All language subtitles for The.Farthest.2017.720p.BluRay.x264.[YTS.MX]-English

It was more than a symbol.

This was actually of our own creation.

It is really true that
you can only explore

the solar system for the first time once.

Voyager did that.

How could one be so lucky?

It's a dream and it came true.

50 years from now,

Voyager will be the science project

of the 20th century.

The mission.

The big mission.

We didn't imagine big enough

and it opened our eyes to worlds,

to real worlds.

It was an unworldly
experience to fly through that

small little window of space and time.

It was absolutely astonishing that we

were able to pull that off.

Oh come on now.

We created an artificially
intelligent spacecraft

that we hurled into space.

This may in the long run be

the only evidence that we ever existed.

When you know that about something

you're working on,

you treat it with great respect.

It's taking what you thought you knew

and having it just spun around

and you're in one universe in one moment,

you're in a completely
different universe the next.

When it was
just recently announced

that Voyager One was interstellar space

it was like humanity had just

become an interstellar species.

It was like knocking on eternity's door.

Voyager's on the
other side of the solar system

and it's billions and billions

of miles from the nearest
other human made object.

Just think about the distance

that Voyager's gone

and the years that it's
travelled to get there

and it's still going.

Voyager made it.

Accomplished something no
one dreamed it could do.

Every second
it goes to another place

where we have never been before.

It's all
an escape trajectory.

It's not coming back.

It's just gonna keep
going forever and ever,

out into empty empty space.

Voyager takes the cake.

It's the most audacious mission.

Who'd have thought that
we'd actually be able

to do that in 1977?

We knew a little,

because you can't observe from the earth

with telescopes.

It was big.

No.

Let's see, what did we know?

We knew they were all gas giants.

Mostly made up of hydrogen and helium

and some methane on the outer planets.

We knew that there
were winds on Jupiter,

we knew about the great
red spot on Jupiter,

we knew that there was trapped radiation,

so we knew there was a magnetic field.

We knew for example that Jupiter

that there were four moons.

lo, Europa, Ganymede, and
Callisto going around.

That's what convinced Galileo
that Copernicus was right

and that the Sun is the
centre of the solar system.

Satellites of the outer planets,

we knew that they were there because

we could see them orbiting.

But I think everyone figured they would be

just battered ice balls.

Kind of like the highlands of the moon.

Nothing but impact craters.

That view was so pervasive that they

didn't even think to add any geologists

to the Voyager mission.

For Saturn we knew about the rings

and we knew about the major satellites.

But hardly anything more than that.

And it was all very fuzzy.

Nobody had ever been to the
outer planets to speak of.

Pioneer had gone past Jupiter and Saturn

but they had elementary camera.

It didn't really show very many images.

And instrumentation was not very advanced.

The Pioneer spacecraft were mostly"

"Let's see, can we send something through

"the asteroid belt, would it survive?"

There were so many things
that we take for granted now

we knew nothing about.

And the same was true
for Uranus and Neptune.

They're very far away.

I had been
staring at these planets

through some of the best
telescopes on earth.

And yet, all I could see was fuzzy blobs.

Uranus was a small bluish
green dot in the telescope

and Neptune was an even
smaller bluish dot.

And that's all.

Astronomers had worked
pretty hard to know

what physical makeup was.

There was some basic characteristics.

But their real nature

in terms of weather, in
terms of distribution

of mass inside, what
they were really made of,

what the moons were like.

We had none of that.

Just little glimpses.

There's a
limit to what you can learn

just looking through a
telescope from earth.

There's theory but then there's unknowns.

And we're researching the unknowns.

Human beings
are a curious bunch.

We wanna know what's around the corner.

We have to go past that
next bend in the road.

So it's some sort of innate drive

I think that we have as a species.

I think this innate desire to explore

conveys an evolutionary advantage to us.

We look to improve our circumstances.

And I think that there is a feeling

that our survival as a species

is going to depend on our learning

how to live on other worlds.

It's a very human
thing to ask questions.

It's a very childlike thing

to ask a million questions.

And some of us never grow up.

One of the key things that
made this mission possible

was gravity assist.

That is when you fly by
Jupiter, you turn the corner,

and you take a little bit of Jupiter's

orbital speed with you.

Like a slingshot.

So you better make sure
Saturn's in the right place.

We were very fortunate

that we had an alignment.

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune

would all line up.

It would go Jupiter boom, Saturn boom,

Uranus boom, Neptune boom.

The planets
had to be lined up in

just the right way to allow
one spacecraft to do that.

And that aligning up only occurs rarely.

It only happens like once
every more than 100 years.

175 years, something like that.

Once every 176 years.

The previous time it happened

exploration was wooden sailing ships.

It was named The Outer
Planets Grand Tour,

and the cost of the
mission was estimated to be

in excess of a billion dollars.

The NASA administrator
went to the President,

and he said "The last time the planets

"were lined up like that,

“President Jefferson was
sitting at your desk,

"and he blew it.“

So, Mr. Nixon laughed and
said "All right, just do two.“

So, only two planets.

And of course the price tag consequently

was substantially less.

But we all knew that
the launch was in 1977

which would be after
Mr. Nixon's second term.

And of course it turned out

that his term ended a lot
sooner than even he thought.

Voyager started as a project

in July of 1972.

And we had 11 scientific instruments,

11 different teams.

And the mission success was
one spacecraft past Saturn.

But we knew
right from the get go

that we were going to
try as hard as we could

to extend the mission to
go to Uranus and Neptune.

We selected
trajectories to pick

A target at Saturn that would give us

an assist to Uranus.

And so we designed that
in from the beginning.

We knew that we were endowing Voyager

with the option if the
chance was there to use it.

We didn't want to build
anything into the design

that would have prevented
us from going further.

So it was a mission within a mission.

The Golden Record really is the kind of

heartbeat of the ship itself.

The reason why it's going
there, it's certainly exploring,

but it's the lifeblood is that record.

I remember all the publicity
Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft

where they had some line drawings
of a male and female form.

And some people went absolutely bonkers.

I don't know if you've seen it

but it's the most innocent
thing you can imagine.

It caused a lot of commotion.

Well I thought that was great.

Would you expect someone to
find this record out there?

Is there something out there?

Well nobody knows.

One of the great unsolved
questions is whether

we're alone or we're.

Carl Sagan has become probably the best

known scientist of the late 20th century.

He was a working scientist.

He played a key role in many

of the NASA missions to the planets.

Including the Voyager One.

He's one of the scientists
on the Voyager imaging team.

But he also was the astronomer who was

as much as any one person,

made the study of
extraterrestrial life credible.

The comment by a Thomas Carlisle,

a somewhat crusty old fellow

who upon thinking about
the stars, a sad spectacle.

“If they be inhabited, what
a scope for misery and folly.

“If they be not inhabited,
what a waste of space.“

Carl Sagan was a good friend of mine

and I called him up and
said, "Hey, would you

"be willing to undertake,
to come up with something

"for us to put on the Voyager spacecraft?"

He says "Yes, sure."

And he told me he could
it for 25,000 bucks.

So I authorised him to go ahead and do it

and I sort of was hands off at that point.

The whole creation was his and this group

that he put together.

They figured don't let
this opportunity pass.

You're gonna throw a message
in a bottle into the ocean,

put a message in it.

And so they decided to put
time capsules in those bottles.

And at first Carl thought they'd simply

do another plaque, maybe
with some more information.

But Frank Drake, a brilliant man.

Kind of a cross between Albert Einstein

and Thomas Edison.

Brilliant theoretical
physicist, but also a very

hands on kind of guy who can solve

practical kinds of problems.

He came up with the idea that for

the same amount of weight and space,

you could send a phonograph record.

The people who actually did the science

part of Voyager are always jealous and mad

because the Golden Record
gets more attention

than all the wonderful things they did

exploring the outer planets
of the solar system.

Except Pluto and all that.

But the main attention
goes to the Golden Record.

Because of the aura that
surrounds anything to do

with extraterrestrial intelligent life,

any kind of effort to contact

extraterrestrial life is more fascinating

than knowing the chemical makeup

of a mineral on Mars or something.

The record is
an old-style LP recording.

The only difference is it's on metal,

and that's so it will last a long time.

And it was recorded at half-speed

so that gave us two hours of total time.

An hour and a half of
it was devoted to music

and the other half hour contains

all of the other data on the record,

the natural sounds of
Earth, the spoken greetings,

and the encoded photographs of Earth.

One of the first
questions a lot of people ask

is, well, they'll never
figure out how to play it.

And in fact, we included
a cartridge and stylus

in the package with the record,

and the drawing on the cover

of the record shows the method

by which the stylus is to
be placed on the record.

Maybe what's written on it

will seem like kindergarten
scribbles to them,

but they should be able to figure it out

if they've got some smart minds

or whatever's in their heads,

if they even have heads.

The Voyager launched
at the 100th anniversary

of the development of the
phonograph record by Edison.

And so it was a natural medium to put

the information on.

But what I find interesting is

to protect it from the
dust and tiny particles

of the journey, they put a cover over it.

And on the cover was engraved

the location of earth, our solar system

in terms of it's direction
from different pulsars.

A lot of people would say,
"Well why would you do that?"

I said, "What do you mean?“

They said “Well why would
you announce where you are?"

'Cause there are aliens out there that

probably raid planets
and use them for food,

or eat the people, or make them slaves.

If they find it, their
technology is probably

more advanced than ours.

They'll come here and destroy it.

So why would you do something like that?

So if somebody did find it
they would be thinking that way

and they said, "Why would
these people expose themselves

"to our veracious appetites
or whatever it is.

"They must be very altruistic.“

The chance that advanced intelligence

beyond us would detect "Oh, hey,

"there is a radiating
body coming into our area,

"let's go out and find out
what this bottle in the ocean,

“what message it might have."

Now is that a grand mystery?

Whoa!

Well that brings up the whole question,

is there anybody out there?

Listen,

there are give or take

200 billion stars in the Milky Way Galaxy.

There are about 200 billion
galaxies in the universe.

Or at least in the universe we know about.

It's a pretty small spacecraft

and it's a pretty big universe.

If you take a piece of sky

the size of a soda straw up there

in the Big Dipper,

in that tiny piece of what
we thought was blank sky

was thousands of galaxies.

And each one of those galaxies

is filled with billions of stars.

That's just the soda straw,

and now you imagine the whole sky

filled with thousands upon thousands

upon thousands of galaxies.

Each of which is billions
of billions of stars.

There's a lot of possibility out there.

If you took a grain of
sand and put it on the table,

and if that were the size of the Sun,

then the earth would
be about an inch away.

And it would be microscopic.

And the entire solar
system would fit on a table

six feet across.

Think about the next star.

The next star would be
another grain of sand.

How far away from that solar system

would you have to put that?

And it turns out to be about
seven and a half miles away.

It's absolutely remarkable how much space

there is between the stars
and between the planets.

The distances are almost unfathomable.

These were the fastest spacecraft

that had ever been built
and launched and flown,

and they're travelling

at 10 miles per second.

You wouldn't even see it, right?

And yet, even at those

unfathomable by Earth standard speeds,

it takes decades,

decades to get out there
into the outer solar system.

We don't have any problem putting

the spacecraft through the Asteroid Belt

and yet at one time people think god

that you were gonna
crash into an asteroid.

There's not very much chance
of crashing into an asteroid.

It's just a lot of room out there.

A lot of room.

If you wanna realise
how empty our galaxy is,

the nearest galaxy to
our own is Andromeda,

it's about two million light years away.

It's on a collision
course with us right now.

And in five billion years

that galaxy's going to
collide with our own.

And you might say, oh, no, oh, no,

but it turns out,

space is, even in our galaxy,
it's mostly empty space.

When our two galaxies collide,

almost no stars will hit any other star.

It's mostly empty space.

So Voyager is likely
to continue throughout

our galaxy for potentially millions

or maybe even billions of
years without a collision.

I have a hard time with really
long geological timeframes.

You just can't get your hands around how

10s of millions of years,
what that really means.

And distances, astronomical distances.

Yeah, once you start getting
into the astronomical scales,

our solar system is pretty tiny,

and so this adventure of Voyager

which seems so remote and distant

for this little spacecraft to go out

to the giant planets is
really just exploring

the tiniest closest neighbourhood

when you start thinking
about cosmic scales.

The spacecraft were built

at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

It's a federal research centre

that's part of Cal-Tech
and they build spacecraft.

One of the things I just admire most

about the engineers who built Voyager

is that they're always thinking about

the most improbable things happening.

You know, you want to take those people

on a camping trip with you

because they will think of.

Well, you've got to bring,

what if these bugs come out,

what if the tent gets flooded,

what if you run out of gas,

what if you can't start
the fire, you know.

They're the what if people.

And when you're sending
something out into space

you can't go do a service call,

you can't bring it back,

so your what if list

had better be like that long

or you're not going to be able to survive.

These projects begin

with a conceptualization period.

How feasible is it for
us to do thus and so?

We didn't know what the
spacecraft was gonna look like.

How do we arrange a spacecraft?

How do we take the communications system,

this large 12-foot diameter fixed antenna,

and arrange it relative
to the propulsion system?

The spacecraft took on the
dimension of being a child,

and our design teams, you know,
were like kind of parents.

This was actually a nurturing process.

Bringing that child,

if you will, into reality.

All spacecraft were made
basically of the same things.

Silicon and aluminium, that's about it.

You know, that's probably 95% of it.

Silicon and aluminium is cheap

until you start making
stuff out if it, you know.

The spacecraft of
course is quite primitive

by modern day standards.

We have three computers on board.

Their total memory is about,

240,000 times less than
in your smartphone.

1972 was when you had
the technology freeze.

Remember we launched in 77.

So you freeze technology
several years earlier,

and at the time the biggest
computers in the world

were comparable to the kinds of things

we have in our pockets today.

And I'm not talking about a cell phone.

I'm actually talking about a key fob.

What's wrong with 70s technology?

I mean, you're looking at me,
I'm a 30s technology, right?

I don't apologise for the limitations

that we were working with at the time.

We milked the technology for
what we could get from it.

Voyager is about 800 kilogrammes.

It's main antenna is 12 feet in diameter,

which was the largest we could launch.

There's this body,

this 10 sided can called the bus,

and that's got all the
electronics and the computers.

And that's got these arms and

these appendages that stick out.

It has these feet that
connected it to the rocket

and then a really long arm

with a magnetic field
sensor on it over here

and another arm over there with
this plutonium power supply

to give it its electricity.

You can't keep that too
close to the spacecraft

because it will radiate the spacecraft.

And another arm with this device

that had the cameras and
other instruments on it

that could point around,
kind of like the eyes,

adn the big antenna was the ears.

When everything is fully extended

to its greatest dimensions,

it's comparable in size to
sort of a small school bus.

It really is graceful,

despite the kind of gangly appearance.

A strange-looking being for our planet,

but perfectly happy in space.

I became the producer of
only one record in my career,

and only two copies of it were made,

and they were both hurled off the earth,

so I don't know if that's
a credential or not.

The launch window for Voyager was set.

It had to do with an alignment
of the outer planets.

You have to launch in that window.

And they sure as hell weren't
going to wait for the record.

We had six weeks to do it.

And when I talk about the record

I think that's what always
draws the biggest gasp.

That you had to figure out a way

to explain the world to aliens,

and by the way it has to
be finished in six weeks.

We had two goals in
making the Voyager record,

in terms of the music.

The first was we wanted
the music to represent

many different cultures around the world

and not just the culture of the society

that had built and
launched the spacecraft.

The other criterion was we

wanted it to be a good record.

It's a very
idiosyncratic message.

It doesn't seem like
something made by a committee.

It's too quirky.

Nowadays you work a lot on the internet

than those days, it was more,

sitting in the dark
listening to pieces of music,

making notes.

It takes a long time to go through

a stack of records that's that high.

If you listen to the Voyager record,

it would be remarkable if you

didn't hear some pieces of music

that were quite unlike anything

you had heard before.

The Japanese shakuhachi piece

or the 16 year-old pygmy girl singing

what's called an initiation song,

a kind of puberty song,

In the Ituri forest of Africa

is just unbelievably beautiful.

The Javanese gamelan
piece is just beautiful.

The Chinese ch'in piece
was the sort of thing

that will never leave you.

It was a terrific mind
expanding adventure.

There was a certain amount of hunting up

rare records here and there.

I remember the back of an Indian

appliance store in New York

where they had some Indian records,

and there was one copy of a raga

that we ended up putting on the record.

Always the criterion was that we were

trying to describe our culture.

So it would include folk
music, and primitive music

and Bach and Beethoven,
and jazz, and all of that.

And something we wanted very much

was the music of the Beatles.

And they said “No way."

And we said “Well this is
all going in outer space,

"it will never be heard on earth.

"No we don't do it.“

They don't licence for outer space.

I would have loved to
have had a Bob Dylan piece

but really there's only room

for at most one contemporary rock piece.

But you know you're up against

Chuck Berry's Johnny B. Geode,

which Bob Dylan himself would

admit is an awfully good single.

It may be just four simple words

but it is the first positive proof

that other intelligent
beings inhabit the universe.

What are the four words Cocuwa?

Send more Chuck Berry.

The world is full of fantastic music,

and it goes without saying

there's a lot more great music

that's not on the Voyager record

than there is on it.

Which is a good thing, too,

I mean, if you imagine living on a planet

that was so pathetic that
it only had 90 minutes

of decent music.

Flight
control to launch enable.

Roger.

A countdown
will begin in 10 minutes

before midnight tonight.

A journey about to begin

which will take the technology of earth

out of our solar system.

When it was launched, it
was of course all folded up,

it was like origami.

Here was this almost

unexpected encapsulation.

I mean, we knew that we were

going to be encapsulated,

but the emotional effect on that

was kind of surprising.

I noticed that in just looking around me.

I realised that this was
the last time any of us

were going to see the
spacecraft with eyes.

That's a fairly moving experience.

Environmental control, ready?

Roger.

We actually launched Voyager Two first.

And this gave the media,

drove them nuts.

We launched Voyager One later,

but it was launched on
a faster trajectory.

So it overtook Voyager
Two in December of 1977.

From that point on, Voyager One

always got to the planet
before Voyager Two,

and the press was happy,
they understood it.

Most of the press release drawings

show the other side of the spacecraft

so you can't see the Voyager record.

But when the reporters came to the launch,

they all wanted to know
more about the record.

There was always a lot of
ambiguity in NASA about this.

There's no question that the
Voyager record is useless

from a scientific standpoint,

and the officials reluctantly
arranged a press conference.

The press conference was a joke really.

It was held in a hotel room

separated by one of those

accordion folding barriers that you pull

across to make one room
into two smaller rooms.

From what was literally,
as memory serves me,

a Polish wedding reception.

We did the whole press conference

with the oompah sound of

a wedding reception next door.

But I think the public seemed to get it.

We have just had a report

from John Casani, the
Voyager Project Manager

that we'll be able to countdown at 10:25.

They were launched
on a Titan launch vehicle.

Which were intercontinental
ballistic missiles

for a long time.

And some of them as
they were decommissioned

were turned into rockets
to launch spacecraft

out to the planets.

Five, four,

three, two, one.

We have ignition, and we have liftoff.

You see those solids ignite

and you're really not prepared

for what's about to occur.

The sound waves then catch up

and then this

forceful shaking, the
body is actually moved

in resonance with this energy.

Shaking it, right.

We jumped up and down.

Big hugs you know.

We're so happy to have
gotten away with it.

And the rocket worked.

You never know about that either.

We were sitting in bleachers

and they keep you pretty
far from the launch vehicle

because they can explode, and

it's basically, it's a big bomb.

So there was a little bit
of holding your breath and

wanting to make sure you see it,

get that first little motion

off the pad starting into space.

We saw that going off into space,

we were all thinking this thought.

There it goes

and it's gonna be out
there to represent us

for the next five billion years.

I was a seven year
old child watching it go

and thinking like “Oh
I had some small thing

"to do on that."

Like there's some part of me on that.

But no real significance.

But it was like, yeah okay, bye.

There were outbursts of joy.

We were on our way.

And then we launched it

and then other things went crazy.

The spacecraft began to do things

that we had no expectation
that it would have done.

Us poor people on Earth,

we're like "What is it doing?"

And as the launch vehicle
leaves the launchpad,

it has to roll through a certain angle

to get to the right
direction for departure.

And the rate that it rolls
at is a much higher rate

than the spacecraft would ever
normally experience flying.

And so the gyro hits the stops.

It saturates.

Voyager was not in control of itself.

It's just riding this big rocket,

and that was shaking it in such a way

that it thought it was failing,

and so it started switching
off various boxes,

changing to the back-up this,

to the back-up that.

Trying to figure out why all
this stuff was happening.

For a couple of days
it was a real nail-biter.

People were asking us,

"Have you lost the spacecraft"

and we would say "We don't know for sure,"

because we didn't know for sure.

And the headline read “Mutiny in Space...

The Voyager spacecraft had decided

it just didn't want to
follow the instructions

that its human controllers were giving it

and it was going to do
what it wanted to do.

Fortunately, the person
who had written that code

was able to say "This is okay.

"It's doing this, it tried that,

“it's doing this, it tried that,"

and calm everyone else down.

All the time it
was doing that crazy stuff

it was doing exactly what we had

designed it to do along.

The limits were set simply too tight.

It needed to be able

to wiggle more and vibrate more.

And the telemetry length wasn't gonna

be a solid as people expected.

So all of those things

that had caused issues with Voyager Two

then were solved for Voyager One.

Titan Centaur 6

has lifted off at 8:56 from here

at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.

When Voyager One lifted off,

we're thinking everything's okay.

And then we begin to hear this,

we call it chatter over
the launch vehicle net

that something wasn't right.

I looked over at him and he looked like

he was a little worried.

And I said "What's the matter, Charley?"

And he says "I don't know,

"I don't think we're going
to make it, you know."

There was a leak in the propellant line,

and we were losing propellant overboard.

So while it was burning,

propellant was escaping
from the launch vehicle.

And that's why second stage never got

to deliver its full thrust

because it ran out of fuel.

And so the upper which was a Centaur,

liquid, hydrogen, and oxygen stage

had to make up for that.

And the Centaur is the stage

that's doing the guidance.

So the Centaur knows
that it's not reaching

the required velocity.

And when it separates
from the second stage

it knows it has to burn longer

to add more velocity.

The Centaur, to achieve parking orbit,

had to use 1,200 pounds
of extra propellant.

Now we're all thinking,

is it going to have
enough left in the tanks

to make a normal injection?

Or is it going to run out of fuel?

Fortunately, it had
three and a half seconds

of thrusting left before it
had run to fuel depletion.

Three and a half seconds,

so Voyager One just barely made it.

It wouldn't have gotten enough velocity

to get to Jupiter, you know.

So instead of getting
to Jupiter, you know,

we'd have gotten almost to Jupiter

and then we'd come back toward the Sun,

which would not have been good.

And then of course, you know,

there's the thought that
it's out of our hands.

Now the major reason for this

mission was about to unfold,

that is the science.

But our role

as keepers,

as progenitors,

our role had been finished.

That was moving.

It's what realising
that a human life ago,

less than 100 years ago, 87 years ago,

the universe consisted of one galaxy,

our Milky Way Galaxy.

In a static eternal universe
with eternal empty space.

We didn't know about the
other hundred billion galaxies

a single human lifetime ago.

And we didn't know the
universe was expanding

and it was born in a big
bang 13.7 billion years ago.

But even stranger things like

the things I work on.

The fact that most of the mass
of our galaxies invisible.

It's made of stuff other than you or me.

We think it's made of some
new elementary particle

that is actually going right through you

and me right now and
right through the earth

without even noticing it was there.

Even stranger than that is the fact

that empty space weighs something.

You get rid of all the
particles and the radiation,

you have nothing there
and it weighs something.

And moreover, it's the
dominant energy in the universe

and we don't have the slightest
idea why it's there.

You can never imagine.

You can try, but you
can never really imagine

what mother nature will actually

have in store

when you get there.

It seems like time really flew.

I don't think we really
fully understood

before the first Jupiter encounter,

just how intense it was going to be.

No, we didn't.

We found out.

It's an interesting phenomena that you

start working on a mission in 1972,

you launch in 1977.

All of that, there's no science.

It's all getting ready.

And then March 79, the flood.

The encounters,
they creep up on you.

We started what we call
the observatory phase

with our long telephoto camera,

and that's when we
started seeing day by day

larger and larger Jupiter.

When we were
approaching, every picture

was the greatest picture
ever taken of Jupiter.

In the beginning,
it would be just a little dot

getting bigger on the screen every day.

And as we would get closer and closer,

the images became more dramatic.

Incredibly
strange, and beautiful,

and now by Voyager revealed
in all of it's splendour.

We were trying to get as much

detail as possible.

So a narrow angle camera
was 1500 millimetres

and the wide angle camera
was 200 millimetres.

Would someone care to speculate

what you would say to Galileo Galilei

if he walked into the room today?

How are you able to live so long?

I think Galileo.

Jupiter is more than 10
times the diameter of earth.

It's huge!

And it's mainly hydrogen and helium.

There are no solid
surface on these planets.

These planets are liquid
gas and liquid deep inside.

The gas is compressed
the farther down you go

and it gets very hot indeed.

You would melt, vaporise in fact,

if you tried to fly through Jupiter.

Let me first modify your statement.

Not that it was wrong.

The atmospheric scientists

got long-range views
because we weren't looking

at tiny moons, we were
looking at the big planet,

and so we could see things going on

before the other groups could see things.

And we were always the
first to start shouting.

Even to this day
we don't fly colour detectors.

You get a much higher-resolution

image in black and white.

And so when we want to make colour,

we take them through different filters

and then on the ground you put it together

and make a colour image out of it.

That acceleration as
you're approaching encounters

is really something that
becomes very, very exciting.

We called it drinking out
of a fire hose, you know,

you're trying to take a little sip,

and this torrent of data is coming out.

You go to Jupiter and you
have a storm that's been

around for more than 300 years,

that's the Great Red Spot.

You could fit two or
three Earths inside it.

So here's the Great Red
Spot and here's an earth

and here's an earth.

It's always going around.

And I sort of assumed that the flow around

these giant things would be

smooth like honey.

But, when Voyager started
getting close-up images,

we realised that it was very active.

And that deepened the mystery

of how these big storms could even exist

with all this

turbulence going on.

It was swallowing up clouds
and spitting out others.

We knew that it was a vortex,

but to see it in action...

Every day you're wondering

"Did we build the spacecraft well enough?

"Did we anticipate all the possible things

"that could go wrong?"

Pioneer 10 had to measure
the radiation environment

which was much greater than our

earth based interpretation suggested.

You're approaching
this monster essentially.

This monster magnetic field,

this monster radiation
environment on purpose,

because you need to get close

because you want to see
all the little moons,

and the clouds, and the storms,

and you want to slingshot on to Saturn.

But you just don't know if
you're going to survive.

Thing gets fried, you lose the mission.

Still out there physically
intact probably,

but unable to communicate
with it, the mission's over.

Two months before shipping
to the Cape for launch,

the scientists were predicting

that the magnetic fields around Jupiter

were intense enough that they

would accelerate particles.

Whoa, we were hearing
initially 40,000 volts,

that would be the end of our spacecraft.

Cabling on these
appendages were conductors

that would take these destroying pulses

and just feed them right
into our systems and kill us,

so we needed to ground everything.

We didn't have time

to go through the normal design reviews,

so in order to get this

protection done quickly enough,

an ad hoe team was formed

and we did some things that
were out of the ordinary,

very out of the ordinary.

I can remember asking
one of the technicians

to go out and buy aluminium foil.

It was the only material
that was available to us.

Normally our procurement of spacecraft

hardware supplies,
materials, are a much more

sophisticated process.

We're all in bunny suits actually

cutting continuous strips

and then cleaning them
with wipes and alcohol.

And then finally wrapping these on all of

our exterior cabling.

But yeah, same materials
in your Christmas turkey.

I don't think we created
any shortage per se.

It may have been a local shortage

in the local grocery store for a few days

until they reordered right.

Your turkey wrapping
is protecting Voyager,

and now fast forward, you know,

did we know whether we had done enough?

Amazingly we hear all kinds of sounds.

It's a very curious phenomenon.

You don't expect the molecules up in the

corner of a room to suddenly get together

and start whistling at you.

But in a plasma, in this radiation belt,

that can happen.

I'm gonna call
them radio sounds because

we have to detect them with antennas.

If you had the right kind
of antennas on your ears

you could go out and hear what we record.

Whistlers.

These things that go,
like that.

Yeah, whistlers mean lightning.

That was the first detection of lightning

on a planet other than Earth.

Much more intense.

There are lightning flashes at Jupiter

that would go halfway from the east coast

of the United States to the west coast.

So it's fascinating
what you hear in space.

When you're
on a flyby mission

there ain't no second chance.

We were getting pictures,

they were getting better and better.

And you could begin to see detail

as these moons got bigger.

You know the dread you have

is that you don't want to see

a lot of worlds that
look like Earth's moon.

Let's face it, it's dull.

Our mind's eye was oh
yeah, we're gonna see

battered ice balls and so forth.

When we saw Callisto, basically
it's totally hammered right?

Saturated with impact craters.

Ganymede shows a lot of interesting

grooves and ridges.

But it's pretty blasted
with impact craters.

And then as we went into the inner two.

You could not see craters
on either one of them.

Well this was encouraging,

because now we think maybe this mission

is going to find a lot of diversity.

Discovering this billiard
ball, smooth, icy crust

of Europa with cracks in it

and what looked like plates of ice

that might be moving
relative to each other,

the best explanation for that

is that there's a thick ocean

of liquid water, salty water

underneath that icy crust.

More ocean water than on the entire Earth,

probably two or three times.

It's the largest ocean in the solar system

in a moon going around Jupiter.

And then of course, you
know, kind of the showstopper

for Voyager, we get to lo.

lo, of course,

lo was the star of the show

and we didn't learn that

until after the encounter.

Everyone had gone home,

and Linda Morabito, an engineer whose job

was to find out the positioning

and the orbit of the spacecraft,

noticed some bumps on images of lo.

I was on the mission

as a mission navigator,

and our job involved just looking back

over the shoulder of the spacecraft

to say, "Okay, one more picture
of the realm of Jupiter."

So it wasn't high-priority work.

It was an optical navigation image,

and Linda saw this
strange thing on the limb.

An enormous object emerged, enormous.

And the first thing I said
to myself, "What is that?!"

And I'm like it looks
like another satellite

in the picture emerging from behind lo.

An object that size,

at that range, at that distance,

would have been seen from Earth,

it was sufficiently large.

I felt with certainty,

it's the only thing I knew,

that I was seeing something
that had never been seen before.

This was an umbrella-shaped plume

rising 250 kilometres

above the surface of lo

with volcanic activity.

I found the very first evidence

of active volcanism

on a world beyond the Earth.

It was so hard to
believe that a little moon

could have 10 times the
volcanic activity of Earth,

which was the only known active volcanoes

in the solar system were here on Earth.

And then there's lo.

Suddenly we had realised

this was a different journey we were on.

I wanted to say one other thing.

We've been saying that
perhaps there's some

funny way in which Jupiter gobbles up

all the things that are coming in

and it doesn't let lo be hit by any.

Well, we aimed a spacecraft
and went very close.

Had we missed we would have made

the first impact crater.

The flyby is basically

a week-long affair that's 24 hours a day.

It's intense.

There will
be a Voyager report

in 30 seconds.

Instant science
because there's gonna be

a press conference that night.

This picture comes down,

and you've got three hours

to figure out what's going on

and then tell the world about it.

Oh, no pressure there, right?

The confines
of being a piece of biology

got in the way of that.

I mean, you got hungry,

you got tired, you know,

you had to go to the bathroom,

I mean, you're going to miss something!

You don't want to miss anything

because every 48 seconds a
new image would come down.

No one got any sleep

during one of these flybys

when the spacecraft would go zooming past.

The photo labs were working day and night,

and people were sleeping in their cars.

It was just
way too exciting to sleep.

This is the first picture

every of Jupiter's ring.

Jupiter was
really just wonderful.

It was just discovery after discovery.

You don't get something for free.

Energy and momentum have to be conserved.

So when Voyager picked up
35,000 miles an hour of speed,

you actually, during that swingby,

slowed Jupiter in it's orbit

by one foot per trillion years.

Jupiter was a game-changer.

Jupiter reset all the registers.

Now we're really up for something.

And to know that this was just the very,

very beginning of this journey.

If we're blown away by Jupiter,

just wait until we get to Saturn.

Voyager to me was Homeric.

It was years of passing

across the solar system
from one planet to the other

and then it was a week or two

of frenzied activity, and
discovery, and conquest,

and then it was, well, back in the boats,

oars in the water and then
on to the next conquest.

My father was Carl Sagan,

and my mother is Linda Salzman Sagan,

and she's a writer and an
artist and she designed

the iconic Pioneer plaque.

She actually drew it,

and she's the one who
got all the greetings

for the Voyager Golden Record.

I like to think of her,

that she kind of put together

a kind of a choir of voices
of greetings to the stars.

My parents wanted a child

to have a voice of one of the voices.

And they just came to me one day

and said, "Nick, if you'd
like to leave a message

"to aliens if they happen to exist,

"what would you like to say to them?"

Hello from the children of planet earth.

"Oh, hello from the
children of planet earth."

That's what I would say to aliens.

They loved that and so they
said, "Great, let's record you."

It's a bit of a blur.

Like the only thing that I know

that I remember from that time

is those knobs and the
little recording level

that goes into the red
if you speak too much.

This 70s, kind of...

So I remember that,
and I remember watching

the needle move as I spoke
and seeing where it got.

Oh, that got close to the red

but actually didn't go into the red,

okay, that's probably good.

And this not so great
handwriting from age six.

Not that it's so much better now.

It says "Hello from the
children of Plan-et Earth."

I think I have a little hyphen because

I ran out of space for planet.

And the I was drawing something that

I think I thought later was a tree

but other people told
me it was a rocket ship.

And I think I was more
focused on my crappy drawing

than I was in whatever performance

of how I was gonna say this line.

And that was that.

And then I, you know,

drank my apple juice and
went back to my books.

It was really not till considerably later

that the kind of enormity of

what that meant actually hit me.

The reason I was chosen was that because

I'm something special.

I happen to be there at the right time

at the right place.

And people knew that I speak Arabic.

So I was lucky.

I said "Why me?"

They said “Because you
speak fluent Portuguese."

I didn't get any instructions

about what to say.

Except that it needs to be short.

The greetings to the
universe are almost like

proto tweets, the first tweets.

Keep it short, keep it simple.

And I had about 5 minutes warning

before I was recorded.

They said, "We're making a record

"to go aboard a spacecraft.“

And that was very intimidating.

It's not like there's a rule book

for what you should say

when you're greeting the universe.

Which means peace and
happiness to everybody.

It seemed like a safe thing to say

if you ran across some aliens.

Rather than saying take me
to your leader or whatever.

Because equipment is cold,

the spaceship is inanimate.

Even the record itself is metal.

I just wanted my voice to convey warmth

and to make contact.

And it means greetings to
our friends in the sky.

We long to meet you some day.

There is some piece of me

that is a traveller on that ship.

It's just gone, it's just going.

Continues to go, it's gonna keep going.

When I'm long long gone it'll keep going.

And it's like a little piece of magic.

Hello
from the children of planet Earth

I'd like to know the answer.

Are we alone?

I'd like to know the
answer to that question.

There has to be other civilizations.

The numbers just compel it.

But it would be almost
statistically impossible

for there not to be

other life forms and other life forms

that have evolved to a state
of intelligence and beyond.

The bigger you think space is,

the more probability there
is that they're there.

The less probable it is
you're gonna find them

'cause they're needles
in infinite haystacks.

I tell you, I think
that intelligent life,

if we can include ourselves in it.

In that categorization.

Is so prevalent that I'll

bet you at this very instant

there are two people.

Probably one male and one female

having exactly the same conversation

that you and I are having right now.

I think that's how prevalent
life is in the universe.

They're probably trying to
contact us at this very minute.

I predict passing through
this room right now

radio messages that we could detect

with equipment we could build

if we knew where to aim that detector

and what frequency to tune to.

And it's right here in this room.

And it's mind boggling.

They're here, they're right
in the room right now.

The big division
with extraterrestrial life

is not space it's time.

It depends
ultimately on how long

our civilization lasts.

And how long civilizations last because

you've got to get them to overlap

for us to communicate.

In our galaxy, our
Sun is relatively young.

He's about 12 million years old,

our Sun is four and a
half billion years old.

There are many stars that are a lot older.

Therefore you could have imagined some

civilization around such a star that might

have watched our Earth form

over the last four and
a half billion years.

Well, over that last four
and a half billion years,

the only evidence of intelligent life

would have been in the last 50 or 60 years

by watching Star Trek or I Love Lucy

or whatever signals we sent out.

So even if you knew,

even if someone told
you look at that star,

and then look at the
third rock from that star,

and that's where you're
going to find life.

Even if they knew which
object to look for,

there's only a 50-year period

over five billion years almost

where you'd be able to
find intelligent life.

If we're alone then we're truly unique,

and how did that happen and why us

and how are we so special

and yet in such a kind of far-flung

kind of humdrum part of the universe?

And if we're not alone,
how did we all get here

and can we learn about ourselves

by these other groups out there?

What are they like and
are they the creatures

of our dreams or our nightmares?

I think what's gonna save us is that

interstellar travel is
much harder than we think.

And we're safe for quite a
long time from the aliens

'cause they don't know how
to travel very far either.

We're all sort of stuck
on the planets we've got.

The thing about the Voyager mission

from Jupiter to Saturn was the short

space between those.

Jupiter to Saturn went just like that.

It was really quick.

It's easy to think of
Jupiter as the bully,

it's the alpha male of the solar system.

No question.

I think Saturn is majestic with rings

giving that sense of beauty and serenity.

And the moon's sort of subservient

and somewhat pushed aside.

We started
off with images that were

probably no better than what
you can get from the ground.

And then it keeps getting
better and better and better

as you get closer and closer.

What are we going to see
when we get really close?

Having seen
Saturn in a telescope

with the rings just looking
like these little tiny ears

on either side, to now seeing detail

and the beauty of Saturn's rings.

You know, looking like,
almost like the grooves

on a phonograph record.

The rings of Saturn, what are they?

Billions of icy particles,

some the size of a house.

They're enormous, much wider

than many Earths strung together

but less than a kilometre thick.

We get there and we
find that it's a blizzard

of features throughout the rings,

and it got very complex.

We become junkies.

Who, this is how you become

a planetary flyby junkie,

it's because you've gone through

one of them and you just know
it's the greatest feeling

and you want to keep
doing it again and again.

At some point,

perhaps a year or so from now

it may be possible to put all this

into perspective.

But right at the moment,

I cannot recall being in such a

state euphoria for any
previous planetary encounter.

Including our two remarkable

Voyager encounters at Jupiter.

The largest moon of Saturn,

Titan's the most extraordinary place.

There's a dense methane atmosphere

where a complex organic
chemistry has been going on

for perhaps billions of years,

and we are in a moment of
extraordinary discovery.

We had both spacecraft programmed

to do identical missions at Saturn,

and that was the prime mission

and it involved Titan.

There's a huge amount
amount of scientific interest

in Titan because many people think

that early in our own history,

our own planet may have been like that

with very little oxygen,
lots of hydrocarbons,

very thick, different, smoggy atmosphere

that was changed dramatically
on our planet by life.

So if you want to understand
the starting conditions,

go study Titan.

If Voyager One
was successful at Titan,

Voyager Two, which is nine
months behind going to Saturn,

would be free to continue to

Uranus and to go on to Neptune.

But it depended upon Voyager
One succeeding at Titan.

Because Voyager One had
to be in a certain place

in order to pass Titan,

it couldn't go on to Uranus and Neptune.

There was just no way
to bend its trajectory

to go anywhere else.

Voyager Two would have
done exactly that same thing

if Voyager One had failed.

We would have gone like
this, no more planets.

That would have been really tough.

You gonna try for Titan again

and give up two other
worlds, Uranus and Neptune?

So there was a
lot of pressure on Voyager One.

Mostly what we looked at

was a giant ball of brown smog

with some sort of electric
blue hazes above it.

With the Voyager camera,

you couldn't see through
the clouds and haze.

Now the radio signal from the spacecraft

passed through the
atmosphere of the planet,

and that gave them a measure

of the pressure at the surface

and also the temperature at the surface.

And so we learned a lot about

Titan from that radio signal.

Titan did not reveal itself

to the camera's of the Voyager.

But the spectrometers and radio science

made major contributions to the chemistry

and physics of the
atmosphere and the interior.

We had gathered what we could

with Voyager spacecraft.

There was little to be gained

by doing another close flyby of Titan.

Shortly after that,

NASA Headquarters agreed

that we should continue with Voyager Two

on it's Uranus trajectory.

So Voyager One had succeeded.

People don't realise
how we almost didn't

have that mission to Uranus and Neptune.

We almost didn't have the Grand Tour

if not for the success
for Voyager One at Titan.

Voyager One was done
and was receding from

the solar system at an angle above the

plain of the planets.

So Voyager One planetary mission almost

ended right there.

Come back to that later.

We're getting pictures and other data

back from Voyager Two.

But at some point in time,

it had to go behind the planet

and that blocks us from getting

radio signals to the earth.

And that happened to be in
the middle of the night.

It appeared at times several hours

that everybody knows we're gonna be out

of contact with the spacecraft.

Everybody's expecting
to pop champagne corks

and say "Hey we made it and all the data's

"on the tape recorder."

'Cause it could be
transmitted to the earth.

And instead it pops out of the other side

and is all these crazy error signals

coming from the spacecraft.

Something bad has happened.

Something happened right
around ring-plane crossing,

and the images that were
coming back were blank.

People had thought maybe it crashed

into the rings of Saturn.

Is this it, is it dead?

Ladies and gentlemen
we can start debriefing.

I wanted to make a very brief statement.

We do have a problem onboard
the Voyager Two spacecraft.

The spacecraft has a problem.

The scan platform operating mechanism

is not operating properly.

And make
sure we understand where

we're headed if the following instruments

are mounted on the platform.

The wide-angle camera,
the narrow-angle camera,

the infrared instrument,
the ultraviolet instrument,

and the photopolarimeter.

Yeah, that was the darkest,

the darkest day of the whole mission.

There is
circumstantial evidence.

I came into the auditorium,

and there was just gloom
on everybody's face.

You're beginning to speculate.

I quickly learned what had happened.

The scan platform had frozen.

We were
moving our scan platform

all over the sky.

And we're actually going as fast

as it could possibly go.

A frozen scan platform

could be a fatal, crippling event.

The rest of the Saturn mission,

and Uranus and Neptune were dead.

And seeing everything that
we were planning just gone,

just suddenly gone.

The problem is not with the camera,

it's with the articulated platform

that moves all of the instruments.

Our camera is, as far as we know,

are working just fine.

It's just that we're
taking lots of pictures

of black space.

All of the science
that we had hoped to do,

and Uranus and Neptune, there
were no other spacecraft

that were going to be going there.

It was up to Voyager to do it,

and all of a sudden it
looked as though Voyager

was not going to do it.

It was devastating, it was.

It took a
couple of days while the

engineering team went to
work diagnosing the problem.

We are going
to command an azimuth slew

and an elevation slew

to the Saturn position.

It turns out the scan platform

has small motors to rotate it,

and we could run it at slow speed.

Tick, tick, tick, tick.

Fast medium speed or very fast.

We were of course wanting
to look at lots of places,

so we had the thing
looking lots of places,

and the lubrication wasn't
adequate and it just jammed.

It was frozen sort of like a car

stuck in the snow.

You try to go forward
or backward little bit

and keep working on it
and try to get it out,

and that's what we did
with the scan platform.

We would try to push it a
little bit in one direction

and it would yield a little bit,

and then we'd push it
in the other direction,

and it would yield a little bit more,

and then we kept doing that

back and forth, back and forth.

And finally that was enough

to get the lubrication into the gears.

It was freed up

and back came the spacecraft,

and back came the imaging system,

and there was Saturn on exit.

Yeah.

We were looking
at the shadow of Saturn

on the rings.

And it was clearly from
this wild, crazy angle.

Wow.

Holy cow, we're on the
other side of Saturn.

We felt like we were there.

Nobody even thought about it.

Voyager was part of us.

We.

All of planetary exploration to me

is a story about longing.

It's a longing to know ourselves.

It's a longing to understand

the significance of our own existence.

It's a longing to communicate,

to say to the universe

we're here, you know, know us.

You know, where are you?

How would you go about trying

to communicate with a
totally alien civilization?

The assumption is that we

share the same physical universe.

That the laws of physics here on earth

seem to be applicable everywhere.

Science and math will be something

that we can communicate
with them fairly easily.

Humans universally love music.

And so the record says we like this stuff.

And we sent it out as
a kind of gift for you.

Beneath that there are
mathematical structure.

The mathematical structure
of a straight pop song

is pretty simple, it's like arithmetic.

The mathematical structure of a Bach Fugue

is much more complicated
and rewarding to attention.

Mathematics really is
a universal language.

So we did make sure that the record

included music that would
reward mathematical study.

I have concerns.

I mean we have intelligent
life on our own planet.

Dolphins and whales that we don't

communicate with, we
cannot communicate with.

Other than tricks for fish.

It's a little conceited to think that

it's gonna be like Star Trek

and if we find some advance life

that we'll immediately

sit down for tea together or something.

It's not gonna be that simple.

So the Voyager record
has a set of pictures on it

that depicts our civilization.

But we only had the ability
to do about 100 pictures,

that was as much data as we could send.

So that was kind of hard.

It was a process of distillation.

You can't describe the
Earth in 100 pictures.

You can't describe the Earth
in a thousand pictures.

But what art is about

is taking something that's small

but can represent the whole.

We thought it was very important

to put some pictures of
humans nude on the record

to show just what our
anatomy was really like.

NASA had been seriously criticised

about the Pioneer plaque.

There were actually letters
to the editors of newspapers

saying that NASA was
sending smut to space.

How are we going to show pictures of

naked humans without it looking salacious?

And the answer to that was why don't

you put a pregnant woman in the picture.

Because pregnant women are
not considered salacious.

Not appealing sexually.

So that's what we did.

And I figured if this
doesn't get passed NASA

nothing's getting passed NASA.

And I guess the answer was nothing's

getting passed NASA because
it was the only picture

that they made us take out.

Now it's five
years of cruising out to Uranus.

Uranus will be the most remote object

yet visited by a spacecraft.

And it's so remote it was not even known

until 200 years ago.

And it's a great distance out there

and if we launch directly from earth

it would have taken 30 years to get there.

So we're very fortunate that we can swing

by Jupiter and Saturn on our way.

I can always say that as
an observational astronomer

I've been trying to figure this thing out

for the past 25 years

and it's very frustrating in a telescope

to look at that tiny little disc

and try to determine anything about it.

For me the next few days are gonna

be very exciting.

Once we got beyond Saturn,

essentially the engineers
threw out the rule book

and said, "How are we
gonna make this work?

"How are we gonna take pictures of planets

"this far from the Sun?"

Voyager was the first of
a class of NASA spacecraft

that could be reprogrammed.

They could take what was on the computer

and just wipe it away

and give it a whole new set of software.

They trained the spacecraft to

pirouette like a ballet dancer.

Basically you want to take
a picture of that thing

and it's going past you really fast,

so you spin the whole spacecraft

and follow it like this.

And so even though it was darker at Uranus

and really dark at Neptune,

you could leave the shutter
open without smearing,

and that was just beautiful.

We had all of the rich set of goodies

from Jupiter and from Saturn,

but Uranus was unknown.

Our going on out to Uranus and Neptune

that was the first time.

We just had the one spacecraft so we

were more or less just flying blind

and we didn't get a second chance.

Nor will there be a second chance.

And I think for quite some time

it's very unlikely that

we'll all be dead and gone before

anyone goes back out there

to Uranus and Neptune again.

It was like taking something

that was almost fictional,
almost mythological,

and then seeing it as a real object.

Spacecraft flew through
that system like a bull's eye

because Uranus is tilted on its side,

with this beautiful aquamarine
blue methane atmosphere,

and all these pictures,

every single one of them is like whoa!

And you could hear people just "Whoa!"

And everybody would be doing something

and somebody would go "Whoa!"

And everybody would turn and look up.

“Oh my gosh, look at that!"

There was no Internet,

there was no news stream
going out to live CNN.

The only way to experience that sensation

of being one of only a
small group of people

who saw a point of light become a world,

the only way to experience
it was to be in that room.

Well just
about two minutes ago,

Voyager Two passed through

it's closest approach to Uranus.

The new ring is

right here.

Now, I don't...

You're telling me you can't see it.

I can.

Dr. Soderblom,

as you whizzed through your explanation,

I couldn't put it all together,

could you try that again?

Slower?

Slower and a few more details.

I thought that was pretty slow.

Every time we arrived at a new planet

there were always surprises

even though we had gotten a lot smarter.

For instance, before Voyager,

all the magnetic fields

have the magnetic pole near

the rotation axis of the planet,

and that was true for Jupiter,

it was true for Saturn.

And then we flew by Uranus and

the pole was near the equator.

There's been a lot of speculation

about the magnetosphere of Uranus.

Would there be one,

what would it be like?

And the magnetosphere of Uranus

is far more weird and wonderful.

We found the planet tipped on it's side,

but the magnetic field is then tipped

relative to the spin axis.

So you have this huge contortion

in the magnetic field

as the planet spins around.

Just bizarre.

Why on earth the magnetic
field was so messed up,

we had no idea.

At the time the Voyager
Two spacecraft flew by Uranus

one pole of the planet
was pointing at the Sun.

At that point in it's orbit,

it's atmosphere shuts down.

So the planet itself didn't look exciting.

And part of that is Uranus itself

holding it's secrets back.

That had to be, I guess, one of the,

well, disappointments in that Uranus

was not more photogenic than it was.

It was actually pretty blah.

Poor Uranus.

Poor Uranus.

Uranus itself was not the character

that Saturn and Jupiter were.

It had very very subdued features.

The big stars of the Uranus encounter

were actually the moons.

If you're going to go to Neptune,

you still have to use
Uranus for gravity assist.

The gravity assist aiming point at Uranus

just happened to be pretty close

to the orbit of Miranda.

Now some of the science, Miranda is not

the largest moon of Uranus.

If Uranus has been the last stop,

the scientists might have wanted

to go to a larger moon,

which ironically,

I don't see how anything could have been

any more interesting than Miranda.

It looked like a jumbled-up mess.

This moon looked like it
had been ripped to pieces

and then just sort of
shoved back together again.

Whoa!

Come look at this.

Going up to the screen
and pointing and saying,

"Look at that, look at that."

Nobody was ready for Miranda.

In parts there were
enormous cliffs and gashes

in which fault blocks had dropped down.

And one of them, you can
see the edge of a cliff

that is so,

it's gotta be 10 kilometres tall.

Now the gravity on Miranda is so weak

that if you jumped off
the edge of that cliff,

you could read the newspaper

on the way down.

You probably would fall for 20 minutes.

But when you hit the bottom you'd

still be going 100 miles an hour.

And so it probably wouldn't,

it would be the last newspaper you read.

One of the things
that we have to remember

about Uranus is it was a
very sad time for everybody.

Because we were just about to

present all our results.

We were all about to have to the

big final finale press conference.

Came back from breakfast

and I went to go watch

the shuttle being launched.

We have main engine start.

Four, three,

two, one.

And liftoff.

Liftoff of the 25th space shuttle mission

and it has cleared the tower.

And we thought, "Okay
great, we'll watch the shuttle

"launch and then we'll go
to the press conference."

But of course that was Challenger.

Engine throttling up.

Three engine now at 104%.

Challenger,
go with throttle up.

Roger, go with throttle up.

People were just like
astonished, this gasp like,

"Oh my.

"Did you see that?

"Did it really blow up?"

Because we had stopped in our meeting

so everyone could watch it,

and then there was just
silence, people were crying.

Well, what can you say?

You knew right away that

a bunch of people were dead.

Flight Throttle, go ahead.

RSO reports vehicle exploded.

COPY-

And then of course they
showed replays and replays

and replays over and over and over again.

We have no downlink.

Okay, everybody,
just stay off the telephones.

Make sure you maintain all your data,

start pulling it together.

The Challenger accident happened

as we were receding from Uranus.

I have this vivid memory
of picture after picture

of the crescent Uranus coming back

and the replay of the
Challenger explosion,

and it was just devastating.

Today is a day for
mourning and remembering.

Nancy and I are pained to the core

over the tragedy of
the shuttle Challenger.

We know we share this pain

with all of the people of our country.

This is truly a national loss.

I know it's hard to understand,

but sometimes painful
things like this happen.

It's all part of the process

of exploration and discovery.

It's all part of taking a chance

and expanding man's horizons.

The future doesn't belong
to the faint hearted,

it belongs to the brave.

Reports
from the flight officer

indicate impact in the water.

Approximately 28.64 degrees north.

80.28 degrees west.

During these closest
approach time periods,

we would have hundreds
of reporters come to JPL,

and it was great news atmosphere.

And when the Challenger exploded,

everybody just left.

It was
really a very sad time.

Sad ending to another great mission.

Those cosmic questions we hope to learn

by sending our machines out,

the very same questions

that you and I and every
child has asked themselves.

"Where do we come from, are we alone,

"what's the universe made
of, how will it end?"

All of these basic questions

are the questions that drive science.

I do cosmology, I study the beginning

and end of the universe
and sometimes people say,

"What's that good for?"

And I always say to them,
"You don't ask what's a

"Mozart symphony good for?

"Or a Picasso painting.“

But science somehow seems in order to be

useful for people it has
to produce technology.

But the beautiful thing
about science is the ideas.

From a child you ask your parents why.

But when you grow up you finally realise

that what you really mean is how.

Einstein has told us that
us that space and time

are tied together.

Integrally, we live in a space time.

If our universe came into beings

and space popped into
existence, then so did time.

And so time itself may not have existed

literally before the big bang.

So there was no before.

And that seems crazy, because
if there was no before,

all these ideas of cause and effect

et cetera go out the window.

But all it means is that
we'll have to change

the way we understand things.

Another possibility is that our Big Bang

is just one of an infinite
number of Big Bang's

that are occurring in what
we now call a multiverse.

It's an amazing change of view

which makes us yet even
more insignificant.

We were insignificant enough travelling

around the Sun in the middle of nowhere

around a random galaxy
amongst 100 billion galaxies,

but now we know that
even the whole universe

that we call home may
just be an insignificant

something in the midst
of something much bigger.

The history of science is to remove us

ever further from the centre
of the universe if you wish.

Or the centre of the action.

Finally at Neptune, Voyager's begun

the last of a decades worth

of encounters with the outer planets.

It was another three and a half years

to get out to Neptune.

They had to reprogram
the spacecraft again,

give it, teach it some new tricks,

to work in this even darker environment,

even colder environment.

If we take the Earth

being one astronomical unit

from the Sun, or AU for short.

Neptune is 30 times that distance.

When we launched Voyager,

there was no capability to get

any images back from 30 AU.

That capability happened all after launch.

It involved reprogramming the spacecraft,

taking two 34-meter antennas

and adding them to a 70-meter antenna.

Copy, we're
ready to run that observation.

It meant using the entire

very large array in New Mexico,

27 antennas to collect
the very weak signal

that we could get back from 30 AU.

The flybys past Jupiter,

Saturn, and Uranus, had
sped up the spacecraft too,

so it's going even faster.

So enormous amounts of
pressure, and one shot.

There it was just sitting

out on the edge of our solar system

waiting for somebody to come out

and appreciate its beauty.

Just waiting for the day

that humans would get
out there, and go "Wow!“

Neptune was photogenic

right from the beginning.

I had been
taking pictures of Neptune

from the ground where we
couldn't see very much.

You know, in my head imagining
what it might look like

and seeing that turned
into reality, it's a rush.

Looking at this blue,

bright blue orb.

In some ways it was
evocative of the Earth,

which seemed very bizarre for the last

planet that we were flying by.

I was a meticulous log taker

and I would make little
notations in these logs

and I would draw little pictures,

and you could see what's
this little dark spot,

bright clouds, I'm like wow!

WOW!

Exclamation point!

And I'd draw pictures and arrows.

The most surprising thing

was a giant dark spot.

Nobody had any idea that would be there.

It's huge!

It's like a hole in the planet.

So we called it The Great Dark Spot

because we're not very original
when it comes to names.

We had to basically make a forecast

of the storms on Neptune in
order to point the cameras

during the last day.

And at the same time

there was a hurricane

off the east coast of the US,

and the weather forecasters

were trying to forecast that hurricane.

But they were trying to forecast

it 12 hours in advance

and they were having a lot of trouble

because the storm kept changing position.

And we were just calmly plotting

points on graph paper

and then say, “Okay, two weeks from now,

"this storm is going to be
right here" and it usually was.

At Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus,

the goal was to do a flyby

that would take the spacecraft

on to the next planet.

When it came to Neptune

we knew that that was the last planet

that we were going to fly by,

and so we could take

a different trajectory.

This allowed us to get a really

spectacular view of the rings

and then look back on the system

in a way that was quite beautiful.

Think about imaging
the rings of Neptune.

They have reflectivity which

is twice as dark as soot,

and the light that's falling on them

is 1,000 times fainter than on Earth.

So you have one one-thousandth the light

and you're trying to image something

which is twice as dark as soot

against a jet-black background.

More than one ring could be

seen even in the raw images.

The so-called ring arcs.

And it seemed reasonable that
this was indeed the lost arc

that our imaging team
raiders were looking for.

Now you're going to turn on me, right?

We knew at Neptune

we wanted a close flyby of Triton,

which was a huge world and a retrograde

orbit around Neptune.

If you looked at them on the way in,

they weren't lined up.

One's up here and one's down here.

And so, what are you going to do?

Well, there was a way.

And the way was to fly
over the north pole,

very close to Neptune

to bend the spacecraft
so it would go down.

And then intersect Triton.

But that meant getting to

within just a few thousand miles

of the cloud tops.

Which is like skimming the surface.

And they had to hit that,

you know, exactly right.

There was a lot of concern

that we didn't know enough
about Neptune's atmosphere

to really be sure that the
spacecraft would not tumble.

It's also possible that
there were particles

in these ring arcs that we might

go through a cloud of shrapnel.

And that would be the
end of the spacecraft

if We did that.

Just a slight error in the calculations

and instead of skimming
across the cloud tops,

you're skimming into the clouds

and the spacecraft burns up.

Slight error the other way,

you go a little too far,
you don't bend enough,

maybe you run right into Triton and crash,

and that's the end of the mission.

You don't have enough time,

you have to make your last best guess,

hit the send button.

It would have been just fascinating

to be hanging on to
that spacecraft, right?

Skimming over these beautiful

blue cloud tops of Neptune.

And then as you come
over the pole of Neptune

seeing that big moon Triton rise up...

VOYAGER PASSED A MERE 3,000 MILES ABOVE NEPTUNE'S
NORTH POLE, ARRIVING WITH SPLIT SECOND ACCURACY.

After several billion miles of journey

to get us to within a few kilometres

of where we needed to be,

it's just absolutely remarkable.

You know, threading an incredible needle.

Southern hemisphere of Triton

is entirely covered with nitrogen ice.

And as we flew past,

here we go again.

As we flew past,

we were able to look down

at markings on the
surface of the polar cap.

We were putting together

a mosaic of Triton's globe,

but we couldn't get things
to line up quite right.

Some of the dark streaks,

two in particular would not line up.

He's like just scratching his head,

like I have no idea what's going on here.

This guy's one of the world's experts

on anything having to do
with planets and moons,

and he can't figure this out?

The only crazy idea that's left

is eruptions.

I said "Well let's put
it in stereo viewer."

Red and blue glasses.

And the images fused into
a three-dimensional model

and up popped these geysers.

And I said "Holy moly!"

And so we knew what we had.

These plumes.

Black geysers spewing out this stuff.

The plumes

extending out of the surface

for like kilometres.

We were We were seeing eruptions

on a world which should have been

just a frozen cinder.

The last place we would have expected

to see further dynamics, further eruptions

was at a moon this remote
in the solar system.

This is at 37 degrees

above absolute zero.

So there's solar driven geysers

on a satellite that's 30
astronomical units from the Sun.

Who would have thought?

Just because in idea is crazy

it's not necessarily wrong.

We knew this was the last planet,

Voyager would explore before it headed on

for the rest of its journey.

And so I think the times
together as a team,

the times to look at the pictures, talk,

meet together, became more precious.

I was passing by the secretary's desk

and she said, "Oh,
Candy, there's a reporter

"that wants to talk to you.“

And he said, "The countdown clock

"just went from minus,

"counting down, to counting up.

"Voyager's now leaving Neptune."

And he said “How does that make you feel?"

And in that moment, I
dissolved into tears.

After the spacecraft went past,

it turned around and looked back,

and there's this beautiful
crescent Neptune and Triton,

and people realised that's the end

of the planetary part of Voyager.

That's the last port of call,

the last thing we'll see in our

solar system is now behind us.

And it went from the
Voyager planetary mission

to the Voyager interstellar mission.

Of all the images that
was one of the most poignant

because it was out
goodbye or farewell image.

We could have

enhanced the colour a bit

to make a somewhat prettier picture but,

out of respect to the Voyager spacecraft

we decided to show it
to you just as it is.

So this was Voyager's farewell to us

and that's our farewell to you.

The way I looked at it was see,

we did something really great.

Very, very successful mission.

A little weepy.

I mean there was a lot of

energy put into this mission.

We have ignition
and we have lift-off!

Years of intense effort.

It was the end of a sentimental journey.

We did it.

We pulled it off.

And that's important.

It is.

We had a big party at JPL,

so that was a good send off for Voyager.

With a little sarcasm I'll say

that JPL's the greatest moment was when

Chuck Berry was on the steps of our

administrative building
doing the duck walk

Chuck Berry, he was present at the

Neptune encounter celebration

singing Johnny B. Goode.

The star of the party, Chuck Berry

came out from behind the wall

of building 180 and played

Johnny B. Goode live.

Everybody started dancing
and it was fabulous.

Ed Stone was dancing to Johnny B. Goode.

It was something to see.

Everybody was dancing.

Rockstar moment

and sail on Voyager.

And I'm gonna go get some sleep

or maybe I'll do a little more dancing.

Thank you very much, Lou?

Meanwhile Voyager One is still
kind of cruising out there,

getting farther and farther out,

and a number of folks on the team,

including Carl Sagan,

had this idea that before we

have to shut the cameras down,

let's turn around,

look back towards the Sun

and let's take a picture

of our solar system
unlike any that had ever

been taken before.

And there was actually opposition to it.

They just didn't want to do it!

They couldn't get their heads around

what would be the point
of taking a picture

of the Earth and Jupiter and so on

because they're just going to be

little points of light.

So Carl being Carl

actually went all the way

to the NASA administrator

and got the NASA administrator to direct

the Jet Propulsion Laboratory

to take this series of pictures.

Absolutely zero science in it.

Absolutely none.

People
had been taking selfies

of our planet for as long as

the space program's been going on.

No one had ever taken one like this.

And they ended up on Valentines Day 1990,

taking this beautiful family portrait.

When we did our portrait
of each of the planets,

I was the first person
to look at the pictures

and I knew every blemish,

and so I could pretty quickly go

blemish, blemish, blemish.

And I thought, "Well, where's the Earth?"

How could we, you know?

And then I realised there was a lot of,

there were a lot of streaks
of light in that image,

and I realised finally

that the Earth was sitting

in one of those rays of light.

You know, I just sat there for a while

just kind of realising

"Wow, that's the Earth, you know,

“that's Voyager looking
back at the Earth."

And then once I had sort of recovered,

I started calling people.

I called Brad.

Brad, "We got it."

Called Carl, “Carl, we got it.“

Called my dad.

And so this is a
different kind of milestone

than the scientific milestones we've had.

One that is really symbolic.

I'm an imaging scientist,

so I first realised,
oh, this didn't turn out

the way we thought it
was going to turn out,

and my first impulse is to take my hand

and wipe away the dust,

because there was some dust on it.

Well, one of the pieces of dust

that I wanted to wipe away was the Earth.

But it didn't matter because
in the hands of Carl,

he turned it into an allegory

on the human condition.

And the next slide.

The Earth in a sunbeam.

And in this colour picture

you can see that it is in
fact less than a pixel,

and this is where we live,

on a blue dot.

On that blue dot.

That's where everyone you know

and everyone you ever heard of

and every human being who ever lived,

lived out their lives.

I think this perspective

underscores our responsibility

to preserve and cherish that blue dot,

the only home we have.

My father talks about this little

tiny speck in this vast cosmic night.

And that we're part of something bigger.

And we're also alone.

There's a great thing where he says like

"There's no sign that any help is gonna

"come here to save us from ourselves.

“It's up to us."

After Neptune the project continued

but it continued in quite a different way.

The Voyagers didn't
have anymore encounters.

They were just sailing on
out into interstellar space

which people didn't really understand

how far that was gonna be.

At the time we were designing Voyager,

interstellar space,
where the boundary was,

was totally unknown.

We had our eyes

on the interstellar mission.

Are we going to boost the spacecraft

to get out of our solar system

and into the galaxy?

It was a shot in the dark

because nobody knew how far.

Uncharted waters.

Goldstone, Voyager race.

Voyager race, Goldstone.

Please turn
command modulation on

at 1800.

Goldstone
copies 1800 for command.

That is affirmed.

We know the Sun has this
gravitational influence

that goes way out, almost halfway

to the nearest star.

So in terms of gravity, the
edge of the solar system

is gonna take Voyager 10s of thousands

of years to get there.

But, the magnetic field of the Sun

can only extend so far.

It's a bubble around our star.

All the stars have bubbles.

We can see the bubbles
run other stars out there.

So we know that they have bubbles.

Where's our bubble end?

Where's the influence of the Sun

and it's magnetic field
give way to the galaxy?

We kept
going and years went by

and years went by and we don't

detect the interstellar medium.

Throughout the 1990s,

still didn't find the edge of the bubble.

Throughout the 2000s, still didn't find

the edge of the bubble,

and then finally in 2012 Voyager One,

which is going the fastest,

which is the farthest,

started to see these funny things happen

to the squiggly lines.

Did the magnetic field of
the Sun change direction?

Change the kinds of particles
it was trapping dramatically?

And they see this crazy spike.

Everybody goes, "Oh, is that it?"

And then it goes back to normal.

And then it was just literally

one magical day,

it was in August of 2012

that everything changed.

And it was like pffft,

just popped out of the bubble.

Voyager One has left our solar system.

It's the first thing built by humans

that has left our solar system

and now it's in interstellar space.

Major historic announcement

by NASA just a short time ago

confirming the Voyager spacecraft,

Voyager, as in the thing that launched

way back in 1977 exploring the moons,

exploring the planets.

Well it has entered interstellar space.

NASA says that Voyager One

has become the first manmade object

to reach interstellar space.

The cold dark region between stars.

And we've
slipped the outermost grasp

of our solar system with Voyager One.

The first human-made object

to venture into interstellar space.

It's a wonderful achievement, actually.

When you think of it, it's historic,

it's our first step out of our bubble

which has been around all the planets

and around the Earth essentially forever.

And now finally some little

thing that we have built
has left that bubble

and is in the space between the stars.

I loved it when that happened.

It was like humanity has
arrived into interstellar space

and we all feel like Voyager has carried

a bit of us into the galaxy.

It is the little engine that could.

It's the little spacecraft that keeps on

going and going and going and nobody

really knows how it does it.

But everybody's rooting for it.

There's never gonna be
another mission like it.

It was the first and
last of it's own kind.

Voyager is rarely out of my thoughts.

Always some little part of me

is wondering where is Voyager tonight?

Whenever I look up at the night stars,

I look in the direction
that each of them is going.

We're the generation that
sent something out into space

that's not only going to outlive us,

it's going to outlive our star.

Four billion years from now when

our Sun turns into a red giant,

Voyager is still going to be trucking

out there through the stars,

and the songs of our time

are going to be out there.

Chuck Berry is still out there.

We'll still be out there.

When the Voyagers' power sources go dead

and when the spacecraft
can no longer send back

any useful information,

that's really the point
at which the Golden Record

becomes the primary function

of those missions.

That when everything else is turned off,

those records are still floating

somewhere in interstellar space,

completing the last part of the mission.

I think that the spacecraft
itself is the message.

The technology of the spacecraft,

the radio isotope power system,

the communication system, the instruments,

all of those things are carrying a message

that says the people who built this

knew what they were doing.

Is the any different or our solar system

today than it was then?

No.

But are we different?

Absolutely!

The thrill of the discoveries,

reaching the heliopause,

completing the Grand Tour,

I mean man, our child has just made it.

Voyager One and Voyager Two

will be orbiting the centre
of the Milky Way Galaxy

with all the stars.

And every 200 and roughly 50 million years

it will complete an orbit around

the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy.

There's no wind,
water, rain, weathering.

There's no planets that
they're going to run into,

there's no asteroid belts or comets

that they're gonna run into.

And over thousands, millions,

billions of years

they're predicted to remain pretty intact.

From Voyager's standpoint,

the Sun is just the
brightest star in the sky.

Not by very much.

Years to come it will fade into

being just one of all the
other stars in the galaxy.

And from time to time over the aeons

a star will sort of
approach and get brighter

and then it'll get dimmer again.

It's like being in a lifeboat
on the Atlantic at night.

Maybe you see a distant ship pass,

maybe you don't.

That's the future of Voyager for

billions of years to come.

All of the human tragedies

and the worries and concerns that drive

you and I and everyone
will be long forgotten.

And our existence as a species

and the greatest triumphs,

the things that people think of

are the most important
things in their life,

all of that's gonna be forgotten.

And the universe doesn't care about it.

But it's possible that at least

one thing we've created will be out there.

And who knows, maybe some day

with an infinite small chance

another being might find it

and at least know of our existence.

It's highly unlikely,
but it's not impossible.

And that small possibility surely

gives us hope.

We will continue

to get signals back from Voyager

and we will continue to try and get

signals back from Voyager
as long as we can.

There will be a day

when the antennas are listening to Voyager

and we don't hear anything.

And that will be the day

that we stop communications with Voyager.

And that will be very sad.

'Cause whether it's 45 years,

or 55 years, or 50 years
from when we launched it,

it'll be very very sad.

'Cause it will have gone silent.

And we really won't have
a chance to say goodbye.

If an alien was to hear my voice

and I would know that he heard my voice.

He or she or it heard my voice,

I would cheer.

I would be jumping up and down with

ecstatic.

What did you say?

How to...

Her.

Her.

I called her a her.

I see that.

I wouldn't do that.

That's popular nowadays but I personally

do not like to answer
parmodify spacecraft.

They don't like it.

Okay, now I've always wanted to do this.

Are you ready?

23 take seven.

Voyager.

Wonderful.