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Destiny can be shaped
by an encounter between two people.
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If their paths never crossed,
how different would history be?
3
00:00:35,000 --> 00:00:36,880
But brought together by the fates
4
00:00:36,960 --> 00:00:42,040
and driven by fierce ambition,
determination, and love,
5
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empires can be built...
6
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or shaken to their very core.
7
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Got you.
8
00:00:52,680 --> 00:00:53,760
You cheat.
9
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How did I cheat?
10
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You cheated.
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Together, Mark Antony
and Cleopatra will do both...
12
00:01:02,440 --> 00:01:06,440
blazing their own unforgettable trail
through history.
13
00:01:06,520 --> 00:01:07,520
What?
14
00:01:08,360 --> 00:01:09,519
I'm pregnant.
15
00:01:34,280 --> 00:01:38,080
After Cleopatra entertains
Mark Antony in Tarsus,
16
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she invites him back to Alexandria.
17
00:01:50,120 --> 00:01:53,280
The relationship
between Cleopatra and Mark Antony
18
00:01:53,360 --> 00:01:57,680
definitely begins
as a pragmatic political arrangement.
19
00:01:57,760 --> 00:02:00,560
But it seems to quickly develop
into something more
20
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where there really is love between them.
21
00:02:06,080 --> 00:02:09,960
While Mark Antony is in Alexandria,
he's having a great time there.
22
00:02:10,640 --> 00:02:14,479
But he's also gonna be uneasy
because in Rome,
23
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there is an agreement now
that power is being shared.
24
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Octavian pretty much
holds the West.
25
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Mark Antony, the East.
26
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They both have ambitions
27
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to get the other person
out of the picture.
28
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Where have you gone to?
29
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I am here.
30
00:02:46,240 --> 00:02:47,480
Nothing is wrong.
31
00:02:48,840 --> 00:02:49,840
Don't do that.
32
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- Do what?
- Lie to me.
33
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I'm not.
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You can't share my bed and lie to me.
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It's Octavian.
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There are rumors he's threatening
to break the alliances,
37
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making moves of his own.
38
00:03:16,520 --> 00:03:18,000
What sort of moves?
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It isn't clear yet.
40
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Then why are you waiting?
41
00:03:26,160 --> 00:03:29,440
Mark, you should be in Rome right now
finding out for yourself.
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00:03:30,480 --> 00:03:32,120
I'll not give him the satisfaction.
43
00:03:33,960 --> 00:03:37,040
How dare he try to upset an alliance
that you made possible?
44
00:03:38,880 --> 00:03:41,320
No, Mark, you need to go back to Rome
45
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and put that little bird back in his cage
before he grows wings
46
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and tries to destroy
everything you've fought for.
47
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Mark Antony stays away too long.
48
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He isn't doing Roman business.
49
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That leaves Octavian in Rome,
50
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in the seat of power, close to the Senate.
51
00:04:08,440 --> 00:04:14,640
All they hear back in Rome
is about the extravagant banquets.
52
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Go, my love.
53
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We will be here waiting for you...
54
00:04:26,240 --> 00:04:27,560
when you get back.
55
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Octavian is beginning
to undermine
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Mark Antony's reputation in Rome,
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hinting that the same thing that happened
to Julius Caesar with Cleopatra
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is now happening to him.
59
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Cleopatra persuades him.
60
00:05:02,320 --> 00:05:03,440
"Go back to Rome.
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Make sure Octavian is under your thumb
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instead of the other way around."
63
00:05:18,000 --> 00:05:21,760
When Mark Antony leaves Egypt
and goes back to Rome
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to repair his relationship with Octavian,
65
00:05:25,280 --> 00:05:26,840
Cleopatra is pregnant.
66
00:05:29,080 --> 00:05:32,680
Mark Antony may have been
infatuated with Cleopatra,
67
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but when it comes to marriage,
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he picks what he thinks
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is the most politically sound person.
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When you are Gaius, then I am Gaia.
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00:05:49,120 --> 00:05:51,720
When you are Gaius, then I am Gaia.
72
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Mark Antony marries
Octavian's sister, Octavia.
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It's somebody
who's related directly to Octavian.
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It's someone who ensures, or so he thinks,
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that Octavian will be on his side.
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00:06:34,720 --> 00:06:38,320
In ancient Egypt,
when she was having a child,
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that was considered
a very dangerous time for a woman.
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Not only is she at risk
of losing the baby and losing her life,
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00:06:47,040 --> 00:06:50,880
but the country itself
is at risk of losing its ruler.
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No!
81
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Cleopatra gives birth to twins.
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It was seen as something divine.
83
00:07:12,360 --> 00:07:15,720
It was seen as a gift from... from the gods.
84
00:07:15,800 --> 00:07:22,280
And it cemented Cleopatra's image as Isis.
85
00:07:28,920 --> 00:07:35,920
Cleopatra knows the Roman tradition
of political marriages.
86
00:07:37,200 --> 00:07:40,760
She understands
why Mark Antony had to do this.
87
00:07:41,320 --> 00:07:43,920
Mark Antony marries Octavia
for political reasons,
88
00:07:44,000 --> 00:07:47,240
to appease her brother Octavian.
89
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It's, again, a strategic move.
90
00:07:51,480 --> 00:07:55,280
In Cleopatra's mind, it's fine.
91
00:07:55,960 --> 00:07:59,280
Go ahead, take a Roman wife. Sure.
92
00:07:59,360 --> 00:08:01,680
But he doesn't come back for three years.
93
00:08:02,560 --> 00:08:04,800
What's that? What's that? Yeah.
94
00:08:04,880 --> 00:08:06,520
Caesar had a Roman wife.
95
00:08:06,600 --> 00:08:08,120
He still wrote to her,
96
00:08:08,640 --> 00:08:10,960
took an interest in their child.
97
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Mark Antony, not a word.
98
00:08:16,080 --> 00:08:16,920
Not a word.
99
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Even after Cleopatra delivers twins.
100
00:08:26,320 --> 00:08:28,600
Not a word.
101
00:08:31,560 --> 00:08:33,760
Essentially, he ghosts her. He's gone.
102
00:08:41,320 --> 00:08:43,400
But during that time,
103
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Cleopatra turns Egypt's fortunes around.
104
00:08:50,320 --> 00:08:52,440
She's increased taxes a bit,
105
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but she's also increased exports.
106
00:08:54,040 --> 00:08:56,440
She's increased employment.
107
00:08:56,520 --> 00:09:02,840
And suddenly, Egypt's situation
is looking very prosperous.
108
00:09:04,520 --> 00:09:09,560
The sources on Rome
don't have any details about...
109
00:09:10,240 --> 00:09:14,480
what Cleopatra did during the three years.
110
00:09:14,560 --> 00:09:18,240
But from Arabic accounts,
Egypt was thriving.
111
00:09:19,000 --> 00:09:21,520
The economy was, like, booming.
112
00:09:22,600 --> 00:09:25,160
The people loved Cleopatra.
113
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She was seen as an effective leader.
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During those three years
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that Mark Antony stays away
from Cleopatra,
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he's busy building an Eastern Empire
and waging war against Parthia,
117
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a major power
in what is now modern-day Iran.
118
00:10:00,000 --> 00:10:04,560
Mark Antony wants to be able
to gain control of the Parthians
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because this will elevate
his own standing within the Roman Empire
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and establish him
as a significant power player
121
00:10:10,640 --> 00:10:12,120
in association with Octavian.
122
00:10:13,720 --> 00:10:16,720
The Romans have been trying
to conquer the Parthians for a while
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and haven't been successful,
124
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and so, that would be
an important establishment for him.
125
00:10:22,000 --> 00:10:25,240
He thought he was going to be
supported by Octavian,
126
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but Octavian doesn't really help him
in the way that Antony expected.
127
00:10:29,280 --> 00:10:30,640
He needs military support.
128
00:10:30,720 --> 00:10:31,920
He needs money.
129
00:10:32,600 --> 00:10:34,440
Mark Antony has the expectation
130
00:10:34,520 --> 00:10:38,040
that by marrying Octavia,
Octavian's sister,
131
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he's going to get
what he needs from Octavian
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00:10:40,880 --> 00:10:42,680
for the Parthian campaign.
133
00:10:42,760 --> 00:10:46,000
However, Octavian only provides him
with two legions,
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00:10:46,080 --> 00:10:49,040
and so he still requires more forces
135
00:10:49,120 --> 00:10:52,800
if he's going to have
a successful invasion of the East.
136
00:10:56,480 --> 00:10:58,440
As conflict intensifies,
137
00:10:58,520 --> 00:11:03,000
Mark Antony knows
that now he needs to seek alliances,
138
00:11:03,080 --> 00:11:05,880
and Cleopatra has to be top on his list.
139
00:11:06,800 --> 00:11:08,640
Mark Antony summons Cleopatra.
140
00:11:08,720 --> 00:11:10,200
He can't rely on Octavian,
141
00:11:11,080 --> 00:11:15,320
and he's realized
that he does need Cleopatra.
142
00:11:21,640 --> 00:11:24,520
After Mark Antony summons Cleopatra,
143
00:11:24,600 --> 00:11:27,640
she travels to Antioch in Syria.
144
00:11:32,280 --> 00:11:33,720
At this stage,
145
00:11:33,800 --> 00:11:35,720
Cleopatra does have the upper hand,
146
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and she's the one who can make demands.
147
00:11:42,280 --> 00:11:45,080
She wants old Ptolemaic territories,
148
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and she wants to ensure
149
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that these territories
can return to her kingdom.
150
00:11:49,000 --> 00:11:51,680
Those territories being Cyprus
and Crete, especially.
151
00:12:09,880 --> 00:12:10,960
Please clear the room.
152
00:12:20,280 --> 00:12:21,840
- Cleopatra...
- No.
153
00:12:22,480 --> 00:12:24,240
You don't get to explain.
154
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You had three years.
155
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Not a word.
156
00:12:28,560 --> 00:12:29,720
Not to me
157
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or the children.
158
00:12:31,800 --> 00:12:33,760
The children, did you bring them?
159
00:12:35,960 --> 00:12:37,200
Did I bring them?
160
00:12:41,200 --> 00:12:42,280
To you?
161
00:12:43,560 --> 00:12:45,400
I know the reason you summoned me here.
162
00:12:48,360 --> 00:12:49,360
I know...
163
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about your sorry little dance
with Octavian.
164
00:12:54,000 --> 00:12:55,840
I have spies of my own.
165
00:12:59,600 --> 00:13:01,200
I know you need my help.
166
00:13:04,840 --> 00:13:06,320
Why should I give it to you?
167
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You're right.
168
00:13:12,800 --> 00:13:14,040
You're absolutely right.
169
00:13:21,120 --> 00:13:24,000
What we're seeing
are two power players coming together
170
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to try to figure out how to best promote,
171
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uh, each other's mutual interests.
172
00:13:30,720 --> 00:13:33,280
And so Mark Antony needs Cleopatra
173
00:13:33,360 --> 00:13:38,000
for his ongoing structuring
of the Eastern Roman Empire.
174
00:13:38,080 --> 00:13:39,880
He doesn't have enough men.
175
00:13:39,960 --> 00:13:41,520
He doesn't have enough supplies.
176
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She needs him
for her associations with Rome.
177
00:13:46,800 --> 00:13:48,960
She gives him a list of demands.
178
00:13:50,880 --> 00:13:52,880
And it's basically,
179
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"I want everything back
that Julius Caesar took away."
180
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She wants Mark Antony
to claim the twins as his
181
00:14:03,240 --> 00:14:07,880
and also be given territories
to be in charge of.
182
00:14:09,640 --> 00:14:15,200
And also Caesarion, she wants recognized
as the son of Julius Caesar.
183
00:14:15,280 --> 00:14:16,360
That's still important.
184
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I want it.
185
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I want it all.
186
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Cleopatra and Mark Antony
spend an entire winter
187
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in Antioch, Syria, negotiating.
188
00:14:34,760 --> 00:14:36,200
What Cleopatra wants
189
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is to restore the glory
of the Ptolemaic Kingdom.
190
00:14:41,240 --> 00:14:42,840
So, I thought about your demands,
191
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about everything you want.
192
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Everything I deserve.
193
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Everything Egypt deserves.
194
00:14:50,240 --> 00:14:52,080
Well, it's still an enormous price.
195
00:14:52,160 --> 00:14:54,760
For an enormous ask
which only Egypt can provide.
196
00:14:54,840 --> 00:14:56,920
I'm not here to argue with you, Pharoah.
197
00:14:57,480 --> 00:14:58,560
Why are you here then?
198
00:14:59,240 --> 00:15:00,720
Why am I here?
199
00:15:09,080 --> 00:15:10,280
I'm here because you win.
200
00:15:13,240 --> 00:15:14,400
I win what?
201
00:15:16,080 --> 00:15:17,160
Everything.
202
00:15:19,720 --> 00:15:20,800
Why?
203
00:15:21,800 --> 00:15:22,840
Because of us.
204
00:15:26,080 --> 00:15:28,440
Can I really trust you?
205
00:15:29,120 --> 00:15:31,560
I can't share your bed
and lie to you, now can I?
206
00:15:33,520 --> 00:15:34,680
Your rules.
207
00:15:39,800 --> 00:15:42,200
This means that Cleopatra
is more powerful than ever.
208
00:15:42,760 --> 00:15:46,480
She's now restored
the Ptolemaic Kingdom to its former glory.
209
00:15:46,560 --> 00:15:51,280
And in return, Mark Antony
gets the military manpower that he needs
210
00:15:51,360 --> 00:15:52,960
for his Parthian campaign.
211
00:15:54,080 --> 00:15:58,240
Egypt regaining control
of these territories
212
00:15:58,320 --> 00:16:03,240
allowed Egypt to prosper
in truly remarkable ways.
213
00:16:03,320 --> 00:16:07,080
The more a nation owns land,
214
00:16:07,160 --> 00:16:11,560
the wealthier the core
of that empire becomes.
215
00:16:11,640 --> 00:16:15,600
So, these lands would have added
substantial power, wealth,
216
00:16:15,680 --> 00:16:17,920
and security to Cleopatra,
217
00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:22,000
which are key elements
that she always wants,
218
00:16:22,080 --> 00:16:25,040
that every Ptolemaic King wants.
219
00:16:28,960 --> 00:16:30,960
And it's at this point,
220
00:16:31,040 --> 00:16:34,400
Mark Antony meets for the first time
221
00:16:34,480 --> 00:16:37,000
his children by Cleopatra.
222
00:16:39,320 --> 00:16:41,840
My little god. Hello.
223
00:16:42,840 --> 00:16:44,120
Hello to you.
224
00:16:44,200 --> 00:16:46,560
- Are you gonna come here too?
- Yeah. That's it.
225
00:16:46,640 --> 00:16:49,480
My perfect little gods.
Look at you both.
226
00:16:49,560 --> 00:16:50,960
Look at you both.
227
00:16:54,120 --> 00:16:55,600
And from all accounts,
228
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he is absolutely besotted with them.
229
00:17:00,080 --> 00:17:04,440
He does name his twins
the Sun and the Moon.
230
00:17:04,520 --> 00:17:07,640
Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene.
231
00:17:09,440 --> 00:17:13,160
Mark Antony and Cleopatra
are elevating their children
232
00:17:13,240 --> 00:17:16,839
to, literally, the sun and moon
in the heavens.
233
00:17:16,920 --> 00:17:19,560
They are setting them up
to be the inheritors
234
00:17:19,640 --> 00:17:21,680
of a massive Eastern Empire
235
00:17:21,760 --> 00:17:25,200
that Mark Antony and Cleopatra
are creating together.
236
00:17:25,280 --> 00:17:27,839
We bow too. Yes.
237
00:17:28,680 --> 00:17:29,880
- My lord.
- Aw.
238
00:17:29,960 --> 00:17:33,280
Although Mark Antony
is preparing to invade Parthia,
239
00:17:33,359 --> 00:17:36,000
these are months
where Mark Antony and Cleopatra
240
00:17:36,080 --> 00:17:40,520
have a chance to rekindle their romance
and time together as a family.
241
00:17:40,600 --> 00:17:43,400
And she becomes pregnant
with their third child.
242
00:17:45,480 --> 00:17:46,960
Then life got in the way.
243
00:17:47,040 --> 00:17:49,640
And life for them
is kind of, like, very serious.
244
00:17:49,720 --> 00:17:51,880
Politics, strategy, wars,
245
00:17:51,960 --> 00:17:55,000
trying to stop the Parthians
from, uh, invading his territory.
246
00:18:13,960 --> 00:18:16,240
Despite Cleopatra's
financial support,
247
00:18:16,320 --> 00:18:19,200
Mark Antony's Parthian invasion fails.
248
00:18:19,760 --> 00:18:25,000
Much of this is because his former ally,
the King of Armenia, betrays him.
249
00:18:26,240 --> 00:18:30,160
The Parthians
essentially defeat Mark Antony.
250
00:18:30,240 --> 00:18:33,200
It's... it's a disastrous campaign
for Mark Antony.
251
00:18:33,280 --> 00:18:35,360
He loses thousands of men.
252
00:18:35,440 --> 00:18:38,160
Huge damage to his supplies.
253
00:18:38,920 --> 00:18:42,000
And it's a perfect opportunity
for Octavian to make use of that.
254
00:18:42,080 --> 00:18:43,760
But now he has this tangible evidence
255
00:18:43,840 --> 00:18:46,760
that Mark Antony
is an inefficient commander.
256
00:18:55,520 --> 00:18:57,720
At this point,
Cleopatra is back in Egypt.
257
00:18:57,800 --> 00:19:01,000
She's not able to accompany
Mark Antony on the campaign
258
00:19:01,080 --> 00:19:04,160
because she's giving birth
to their third child together...
259
00:19:04,240 --> 00:19:06,040
...Ptolemy.
260
00:19:10,160 --> 00:19:12,440
What?
261
00:19:13,720 --> 00:19:16,840
His campaign is not going
exactly according to plan.
262
00:19:18,280 --> 00:19:21,760
And Octavian grows in confidence
with each of Antony's defeats.
263
00:19:22,320 --> 00:19:25,120
And this last battle, Antony is...
264
00:19:28,480 --> 00:19:30,240
It annoys me when you stop like that.
265
00:19:30,320 --> 00:19:32,640
Pharaoh, right now, these are just rumors.
266
00:19:32,720 --> 00:19:35,096
We should know more
from our trusted official channels soon.
267
00:19:35,120 --> 00:19:36,000
How soon?
268
00:19:36,080 --> 00:19:37,360
In a few weeks or...
269
00:19:37,440 --> 00:19:38,600
That isn't good enough.
270
00:19:39,320 --> 00:19:40,520
If we're hearing these rumors,
271
00:19:40,600 --> 00:19:42,520
you can be sure Octavian
is hearing them as well.
272
00:19:42,560 --> 00:19:44,480
I will push for a faster response.
273
00:19:44,560 --> 00:19:45,560
Hm.
274
00:19:46,560 --> 00:19:49,000
In the interim,
how else would you like to proceed?
275
00:19:50,120 --> 00:19:51,840
Find out where Antony is.
276
00:19:57,480 --> 00:20:00,880
Cleopatra is concerned
about Mark Antony's losses,
277
00:20:00,960 --> 00:20:04,240
and so she goes to visit him
in Antioch, Syria,
278
00:20:04,320 --> 00:20:06,840
where he has retreated with his troops.
279
00:20:17,160 --> 00:20:19,920
I said do not disturb me!
280
00:20:26,360 --> 00:20:27,600
Cleopatra.
281
00:20:36,560 --> 00:20:37,920
Nothing is working.
282
00:20:40,520 --> 00:20:43,120
That hairless little prick
is trumping my every move, all of them.
283
00:20:43,920 --> 00:20:45,680
Then make new moves.
284
00:20:45,760 --> 00:20:47,880
I have. A dozen times.
285
00:20:48,520 --> 00:20:50,560
It's as if he can read my mind.
286
00:20:52,640 --> 00:20:53,640
Enough.
287
00:20:59,280 --> 00:21:01,280
No matter what I do, he is there.
288
00:21:10,240 --> 00:21:12,320
How could he possibly read your mind?
289
00:21:14,440 --> 00:21:16,400
Have you forgotten who you are?
290
00:21:19,160 --> 00:21:22,120
You are a better man
than Octavian will ever be.
291
00:21:23,600 --> 00:21:26,680
You're stronger. You are a better soldier.
292
00:21:26,760 --> 00:21:27,920
A better fighter.
293
00:21:28,520 --> 00:21:29,760
And you can do it.
294
00:21:31,160 --> 00:21:33,040
You have all of Egypt behind you.
295
00:21:34,560 --> 00:21:35,960
You must go out there...
296
00:21:37,080 --> 00:21:40,240
and act like you know what you are.
297
00:21:43,000 --> 00:21:45,000
What am I, Cleopatra? What am I?
298
00:21:46,160 --> 00:21:48,000
You are a warrior.
299
00:21:48,080 --> 00:21:50,040
You are my warrior.
300
00:21:52,640 --> 00:21:54,600
- Remember that.
- Yes.
301
00:21:54,680 --> 00:21:55,920
- Okay?
- Yes.
302
00:21:56,000 --> 00:21:57,000
Okay.
303
00:21:58,760 --> 00:22:01,000
Act like you know you've already won.
304
00:22:01,080 --> 00:22:02,120
I already won.
305
00:22:02,800 --> 00:22:03,880
I won.
306
00:22:04,520 --> 00:22:05,600
And I love you.
307
00:22:08,000 --> 00:22:12,000
Cleopatra is in quite deep now
with Mark Antony.
308
00:22:12,080 --> 00:22:15,280
Also, three kids involved.
309
00:22:15,360 --> 00:22:21,640
And Mark Antony
has not just promised her support,
310
00:22:21,720 --> 00:22:24,080
he's also promised
to take care of her kids
311
00:22:24,160 --> 00:22:27,960
by giving them different territories
around the region.
312
00:22:28,920 --> 00:22:31,920
Mark Antony needs
her financial support.
313
00:22:32,640 --> 00:22:36,320
Cleopatra is the one calling the shots.
314
00:22:37,200 --> 00:22:40,680
To cement their relationship
315
00:22:40,760 --> 00:22:47,440
and to... give it a divine validity,
316
00:22:49,400 --> 00:22:52,840
Cleopatra marries Mark Antony.
317
00:22:59,280 --> 00:23:03,720
Mark Antony's marriage
to Cleopatra is frowned upon in Rome.
318
00:23:03,800 --> 00:23:08,080
He is already married to Octavia,
Octavian's sister.
319
00:23:08,720 --> 00:23:11,000
In Egypt, it's a different story.
320
00:23:11,080 --> 00:23:13,200
Kings often had multiple wives,
321
00:23:13,280 --> 00:23:17,560
and Cleopatra is only married
to one person at this point in time.
322
00:23:17,640 --> 00:23:19,000
Mark Antony.
323
00:23:24,920 --> 00:23:28,920
There's a big ceremony
that follows the marriage.
324
00:23:29,000 --> 00:23:31,480
The Donations of Alexandria.
325
00:23:41,120 --> 00:23:42,960
Your Isis greets you.
326
00:23:45,520 --> 00:23:48,400
I pity enemies of Egypt.
327
00:23:49,360 --> 00:23:53,920
I pity them more
when Egypt and Rome are united.
328
00:23:55,960 --> 00:24:00,280
These vipers underestimate
our divine union,
329
00:24:00,360 --> 00:24:01,760
our wisdom,
330
00:24:03,440 --> 00:24:04,720
our wealth,
331
00:24:05,680 --> 00:24:06,800
our numbers,
332
00:24:07,520 --> 00:24:10,080
the favor of our gods.
333
00:24:16,600 --> 00:24:18,760
Today, I stand here.
334
00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:24,160
We stand here before you
335
00:24:25,240 --> 00:24:28,280
with our divine future thriving before us.
336
00:24:29,960 --> 00:24:31,920
The ceremony was extremely lavish.
337
00:24:32,000 --> 00:24:33,800
We have the children dressed in costume,
338
00:24:33,880 --> 00:24:36,320
we have Cleopatra dressed as Isis.
339
00:24:36,400 --> 00:24:41,600
And Mark Antony is essentially giving
the territories of Rome to the family.
340
00:24:41,680 --> 00:24:43,200
And I promise you,
341
00:24:44,080 --> 00:24:48,840
anyone who dares
to threaten our divine union
342
00:24:49,880 --> 00:24:52,440
will regret the day they were born!
343
00:25:03,600 --> 00:25:06,040
At the Donation of Alexandria,
344
00:25:06,120 --> 00:25:08,040
Mark Antony stands up and proclaims
345
00:25:08,120 --> 00:25:11,560
that Caesarion
is, is Julius Caesar's heir.
346
00:25:13,080 --> 00:25:17,600
Mark Antony formally hands over
347
00:25:17,680 --> 00:25:21,480
all of the territories
that Cleopatra wanted.
348
00:25:21,560 --> 00:25:23,560
The Donations of Alexandria
349
00:25:23,640 --> 00:25:28,960
not only recreate the Ptolemaic Empire
at its greatest extent,
350
00:25:29,040 --> 00:25:31,320
but it actually gives to Egypt
351
00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:37,520
more territory than the Ptolemaic Empire
had ever controlled before.
352
00:25:46,840 --> 00:25:49,240
In addition to giving away
the Roman territories, um,
353
00:25:49,320 --> 00:25:52,760
Mark Antony now divorces, um,
Octavian's sister.
354
00:25:52,840 --> 00:25:54,560
So, to add insult to injury,
355
00:25:54,640 --> 00:25:58,520
uh, Mark Antony almost seems
as if he's cutting his ties with Rome.
356
00:25:58,600 --> 00:26:01,920
You know that emoji
where the head explodes?
357
00:26:03,000 --> 00:26:08,080
That's Octavian when he hears
about the Donations of Alexandria.
358
00:26:08,680 --> 00:26:11,160
"What is Mark Antony doing?
359
00:26:13,120 --> 00:26:14,920
He's lost his mind.
360
00:26:16,240 --> 00:26:18,760
He doesn't have the power to do this."
361
00:26:20,880 --> 00:26:26,560
But at the same time, this gives Octavian
the perfect piece of propaganda.
362
00:26:26,640 --> 00:26:30,320
Look at Mark Antony
behaving like an eastern king.
363
00:26:30,400 --> 00:26:35,200
Look at Mark Antony not acting the part
of a true and proper Roman.
364
00:26:35,280 --> 00:26:40,840
It's very easy then for Octavian
to cast the Donations of Alexandria
365
00:26:40,920 --> 00:26:43,120
as an anti-Roman plot.
366
00:26:47,240 --> 00:26:52,160
Mark Antony gives Octavian
the excuse for war.
367
00:26:53,280 --> 00:26:55,600
But not against Mark Antony
368
00:26:56,560 --> 00:27:01,760
because the Roman people
cannot endure another civil war.
369
00:27:02,600 --> 00:27:04,360
Who's the scapegoat then?
370
00:27:06,400 --> 00:27:07,680
Cleopatra.
371
00:27:08,160 --> 00:27:09,720
"It's that witch."
372
00:27:09,800 --> 00:27:11,520
"It's that witch."
373
00:27:12,000 --> 00:27:13,560
And that's the beginning.
374
00:27:13,640 --> 00:27:17,520
That's the beginning of the propaganda
375
00:27:18,600 --> 00:27:21,840
against Cleopatra by Octavian.
376
00:27:21,920 --> 00:27:25,840
And it's the beginning of the unraveling
377
00:27:25,920 --> 00:27:29,120
of Mark Antony's reputation in Rome.
378
00:27:39,160 --> 00:27:40,560
Mm.
379
00:27:42,240 --> 00:27:43,320
So...
380
00:27:44,680 --> 00:27:47,960
...Octavian thinks you've bewitched me...
381
00:27:51,640 --> 00:27:54,360
and put all of Rome in danger.
382
00:27:55,120 --> 00:27:56,120
Hm.
383
00:27:57,880 --> 00:27:58,880
Good.
384
00:28:00,760 --> 00:28:05,040
Octavian is very angry and offended.
385
00:28:05,120 --> 00:28:10,080
He's released
this vicious propaganda against Cleopatra.
386
00:28:10,160 --> 00:28:16,520
So, even though Mark Antony was the one
who was unfaithful to his sister,
387
00:28:16,600 --> 00:28:20,440
uh, Cleopatra is framed
as this great seductress,
388
00:28:20,520 --> 00:28:23,720
and she's done these,
these things to trap him.
389
00:28:23,800 --> 00:28:28,120
Little angry men often make big mistakes.
390
00:28:29,320 --> 00:28:33,560
Octavian's mistake
is how much he underestimates us.
391
00:28:35,520 --> 00:28:37,400
I think we should destroy him.
392
00:28:42,360 --> 00:28:43,360
Hm.
393
00:28:51,800 --> 00:28:54,520
At this particular point, um...
394
00:28:55,680 --> 00:28:58,640
Octavian has declared war on Cleopatra.
395
00:29:05,480 --> 00:29:07,240
In 31 BCE,
396
00:29:07,320 --> 00:29:14,000
Cleopatra and Mark Antony go head-to-head
in all-out naval warfare with Octavian
397
00:29:14,080 --> 00:29:16,640
in what is known as the Battle of Actium.
398
00:29:19,480 --> 00:29:22,720
This is the climax
of a decade of rivalry.
399
00:29:30,360 --> 00:29:35,440
She goes with many ships,
thousands of soldiers,
400
00:29:35,520 --> 00:29:37,840
and they head towards Greece.
401
00:29:40,800 --> 00:29:45,600
Cleopatra is very actively involved
in military life.
402
00:29:46,080 --> 00:29:48,560
She wants to know the details,
403
00:29:48,640 --> 00:29:51,520
she wants to know the tactics,
she wants to play a part in them.
404
00:29:51,600 --> 00:29:55,040
And she... she's not a leader
who's in the palace.
405
00:29:55,120 --> 00:29:57,440
She's very much on the front line.
406
00:30:05,480 --> 00:30:08,920
This is gonna be a showdown
that's gonna change
407
00:30:09,000 --> 00:30:11,000
the history of Rome
408
00:30:11,080 --> 00:30:13,240
and change the history of Egypt.
409
00:30:16,720 --> 00:30:21,000
Cleopatra and Mark Antony
plan their naval strategy together.
410
00:30:21,080 --> 00:30:26,840
She's supplying 200 of their 800 ships
and nearly all of the financing.
411
00:30:26,920 --> 00:30:30,560
But this doesn't sit well
with all of Antony's generals,
412
00:30:30,640 --> 00:30:34,080
some of whom don't want
to take orders from a woman.
413
00:30:34,160 --> 00:30:35,840
With all due respect,
414
00:30:35,920 --> 00:30:38,640
our allegiance is to the General, not a...
415
00:30:38,720 --> 00:30:41,200
You will do well to remember
what I bring to the table.
416
00:30:41,280 --> 00:30:43,440
- Oh, you dare to talk to me like...
- Enough!
417
00:30:45,080 --> 00:30:47,400
- What she suggests goes against...
- She?
418
00:30:50,400 --> 00:30:52,440
What I think you meant to say was,
419
00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:54,360
"Thank you, Isis,
420
00:30:55,000 --> 00:30:58,560
for providing us with the world's
most invincible naval fleet,
421
00:30:58,640 --> 00:31:00,440
which we will deploy immediately,
422
00:31:00,520 --> 00:31:03,480
with a force so mighty
that Octavian won't know what's hit him."
423
00:31:05,160 --> 00:31:06,080
Am I correct?
424
00:31:06,160 --> 00:31:07,720
Yes, General.
425
00:31:15,760 --> 00:31:17,080
Thank you.
426
00:31:18,320 --> 00:31:19,480
But I had it.
427
00:31:22,720 --> 00:31:24,920
Mark Antony's Roman allies
428
00:31:25,000 --> 00:31:28,320
become increasingly suspicious
of Cleopatra.
429
00:31:28,400 --> 00:31:30,720
She represents an absolute monarchy.
430
00:31:30,800 --> 00:31:33,520
She represents an eastern empire.
431
00:31:33,600 --> 00:31:36,000
And she's a woman.
432
00:31:36,640 --> 00:31:41,400
Mark Antony needs to be
a strong Roman general,
433
00:31:41,480 --> 00:31:46,120
and his alliance with Cleopatra
threatens that identity
434
00:31:46,200 --> 00:31:48,520
in the eyes of his Roman allies.
435
00:31:48,600 --> 00:31:52,720
They are worried that he is acting less
like a Roman general
436
00:31:52,800 --> 00:31:55,200
and more like an eastern king.
437
00:31:55,280 --> 00:31:56,720
And because of that,
438
00:31:56,800 --> 00:32:02,640
many of Mark Antony's commanders defect
and join Octavian's army.
439
00:32:05,480 --> 00:32:06,696
Once the battle begins,
440
00:32:06,720 --> 00:32:10,400
Mark Antony and Cleopatra
are on separate ships.
441
00:32:10,480 --> 00:32:14,560
Mark Antony leading the fleet at the front
and Cleopatra behind.
442
00:32:17,480 --> 00:32:19,440
On the morning of September 2nd,
443
00:32:19,520 --> 00:32:24,560
Mark Antony and Cleopatra attempt
to punch through the blockade
444
00:32:24,640 --> 00:32:28,160
that Octavian has at the Bay of Actium.
445
00:32:28,240 --> 00:32:33,200
Now, Mark Antony and Cleopatra combined
have fewer ships than Octavian.
446
00:32:33,280 --> 00:32:36,760
The other major difference
between the two navies
447
00:32:36,840 --> 00:32:39,880
is that Mark Antony's ships
are much larger.
448
00:32:39,960 --> 00:32:41,680
They have more firepower,
449
00:32:41,760 --> 00:32:47,080
but they also are way less maneuverable
than Octavian's lighter ships.
450
00:32:51,640 --> 00:32:53,880
Cleopatra and Mark Antony both made
451
00:32:53,960 --> 00:32:57,960
a series of problematic battle decisions,
452
00:32:58,040 --> 00:32:59,880
which is sort of surprising,
453
00:32:59,960 --> 00:33:02,520
due to the fact
that they're both pretty savvy.
454
00:33:02,600 --> 00:33:05,040
But they strung out their fleet, uh,
455
00:33:05,120 --> 00:33:08,920
and allowed themselves to become trapped.
456
00:33:09,920 --> 00:33:13,040
Octavian's lighter
and more maneuverable ships
457
00:33:13,120 --> 00:33:18,240
managed to nearly surround the forces
of Mark Antony and Cleopatra.
458
00:33:21,400 --> 00:33:24,920
We're told by the Roman
sources that Cleopatra,
459
00:33:25,000 --> 00:33:28,240
when she realized
that Mark Antony was being defeated,
460
00:33:28,320 --> 00:33:31,880
turned her ships around
and decided to sail back to Alexandria.
461
00:33:32,600 --> 00:33:34,120
Row!
462
00:33:34,880 --> 00:33:37,960
Row! Faster! Harder!
463
00:33:38,040 --> 00:33:40,000
Row!
464
00:33:40,080 --> 00:33:41,616
She doesn't want to be captured.
465
00:33:41,640 --> 00:33:44,000
There would have been no point
at all in her staying
466
00:33:44,080 --> 00:33:46,240
in a battle
that they were effectively losing.
467
00:33:48,280 --> 00:33:52,600
Her primary goal remains
the safety of her own kingdom.
468
00:33:52,680 --> 00:33:54,400
The safety of Egypt.
469
00:33:54,480 --> 00:33:58,440
She has no choice
but to try to make it back to Egypt
470
00:33:58,520 --> 00:34:01,400
with as many of her ships as possible.
471
00:34:02,760 --> 00:34:07,040
If she loses all of her navy
at the Battle of Actium,
472
00:34:07,120 --> 00:34:08,760
Egypt will be defenseless.
473
00:34:14,120 --> 00:34:15,360
Her ships' gone.
474
00:34:16,400 --> 00:34:18,320
General, all of them.
475
00:34:20,639 --> 00:34:21,639
She did what?
476
00:34:22,199 --> 00:34:24,679
It's easy to see
from the Roman perspective
477
00:34:24,760 --> 00:34:26,840
that Cleopatra taking her fleet
478
00:34:26,920 --> 00:34:30,239
and leaving Actium is an act of treachery.
479
00:34:31,880 --> 00:34:33,760
What did you do? Did you try to stop her?
480
00:34:35,120 --> 00:34:36,840
- No.
- Did you try to stop her?
481
00:34:39,800 --> 00:34:44,239
It might have actually been
the best decision even for Mark Antony,
482
00:34:44,320 --> 00:34:48,400
at least keeping part of the Navy intact
483
00:34:48,480 --> 00:34:51,440
in order to fight Octavian another day.
484
00:34:52,080 --> 00:34:55,920
Mark Antony,
knowing the battle is all but lost,
485
00:34:56,000 --> 00:35:00,600
flees and manages to catch up
to Cleopatra's fleet.
486
00:35:06,120 --> 00:35:07,200
What have you done?
487
00:35:07,280 --> 00:35:09,240
- I couldn't risk my fleets.
- Ours!
488
00:35:10,400 --> 00:35:11,800
And you should have asked me first.
489
00:35:11,880 --> 00:35:13,600
I'm the General, not you.
490
00:35:14,760 --> 00:35:16,360
Useless without my army.
491
00:35:19,920 --> 00:35:20,920
How dare you?
492
00:35:21,000 --> 00:35:22,000
How dare you?
493
00:35:22,600 --> 00:35:25,920
Mark Antony is the commander
of the forces,
494
00:35:26,000 --> 00:35:28,640
so he is the one
that's going to make the final decision.
495
00:35:28,720 --> 00:35:31,440
But it is interesting
that when things go wrong,
496
00:35:31,520 --> 00:35:33,960
Cleopatra is the one that gets the blame.
497
00:35:35,080 --> 00:35:37,760
If you're going to give me an army,
let me govern it.
498
00:35:37,840 --> 00:35:39,440
It was the right decision.
499
00:35:40,000 --> 00:35:41,640
But you cut me out.
500
00:35:42,960 --> 00:35:44,400
I did what I had to do.
501
00:35:45,000 --> 00:35:46,800
But you did it without asking me.
502
00:35:46,880 --> 00:35:50,920
I did what I had to do
to protect what is mine.
503
00:35:51,000 --> 00:35:52,560
Ours, Cleopatra!
504
00:35:52,640 --> 00:35:55,080
Not yours! Ours!
505
00:35:58,120 --> 00:36:02,080
It's not something that your average Roman
would have done at the point of a battle.
506
00:36:02,160 --> 00:36:05,760
Um, but actually, Cleopatra's thinking
about herself and her own power.
507
00:36:05,840 --> 00:36:08,040
She's putting herself
and her family first.
508
00:36:08,120 --> 00:36:10,080
Who do you think you are, Cleopatra?
509
00:36:10,160 --> 00:36:12,160
The Pharoah! That is who!
510
00:36:13,040 --> 00:36:15,080
Watch who you are speaking to.
511
00:36:19,640 --> 00:36:21,760
They can hear all of this up there.
512
00:36:21,840 --> 00:36:24,720
My men, my loyal men are laughing at me.
513
00:36:25,280 --> 00:36:28,080
I'm not responsible for you
and how you feel.
514
00:36:29,400 --> 00:36:31,960
I made a decision and I stand by it.
515
00:36:33,360 --> 00:36:34,680
All I want...
516
00:36:36,480 --> 00:36:37,680
is your trust.
517
00:36:40,600 --> 00:36:45,560
The Battle of Actium is a disaster
for Mark Antony and Cleopatra.
518
00:36:45,640 --> 00:36:51,320
They have lost their one opportunity
to meet and beat Octavian
519
00:36:51,400 --> 00:36:53,280
outside of Egypt's borders.
520
00:36:53,360 --> 00:36:56,680
Now they have no choice
but to fall back to Egypt
521
00:36:56,760 --> 00:36:59,720
and simply defend their territory.
522
00:37:05,920 --> 00:37:08,960
Octavian, with this victory,
523
00:37:09,040 --> 00:37:13,320
he's proven his power against Mark Antony,
524
00:37:13,400 --> 00:37:15,480
against the Ptolemies.
525
00:37:15,560 --> 00:37:17,520
This puts him in a great position,
526
00:37:17,600 --> 00:37:21,560
and he, he already had a great position
because he was in Caesar's will.
527
00:37:21,640 --> 00:37:23,360
But now he's proven it.
528
00:37:23,440 --> 00:37:26,120
It's tangible. It's undeniable.
529
00:37:29,280 --> 00:37:31,080
After the Battle of Actium,
530
00:37:31,160 --> 00:37:34,160
Cleopatra takes control.
531
00:37:36,000 --> 00:37:38,760
She writes to Octavian.
532
00:37:38,840 --> 00:37:43,720
"If you allow me and Mark Antony to live,
533
00:37:43,800 --> 00:37:46,240
we will go anywhere.
534
00:37:46,320 --> 00:37:48,040
And you can have Egypt."
535
00:37:48,120 --> 00:37:51,360
Mark, no one, can ever know. Please.
536
00:37:55,560 --> 00:37:57,080
She doesn't quite try to appeal to him
537
00:37:57,120 --> 00:37:59,000
in the, in the same way
that she did to Caesar
538
00:37:59,080 --> 00:38:00,760
and to Antony in the past,
539
00:38:00,840 --> 00:38:02,040
but she is pragmatic.
540
00:38:02,120 --> 00:38:04,880
At this stage, she probably knows
that she will be exiled,
541
00:38:04,960 --> 00:38:10,680
but she still wants her children
to have rule at least over Egypt.
542
00:38:10,760 --> 00:38:15,920
She also asks Octavian for Antony to live.
543
00:38:19,480 --> 00:38:23,440
Cleopatra needs to cut a deal
with Octavian just to survive.
544
00:38:26,640 --> 00:38:29,360
Her fate, that of her family
and her kingdom,
545
00:38:29,440 --> 00:38:32,160
are entirely in Octavian's hands.
546
00:38:41,480 --> 00:38:45,960
My lord, Octavian, thanks Pharoah
for your message
547
00:38:46,960 --> 00:38:51,800
and instructs me, as his ambassador,
to inform you...
548
00:38:52,880 --> 00:38:54,720
he's willing to grant your request.
549
00:38:56,440 --> 00:38:57,680
Okay.
550
00:38:57,760 --> 00:38:59,120
On one condition.
551
00:39:01,240 --> 00:39:02,800
A simple request.
552
00:39:06,680 --> 00:39:07,920
Kill Antony.
553
00:39:08,680 --> 00:39:10,440
His life for yours.
554
00:39:11,080 --> 00:39:12,760
And your children's, of course.
42270
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