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(light orchestral music)
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- Frank Lloyd Wright is the greatest
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ever American architect.
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Buildings like the Guggenheim Museum,
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the Johnson Wax building,
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and Fallingwater are masterpieces
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that redefined what was possible
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and became famous the world over.
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But I think the true nature
of Frank Lloyd Wright's genius
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has become lost, buried under
tales of his tempestuous life,
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or made into the stuff
of coffee table books.
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I'm Jonathan Adams, an
architect from Wales,
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and my 30-year career has
taken me all over the world.
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Throughout it all,
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Frank Lloyd Wright has
been a constant touchstone.
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Now, I'm going to travel across America
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to get to know Frank Lloyd Wright's
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greatest buildings for myself.
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I want to understand how they
were conceived, how they work,
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and how they make us feel.
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Most of all, I want to explore
the underlying philosophy
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that all these buildings share.
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Frank Lloyd Wright called
it organic architecture.
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And today, 150 years after his birth,
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I think it puts him back at the heart
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of modern architectural thinking.
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In a career that spanned seven decades,
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Frank Lloyd Wright built
over 500 buildings.
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And the one he's best
known for is his final one,
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the Guggenheim Museum in New York.
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(light orchestral music)
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(woman vocalizing)
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The Guggenheim isn't just something
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that's beautiful to look at.
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All his life, Frank Lloyd Wright
strove to create buildings
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that expressed an idea
of how we should live
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and understand the world.
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- I'd like to have a free architecture.
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I'd like to have
architecture that belonged
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where you see it standing,
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and was a grace to the
landscape instead of a disgrace.
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And the letters we
received from our clients
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tell us how those
buildings we built for them
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have changed the character
of their whole land,
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and their whole existence
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is different now than it was before.
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- Wright's own life was turbulent,
involving financial ruin,
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adultery, and tragedy.
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Through it all, he stuck
to a personal creed
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based on hard work,
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a love of nature, and a fierce
independence of thought.
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They sound like thoroughly
American ideals.
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But I think to understand what
really shaped Wright's ideas
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and the man himself,
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you have to begin the story
far away from America,
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and closer to where I come from.
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(light orchestral music)
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Frank Lloyd Wright's
Welsh roots are no secret.
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He was proud of them and
spoke of them all his life.
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His mother, Anna Lloyd
Jones, was born in 1838
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near Llandissilio in West Wales.
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Their family was large and devout,
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and at their chapel,
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they practiced a radical
brand of Christianity
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known as Unitarianism.
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All his life, Frank Lloyd
Wright would draw inspiration
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from this freethinking
spiritual inheritance.
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- Unitarianists see God in
anything and in all things.
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We often talk of the wonder,
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the awesomeness, the magnificence of,
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of nature, and of the world
that we're all a part of.
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We've always placed a huge emphasis
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on the individual's freedom
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to choose and to pick and
to decide for themselves
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where their understanding of
God and of human nature lie.
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Unitarianism fit in with the people here,
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the people who were everyday,
hard-working, low-paid people
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looking for that freedom and
for that spirit of liberalism.
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- It might have been the
search for religious freedom
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that took Anna's family away from Wales.
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(light orchestral music)
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In 1844, the Lloyd Jones clan,
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parents, children, aunts, and uncles,
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left home, bound for a new, freer life,
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in the new world.
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The family sailed to New York
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and then, with pioneer spirit,
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set off westward to find a new home.
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What they were looking for
was something familiar,
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something like the land
they knew and understood.
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Finally, they came upon their new Wales.
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Wooded, gently sloping land
near Spring Green, Wisconsin.
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To Frank Lloyd Wright,
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this place would become a
lifelong spiritual touchstone,
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known simply as The Valley.
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- The valley that they chose to live in
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became so identified with
them and their purpose
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and their way of living
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that some people called it
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the Valley of the God Almighty Joneses.
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They didn't really want to
become Americans, you know?
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They wanted to be Welsh
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on American soil.
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- It was into this world that in 1867
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Frank Lloyd Wright was born.
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It was here, too, that
his values were shaped.
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Throughout his childhood,
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Frank would spend his
summers here in the valley,
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laboring on the farm, living a rural life,
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and hearing the Welsh language
of his aunts and uncles.
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For the rest of his days,
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he would look back on those
summers as a kind of paradise.
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(light orchestral music)
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Frank's mother encouraged
his early ambitions to build.
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After studying engineering
at a local college,
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he left home to seek an
architectural apprenticeship.
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As luck would have it,
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the nearest city was one
of the most exciting places
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in the entire world
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for an aspiring young architect, Chicago.
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New styles of building
were being created here,
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including the skyscraper.
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Before long, Wright's youthful energy
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and talent landed him a job
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with the city's leading architect.
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And it was in Chicago, too,
that he found his first love.
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Catherine Tobin, known as Kitty,
was just 16 when they met.
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Within two years, they were married,
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and had a child of their own on the way.
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Frank Lloyd Wright was
a young man in a hurry.
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Borrowing money from his boss,
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he bought a plot of land here
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in the respectable suburb of Oak Park.
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The place where, it was
said, the saloons ended
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and the steeples began.
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And it was here that he first
built a home for himself.
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It might be difficult for
anyone looking at this today
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to see it as anything other
than a slightly quirky
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gable-fronted suburban house.
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It's only when you put it
alongside all of the other houses
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of the same period, here or anywhere else
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in the Western world,
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that you realize just how strange it is.
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Take this massive symmetry.
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It's highly classical, but stylized.
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You can see the faint outlines
of the triangle pediment
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of a Greek temple, with
the two bays at the bottom
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instead of columns supporting the weight.
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It's classical discipline
applied to a small cottage.
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The upper part of the house
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conveys a huge sense
of weight and sanctity.
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So you might expect the
inside to be pokey and dark.
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But what you actually
find is the opposite.
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The rooms all flow, one into another.
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It must have been a
huge surprise to people
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back in the 1880s.
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This is open-plan before the idea
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of open-plan really existed.
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Perhaps this is where it began.
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(light orchestral music)
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The free flow of Wright's design reflects
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an idea of family life,
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learned in the Unitarian
value of his childhood,
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honest, equal, and communal.
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He even inscribed these
values above the hearth,
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clear for all to see.
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In its open spaces and its open spirit,
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Frank Lloyd Wright's Oak
Park home was his first step
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towards a new kind of architecture.
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Over the next few years,
Wright's career took off.
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His house attracted the
attention of curious neighbors,
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and commissions flowed in.
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He would eventually design over
50 houses for local clients.
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Many, like his own, subtle experiments
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with traditional forms.
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By now, Frank and Kitty had six children.
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Wright was in his late
30s, and more than ready
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for his big break.
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But when that came, it
was a bolt from the blue.
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Every Sunday, Frank Lloyd
Wright and his young family
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would walk a half-mile to worship
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at the local Unitarian church.
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It wasn't the kind of building
that he really approved of.
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It was vaguely Gothic
with a pretentious spire.
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And then, one night in 1905,
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it was struck by lightning
and it burned to the ground.
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(light orchestral music)
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Never slow to see his chance,
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Wright proposed a new
building for the site.
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It was unlike anything
seen before in America.
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Wright's plans for the new building
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cast aside all traditional styles,
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as he seized the chance to
express his own spiritual
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and architectural beliefs.
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Gone would be ornament,
arches and the showy spire.
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What emerged instead was Unity Temple,
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the world's first truly modern building.
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Few people even today would
guess that this is a church.
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The building doesn't even
have an obvious way in.
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The very material the Unity
Temple is constructed from
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seems unsuitable for a place of worship.
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These walls and every
detail of the exterior
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are made from solid,
unadorned, reinforced concrete.
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Wright's justification
was that it was cheap,
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a utilitarian material used
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for low-grade engineering structures.
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The impoverished church committee
was persuaded to go along.
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But Wright's real reason
for using concrete
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was that it was a new
and exciting technology
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with unlimited potential.
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It put Frank Lloyd Wright
just where he wanted to be,
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on his own at the
frontier of architecture.
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If the exterior of Unity Temple
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expressed an idea of the divine,
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it was in austere geometric forms.
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But the space that those
forms created on the inside
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was among Frank Lloyd
Wright's most beautiful
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00:14:57,170 --> 00:15:00,015
and spiritually uplifting rooms.
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(light orchestral music)
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The sanctuary of Unity
Temple is a perfect square.
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Golden light streams in
through colored glass
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in the coffered ceiling
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while ornament and structure
combine to unite the whole.
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- This building is unique.
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It is hard to figure out how
to even get into the sanctuary.
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And when you find it, it just opens up
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and it's a gem of a space.
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I love the intimacy,
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this capacity to worship while
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in community with one another,
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being able to see one another.
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It's the most important
part of the building
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for the most of us.
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- Wright based the
distinctive interior layout
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of Unity Temple closely on
the Lloyd Jones family chapel
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back in Wales.
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But his new building's overall radicalism
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was still too much for
some in its congregation.
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It's said that they prayed for ivy,
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and were happy when ivy came.
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(upbeat orchestral music)
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All the while that Unity
Temple was taking shape,
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Frank Lloyd Wright was
busy designing houses.
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00:16:45,340 --> 00:16:48,600
By now, he had his own
architectural practice,
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00:16:48,600 --> 00:16:50,853
and his designs had
become far more daring.
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Pointed roofs had started to flatten out,
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as windows widened.
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Cellars and attics vanished,
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and houses spread out, low to the ground.
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00:17:08,414 --> 00:17:11,350
Wright was inspired by
the vast open spaces
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that stretched away beyond Chicago.
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The buildings even became
known as prairie houses.
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He brought this early vision to perfection
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with the Robie House,
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a gorgeous steamship of a
building with windows like prows.
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It sailed through an open green landscape,
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a vessel of the Midwest prairie.
258
00:17:39,160 --> 00:17:42,010
The Robie House looked
as modern and powerful
259
00:17:42,010 --> 00:17:45,003
as the Great Lakes steamers
that docked in Chicago.
260
00:17:48,440 --> 00:17:51,170
It was an impressive feat of engineering.
261
00:17:51,170 --> 00:17:55,043
The huge projecting roof was
Wright's most daring to date.
262
00:17:58,700 --> 00:18:03,070
Inside, too, Wright used
this building to experiment,
263
00:18:03,070 --> 00:18:07,183
creating a sense of drama around
the simple act of entering.
264
00:18:10,520 --> 00:18:12,300
You come into the Robie
House through the front door,
265
00:18:12,300 --> 00:18:14,000
which is actually at the back,
266
00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:17,410
and you find yourself
in this low, dark lobby,
267
00:18:17,410 --> 00:18:21,870
which pushes you towards
this flight of stairs.
268
00:18:21,870 --> 00:18:23,450
And as you climb the stairs,
269
00:18:23,450 --> 00:18:25,470
you get glimpses of light at the top,
270
00:18:25,470 --> 00:18:28,940
which lead you upwards and
build a sense of anticipation.
271
00:18:28,940 --> 00:18:30,803
But then, you're forced to turn.
272
00:18:31,990 --> 00:18:36,570
And you turn again, and then
there's another few steps
273
00:18:36,570 --> 00:18:39,570
which lead you up, and one final turn
274
00:18:40,610 --> 00:18:45,490
and then you're released into
this fantastic wide room,
275
00:18:45,490 --> 00:18:48,932
surrounded by windows and
bathed with natural light.
276
00:18:48,932 --> 00:18:52,349
(light orchestral music)
277
00:18:54,990 --> 00:18:59,100
Wright liked to call
conventional houses boxes,
278
00:18:59,100 --> 00:19:02,203
and their rooms boxes within boxes.
279
00:19:04,020 --> 00:19:07,240
In the unlimited free
flow of the Robie House,
280
00:19:07,240 --> 00:19:11,253
to use his own phrase,
he destroys the box.
281
00:19:17,110 --> 00:19:20,090
One final thing about the
Robie House that's true
282
00:19:20,090 --> 00:19:22,340
of almost all of Wright's houses,
283
00:19:22,340 --> 00:19:25,350
if you commissioned one, you
didn't just get the building,
284
00:19:25,350 --> 00:19:26,920
you got the furniture too,
285
00:19:26,920 --> 00:19:30,223
which Wright designed, along
with a list of dos and don'ts.
286
00:19:31,190 --> 00:19:33,350
Curtains and blinds were out,
287
00:19:33,350 --> 00:19:35,853
as were paintings on
the wall and ornaments.
288
00:19:37,340 --> 00:19:39,260
Wright had astonishing self-belief,
289
00:19:39,260 --> 00:19:41,810
almost to the point of being overbearing.
290
00:19:41,810 --> 00:19:46,000
He called interior decorators
inferior desecrators.
291
00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:48,620
It wasn't unusual for former
clients to arrive home
292
00:19:48,620 --> 00:19:50,710
to find that Wright had
made an unannounced visit
293
00:19:50,710 --> 00:19:53,190
and rearranged all their furniture.
294
00:19:53,190 --> 00:19:54,570
In the case of the Robie House,
295
00:19:54,570 --> 00:19:57,170
he even designed a dress
for Mrs Robie to wear here.
296
00:19:58,640 --> 00:20:02,140
(upbeat orchestral music)
297
00:20:03,010 --> 00:20:06,120
Frank Lloyd Wright, now in his early 40s,
298
00:20:06,120 --> 00:20:09,423
was riding high and creating a real stir.
299
00:20:10,910 --> 00:20:12,800
But increasingly he was chafing
300
00:20:12,800 --> 00:20:15,210
against conventional family life
301
00:20:15,210 --> 00:20:16,493
in a polite suburb.
302
00:20:19,880 --> 00:20:22,260
- He himself started to see
303
00:20:22,260 --> 00:20:26,090
that the world was a lot
bigger than Oak Park,
304
00:20:26,090 --> 00:20:29,400
and at a certain point he
realized he was interested
305
00:20:29,400 --> 00:20:31,113
in looking much further forward.
306
00:20:33,330 --> 00:20:37,080
How did he become someone
to be reckoned with?
307
00:20:37,080 --> 00:20:39,612
Well, one way to do that
is to dress differently
308
00:20:39,612 --> 00:20:43,686
and to go out more and
309
00:20:43,686 --> 00:20:47,380
to have girlfriends, I suppose.
310
00:20:47,380 --> 00:20:52,380
I think that was the start
of what one might call
311
00:20:53,030 --> 00:20:55,273
almost anti-social behavior.
312
00:21:01,750 --> 00:21:05,030
- Wright's unconventional
conduct crossed a line
313
00:21:05,030 --> 00:21:07,653
when he began an affair
with the wife of a client.
314
00:21:10,140 --> 00:21:14,790
Mamah Cheney was a
feminist, a freethinker.
315
00:21:14,790 --> 00:21:17,123
The ideal partner for a radical man,
316
00:21:18,060 --> 00:21:19,663
albeit a mother of two.
317
00:21:21,480 --> 00:21:23,690
When their relationship was discovered,
318
00:21:23,690 --> 00:21:26,100
Wright took decisive action.
319
00:21:26,100 --> 00:21:27,960
Closing down his studio,
320
00:21:27,960 --> 00:21:29,770
he abandoned his family,
321
00:21:29,770 --> 00:21:32,693
and together with Mamah fled to Europe.
322
00:21:34,418 --> 00:21:37,835
(light orchestral music)
323
00:21:44,670 --> 00:21:47,560
When the couple returned a year later,
324
00:21:47,560 --> 00:21:49,373
it was to set up home together.
325
00:21:52,400 --> 00:21:55,330
Wright knew they wouldn't
be welcome in Oak Park,
326
00:21:55,330 --> 00:21:58,220
so he began building a new house
327
00:21:58,220 --> 00:21:59,823
on land owned by his mother.
328
00:22:02,550 --> 00:22:06,480
It was in the one place that
for him represented safety,
329
00:22:06,480 --> 00:22:08,653
community and integrity.
330
00:22:09,540 --> 00:22:11,123
The valley of his childhood.
331
00:22:12,900 --> 00:22:17,003
He even gave his new house
a centuries-old Welsh name,
332
00:22:18,330 --> 00:22:19,163
Taliesin.
333
00:22:31,230 --> 00:22:33,370
Taliesin sits on the brow of a hill.
334
00:22:33,370 --> 00:22:34,980
As Wright liked to point out,
335
00:22:34,980 --> 00:22:37,483
its Welsh name actually
means shining brow.
336
00:22:39,830 --> 00:22:42,340
It's been compared to an Italian villa
337
00:22:42,340 --> 00:22:44,820
or even to a medieval Welsh farmstead.
338
00:22:44,820 --> 00:22:47,190
A fortified state built at a time
339
00:22:47,190 --> 00:22:48,717
when he needed to feel secure.
340
00:22:55,680 --> 00:22:58,713
But Taliesin is very much more besides.
341
00:22:59,580 --> 00:23:04,070
More than any other building,
it embodies Wright's ideal
342
00:23:04,070 --> 00:23:07,743
of how architecture and
nature should coexist.
343
00:23:11,500 --> 00:23:14,440
I said that Taliesin sits on a hill.
344
00:23:14,440 --> 00:23:16,000
Frank Lloyd Wright would
have taken pleasure
345
00:23:16,000 --> 00:23:16,910
in correcting me.
346
00:23:16,910 --> 00:23:19,510
He preferred to say
that it was of the hill,
347
00:23:19,510 --> 00:23:21,270
that it graces the hill,
348
00:23:21,270 --> 00:23:24,550
that the hill and the house
are improved by each other
349
00:23:24,550 --> 00:23:26,923
so that they become a unity.
350
00:23:30,190 --> 00:23:31,790
- Taliesin I learned a lot from.
351
00:23:32,830 --> 00:23:35,480
The way that he marries his
buildings with the landscape
352
00:23:35,480 --> 00:23:38,370
and the way, their
juxtaposition with each other
353
00:23:38,370 --> 00:23:40,523
and the way that spaces flow through them.
354
00:23:42,890 --> 00:23:44,820
It sort of comes out of the landscape.
355
00:23:44,820 --> 00:23:47,810
It's constant and it's
green hills and trees
356
00:23:47,810 --> 00:23:48,853
and grass and such.
357
00:23:50,390 --> 00:23:52,743
I remember being unbelievably impressed.
358
00:23:56,330 --> 00:24:00,080
- Wright summed up the philosophy
that lay behind Taliesin
359
00:24:00,080 --> 00:24:02,010
in a simple phrase,
360
00:24:02,010 --> 00:24:03,593
organic architecture.
361
00:24:04,870 --> 00:24:06,950
It's a memorable expression,
362
00:24:06,950 --> 00:24:10,523
but just what is it that
makes a building organic?
363
00:24:12,650 --> 00:24:15,010
Well, here he used local materials.
364
00:24:15,010 --> 00:24:18,610
Stone, sand and timber
sourced from nearby.
365
00:24:18,610 --> 00:24:22,050
What's more, the same materials
are used inside and outside,
366
00:24:22,050 --> 00:24:24,743
so that interior and
exterior flow together.
367
00:24:27,280 --> 00:24:30,170
Windows are low and linear,
368
00:24:30,170 --> 00:24:32,330
so that when you are seated inside,
369
00:24:32,330 --> 00:24:35,430
you have a continuous
view through tree tops,
370
00:24:35,430 --> 00:24:38,461
as if you're elevated,
floating among them.
371
00:24:38,461 --> 00:24:41,878
(light orchestral music)
372
00:24:43,760 --> 00:24:46,790
But it's important to say that for Wright,
373
00:24:46,790 --> 00:24:48,550
organic architecture
374
00:24:48,550 --> 00:24:51,330
didn't just mean using local materials
375
00:24:51,330 --> 00:24:53,593
and blending a building into a landscape.
376
00:24:56,021 --> 00:24:58,710
What he meant was that the
philosophy of the building,
377
00:24:58,710 --> 00:25:01,920
what it says about how
we should live, would,
378
00:25:01,920 --> 00:25:04,210
when blended with the
character of the site,
379
00:25:04,210 --> 00:25:07,673
give rise naturally and
organically to its unique form.
380
00:25:11,610 --> 00:25:15,550
In this case, a building
that belongs to its hill
381
00:25:15,550 --> 00:25:17,973
and could never be built anywhere else.
382
00:25:25,030 --> 00:25:27,210
Frank Lloyd Wright and Mamah Cheney
383
00:25:27,210 --> 00:25:29,290
lived happily at Taliesin,
384
00:25:29,290 --> 00:25:30,890
for all that local newspapers
385
00:25:30,890 --> 00:25:33,413
dubbed their house a love bungalow.
386
00:25:35,920 --> 00:25:37,543
Wright was defiant.
387
00:25:38,630 --> 00:25:41,420
Around a building he
carved the Welsh symbol
388
00:25:41,420 --> 00:25:44,920
that represented his
Unitarian family motto,
389
00:25:44,920 --> 00:25:46,663
truth against the world.
390
00:25:50,900 --> 00:25:54,523
But the dream of this
new world wasn't to last.
391
00:25:56,837 --> 00:26:00,504
(dramatic orchestral music)
392
00:26:02,890 --> 00:26:06,500
Taliesin, like almost all
large houses of its time,
393
00:26:06,500 --> 00:26:08,473
was built to be run by servants.
394
00:26:09,890 --> 00:26:13,390
But Wright's liberal principles
meant that here they lived
395
00:26:13,390 --> 00:26:16,150
on the main floor with everybody else,
396
00:26:16,150 --> 00:26:18,063
not in some pokey garret.
397
00:26:19,607 --> 00:26:22,550
"Treat your servants as your
friends," Wright had written.
398
00:26:24,850 --> 00:26:28,793
In 1914, a new servant
was taken on at Taliesin,
399
00:26:29,750 --> 00:26:33,153
Julian Carlton, a butler
and all-round help.
400
00:26:36,160 --> 00:26:40,600
One day in September, when
Frank Lloyd Wright was away,
401
00:26:40,600 --> 00:26:42,553
the unimaginable happened at Taliesin.
402
00:26:44,320 --> 00:26:47,280
While Mamah and her children
were sitting down to lunch,
403
00:26:47,280 --> 00:26:49,003
Julian Carlton ran amok.
404
00:26:50,470 --> 00:26:54,440
Using petrol, he set fire to the house.
405
00:26:54,440 --> 00:26:57,290
As its terrified residents fled,
406
00:26:57,290 --> 00:26:59,123
he attacked them with a hatchet.
407
00:27:14,020 --> 00:27:15,700
Seven people died here,
408
00:27:15,700 --> 00:27:18,633
including Mamah Cheney and
her two young children.
409
00:27:19,580 --> 00:27:21,523
Taliesin was all but destroyed.
410
00:27:26,620 --> 00:27:30,973
The seemingly senseless slaughter
made national headlines.
411
00:27:32,330 --> 00:27:35,223
Julian Carlton refused to
speak about what he'd done.
412
00:27:36,370 --> 00:27:40,601
He starved himself to death
in jail two months later.
413
00:27:40,601 --> 00:27:44,268
(dramatic orchestral music)
414
00:27:45,520 --> 00:27:48,290
Mamah Cheney was buried in the valley,
415
00:27:48,290 --> 00:27:50,783
in sight of the ruins of Taliesin.
416
00:28:07,416 --> 00:28:09,830
The years after the
calamity were turbulent ones
417
00:28:09,830 --> 00:28:11,800
for Frank Lloyd Wright.
418
00:28:11,800 --> 00:28:14,550
He had gone from the
happiest time in his life
419
00:28:14,550 --> 00:28:16,633
to the time of deepest despair.
420
00:28:19,030 --> 00:28:21,983
He threw himself into the
rebuilding of Taliesin,
421
00:28:23,120 --> 00:28:25,873
but much of the decade
he spent working abroad.
422
00:28:32,650 --> 00:28:36,940
When he returned to America,
it would not be to the Midwest,
423
00:28:36,940 --> 00:28:40,883
scene of his previous triumphs
and his greatest tragedy.
424
00:28:41,970 --> 00:28:45,420
Instead, he turned to a new horizon
425
00:28:45,420 --> 00:28:48,426
and an extraordinary
new phase in his work.
426
00:28:48,426 --> 00:28:51,843
(light orchestral music)
427
00:29:01,772 --> 00:29:04,210
Wright received five
commissions to build houses
428
00:29:04,210 --> 00:29:05,233
in Los Angeles.
429
00:29:06,400 --> 00:29:08,815
The biggest and boldest
of them was designed
430
00:29:08,815 --> 00:29:11,893
for a wealthy LA couple, the Ennises.
431
00:29:24,030 --> 00:29:26,190
If Taliesin is of the hill,
432
00:29:26,190 --> 00:29:29,350
the Ennis house really is on the hill.
433
00:29:29,350 --> 00:29:31,210
This is a fortress.
434
00:29:31,210 --> 00:29:33,670
It's a mysterious interior place
435
00:29:33,670 --> 00:29:35,703
that sits proud in its landscape.
436
00:29:39,250 --> 00:29:40,263
Is it organic?
437
00:29:41,620 --> 00:29:44,870
It's a building that
perfectly suits its city,
438
00:29:44,870 --> 00:29:47,450
the ambition and boldness of LA,
439
00:29:47,450 --> 00:29:50,883
and the bright sun that
shines here all year round.
440
00:30:00,000 --> 00:30:03,630
For Frank Lloyd Wright, now 57 years old,
441
00:30:03,630 --> 00:30:06,243
the Ennis House was a creative rebirth.
442
00:30:07,630 --> 00:30:09,910
The design was inspired by the ancient
443
00:30:09,910 --> 00:30:12,023
forms of Mayan temples.
444
00:30:13,060 --> 00:30:15,390
But to build it, Wright devised
445
00:30:15,390 --> 00:30:17,273
a brand-new construction method.
446
00:30:21,450 --> 00:30:26,120
The entire house was made out
of patterned concrete blocks.
447
00:30:26,120 --> 00:30:29,893
27,000 of them, all manufactured on-site.
448
00:30:31,020 --> 00:30:32,350
As the building rose,
449
00:30:32,350 --> 00:30:35,883
steel rods were threaded
between them for support.
450
00:30:38,300 --> 00:30:39,810
Wright liked to say that
451
00:30:39,810 --> 00:30:43,030
he was weaving here rather than building.
452
00:30:43,030 --> 00:30:44,950
I think you can see what he meant.
453
00:30:44,950 --> 00:30:47,480
You have the steel rods
running along these joints,
454
00:30:47,480 --> 00:30:50,380
interleaving the warp and weft,
455
00:30:50,380 --> 00:30:53,373
and then the concrete
blocks that form the finish.
456
00:30:54,450 --> 00:30:56,063
He also said he wanted to elevate
457
00:30:56,063 --> 00:30:58,530
an unloved building material,
458
00:30:58,530 --> 00:31:00,380
the humble concrete block,
459
00:31:00,380 --> 00:31:02,550
into something much more beautiful,
460
00:31:02,550 --> 00:31:03,900
and he certainly succeeded.
461
00:31:06,054 --> 00:31:09,471
(light orchestral music)
462
00:31:15,440 --> 00:31:17,898
Entering the Ennis house feels
463
00:31:17,898 --> 00:31:20,700
like stepping into an adventure.
464
00:31:20,700 --> 00:31:23,710
The forbidding exterior
really gives you no idea
465
00:31:23,710 --> 00:31:24,803
what to expect.
466
00:31:31,780 --> 00:31:34,060
Inside, the house is made
467
00:31:34,060 --> 00:31:36,803
from exactly the same
concrete blocks as outside.
468
00:31:38,690 --> 00:31:41,623
But whereas the exterior
is solid and massive,
469
00:31:42,530 --> 00:31:44,940
these columns create a series
470
00:31:44,940 --> 00:31:47,713
of intriguing interlinked spaces.
471
00:31:54,120 --> 00:31:57,273
This really is, it's an incredible space.
472
00:32:02,370 --> 00:32:05,050
Being inside this rock-like structure
473
00:32:05,050 --> 00:32:08,620
makes you feel as if you're
in a complex of caves.
474
00:32:08,620 --> 00:32:10,913
It's a really powerful sense of mystery.
475
00:32:11,980 --> 00:32:15,230
No idea how far it extends
or where you're being taken.
476
00:32:15,230 --> 00:32:16,870
I think that's what must have made it
477
00:32:16,870 --> 00:32:18,633
such an exhilarating place to live.
478
00:32:25,240 --> 00:32:28,640
There's a timelessness and
drama to the Ennis house,
479
00:32:28,640 --> 00:32:30,840
and it's no surprise that
it's proved a favorite
480
00:32:30,840 --> 00:32:32,190
with Hollywood film-makers.
481
00:32:33,380 --> 00:32:36,010
It's been featured in
horror films and thrillers,
482
00:32:36,010 --> 00:32:37,590
and most famously,
483
00:32:37,590 --> 00:32:41,827
in the seminal 1980s
science-fiction film "Blade Runner".
484
00:32:44,590 --> 00:32:47,280
The sheer originality of Wright's creation
485
00:32:47,280 --> 00:32:50,983
means it can fit easily into
any world of the imagination.
486
00:32:52,640 --> 00:32:56,170
It's remarkable, given
how instantly recognizable
487
00:32:56,170 --> 00:32:57,020
this building is.
488
00:33:05,540 --> 00:33:08,793
The Ennis house was a triumph
for Frank Lloyd Wright.
489
00:33:09,910 --> 00:33:13,580
But as the 1920s drew to a close,
490
00:33:13,580 --> 00:33:17,448
storm clouds were once again gathering.
491
00:33:17,448 --> 00:33:21,810
(dramatic orchestral music)
492
00:33:21,810 --> 00:33:23,743
Wright had found a new love.
493
00:33:25,073 --> 00:33:27,730
Olgivanna Milanoff was Montenegrin,
494
00:33:27,730 --> 00:33:31,883
a professional dancer and
some 30 years his junior.
495
00:33:34,240 --> 00:33:36,803
Their relationship
became mired in scandal.
496
00:33:38,070 --> 00:33:40,943
Business suffered and worse was to follow.
497
00:33:44,850 --> 00:33:46,280
The Wall Street crash
498
00:33:46,280 --> 00:33:50,580
of 1929 decimated American architecture,
499
00:33:50,580 --> 00:33:52,730
and for three years Frank Lloyd Wright
500
00:33:52,730 --> 00:33:54,343
had not a single commission.
501
00:33:57,230 --> 00:34:01,323
Always a spendthrift, he
was finally flat broke.
502
00:34:02,960 --> 00:34:04,710
Now in his mid-60s,
503
00:34:04,710 --> 00:34:08,130
Wright was coming to be
seen as yesterday's man,
504
00:34:08,130 --> 00:34:10,043
a talent who had faded away.
505
00:34:11,730 --> 00:34:14,603
Some simply assumed that he was dead.
506
00:34:28,600 --> 00:34:32,343
Then, at Taliesin, something
remarkable happened.
507
00:34:33,410 --> 00:34:37,293
A plan was hatched that would
define Wright's later life.
508
00:34:38,420 --> 00:34:40,103
It was ingenious but simple.
509
00:34:40,940 --> 00:34:42,800
The legendary Frank Lloyd Wright
510
00:34:42,800 --> 00:34:44,373
would offer apprenticeships.
511
00:34:45,690 --> 00:34:47,733
The Taliesin Fellowship was born.
512
00:34:48,919 --> 00:34:52,336
(light orchestral music)
513
00:34:53,660 --> 00:34:57,620
- The fellowship did a
lot of things for Wright.
514
00:34:57,620 --> 00:35:01,210
It provided him with young men and women
515
00:35:01,210 --> 00:35:06,020
who wanted to learn
and who were very happy
516
00:35:06,020 --> 00:35:08,893
to work in the garden, in the farm.
517
00:35:09,760 --> 00:35:14,330
They were building, they
were cooking, cleaning,
518
00:35:14,330 --> 00:35:19,330
and most of them had the
money to support Wright
519
00:35:19,940 --> 00:35:22,840
in a way that he couldn't
possibly otherwise have managed.
520
00:35:27,105 --> 00:35:27,938
- Mr Wright said,
521
00:35:27,938 --> 00:35:31,033
"This is not a school
and I am not a teacher.
522
00:35:32,007 --> 00:35:34,027
"You are here to help me with my work,
523
00:35:34,027 --> 00:35:36,647
"and if you get something
out of that, that's good."
524
00:35:37,710 --> 00:35:39,400
You were really here to help him,
525
00:35:39,400 --> 00:35:41,770
but, you know, when
you're helping a master,
526
00:35:41,770 --> 00:35:44,450
unless you're just totally immune to it,
527
00:35:44,450 --> 00:35:45,793
your life gets changed.
528
00:35:46,770 --> 00:35:51,480
It's as though there was like
a real magician, not a fake,
529
00:35:51,480 --> 00:35:56,103
and that magician made things
happen just by being there.
530
00:36:04,840 --> 00:36:07,173
- But in the huge
drafting room at Taliesin,
531
00:36:08,040 --> 00:36:10,923
real architectural work
was in short supply.
532
00:36:12,010 --> 00:36:13,290
All Wright and his apprentices
533
00:36:13,290 --> 00:36:16,153
could do was to draw and dream.
534
00:36:18,370 --> 00:36:21,283
Then at last a commission came in.
535
00:36:22,280 --> 00:36:26,140
The result would relaunch
Frank Lloyd Wright's career
536
00:36:26,140 --> 00:36:27,874
and take it to new heights.
537
00:36:27,874 --> 00:36:31,291
(light orchestral music)
538
00:36:32,920 --> 00:36:36,880
In 1933, a wealthy Pittsburgh businessman,
539
00:36:36,880 --> 00:36:41,220
Edgar Kaufmann, decided to
rebuild his holiday cottage
540
00:36:41,220 --> 00:36:43,023
deep in the Pennsylvania woodland.
541
00:36:48,700 --> 00:36:50,120
As chance would have it,
542
00:36:50,120 --> 00:36:52,033
his son was an apprentice at Taliesin.
543
00:36:54,100 --> 00:36:57,363
Wright and Kaufmann met
and the deal was done.
544
00:37:02,164 --> 00:37:04,640
The story of the origins
of Kaufmann's new house
545
00:37:04,640 --> 00:37:06,840
has the quality of a legend.
546
00:37:06,840 --> 00:37:08,720
Frank Lloyd Wright visited
547
00:37:08,720 --> 00:37:10,900
and surveyed this very challenging site
548
00:37:10,900 --> 00:37:13,470
and he'd had detailed maps of it drawn up.
549
00:37:13,470 --> 00:37:17,103
But afterwards, months passed
with no sign of progress.
550
00:37:19,700 --> 00:37:22,943
Then, at Taliesin one day, the phone rang.
551
00:37:24,030 --> 00:37:25,973
Mr Kaufmann was in the area.
552
00:37:27,070 --> 00:37:29,240
Could he call by and look at Frank's plans
553
00:37:29,240 --> 00:37:30,290
for the new building?
554
00:37:31,460 --> 00:37:36,460
Wright sat down in his drafting
room, and in just two hours,
555
00:37:36,880 --> 00:37:38,963
set down an astonishing vision.
556
00:37:46,850 --> 00:37:49,120
What he had designed has been called
557
00:37:49,120 --> 00:37:51,573
the greatest house of the 20th century.
558
00:37:52,710 --> 00:37:53,693
Fallingwater.
559
00:37:58,640 --> 00:38:01,290
80 years on from its construction,
560
00:38:01,290 --> 00:38:03,740
it still takes your breath away,
561
00:38:03,740 --> 00:38:06,933
looking fantastically
modern and yet timeless.
562
00:38:20,710 --> 00:38:23,390
This really is a phenomenal sight.
563
00:38:23,390 --> 00:38:25,590
I've been looking at buildings
for a very long time now
564
00:38:25,590 --> 00:38:28,523
and I've not seen anything
quite as thrilling as this.
565
00:38:32,920 --> 00:38:33,970
- Fallingwater.
566
00:38:33,970 --> 00:38:36,273
That's the one quintessential
building, to me.
567
00:38:37,510 --> 00:38:40,980
It's the way it's
situated in its landscape,
568
00:38:40,980 --> 00:38:43,620
the way it occupies a space
569
00:38:43,620 --> 00:38:45,820
which is much bigger
than its physical size.
570
00:38:46,920 --> 00:38:50,683
In our minds it's a vast city
of horizontals and verticals.
571
00:38:52,710 --> 00:38:55,273
In that one building, he
created modern architecture.
572
00:39:03,690 --> 00:39:06,120
- Now the fundamental
call that Wright made
573
00:39:06,120 --> 00:39:08,360
was also the most daring.
574
00:39:08,360 --> 00:39:09,730
Edgar Kaufmann had expected
575
00:39:09,730 --> 00:39:11,030
that his new house would be sited
576
00:39:11,030 --> 00:39:14,420
somewhere around here looking
back at the waterfall.
577
00:39:14,420 --> 00:39:17,320
Nobody anticipated that
Wright would site the building
578
00:39:17,320 --> 00:39:19,680
directly on top of the fall itself.
579
00:39:19,680 --> 00:39:22,400
And yet that one inspired decision
580
00:39:22,400 --> 00:39:25,890
led directly to this
extraordinary, floating,
581
00:39:25,890 --> 00:39:28,143
almost dreamlike building
that we see today.
582
00:39:32,860 --> 00:39:35,960
The huge slab of rock
from which the water drops
583
00:39:35,960 --> 00:39:37,250
was echoed by Wright
584
00:39:37,250 --> 00:39:40,823
in Fallingwater's extraordinary
projecting terraces.
585
00:39:43,720 --> 00:39:46,823
The effect is to harmonize
the building with its setting.
586
00:39:48,100 --> 00:39:50,093
Something conspicuously man-made,
587
00:39:51,000 --> 00:39:53,166
yet in sympathy with nature.
588
00:39:53,166 --> 00:39:56,583
(light orchestral music)
589
00:39:59,070 --> 00:40:02,266
Inside too, every detail of Fallingwater
590
00:40:02,266 --> 00:40:05,593
responds to the natural
world in which it is set.
591
00:40:07,990 --> 00:40:09,340
The floor is polished stone
592
00:40:10,200 --> 00:40:13,160
and evokes the rippled
surface of the river below
593
00:40:13,160 --> 00:40:15,083
just before it goes over the falls.
594
00:40:19,580 --> 00:40:23,550
The long lines of windows
lift you into the tree tops,
595
00:40:23,550 --> 00:40:27,880
while the vibrant chairs and
rugs are like birds or flowers,
596
00:40:27,880 --> 00:40:30,393
bright splashes of color
in the deep canopy.
597
00:40:37,365 --> 00:40:40,420
There's a wonderful
feeling of security here,
598
00:40:40,420 --> 00:40:42,883
of being in a shelter in the wild.
599
00:40:48,100 --> 00:40:50,350
There's even room at Fallingwater
600
00:40:50,350 --> 00:40:52,813
for a staircase that leads nowhere.
601
00:40:54,370 --> 00:40:59,173
Just down to the water where
you can stand and contemplate.
602
00:41:00,908 --> 00:41:04,325
(light orchestral music)
603
00:41:15,400 --> 00:41:19,560
After barren years, Fallingwater
was Frank Lloyd Wright's
604
00:41:19,560 --> 00:41:21,513
most spectacular success,
605
00:41:22,470 --> 00:41:26,303
and a vindication of his lifelong
architectural philosophy.
606
00:41:29,050 --> 00:41:31,560
No other building of Wright's
more clearly expresses
607
00:41:31,560 --> 00:41:34,870
his personal idea of organic design.
608
00:41:34,870 --> 00:41:37,600
The waterfall on its own
was undoubtedly beautiful,
609
00:41:37,600 --> 00:41:40,090
but it's enhanced by
this vision of a building
610
00:41:40,090 --> 00:41:42,610
that seems to have grown
out of the rocks and trees
611
00:41:42,610 --> 00:41:44,983
while still pushing
technology to its limits.
612
00:41:46,820 --> 00:41:50,210
Very few buildings anywhere
from any time in history
613
00:41:50,210 --> 00:41:53,386
express an uplifting idea of
humanity's place in the world
614
00:41:53,386 --> 00:41:54,493
like this one does.
615
00:42:11,215 --> 00:42:14,215
(upbeat jazz music)
616
00:42:15,920 --> 00:42:18,320
While Fallingwater was being built,
617
00:42:18,320 --> 00:42:20,010
work was progressing rapidly
618
00:42:20,010 --> 00:42:21,823
on a second breakthrough project.
619
00:42:26,660 --> 00:42:29,230
The site could hardly
have been more different.
620
00:42:29,230 --> 00:42:32,140
A flat industrial lot on the outskirts
621
00:42:32,140 --> 00:42:34,413
of a dull Wisconsin town.
622
00:42:35,530 --> 00:42:38,440
The commission didn't
sound inspiring, either.
623
00:42:38,440 --> 00:42:40,993
An office building for a
cleaning products company.
624
00:42:42,090 --> 00:42:45,693
But, once again, Wright worked his magic.
625
00:42:56,131 --> 00:42:57,510
When you look at it today,
626
00:42:57,510 --> 00:42:59,130
the Johnson Wax building is straight out
627
00:42:59,130 --> 00:43:01,010
of vintage science fiction.
628
00:43:01,010 --> 00:43:02,950
Even on a gray day like this,
629
00:43:02,950 --> 00:43:05,700
it still fills me with a
sense of joyous possibilities.
630
00:43:14,640 --> 00:43:16,670
It's when you step inside, though,
631
00:43:16,670 --> 00:43:20,305
that the genius of the
building fully reveals itself.
632
00:43:20,305 --> 00:43:23,722
(light orchestral music)
633
00:43:26,410 --> 00:43:28,010
Wow, what an awe-inspiring room.
634
00:43:34,159 --> 00:43:37,740
The great workroom of
the SC Johnson building
635
00:43:37,740 --> 00:43:40,090
has been called the greatest room
636
00:43:40,090 --> 00:43:42,033
in all American architecture.
637
00:43:43,160 --> 00:43:44,683
And you can see why.
638
00:43:48,470 --> 00:43:50,780
Wright's answer to the dreary surroundings
639
00:43:50,780 --> 00:43:52,460
was simple enough.
640
00:43:52,460 --> 00:43:53,513
No windows.
641
00:43:55,040 --> 00:43:59,270
Instead, he created an
artificial interior world
642
00:43:59,270 --> 00:44:02,980
that is itself as inspiring and uplifting
643
00:44:02,980 --> 00:44:04,023
as a wild landscape.
644
00:44:07,610 --> 00:44:11,053
Delicate light enters through
patterns of Pyrex tubes,
645
00:44:12,120 --> 00:44:16,773
while huge otherworldly
columns leap up to the skies.
646
00:44:27,290 --> 00:44:30,523
The beauty of Wright's design
was clear for all to see.
647
00:44:31,450 --> 00:44:33,560
But back in the 1930s,
648
00:44:33,560 --> 00:44:36,780
the technical challenge of
turning vision into reality
649
00:44:36,780 --> 00:44:39,483
was making some people distinctly nervous.
650
00:44:41,410 --> 00:44:43,240
These extraordinary
columns were like nothing
651
00:44:43,240 --> 00:44:45,860
the local building control
officers had ever seen,
652
00:44:45,860 --> 00:44:48,040
and so, before construction could begin,
653
00:44:48,040 --> 00:44:51,450
they insisted on testing
one under a full load.
654
00:44:51,450 --> 00:44:54,530
Wright, as confident a
showman as he was an engineer,
655
00:44:54,530 --> 00:44:57,693
was happy to oblige, and
to invite the press along.
656
00:45:01,930 --> 00:45:05,123
Six tons of sandbags were
loaded onto the column.
657
00:45:06,220 --> 00:45:07,683
The officials were satisfied.
658
00:45:09,310 --> 00:45:12,153
But Frank Lloyd Wright
had a point to prove.
659
00:45:13,240 --> 00:45:16,250
Ten tons went on, then 20.
660
00:45:16,250 --> 00:45:17,883
And finally, 60 tons.
661
00:45:20,600 --> 00:45:24,160
Wright strode up to the column, kicked it,
662
00:45:24,160 --> 00:45:25,313
hit it with his cane.
663
00:45:27,230 --> 00:45:29,710
It was only when the wooden
props holding the column upright
664
00:45:29,710 --> 00:45:32,933
were removed that it finally crashed down.
665
00:45:37,370 --> 00:45:39,140
There was so much weight on it
666
00:45:39,140 --> 00:45:42,513
that a sewer 20 feet
underground fractured.
667
00:45:43,573 --> 00:45:46,960
(light orchestral music)
668
00:45:46,960 --> 00:45:49,900
The strength and ingenuity
of Wright's columns
669
00:45:49,900 --> 00:45:53,143
allowed him to create a
vast cathedral-like room.
670
00:45:55,241 --> 00:45:58,430
It embodied his lifelong Unitarian belief
671
00:45:58,430 --> 00:46:00,250
in the sanctity of nature
672
00:46:00,250 --> 00:46:01,963
and the sanctity of work.
673
00:46:08,660 --> 00:46:11,490
- It's called the great
workroom for a good reason,
674
00:46:11,490 --> 00:46:12,963
it's a great place to work.
675
00:46:13,940 --> 00:46:14,900
When you're working here,
676
00:46:14,900 --> 00:46:17,263
it's like working in a glade of trees.
677
00:46:23,670 --> 00:46:26,110
With the sun streaming down
through the glass tubing
678
00:46:26,110 --> 00:46:27,230
in the ceiling,
679
00:46:27,230 --> 00:46:29,600
and creating these wonderful vistas
680
00:46:29,600 --> 00:46:32,160
of a sense of outdoorness.
681
00:46:32,160 --> 00:46:33,983
It's an incredible place to work.
682
00:46:38,018 --> 00:46:41,800
(light orchestral music)
683
00:46:41,800 --> 00:46:43,010
- The twin triumphs
684
00:46:43,010 --> 00:46:46,080
of the Johnson Wax
building and Fallingwater
685
00:46:46,080 --> 00:46:48,710
ushered in a new period of creativity
686
00:46:48,710 --> 00:46:50,333
and success for Wright.
687
00:46:52,860 --> 00:46:56,513
It's been said that American
lives have no second act.
688
00:46:57,360 --> 00:46:59,340
Well, here was one,
689
00:46:59,340 --> 00:47:01,823
perhaps bigger and bolder than the first.
690
00:47:14,810 --> 00:47:18,150
By now, Frank Lloyd
Wright was 70 years old
691
00:47:18,150 --> 00:47:19,323
and life was good.
692
00:47:20,530 --> 00:47:22,940
His home was still Taliesin,
693
00:47:22,940 --> 00:47:26,020
now standing proud once
more in the Wisconsin Valley
694
00:47:26,020 --> 00:47:26,913
of his childhood.
695
00:47:28,610 --> 00:47:30,410
He was happily married to Olgivanna,
696
00:47:31,540 --> 00:47:34,320
but there was one thing
about life at Taliesin
697
00:47:34,320 --> 00:47:35,967
that she could no longer bear.
698
00:47:35,967 --> 00:47:38,290
(wind howling)
699
00:47:38,290 --> 00:47:41,820
The long frozen winters
when temperatures plummeted
700
00:47:41,820 --> 00:47:45,823
to minus 20 and snow
settled for months on end.
701
00:47:48,779 --> 00:47:50,670
(upbeat jazz music)
702
00:47:50,670 --> 00:47:55,670
And so, in 1937, a convoy
set off from Taliesin
703
00:47:55,720 --> 00:47:57,153
in the depths of December.
704
00:47:59,540 --> 00:48:01,860
The cars were packed with provisions,
705
00:48:01,860 --> 00:48:03,610
the tools of the trade,
706
00:48:03,610 --> 00:48:05,763
and the entire Taliesin Fellowship.
707
00:48:07,500 --> 00:48:12,203
From now on, winter would be
spent at a new home in the sun.
708
00:48:22,750 --> 00:48:26,280
The parched Arizona desert was
the most extreme environment
709
00:48:26,280 --> 00:48:28,380
that Frank Lloyd Wright had ever built in.
710
00:48:29,700 --> 00:48:32,510
It would test his philosophy
of organic architecture
711
00:48:32,510 --> 00:48:33,670
to the limit
712
00:48:33,670 --> 00:48:36,883
and result in a kind of
building never seen before.
713
00:48:53,490 --> 00:48:57,360
Taliesin West is such a
unique and beautiful place.
714
00:48:57,360 --> 00:49:00,540
It was designed and
constructed over seven years,
715
00:49:00,540 --> 00:49:02,930
and it was loosely based on a diagram
716
00:49:02,930 --> 00:49:04,790
that connects the various
angles of the building
717
00:49:04,790 --> 00:49:07,960
to geological features
and to prominent hilltops
718
00:49:07,960 --> 00:49:08,793
on the horizon.
719
00:49:09,840 --> 00:49:12,733
It's like a piece of
free-form architectural jazz.
720
00:49:22,310 --> 00:49:24,960
Taliesin West was constructed entirely
721
00:49:24,960 --> 00:49:27,150
by members of the Fellowship.
722
00:49:27,150 --> 00:49:29,780
Building supplies were hard
to come by in the desert,
723
00:49:29,780 --> 00:49:33,020
so Wright improvised,
turning to the boulders
724
00:49:33,020 --> 00:49:34,170
that littered the site.
725
00:49:38,220 --> 00:49:39,870
I love this material.
726
00:49:39,870 --> 00:49:41,693
Wright called it desert masonry.
727
00:49:42,530 --> 00:49:45,010
And I bet that anyone who
studied here during those years
728
00:49:45,010 --> 00:49:47,820
could take me straight to
their section of the wall,
729
00:49:47,820 --> 00:49:49,550
and that they would
recognize their own boulders,
730
00:49:49,550 --> 00:49:51,653
almost as if they were personal friends.
731
00:49:56,550 --> 00:49:59,070
The massive walls of Taliesin West
732
00:49:59,070 --> 00:50:02,483
seemed to grow out of
the desert floor itself.
733
00:50:03,450 --> 00:50:06,263
But on top of them, Wright placed canvas.
734
00:50:07,210 --> 00:50:10,940
It was so delicate, it had
to be replaced each year,
735
00:50:10,940 --> 00:50:13,785
as if pioneers were making camp.
736
00:50:13,785 --> 00:50:17,202
(light orchestral music)
737
00:50:18,660 --> 00:50:22,310
Inside and outside were
never more happily merged.
738
00:50:22,310 --> 00:50:24,540
It was a kind of natural air conditioning,
739
00:50:24,540 --> 00:50:26,100
a building that worked
with its environment
740
00:50:26,100 --> 00:50:27,083
and not against it.
741
00:50:28,246 --> 00:50:30,160
It was actually green architecture
742
00:50:30,160 --> 00:50:31,760
before that phrase even existed.
743
00:50:38,330 --> 00:50:41,220
The open, airy world of Taliesin West
744
00:50:41,220 --> 00:50:45,313
created a relaxed, communal
way of living and working.
745
00:50:50,610 --> 00:50:52,100
Today, it's home
746
00:50:52,100 --> 00:50:54,793
to the Frank Lloyd Wright
School of Architecture,
747
00:50:55,700 --> 00:50:59,403
a place where students still
work and live together.
748
00:51:00,540 --> 00:51:03,623
The allure of Frank Lloyd Wright lives on.
749
00:51:06,870 --> 00:51:09,230
- When you see the level of freedom
750
00:51:09,230 --> 00:51:10,610
and experimentation they had,
751
00:51:10,610 --> 00:51:15,500
that it was not concerned
with a particular style
752
00:51:15,500 --> 00:51:17,450
or keeping things as they are,
753
00:51:17,450 --> 00:51:19,020
but actually into challenging
754
00:51:19,020 --> 00:51:20,990
and questioning what architecture means.
755
00:51:20,990 --> 00:51:24,630
And I think that's what
we really can take away
756
00:51:24,630 --> 00:51:29,073
from the experience of
being in his legacy.
757
00:51:52,280 --> 00:51:53,830
- The years passed
758
00:51:53,830 --> 00:51:56,453
and Frank Lloyd Wright
approached the age of 90.
759
00:51:57,452 --> 00:51:59,060
(light orchestral music)
760
00:51:59,060 --> 00:52:02,890
He was now the grand old man
of American architecture,
761
00:52:02,890 --> 00:52:05,720
lauded by his peers at home and abroad,
762
00:52:05,720 --> 00:52:09,003
interviewed on television,
a household name.
763
00:52:10,340 --> 00:52:14,427
- I understand that last week,
in all seriousness, you said,
764
00:52:14,427 --> 00:52:16,157
"If I had another 15 years to work,
765
00:52:16,157 --> 00:52:18,217
"I can rebuild this entire country,
766
00:52:18,217 --> 00:52:19,920
"I could change the nation."
767
00:52:19,920 --> 00:52:21,173
- I did say that,
768
00:52:22,040 --> 00:52:23,153
and it's true.
769
00:52:24,740 --> 00:52:27,210
- He continued to work tirelessly,
770
00:52:27,210 --> 00:52:29,223
designing a Unitarian church,
771
00:52:31,030 --> 00:52:32,083
a skyscraper,
772
00:52:33,860 --> 00:52:34,723
a synagogue,
773
00:52:36,220 --> 00:52:38,793
and, as ever, houses.
774
00:52:40,760 --> 00:52:44,177
(light orchestral music)
775
00:52:51,210 --> 00:52:55,590
But in the self-proclaimed
capital of American architecture,
776
00:52:55,590 --> 00:52:57,323
he had failed to make any mark.
777
00:52:59,730 --> 00:53:01,610
With his final masterpiece,
778
00:53:01,610 --> 00:53:04,093
Frank Lloyd Wright would change all that.
779
00:53:17,240 --> 00:53:19,800
- There is a wonderful
picture of him six months
780
00:53:19,800 --> 00:53:23,260
before he died on top of
the Guggenheim Museum,
781
00:53:23,260 --> 00:53:25,773
and he's looking on top of the world.
782
00:53:26,610 --> 00:53:29,303
I think that's a very
apt metaphor for him.
783
00:53:30,810 --> 00:53:34,787
I think Frank was having
a lot of fun saying,
784
00:53:34,787 --> 00:53:37,516
"Here it is, take it
or leave it," you know?
785
00:53:37,516 --> 00:53:38,647
(laughing)
786
00:53:38,647 --> 00:53:41,437
"I'm the boss here, this
is what I'm giving you."
787
00:53:45,840 --> 00:53:48,500
- The evolution of the
Guggenheim is fascinating,
788
00:53:48,500 --> 00:53:51,750
and it's a great illustration
of how Wright worked.
789
00:53:51,750 --> 00:53:54,350
So much in his late
career was there in embryo
790
00:53:54,350 --> 00:53:56,130
in his early days,
791
00:53:56,130 --> 00:53:59,353
but his philosophy and his
imagination never changed course.
792
00:54:01,890 --> 00:54:05,210
Here he turned to an old, unbuilt design
793
00:54:05,210 --> 00:54:07,673
that featured a ramp for cars to drive up.
794
00:54:08,610 --> 00:54:11,550
First, he turned it upside down,
795
00:54:11,550 --> 00:54:14,313
so that the building was wider at the top.
796
00:54:15,430 --> 00:54:18,070
Then, he turned it inside out,
797
00:54:18,070 --> 00:54:20,253
putting the ramp on the interior.
798
00:54:22,070 --> 00:54:25,050
The result became one of
the most famous buildings
799
00:54:25,050 --> 00:54:25,883
in the world.
800
00:54:27,984 --> 00:54:30,984
(upbeat jazz music)
801
00:54:38,140 --> 00:54:41,100
The Guggenheim Art Museum
was Frank Lloyd Wright's
802
00:54:41,100 --> 00:54:43,550
poke in the eye for New York City,
803
00:54:43,550 --> 00:54:46,633
and the people he called
the Glass Box Boys,
804
00:54:47,730 --> 00:54:49,980
the modernist architects and critics
805
00:54:49,980 --> 00:54:51,683
who had no time for his work.
806
00:54:53,660 --> 00:54:56,620
Into their landscape of
soaring vertical lines,
807
00:54:56,620 --> 00:55:00,120
glass, and right angles,
he smuggled a low,
808
00:55:00,120 --> 00:55:04,360
curvaceous newcomer,
and it stole the show.
809
00:55:14,490 --> 00:55:17,940
Inside, the Guggenheim was
the logical culmination
810
00:55:17,940 --> 00:55:21,530
of Wright's lifelong
desire to open up interiors
811
00:55:21,530 --> 00:55:23,903
and create a free flow of space.
812
00:55:25,440 --> 00:55:30,440
It's a building with just one
room and one path to follow.
813
00:55:31,940 --> 00:55:33,730
Some people prefer to start at the top.
814
00:55:33,730 --> 00:55:36,930
Others, like me, would
rather begin at the bottom.
815
00:55:36,930 --> 00:55:38,500
But once you're on your way,
816
00:55:38,500 --> 00:55:41,200
Frank Lloyd Wright is leading
you every step you take.
817
00:55:45,470 --> 00:55:47,320
In traditional museums,
818
00:55:47,320 --> 00:55:50,170
you're sometimes not
sure where you're going,
819
00:55:50,170 --> 00:55:51,710
whether you missed a room,
820
00:55:51,710 --> 00:55:53,240
or if there might be better art
821
00:55:53,240 --> 00:55:54,943
hiding just around the corner.
822
00:55:56,270 --> 00:55:58,370
Here, everything is open.
823
00:55:58,370 --> 00:56:01,230
You can see where you're
going, how far you have to go,
824
00:56:01,230 --> 00:56:03,040
and the artworks that await you.
825
00:56:03,040 --> 00:56:05,890
You're drawn naturally up the path.
826
00:56:05,890 --> 00:56:09,130
And after looking closely at
the painting in front of you,
827
00:56:09,130 --> 00:56:12,150
you can turn away and
relax to an open vista,
828
00:56:12,150 --> 00:56:13,630
the movement of people,
829
00:56:13,630 --> 00:56:15,633
and glimpses of artworks on the walls.
830
00:56:16,960 --> 00:56:18,970
You're not just looking at art,
831
00:56:18,970 --> 00:56:22,321
you're getting a lesson in
the act of looking at art.
832
00:56:22,321 --> 00:56:25,238
(light jazz music)
833
00:56:30,180 --> 00:56:32,810
Back in the 1950s, however,
834
00:56:32,810 --> 00:56:34,930
many people thought that Wright's design
835
00:56:34,930 --> 00:56:36,760
for a circular art museum
836
00:56:36,760 --> 00:56:38,473
was little short of madness.
837
00:56:40,240 --> 00:56:42,470
The sloping walls, they said,
838
00:56:42,470 --> 00:56:44,943
would mean that paintings
leaned backwards.
839
00:56:46,890 --> 00:56:50,363
The windows would allow in
too much or too little light.
840
00:56:52,750 --> 00:56:55,330
And as for Wright's choice of color,
841
00:56:55,330 --> 00:56:57,153
that was better not mentioned.
842
00:57:00,880 --> 00:57:03,000
In the end, that un-Wright-ian thing,
843
00:57:03,000 --> 00:57:05,060
a compromise, was reached.
844
00:57:05,060 --> 00:57:06,610
The color was off-white,
845
00:57:06,610 --> 00:57:09,550
the paintings were fixed
on brackets off the wall,
846
00:57:09,550 --> 00:57:11,850
and daylight was mixed
with fluorescent light.
847
00:57:23,579 --> 00:57:25,970
- I'd say I like the building more
848
00:57:25,970 --> 00:57:29,373
because I don't really try
and fight it any longer.
849
00:57:31,090 --> 00:57:33,207
What we like to say to one another is,
850
00:57:33,207 --> 00:57:35,657
"We're a circle in a world of squares."
851
00:57:37,933 --> 00:57:40,490
It was a bloody expensive building,
852
00:57:40,490 --> 00:57:44,870
but you see the unbelievable
joy and astonishment,
853
00:57:44,870 --> 00:57:47,300
particularly first-time visitors,
854
00:57:47,300 --> 00:57:51,246
and that doesn't come through
so often in today's world.
855
00:57:51,246 --> 00:57:54,663
(light orchestral music)
856
00:58:02,440 --> 00:58:06,600
- Frank Lloyd Wright died in April 1959,
857
00:58:06,600 --> 00:58:09,413
six months before the
Guggenheim Museum opened.
858
00:58:12,210 --> 00:58:15,283
His life had encompassed
a huge swathe of history.
859
00:58:16,580 --> 00:58:19,220
Born in the wake of
the American Civil War,
860
00:58:19,220 --> 00:58:21,020
the son of a pioneer,
861
00:58:21,020 --> 00:58:24,873
he died a television
personality in the Space Age.
862
00:58:28,650 --> 00:58:31,690
He had changed architecture,
not just in America,
863
00:58:31,690 --> 00:58:32,903
but around the world.
864
00:58:34,590 --> 00:58:37,170
Frank Lloyd Wright was laid to rest
865
00:58:37,170 --> 00:58:39,713
in the one place that meant most to him,
866
00:58:40,720 --> 00:58:44,853
the valley of his childhood,
among his ancestors.
64872
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