:24:52,560
[dramatic music]
473
00:24:52,560 --> 00:24:54,493
They'll skim the battlefield
at a much shallower angle,
474
00:24:56,287 --> 00:24:58,117
to fire into the vulnerable
side armor of the Soviet
tanks.
475
00:25:00,878 --> 00:25:02,673
[Hans-Ulrich]In
the first attack,
476
00:25:05,331 --> 00:25:06,608
four tanks explode under the
hammer blows of my cannons.
477
00:25:06,608 --> 00:25:08,507
-[airplane screaming]
-[guns blasting]
478
00:25:09,715 --> 00:25:10,819
In this aircraft
we possess a weapon
479
00:25:12,062 --> 00:25:14,340
which is capable
of knocking out
480
00:25:14,340 --> 00:25:15,583
a formidable number
of Soviet tanks.
481
00:25:15,583 --> 00:25:17,412
[airplane engine whirring]
482
00:25:17,412 --> 00:25:19,172
[guns blasting]
483
00:25:19,172 --> 00:25:22,659
[Narrator] At Kursk,
484
00:25:22,659 --> 00:25:24,315
Rudel claims 12 Soviet
tanks in one day.
485
00:25:24,315 --> 00:25:27,353
He goes on to become the
most highly decorated
486
00:25:27,353 --> 00:25:28,837
German service member
of the entire war.
487
00:25:30,356 --> 00:25:31,840
[tense music]
488
00:25:34,360 --> 00:25:35,844
After four days of
intense fighting,
489
00:25:37,674 --> 00:25:39,952
[gun blasting]
490
00:25:41,643 --> 00:25:42,886
the methodical approach of
the SS Panzer Corps pays
off.
491
00:25:42,886 --> 00:25:46,096
Their tanks have broken
through three lines
492
00:25:46,096 --> 00:25:47,787
of Soviet defenses
493
00:25:49,168 --> 00:25:51,342
and now approach the
village of Prokhorovka.
494
00:25:51,342 --> 00:25:52,171
Soon, they will be in the
clear, able to circle back
495
00:25:55,484 --> 00:25:58,073
and destroy the remaining
Red Army around Kursk.
496
00:26:00,455 --> 00:26:01,801
[tank engine whirring]
497
00:26:04,735 --> 00:26:06,185
1,500 miles away, the Allies
activate their long-held
plan
498
00:26:08,912 --> 00:26:11,535
to open a second front
against a German Army
499
00:26:12,640 --> 00:26:14,676
distracted by
events in the East.
500
00:26:15,263 --> 00:26:18,266
[dramatic music]
501
00:26:18,266 --> 00:26:19,681
American Army
film cameras roll
502
00:26:19,681 --> 00:26:20,924
as the long-awaited
invasion of Sicily,
503
00:26:20,924 --> 00:26:22,719
Operation Husky, begins.
504
00:26:24,928 --> 00:26:25,584
160,000 American, Canadian,
and British troops
505
00:26:29,898 --> 00:26:32,729
will land on the island,
506
00:26:34,316 --> 00:26:34,834
and attempt to snatch it from
German and Italian forces.
507
00:26:35,524 --> 00:26:39,770
[gun blasting]
508
00:26:39,770 --> 00:26:41,392
As American cruisers
soften up the defenses,
509
00:26:41,392 --> 00:26:43,981
landing craft speed
to the beaches.
510
00:26:45,224 --> 00:26:47,088
Most make the troops
jump the last yards
511
00:26:49,400 --> 00:26:50,194
but some are DUKW
amphibious trucks.
512
00:26:55,165 --> 00:26:56,200
These make a fast, rough
landing on the beaches,
513
00:26:58,686 --> 00:27:01,585
[trunk engine rumbling]
514
00:27:04,623 --> 00:27:05,209
allowing troops quick access
to the Sicilian streets.
515
00:27:10,663 --> 00:27:11,699
[Soldier] This was indeed
an auspicious beginning
516
00:27:14,736 --> 00:27:15,841
for the Allied assault upon
Hitler's Fortress Europa.
517
00:27:15,841 --> 00:27:18,602
[truck engine whirring]
518
00:27:20,017 --> 00:27:21,640
[Narrator] As US infantry clears
the fishing town of Gela,
519
00:27:23,158 --> 00:27:26,506
it becomes obvious that
German and Italian forces
520
00:27:26,506 --> 00:27:28,785
do not have the strength
to hold the island.
521
00:27:30,510 --> 00:27:31,719
The Allies make plans to move
onto the Italian mainland.
522
00:27:33,893 --> 00:27:36,585
[tense brooding music]
523
00:27:38,173 --> 00:27:38,657
At his Eastern Front
headquarters, the Wolf's
Lair,
524
00:27:39,934 --> 00:27:42,557
Hitler searches
for answers.
525
00:27:43,903 --> 00:27:44,939
Operation Husky provides
Hitler with a huge dilemma.
526
00:27:46,803 --> 00:27:49,598
He could feel his troops
527
00:27:50,807 --> 00:27:52,463
being stretched
further and further.
528
00:27:52,463 --> 00:27:54,500
And he would not only be
fighting offensive action
529
00:27:54,500 --> 00:27:56,778
by Stalin's Red
Army in the East,
530
00:27:57,848 --> 00:28:00,368
he would also be
fighting the Allies
531
00:28:00,368 --> 00:28:02,819
in the soft underbelly
of Europe, Italy,
532
00:28:02,819 --> 00:28:04,165
and also, potentially,
in France, the next year.
533
00:28:05,684 --> 00:28:09,860
[Narrator] But Sicily is
a long way from Kursk,
534
00:28:09,860 --> 00:28:12,552
where the Red Army can
still see the German forces
535
00:28:14,002 --> 00:28:15,245
moving toward their
jagged defensive lines.
536
00:28:16,764 --> 00:28:20,629
They activate their
armored reserve.
537
00:28:20,629 --> 00:28:23,736
Over 800 Soviet
tanks head out,
538
00:28:23,736 --> 00:28:24,875
to try and halt
the mighty Tigers.
539
00:28:25,462 --> 00:28:28,672
[dramatic music]
540
00:28:28,672 --> 00:28:30,260
The greatest tank battle
of the Second World War
541
00:28:30,260 --> 00:28:32,952
is about to begin.
542
00:28:33,712 --> 00:28:35,058
[tank engine whirring]
543
00:28:36,197 --> 00:28:38,268
[suspenseful music]
544
00:28:40,304 --> 00:28:42,755
Embedded camera
crews film
545
00:28:44,274 --> 00:28:45,309
as German tanks approach
the town of Prokhorovka,
546
00:28:45,309 --> 00:28:47,173
on the outskirts
of Kursk.
547
00:28:48,450 --> 00:28:49,279
They have blasted
most of the way
548
00:28:52,006 --> 00:28:53,007
through the spiderweb
of Red Army defenses.
549
00:28:53,007 --> 00:28:55,837
But what they don't know
550
00:28:57,183 --> 00:28:58,667
is that they are now
entering a giant trap.
551
00:28:58,667 --> 00:29:01,118
[Lloyd] Prokhorovka was an
ideal place
552
00:29:02,499 --> 00:29:04,673
where the Soviets could
unleash their armored reserve.
553
00:29:04,673 --> 00:29:07,159
It is some way behind
the lines,
554
00:29:08,332 --> 00:29:09,782
where the
exhausted Germans
555
00:29:11,025 --> 00:29:11,888
could be engaged by
fresh armored forces.
556
00:29:13,337 --> 00:29:15,926
[Narrator] As the
Germans advance,
557
00:29:17,203 --> 00:29:19,033
their scouts send
up purple flares
558
00:29:19,033 --> 00:29:21,311
to warn of enemy
armor ahead.
559
00:29:21,311 --> 00:29:23,106
Suddenly, over 400 Red
Army tanks break cover.
560
00:29:25,315 --> 00:29:28,007
They accelerate straight
towards the German lines.
561
00:29:30,423 --> 00:29:31,321
[Rudolf] What I saw
left me speechless.
562
00:29:34,738 --> 00:29:36,015
From beyond the shallow rise
in front of me appeared 15,
563
00:29:36,913 --> 00:29:40,571
then 30, then 40 tanks.
564
00:29:40,571 --> 00:29:43,471
Finally, there were
too many to count.
565
00:29:43,471 --> 00:29:44,748
[Narrator] The
Soviet T-34 tank
566
00:29:47,130 --> 00:29:48,027
is the backbone of the
Red Army.
567
00:29:49,408 --> 00:29:51,444
It has sloping armor,
a powerful V12 engine,
568
00:29:51,444 --> 00:29:54,102
and a formidable
76.2-millimeter gun.
569
00:29:55,483 --> 00:29:58,175
But its main strength
lies in numbers.
570
00:29:58,900 --> 00:30:00,868
[machinery whirring]
571
00:30:02,455 --> 00:30:03,008
By 1943, the Soviet Union's
own version of total war
572
00:30:05,286 --> 00:30:08,013
sees giant factories
far behind the lines
573
00:30:09,290 --> 00:30:11,119
churn out hundreds
of T-34s every week.
574
00:30:12,603 --> 00:30:15,192
They are driven straight
onto long trains
575
00:30:16,055 --> 00:30:19,093
and sent to the front,
576
00:30:19,093 --> 00:30:20,646
a constant stream of armor
heading for the battlefield.
577
00:30:20,646 --> 00:30:22,717
[Lloyd] By this stage, the
Soviet total war industry
578
00:30:23,580 --> 00:30:25,720
is easily replacing all losses,
579
00:30:27,170 --> 00:30:28,136
and indeed, increasing the
number of tanks, day-on-day,
580
00:30:29,172 --> 00:30:31,657
that Stalin had
available to him.
581
00:30:32,761 --> 00:30:33,832
The reverse was true
in Germany.
582
00:30:35,005 --> 00:30:36,662
Every single German
tank that was lost
583
00:30:37,801 --> 00:30:39,147
would be very
difficult to replace.
584
00:30:39,976 --> 00:30:41,356
[Narrator] At Kursk,
585
00:30:43,531 --> 00:30:44,739
the Red Army now tries to
use strength in numbers.
586
00:30:44,739 --> 00:30:46,672
-[dramatic music]
-[guns blasting]
587
00:30:49,399 --> 00:30:52,195
The T-34 tank commanders
know that they can't compete
588
00:30:53,334 --> 00:30:55,267
at long range with
the German tanks.
589
00:30:57,165 --> 00:30:58,063
So they rush towards the
German tanks as quickly as
possible
590
00:30:58,960 --> 00:31:01,204
to fire at point-blank range,
591
00:31:02,446 --> 00:31:03,654
because then they know
they stand a chance
592
00:31:03,654 --> 00:31:05,346
of knocking out a tank.
593
00:31:05,346 --> 00:31:07,658
[dramatic music]
594
00:31:07,658 --> 00:31:10,109
[Wilhelm] The T34s came
straight for us at full speed
595
00:31:10,109 --> 00:31:12,560
with hardly time even to
fire, as though they had gone
mad.
596
00:31:12,560 --> 00:31:14,942
I had the feeling
of being suffocated,
597
00:31:16,322 --> 00:31:17,254
suffocated by the
sheer number of tanks.
598
00:31:19,636 --> 00:31:21,396
[airplane engines roaring]
599
00:31:23,433 --> 00:31:25,676
[Narrator] As the
tanks blast away,
600
00:31:25,676 --> 00:31:26,401
the roar of aerial
combat fills the sky.
601
00:31:27,575 --> 00:31:31,165
[guns blasting]
602
00:31:31,165 --> 00:31:32,718
[airplane engines whirring]
603
00:31:32,718 --> 00:31:34,685
Red Air Force
fighter, bomber,
604
00:31:36,273 --> 00:31:37,688
and ground-attack aircraft
assault the German lines.
605
00:31:41,278 --> 00:31:42,072
The Battle of Kursk is not
just an armored battle,
606
00:31:45,179 --> 00:31:46,905
it is an air-ground
confrontation
607
00:31:47,940 --> 00:31:49,908
that sees a huge
amount of air assets
608
00:31:51,323 --> 00:31:52,255
used to gain this
massive strategic victory
609
00:31:53,118 --> 00:31:54,947
that both sides are hoping for.
610
00:31:55,983 --> 00:31:57,191
[Mansur] All day
long planes fired
611
00:31:58,054 --> 00:32:00,608
at each other in the sky.
612
00:32:00,608 --> 00:32:01,747
There was a hail of
splinters and bullets.
613
00:32:01,747 --> 00:32:03,956
Watch out!
614
00:32:05,337 --> 00:32:06,027
You might get killed
by a falling aircraft!.
615
00:32:06,027 --> 00:32:07,995
[airplane screaming]
616
00:32:07,995 --> 00:32:10,411
[explosion blasts]
617
00:32:10,411 --> 00:32:13,034
-[gentle tense music]
-[airplane engines whirring]
618
00:32:14,208 --> 00:32:16,210
[Narrator]One Soviet
pilot above Kursk
619
00:32:17,280 --> 00:32:18,833
is a pioneer
of the skies.
620
00:32:20,283 --> 00:32:20,939
21-year-old Lydia Litvyak
is the first woman
621
00:32:24,011 --> 00:32:25,322
to shoot down an enemy
aircraft in her Yak-1
fighter,
622
00:32:26,634 --> 00:32:30,465
and the first woman
to claim five kills
623
00:32:30,465 --> 00:32:32,122
and the title
of fighter ace.
624
00:32:33,261 --> 00:32:35,125
She's perfect
for propaganda.
625
00:32:36,575 --> 00:32:39,578
[Lydia] When I see a plane
with crosses and a swastika,
626
00:32:39,578 --> 00:32:41,131
I have only one feeling,
hatred.
627
00:32:42,615 --> 00:32:45,239
This feeling makes
my hands harder
628
00:32:46,792 --> 00:32:47,862
when they are lying on the
trigger of machine guns.
629
00:32:47,862 --> 00:32:50,175
[gun blasting]
630
00:32:50,175 --> 00:32:53,212
[airplane engine roaring]
631
00:32:53,212 --> 00:32:54,524
[gun blasting]
632
00:32:54,524 --> 00:32:56,802
[suspenseful music]
633
00:32:56,802 --> 00:32:57,976
[Narrator] The Soviet Union
is the only Allied nation
634
00:32:59,115 --> 00:33:02,118
to allow women to fly
in combat.
635
00:33:02,118 --> 00:33:04,327
They are eager to show
they pass inspection.
636
00:33:05,500 --> 00:33:07,261
And have a
fighting spirit.
637
00:33:08,848 --> 00:33:12,024
They'll need it.
638
00:33:12,024 --> 00:33:14,095
The 46th Guards
Night Bomber Regiment
639
00:33:14,095 --> 00:33:14,785
are only given wood and
canvas biplanes, crop
dusters,
640
00:33:17,167 --> 00:33:21,137
but they make the
most of them.
641
00:33:21,137 --> 00:33:22,414
As they made their approach,
they would cut their engine
642
00:33:22,414 --> 00:33:25,072
and fly low to the ground,
643
00:33:26,383 --> 00:33:28,075
and the Germans could
hear the whistling
644
00:33:29,524 --> 00:33:31,354
through the guy-wires and
supposedly they struck fear
645
00:33:31,354 --> 00:33:34,012
into the hearts of
those German soldiers.
646
00:33:35,289 --> 00:33:37,153
[Serafina] We were bombing
the German positions
647
00:33:38,706 --> 00:33:40,535
nearly every night, and none
of us were ever shot down,
648
00:33:40,535 --> 00:33:41,881
so the Germans began saying
these are night witches.
649
00:33:45,161 --> 00:33:46,162
[Narrator] The
name sticks.
650
00:33:49,096 --> 00:33:50,373
The Night Witches
go down in legend
651
00:33:51,650 --> 00:33:53,203
as a fiercely
effective bombing unit.
652
00:33:53,203 --> 00:33:54,860
[airplane engine whirring]
653
00:33:55,688 --> 00:33:57,518
[gentle thoughtful music]
654
00:33:57,518 --> 00:33:59,140
Two other regiments
also engage women.
655
00:33:59,140 --> 00:34:01,108
As pilots,
navigators, gunners,
656
00:34:02,695 --> 00:34:05,491
mechanics, and
armament specialists.
657
00:34:07,666 --> 00:34:08,494
[Valentina] The regiment
consisted
658
00:34:11,532 --> 00:34:13,327
of very intelligent
girls,
659
00:34:13,327 --> 00:34:15,570
graduates of universities
and institutes.
660
00:34:15,570 --> 00:34:16,502
We danced a lot, made fun,
teased each other, and
laughed.
661
00:34:18,297 --> 00:34:21,197
All of us were obsessed
662
00:34:22,577 --> 00:34:24,372
by the idea that our
land must be liberated.
663
00:34:24,372 --> 00:34:25,891
[Narrator]Soviet women
pilots fly more than 30,000
664
00:34:27,686 --> 00:34:29,205
wartime sorties, a vital
contribution to the war
effort.
665
00:34:31,276 --> 00:34:34,072
All the women who
served in the Red Army,
666
00:34:35,280 --> 00:34:37,213
they fought in very much
the same way as the men.
667
00:34:38,421 --> 00:34:40,871
They were dedicated
patriots,
668
00:34:42,287 --> 00:34:44,151
they were Soviet soldiers
first and foremost.
669
00:34:44,151 --> 00:34:46,222
They were doing what
was expected of them.
670
00:34:47,292 --> 00:34:48,534
[Narrator]At
Kursk, Lydia Litvyak
671
00:34:51,019 --> 00:34:52,366
commands her own squadron
672
00:34:53,884 --> 00:34:55,610
and takes down at least
three more German aircraft.
673
00:34:55,610 --> 00:34:57,336
-[gun blasting]
-[airplane engines whirring]
674
00:34:58,682 --> 00:35:00,891
But during the later
stages of the battle,
675
00:35:02,169 --> 00:35:04,102
she comes under
Luftwaffe attack.
676
00:35:05,448 --> 00:35:07,657
Her Yak-1 is last
spotted pouring smoke,
677
00:35:07,657 --> 00:35:09,521
pursued by enemy
Messerschmitts.
678
00:35:11,212 --> 00:35:12,420
Her fate is unknown
until 1979
679
00:35:15,423 --> 00:35:18,771
when her remains are
identified in a remote
village.
680
00:35:18,771 --> 00:35:22,292
She is posthumously
awarded the title
681
00:35:22,292 --> 00:35:25,261
Hero of the Soviet Union.
682
00:35:25,261 --> 00:35:27,401
[dramatic music]
683
00:35:28,643 --> 00:35:30,714
Soviet pilots give
vital support
684
00:35:30,714 --> 00:35:32,751
to the Red Army's
massive attempt
685
00:35:32,751 --> 00:35:33,993
to stop the Germans
at Prokhorovka.
686
00:35:33,993 --> 00:35:37,273
[gun blasting]
687
00:35:37,273 --> 00:35:38,826
The clash is often described
as the greatest tank battle
688
00:35:38,826 --> 00:35:40,068
of the Second World War,
perhaps of all time.
689
00:35:42,554 --> 00:35:43,555
[Pavel]The T-34s were
knocking out Tigers
690
00:35:46,247 --> 00:35:48,076
at extremely close range.
691
00:35:49,147 --> 00:35:50,251
On the black,
scorched earth
692
00:35:51,494 --> 00:35:52,357
the gutted tanks
burnt like torches.
693
00:35:52,357 --> 00:35:54,462
[dramatic music]
694
00:35:56,257 --> 00:35:58,811
[Narrator] The
battle enters legend.
695
00:35:58,811 --> 00:35:59,985
Films show recreated
and exaggerated scenes
696
00:36:02,643 --> 00:36:04,576
of T-34s storming
the German positions.
697
00:36:06,371 --> 00:36:09,097
The Soviets claim to destroy
hundreds of German tanks.
698
00:36:12,204 --> 00:36:13,274
However, the reality
is far more one-sided.
699
00:36:17,865 --> 00:36:18,486
The elite SS tank crews keep
their cool amidst the chaos.
700
00:36:22,421 --> 00:36:24,975
They utilize a
well-practiced routine.
701
00:36:26,529 --> 00:36:27,599
Stop, identify a
target and fire.
702
00:36:30,257 --> 00:36:33,018
-[guns blasting]
-[suspenseful music]
703
00:36:35,089 --> 00:36:37,609
Reposition, identify
a target, fire.
704
00:36:39,024 --> 00:36:41,923
[gun blasting]
705
00:36:43,304 --> 00:36:44,202
Cold-blooded tactics
that decimate the T-34s.
706
00:36:48,275 --> 00:36:49,276
Sure, there are
losses on both sides,
707
00:36:52,417 --> 00:36:53,211
but Soviet losses are far
higher than the Germans.
708
00:36:56,386 --> 00:36:57,284
The Germans essentially
shot up the Soviets.
709
00:37:00,528 --> 00:37:02,289
[Vasily] It was a
slaughterhouse of tanks.
710
00:37:03,807 --> 00:37:06,085
Everything was enveloped
in smoke, dust, and fire
711
00:37:06,085 --> 00:37:09,054
so it looked as if
it was twilight.
712
00:37:09,054 --> 00:37:10,193
Tanks were burning,
trucks were burning.
713
00:37:11,781 --> 00:37:12,609
[Narrator] By the
end of the day,
714
00:37:16,095 --> 00:37:18,305
Soviet forces fall back to
their starting positions.
715
00:37:18,305 --> 00:37:21,169
The Germans reset their
lines, retrieving many
damaged,
716
00:37:21,169 --> 00:37:23,310
but intact tanks
from the battlefield.
717
00:37:25,070 --> 00:37:26,002
[Narrator] High-resolution
photographs
718
00:37:29,281 --> 00:37:30,627
taken by German
reconnaissance planes
719
00:37:30,627 --> 00:37:32,974
before and after
the battle,
720
00:37:32,974 --> 00:37:33,975
show the impact on the
fields around Prokhorovka.
721
00:37:34,597 --> 00:37:37,151
[tense music]
722
00:37:38,221 --> 00:37:40,258
Craters scar
the landscape.
723
00:37:43,813 --> 00:37:47,886
German soldiers pose
for the newsreels
724
00:37:47,886 --> 00:37:49,232
among piles of
destroyed Soviet tanks.
725
00:37:50,475 --> 00:37:52,960
They took out nearly
200 Russian tanks
726
00:37:53,685 --> 00:37:56,170
but only lost 16.
727
00:37:57,585 --> 00:37:59,691
Nearly 4,000 Red Army
soldiers are taken prisoner,
728
00:37:59,691 --> 00:38:02,349
wounded, or killed.
729
00:38:04,385 --> 00:38:05,006
From a tactical point of view,
the Battle of Prokhorovka
730
00:38:08,286 --> 00:38:10,046
is a complete German
success and victory.
731
00:38:11,254 --> 00:38:12,186
The Germans only lose
a handful of tanks
732
00:38:13,636 --> 00:38:14,464
but manage to inflict very
heavy and severe casualties
733
00:38:15,223 --> 00:38:18,054
on the Soviet forces.
734
00:38:19,400 --> 00:38:20,159
[Narrator] Hitler is still
deciding how to react
735
00:38:21,816 --> 00:38:24,267
to the Allied invasion
of Italy.
736
00:38:24,267 --> 00:38:26,821
But General Erich von
Manstein wants to push on.
737
00:38:26,821 --> 00:38:29,514
He is convinced
that another attack
738
00:38:31,067 --> 00:38:31,619
will shatter what remains
of the Soviet defenses.
739
00:38:33,380 --> 00:38:34,657
Kursk is within
his grasp.
740
00:38:39,351 --> 00:38:40,179
But to the north, the
other German pincer
741
00:38:43,182 --> 00:38:45,323
has advanced just
seven miles.
742
00:38:47,117 --> 00:38:47,980
It is still stuck in the Red
Army's web of
fortifications.
743
00:38:50,431 --> 00:38:53,054
And the Soviet generals still
have an army in reserve.
744
00:38:54,780 --> 00:38:56,679
Now they plot a
counterattack,
745
00:38:58,784 --> 00:38:59,682
to crush the invaders
once and for all.
746
00:39:02,995 --> 00:39:07,966
[dramatic music]
747
00:39:07,966 --> 00:39:09,208
The Soviet counterstrike
starts at dawn.
748
00:39:09,208 --> 00:39:11,694
[guns booming]
749
00:39:14,869 --> 00:39:15,594
Operation Kutuzov is
directed north of Kursk.
750
00:39:19,253 --> 00:39:23,188
A substantial
Soviet force
751
00:39:23,188 --> 00:39:24,845
aims to cut behind
the German 9th Army
752
00:39:24,845 --> 00:39:26,502
and trap them in
the town of Orel.
753
00:39:27,226 --> 00:39:29,505
[whistle shrilling]
754
00:39:30,920 --> 00:39:32,300
Over a million fresh
troops follow 2,400 tanks,
755
00:39:32,300 --> 00:39:35,511
while shells from
26,000 guns,
756
00:39:35,511 --> 00:39:37,029
[guns blasting]
757
00:39:38,272 --> 00:39:39,480
and 3,000 aircraft
roar overhead.
758
00:39:39,480 --> 00:39:42,034
[airplane engines rumbling]
759
00:39:43,242 --> 00:39:45,313
Part of the Soviet plan,
was to husband resources
760
00:39:46,591 --> 00:39:48,420
around the northern
salient shoulder at Orel.
761
00:39:50,077 --> 00:39:54,461
So, when the time was right,
762
00:39:54,461 --> 00:39:55,047
they could unleash those
forces and create a dramatic
763
00:39:56,497 --> 00:39:59,327
and decisive counter-attack
764
00:40:00,536 --> 00:40:02,330
that the Germans would
find very difficult
765
00:40:02,330 --> 00:40:04,678
to defend against.
766
00:40:04,678 --> 00:40:06,542
[rockets whooshing]
767
00:40:06,542 --> 00:40:08,371
[Narrator] The
Nazis still have
768
00:40:08,371 --> 00:40:09,234
their superweapons
on their side.
769
00:40:09,234 --> 00:40:11,857
[explosion blasts]
770
00:40:11,857 --> 00:40:12,755
But the sheer scale of the
Soviet attack stuns them.
771
00:40:16,068 --> 00:40:16,759
The overwhelmed Germans
get little mercy.
772
00:40:21,557 --> 00:40:24,422
[Nikolai] How should
we treat the Germans?
773
00:40:25,699 --> 00:40:27,459
We treated them in
the natural way,
774
00:40:27,459 --> 00:40:29,012
we gave them a
proper beating.
775
00:40:29,012 --> 00:40:31,394
We hated them bitterly.
776
00:40:31,394 --> 00:40:32,326
[Soviet Officer] There
were piles of dead Germans
777
00:40:33,879 --> 00:40:34,570
with map holders and all
their stuff still on them.
778
00:40:35,881 --> 00:40:38,677
I saw tanks drive
over their bodies.
779
00:40:38,677 --> 00:40:41,059
[suspenseful music]
780
00:40:41,956 --> 00:40:43,958
[Narrator] In Germany,
781
00:40:43,958 --> 00:40:45,235
Hitler faces the massive
Soviet counter-offensive
782
00:40:45,235 --> 00:40:46,754
as well as the Allied
invasion of Sicily.
783
00:40:48,411 --> 00:40:49,447
He calls off the
Kursk attack
784
00:40:52,553 --> 00:40:53,174
and orders his SS tank
divisions to make for Italy.
785
00:40:54,210 --> 00:40:57,109
[tank engines whirring]
786
00:40:58,352 --> 00:41:01,562
The Germans have taken
their best shot at Kursk
787
00:41:01,562 --> 00:41:03,150
and it hasn't had any impact.
788
00:41:04,323 --> 00:41:06,533
And now there's a
Soviet counteroffensive.
789
00:41:06,533 --> 00:41:07,672
The Germans have to
transition from the offensive
790
00:41:08,742 --> 00:41:10,640
into suddenly scrambling
for their lives.
791
00:41:11,917 --> 00:41:13,678
[Narrator] As the
Germans retreat,
792
00:41:15,231 --> 00:41:16,404
they film the enaction of
a scorched earth policy.
793
00:41:16,404 --> 00:41:19,131
[explosion booming]
794
00:41:19,891 --> 00:41:21,582
Blowing bridges
795
00:41:21,582 --> 00:41:22,928
-[explosion blasting]
-and telephone lines.
796
00:41:22,928 --> 00:41:25,690
-[explosion blasting]
-[wooden pole crunching]
797
00:41:27,623 --> 00:41:30,108
Metal plows bolted onto
trains raze the tracks behind
them.
798
00:41:35,734 --> 00:41:37,702
The primary reason to
cause all this destruction
799
00:41:38,944 --> 00:41:40,636
is to slow the advance
of the enemy force.
800
00:41:40,636 --> 00:41:43,190
[explosion blasts]
801
00:41:44,640 --> 00:41:45,468
You want to deny your
enemy military viability.
802
00:41:45,468 --> 00:41:47,194
[explosions blasting]
803
00:41:47,781 --> 00:41:50,680
[fire crackling]
804
00:41:52,199 --> 00:41:52,786
[Narrator] Nazi Germany
is now on the defensive.
805
00:41:52,786 --> 00:41:55,133
[gentle upbeat music]
806
00:41:56,583 --> 00:41:57,860
Soviet cameras capture
the ecstatic reaction
807
00:41:57,860 --> 00:41:59,517
of the local population,
808
00:42:00,897 --> 00:42:02,796
as the Red Army sweep
into the town of Orel
809
00:42:02,796 --> 00:42:04,418
and shred the
remnants of Nazi rule.
810
00:42:07,973 --> 00:42:08,802
It's been a painful
breakthrough.
811
00:42:12,012 --> 00:42:14,359
Over the six months
since Stalingrad,
812
00:42:14,359 --> 00:42:17,362
the Red Army has lost
almost as many soldiers
813
00:42:17,362 --> 00:42:18,812
as the United States and
Britain do in the entire
war.
814
00:42:21,539 --> 00:42:22,678
The civilian population has
been right on the front
lines.
815
00:42:26,164 --> 00:42:29,961
The home front is
usually construed,
816
00:42:29,961 --> 00:42:31,479
certainly in the West,
as Rosie the Riveter
817
00:42:31,479 --> 00:42:33,171
or rationing cards.
818
00:42:34,517 --> 00:42:36,174
But the people of Kursk,
they're in this liminal zone
819
00:42:36,174 --> 00:42:38,556
between home front
and fighting front
820
00:42:39,833 --> 00:42:41,420
and they make significant
direct contributions
821
00:42:42,490 --> 00:42:44,562
to the military efficacy
of the Red Army.
822
00:42:45,977 --> 00:42:48,358
[Narrator]The Soviet Unions'
vast industrial resources
823
00:42:49,877 --> 00:42:51,569
and enormous population
have been sorely tested.
824
00:42:53,432 --> 00:42:56,194
But the Eastern Front
825
00:42:57,436 --> 00:42:59,024
withstands the
German onslaught.
826
00:42:59,024 --> 00:43:00,578
It's a game-changer for
the Allied war effort.
827
00:43:01,130 --> 00:43:04,961
[guns blasting]
828
00:43:04,961 --> 00:43:06,514
Kursk marks the point
where the Germans
829
00:43:06,514 --> 00:43:07,999
lost the initiative
on the Eastern Front.
830
00:43:07,999 --> 00:43:09,379
You want the initiative,
you decide what to do.
831
00:43:10,277 --> 00:43:12,969
The enemy dances to your tune.
832
00:43:12,969 --> 00:43:14,661
But for the rest of this war,
833
00:43:16,145 --> 00:43:17,629
the Germans are the ones who
are gonna be doing the dancing.
834
00:43:17,629 --> 00:43:18,699
-[dramatic music]
-[tank engine whirring]
835
00:43:19,907 --> 00:43:21,771
[Narrator] The Red
Army now sweeps west,
836
00:43:21,771 --> 00:43:23,186
in its own
blitzkrieg-style attack.
837
00:43:23,773 --> 00:43:27,501
[guns blasting]
838
00:43:27,501 --> 00:43:31,125
[Lloyd] The Germans were
being pushed back
839
00:43:31,125 --> 00:43:32,471
into an attritional-type
total war
840
00:43:33,369 --> 00:43:35,613
that they hadn't prepared for,
841
00:43:36,959 --> 00:43:38,616
and mentally, weren't
particularly well-suited to.
842
00:43:38,616 --> 00:43:40,618
They didn't have the assets,
nor the psychology
843
00:43:41,446 --> 00:43:44,242
to fight in a defensive manner.
844
00:43:45,692 --> 00:43:47,866
[Narrator] As Soviet armies
take back their homeland,
845
00:43:47,866 --> 00:43:51,456
they film every town.
846
00:43:51,456 --> 00:43:52,215
The footage proves
to the Western Allies
847
00:43:53,492 --> 00:43:54,666
that Germany itself
is threatened.
848
00:43:56,047 --> 00:43:57,669
The goal of a German
unconditional surrender
849
00:43:58,808 --> 00:44:00,776
can now be taken
seriously.
850
00:44:01,949 --> 00:44:03,192
The fight for
Europe continues.
67085
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