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Today, Britain stands
at a fork in its crossroads.
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00:00:07,720 --> 00:00:10,440
And its people are asking questions.
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00:00:10,440 --> 00:00:14,160
Now we've got our country back,
what actually is it?
4
00:00:14,160 --> 00:00:16,800
Who are we? And why?
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00:00:16,800 --> 00:00:19,320
The best way to find out where
Britain's heading
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00:00:19,320 --> 00:00:22,160
is to look behind us into something
called "history" -
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00:00:22,160 --> 00:00:26,360
a sort of rear view mirror
for time.
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00:00:26,360 --> 00:00:28,280
So that's where I'm going.
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00:00:28,280 --> 00:00:29,800
Back there.
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00:00:29,800 --> 00:00:34,160
It's a journey that'll take me
the length and width of the country.
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On my odyssey, I'll be starting
sentences in one location...
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00:00:38,080 --> 00:00:40,200
..and finishing them in another.
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00:00:41,320 --> 00:00:44,640
And looking at some of the biggest
faces in British history,
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00:00:44,640 --> 00:00:47,040
and asking other people's
faces about them.
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00:00:47,040 --> 00:00:51,200
If Shelley's one of the greatest
poets in English literature,
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00:00:51,200 --> 00:00:54,200
how come nobody gives
a shit about him today?
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00:00:55,680 --> 00:00:57,720
That's a complicated question.
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00:00:57,720 --> 00:01:00,040
But it's not just a story of things,
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00:01:00,040 --> 00:01:04,760
it's also a story of people sitting
or standing on things.
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00:01:04,760 --> 00:01:08,480
All of it taking place in this
skepterred isle we call home.
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00:01:08,480 --> 00:01:11,600
So join me, Philomena Cunk,
as I take you right up
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00:01:11,600 --> 00:01:14,840
the history of The United Britain
of Great Kingdom.
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00:01:14,840 --> 00:01:16,720
This...is Cunk on Britain.
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00:01:30,320 --> 00:01:34,320
Last time, we saw how the British
leaped out of Britain itself
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00:01:34,320 --> 00:01:36,520
and sailed the world in boats.
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00:01:36,520 --> 00:01:39,680
This week we're examining
the 19th century.
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This was a time of invention,
industry, discovery,
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00:01:43,160 --> 00:01:47,120
empire building, urban squalor,
sexual hypocrisy, optimism,
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00:01:47,120 --> 00:01:49,200
statues, painting, photograph,
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00:01:49,200 --> 00:01:51,320
him, her, them and tree.
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00:01:51,320 --> 00:01:54,880
It was a time when British
creativity was at its peak,
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00:01:54,880 --> 00:01:58,000
bringing us everything
from great works of art
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00:01:58,000 --> 00:01:59,640
to great works of train.
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00:01:59,640 --> 00:02:02,120
A time when Britain very much
entered
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00:02:02,120 --> 00:02:04,400
the third episode of its history.
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00:02:08,240 --> 00:02:10,040
It's the early 19th century
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and Britain is in the grip
of the Georgian Era,
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00:02:13,080 --> 00:02:15,800
a time when all English Kings
had to be called George.
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00:02:15,800 --> 00:02:19,560
There was George Three, George Two,
George Four and George One,
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00:02:19,560 --> 00:02:21,560
though not necessarily
in that order.
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00:02:21,560 --> 00:02:25,400
The Georgian Era saw the birth
of a new artistic movement -
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00:02:25,400 --> 00:02:27,280
The Romantics.
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00:02:27,280 --> 00:02:29,760
They weren't like the old romantics,
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00:02:29,760 --> 00:02:33,640
which is like when your dad buys
your mum a box of Black Magic
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00:02:33,640 --> 00:02:36,240
from the service station when it
isn't even her birthday,
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00:02:36,240 --> 00:02:38,080
and they weren't like the
New Romantics,
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00:02:38,080 --> 00:02:40,280
which were all synthesisers
and wind machines.
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00:02:40,280 --> 00:02:42,800
Instead, they were poets
and artists
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00:02:42,800 --> 00:02:45,480
whose names are still familiar
today.
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00:02:45,480 --> 00:02:46,520
Wordsworth.
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00:02:46,520 --> 00:02:47,560
Shelley.
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00:02:47,560 --> 00:02:48,760
Blake.
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00:02:48,760 --> 00:02:50,560
And the other ones.
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00:02:50,560 --> 00:02:54,000
To find out more,
I went to speak to an expert.
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00:02:54,000 --> 00:02:55,640
Who was Ron?
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00:02:56,960 --> 00:02:58,760
Among the Romantics, you mean?
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00:02:58,760 --> 00:03:00,160
Yeah.
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00:03:00,160 --> 00:03:03,800
Um... William Godwin was
quite wrong.
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00:03:03,800 --> 00:03:07,600
He believed that there should be no
laws at all in society.
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00:03:07,600 --> 00:03:09,240
No, who's Ron?
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00:03:09,240 --> 00:03:12,440
Ron? Uh, is there a Ron?
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00:03:12,440 --> 00:03:16,560
Yeah, the one that wrote all
the poems and signed them "By Ron".
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00:03:17,960 --> 00:03:21,840
Yeah, that...
That was his family name - Byron.
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00:03:21,840 --> 00:03:23,720
Lord George Byron.
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00:03:23,720 --> 00:03:25,240
Oh. right! OK.
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00:03:25,240 --> 00:03:26,400
Yeah.
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00:03:26,400 --> 00:03:30,760
Who was the man from Nantucket
that By Ron wrote about in his poem?
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00:03:31,920 --> 00:03:34,040
I don't remember that poem.
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00:03:34,040 --> 00:03:37,320
It's the one that goes "There was
a young man from Nantucket".
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Is that Byron?
I think so.
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It was really good.
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So how did it end?
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00:03:43,080 --> 00:03:45,200
Byron was like a rock star.
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00:03:45,200 --> 00:03:47,280
He was sexy, like Mick Jagger,
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00:03:47,280 --> 00:03:49,240
brooding, like Kurt Cobain
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00:03:49,240 --> 00:03:51,800
and he had brown hair,
like Harry Styles.
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00:03:51,800 --> 00:03:54,080
Little wonder he's still considered
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the number one dead romantic
in history.
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00:03:56,640 --> 00:03:59,280
Which was your favourite
of the Romantics?
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00:03:59,280 --> 00:04:01,320
Probably, um, Byron, I would think.
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00:04:02,920 --> 00:04:07,000
Byron was the bad-boy
of the Romantic poets.
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00:04:07,000 --> 00:04:09,840
It's thought that he probably
slept with his sister
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00:04:09,840 --> 00:04:12,080
and with most other women
in England.
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00:04:12,080 --> 00:04:13,800
He was your favourite?
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00:04:13,800 --> 00:04:15,720
Yeah.
The one who slept with his sister?
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00:04:15,720 --> 00:04:17,560
Well, it's not... I mean, I...
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00:04:17,560 --> 00:04:19,280
It's not on that basis
that I like him.
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00:04:19,280 --> 00:04:21,480
I was just giving you
a bit of background on him.
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Would that have shocked people
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00:04:22,920 --> 00:04:25,480
or was everyone sleeping
with their sister back then?
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00:04:25,480 --> 00:04:26,760
I think it was...
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00:04:26,760 --> 00:04:29,680
He spent much of his life in exile
and...
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00:04:29,680 --> 00:04:30,840
Where's exile?
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00:04:30,840 --> 00:04:33,520
Well, in his case it was
in Italy, mainly.
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00:04:33,520 --> 00:04:36,640
And he wrote Don Juan, which was one
of the greatest pieces
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of particularly rhyming poetry
in English literature.
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It must've been a good book
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00:04:41,520 --> 00:04:43,960
if you can overlook the fact
he slept with his sister.
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00:04:43,960 --> 00:04:45,320
But not all women of the age
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were Byron's sister who he was
sleeping with.
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00:04:47,720 --> 00:04:50,680
Some of them were other women,
like this one.
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What exactly was Jane Austen?
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00:04:53,840 --> 00:04:58,920
Jane Austen was a woman
from Hampshire who wrote novels.
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Is that it?
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Yes, that's it.
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Absolutely.
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00:05:03,680 --> 00:05:06,560
Austen wrote novels,
which are books,
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00:05:06,560 --> 00:05:09,480
which look like this on the outside,
and this on the inside,
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00:05:09,480 --> 00:05:12,360
filled with words it's almost
impossible to care about.
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00:05:12,360 --> 00:05:17,000
When are they going to translate
Jane Austen's books
into proper English?
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00:05:17,000 --> 00:05:19,240
You know, from like ancient English.
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00:05:19,240 --> 00:05:21,960
Because they're sort of hard
to concentrate on, aren't they,
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00:05:21,960 --> 00:05:24,960
now that we've got, like,
phones and stuff.
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00:05:24,960 --> 00:05:27,040
Well, she's not that hard, really.
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00:05:27,040 --> 00:05:30,560
Those sentences have sometimes got
some nice balancing clauses
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00:05:30,560 --> 00:05:32,680
with a lot of humour in them.
117
00:05:32,680 --> 00:05:35,840
Why do they keep making
Jane Austen's books
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into films and TV shows?
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00:05:37,640 --> 00:05:40,520
There's only about five of them,
isn't there?
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00:05:40,520 --> 00:05:43,080
Whereas, like, there's 50 Mr Men
books
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00:05:43,080 --> 00:05:45,680
and they haven't done
all of those yet.
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00:05:45,680 --> 00:05:49,200
I think there are lots
of reasons for that.
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00:05:49,200 --> 00:05:51,720
People love the love stories.
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00:05:51,720 --> 00:05:53,160
They like the costumes.
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00:05:53,160 --> 00:05:58,440
They're also wonderful books with
lots of opportunities for humour.
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00:05:58,440 --> 00:06:01,880
Are you talking about Jane Austen
or Mr Men?
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00:06:01,880 --> 00:06:03,320
Probably both.
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00:06:03,320 --> 00:06:05,680
Yeah. Who's your favourite Mr Man?
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00:06:05,680 --> 00:06:07,120
Mr Tickle, probably.
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00:06:07,120 --> 00:06:08,920
Yeah. I love Mr Tickle.
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00:06:10,320 --> 00:06:11,920
Jane Austen died in 1817
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only to be reincarnated 200 years
later in the form of this banknote.
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00:06:17,600 --> 00:06:20,560
But important though she was,
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00:06:20,560 --> 00:06:23,160
she wasn't the most significant
woman of the century.
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00:06:23,160 --> 00:06:26,560
That honour belonged
to Queen Victoria.
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00:06:26,560 --> 00:06:30,440
Queen Victoria is often portrayed
as old and grumpy.
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It's where the term
"Victoria Cross" comes from.
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00:06:33,680 --> 00:06:37,280
But she wasn't always a sour,
disapproving old woman.
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00:06:37,280 --> 00:06:40,120
She was once a sour,
disapproving baby.
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00:06:40,120 --> 00:06:44,960
Queen Victoria was born in 1819,
in the usual way, out of a woman.
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It was hard to tell that this infant
would grow up to be Queen
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because her crown hadn't yet formed.
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It was just hair,
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which must've been a relief to her
mother as she was pushing her out.
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00:06:56,120 --> 00:06:59,160
As well as looking miserable,
her other hobby was fashion.
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00:06:59,160 --> 00:07:01,960
Even at an early age,
she was dressing like a cross
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00:07:01,960 --> 00:07:05,240
between a disillusioned Lord Mayor
and an angry hen.
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00:07:05,240 --> 00:07:09,800
In 1837, aged 18,
Victoria became Queen.
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Her reign was to be a period
of great industrial, cultural,
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scientific, and political change,
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00:07:16,680 --> 00:07:20,200
but the main thing people asked her
about was why she was still single
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00:07:20,200 --> 00:07:22,000
and when she was getting married.
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00:07:22,000 --> 00:07:26,440
Eventually, to shut everyone up,
she fell in love with
her cousin, Albert.
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Prince Albert was German,
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but Victoria was willing to overlook
that because they were in love.
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And because most of her family
were German, too.
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00:07:34,640 --> 00:07:39,600
Their untrammelled sexual passion is
evident in every photograph of them.
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What no-one saw coming was
that during Victoria's reign,
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Britain would be turned upside-down
by an avalanche
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of hurricane proportions,
called progress.
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This was the Industrial Revelation.
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And the very first winds
of that changequake
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detonated in the almost
pre-historic world of transport.
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The Victorians had
horse-drawn buses,
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but you never see horses drawing
anything these days, do you?
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00:08:04,880 --> 00:08:07,520
When did they lose
the ability to draw?
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00:08:07,520 --> 00:08:11,240
Is it when their hands
sort of turned into hooves?
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00:08:11,240 --> 00:08:14,400
When we talk about horse-drawn
buses, we're not really talking
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00:08:14,400 --> 00:08:17,280
about horses drawing buses,
but pulling them along.
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So that... That's the meaning of the
word "draw" in this instance.
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Oh. Right.
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And that stopped, really,
once we had the railways
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and then even more the engines.
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Engines ran on a mysterious
new element
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the Victorians had discovered
called steam.
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It was a big deal, wasn't it,
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when they got trains
to run on steam.
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00:08:40,560 --> 00:08:44,480
Where did they get the steam that
powered the trains back then?
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Did they have to sort of mine
it from underground?
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Or did they get it from the sky?
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Well, you can actually make
steam by boiling water.
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So what they're doing is using
the coal to boil the water
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and make the steam that way.
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00:08:58,680 --> 00:09:02,400
Right, so clouds are made
of boiling water?
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00:09:02,400 --> 00:09:06,360
Why don't planes boil then
when we fly through them?
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00:09:06,360 --> 00:09:10,880
I think you probably want to
speak to a meteorologist...
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00:09:10,880 --> 00:09:12,480
Oh... ..about the clouds.
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00:09:12,480 --> 00:09:13,640
OK.
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00:09:18,680 --> 00:09:23,240
As well as carrying steam, trains
could move people huge distances,
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00:09:23,240 --> 00:09:28,360
and they worked much harder,
and faster, than horses.
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00:09:28,360 --> 00:09:32,320
And unlike horses, they've got a big
smiling face on the front,
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and the voice of Ringo Starr.
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00:09:35,120 --> 00:09:39,120
Soon the inevitable happened
and mankind bred with trains,
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00:09:39,120 --> 00:09:44,560
creating half-human, half-train
super-engineer
Isambard Kingdom Brunel,
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00:09:44,560 --> 00:09:48,200
who kicked the Industrial Revolution
into overdrive.
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00:09:48,200 --> 00:09:52,360
Why is Brunel considered one
of the greatest Britons of all time?
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00:09:52,360 --> 00:09:58,160
Brunel built so many different
things - towns, canals, bridges.
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00:09:58,160 --> 00:10:00,640
I mean he was responsible for many
of the things
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00:10:00,640 --> 00:10:03,360
that happened
during the Industrial Revolution.
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00:10:03,360 --> 00:10:08,000
He really took our country forward
in terms of technological progress.
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00:10:08,000 --> 00:10:11,640
Where does he rank compared to,
say, Nick Knowles?
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00:10:11,640 --> 00:10:15,440
He's definitely further up the list,
on my list...
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00:10:15,440 --> 00:10:17,920
Nick Knowles or Brunel?
204
00:10:17,920 --> 00:10:19,280
Brunel.
205
00:10:19,280 --> 00:10:22,760
I suppose we haven't given
Nick Knowles a proper chance yet,
have we?
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00:10:22,760 --> 00:10:25,160
We don't know what
he might come up with yet.
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00:10:25,160 --> 00:10:28,560
This is one of Brunel's
most famous achievements -
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00:10:28,560 --> 00:10:32,920
the Clifton Suspension Bridge,
Britain's first white-knuckle ride.
209
00:10:32,920 --> 00:10:36,920
Although disappointingly flat
compared to today's rollercoasters,
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00:10:36,920 --> 00:10:39,560
millions still flock to Bristol
every year
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00:10:39,560 --> 00:10:41,680
just to queue up and have a go
on it.
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00:10:41,680 --> 00:10:43,200
As well as bridges and tunnels,
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00:10:43,200 --> 00:10:45,520
the Industrial Revolution
brought factories.
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00:10:45,520 --> 00:10:49,280
Factories were cavernous halls of
noise and machinery,
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00:10:49,280 --> 00:10:52,240
dirty and dangerous environments
without even basic Wi-Fi
216
00:10:52,240 --> 00:10:54,960
and only the most rudimentary
break-out spaces.
217
00:10:54,960 --> 00:10:57,360
But they were changing
Britain forever.
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00:10:57,360 --> 00:11:00,880
These days, no-one works in these
factories except ghosts,
219
00:11:00,880 --> 00:11:03,320
and even then,
they only work night shifts.
220
00:11:03,320 --> 00:11:06,840
Workers did long, thankless hours,
with no breaks and low pay
221
00:11:06,840 --> 00:11:09,400
in a squalid
and threatening environment.
222
00:11:09,400 --> 00:11:12,960
Conditions unthinkable today to
anyone who isn't a junior doctor.
223
00:11:12,960 --> 00:11:16,080
The Industrial Revolution was
so frenetic,
224
00:11:16,080 --> 00:11:18,520
a man called Charles Babbage
got carried away
225
00:11:18,520 --> 00:11:20,760
and invented the computer
far too early.
226
00:11:20,760 --> 00:11:24,120
Modern computers are tiny, but this
was as big as a Transit van.
227
00:11:24,120 --> 00:11:27,800
It was even bigger than the 1990s
one your dad's got in the loft
228
00:11:27,800 --> 00:11:30,600
and won't throw away in case the bin
men find all his bank details
229
00:11:30,600 --> 00:11:32,200
and mucky jpegs.
230
00:11:33,920 --> 00:11:36,000
Hello. Who are you?
231
00:11:36,000 --> 00:11:37,320
I'm Doron Swade.
232
00:11:37,320 --> 00:11:39,080
I'm a historian of computing
233
00:11:39,080 --> 00:11:41,520
and I was responsible for building
this engine.
234
00:11:41,520 --> 00:11:43,160
So what games does it have?
235
00:11:43,160 --> 00:11:44,360
It doesn't have any games.
236
00:11:44,360 --> 00:11:46,920
It must have, like, some basic
games,
237
00:11:46,920 --> 00:11:49,760
like Mario Kart or Snake or...
I'm afraid not.
238
00:11:49,760 --> 00:11:51,400
..or Patience,
like the shittest one.
239
00:11:51,400 --> 00:11:52,800
It must have Patience.
240
00:11:52,800 --> 00:11:54,040
I'm afraid it doesn't.
241
00:11:54,040 --> 00:11:56,240
It doesn't have any games?
None whatever.
242
00:11:56,240 --> 00:11:58,600
It just does
mathematical calculation.
243
00:11:58,600 --> 00:12:01,600
So where's the screen
on this computer?
244
00:12:01,600 --> 00:12:04,160
The screen, again,
is part of the electronic era.
245
00:12:04,160 --> 00:12:05,760
This has no screens.
246
00:12:05,760 --> 00:12:07,840
As it happens, you don't need
to read the numbers
247
00:12:07,840 --> 00:12:09,880
because it prints them
automatically for you.
248
00:12:09,880 --> 00:12:13,440
It's a shame, isn't it, that it
doesn't have a screen
249
00:12:13,440 --> 00:12:15,400
because then you could turn it
upside-down
250
00:12:15,400 --> 00:12:17,320
and the numbers would become
rude words.
251
00:12:17,320 --> 00:12:18,840
You know, like with a calculator?
252
00:12:18,840 --> 00:12:20,320
Yes.
253
00:12:20,320 --> 00:12:21,520
Have you ever done that?
254
00:12:21,520 --> 00:12:23,280
I haven't but I know what you mean.
255
00:12:23,280 --> 00:12:26,320
You've done this
but you haven't done that? Correct.
256
00:12:27,920 --> 00:12:32,480
Babbage never foresaw the terrible
consequences of his invention -
257
00:12:32,480 --> 00:12:37,080
a machine that would autocorrect his
name to "cabbage" every single time.
258
00:12:37,080 --> 00:12:40,880
The Victorian age was an era of huge
and inventive leaps.
259
00:12:42,240 --> 00:12:46,160
But one man was about to take
too large a step for many,
260
00:12:46,160 --> 00:12:48,040
Charles Darwin.
261
00:12:48,040 --> 00:12:50,320
Darwin was born the son of a doctor,
262
00:12:50,320 --> 00:12:53,720
but using his own theories,
soon evolved into a scientist.
263
00:12:53,720 --> 00:12:56,200
He was faskinated by nature,
264
00:12:56,200 --> 00:13:00,040
and decided to find out more about
it by going to sea on a beagle.
265
00:13:00,040 --> 00:13:04,120
Darwin, uh, sailed off on his
science mission on a beagle,
266
00:13:04,120 --> 00:13:06,040
didn't he?
267
00:13:06,040 --> 00:13:10,040
He did, yeah, he went off for five
years on The Beagle.
268
00:13:10,040 --> 00:13:11,920
Yeah. A small ship which...
269
00:13:11,920 --> 00:13:14,920
It was a ship? ..circumnavigated,
yeah, circumnavigated the world...
270
00:13:14,920 --> 00:13:16,160
Not a dog?
271
00:13:16,160 --> 00:13:19,640
No. So it wasn't a ship that evolved
into a dog?
272
00:13:19,640 --> 00:13:21,400
Certainly not, no.
273
00:13:21,400 --> 00:13:24,840
On his journey, he visited
the Noel Gallagher's Islands
274
00:13:24,840 --> 00:13:26,720
and came up with a theory -
275
00:13:26,720 --> 00:13:30,080
that animals that were dead were
less likely to reproduce
276
00:13:30,080 --> 00:13:31,680
than ones that were alive.
277
00:13:31,680 --> 00:13:34,680
Talk me through the events
that led up to the moment
278
00:13:34,680 --> 00:13:37,280
where Charles Darwin
invented the monkey.
279
00:13:37,280 --> 00:13:40,400
Darwin didn't...invent the monkey.
280
00:13:40,400 --> 00:13:42,320
No-one invented a monkey.
281
00:13:42,320 --> 00:13:45,480
OK, well, talk me through the events
which led up the moment
282
00:13:45,480 --> 00:13:48,400
where Charles Darwin
didn't invent the monkey.
283
00:13:48,400 --> 00:13:52,400
Charles Darwin saw monkeys as
potential progenitors of humans,
284
00:13:52,400 --> 00:13:56,880
ie, we could have evolved from them.
285
00:13:56,880 --> 00:13:58,880
When they put monkeys in zoos,
286
00:13:58,880 --> 00:14:01,520
how long does it take for them
to turn human?
287
00:14:01,520 --> 00:14:05,160
Well, it's not really to do
with the zoo.
288
00:14:05,160 --> 00:14:07,840
Alright,
so say we kept one in the wild,
289
00:14:07,840 --> 00:14:10,760
how long would it take for that
monkey to grow,
290
00:14:10,760 --> 00:14:13,320
like, a nose or ears?
291
00:14:13,320 --> 00:14:15,920
Well, they have noses and ears
that are perfectly functional.
292
00:14:15,920 --> 00:14:17,400
Like a man's nose.
293
00:14:17,400 --> 00:14:21,000
Those apes and monkeys
don't need a human nose.
294
00:14:21,000 --> 00:14:22,560
It wouldn't do them any good.
295
00:14:22,560 --> 00:14:25,240
What's the fastest
evolution could happen?
296
00:14:25,240 --> 00:14:28,440
Like, how fast could you turn
a pig into a cow?
297
00:14:29,440 --> 00:14:30,600
A pig into a cow?
298
00:14:30,600 --> 00:14:35,240
You're never going to be able
to turn a pig into a cow.
299
00:14:35,240 --> 00:14:37,640
Why would you want to turn
a pig into a cow?
300
00:14:37,640 --> 00:14:39,600
Pigs are quite good at being pigs
301
00:14:39,600 --> 00:14:41,680
and cows are relatively
good at being cows.
302
00:14:41,680 --> 00:14:44,160
Why do you want to turn
a pig into a cow?
303
00:14:44,160 --> 00:14:46,160
Just to see what it's like.
304
00:14:46,160 --> 00:14:49,000
In 1859, he wrote a book
about his theory
305
00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:51,120
called The Oranges Of The Peaches,
306
00:14:51,120 --> 00:14:54,560
which described how oranges
have evolved from peaches.
307
00:14:54,560 --> 00:14:58,680
Controversially, the book claimed
that man was descended from monkeys,
308
00:14:58,680 --> 00:15:01,880
a twist most of the readers
were unprepared for.
309
00:15:01,880 --> 00:15:06,040
The idea that man and ape were close
relatives was considered
310
00:15:06,040 --> 00:15:08,080
both hilarious and shocking -
311
00:15:08,080 --> 00:15:09,800
a bit like Graham Norton,
312
00:15:09,800 --> 00:15:13,000
but with more profound consequences
for all humankind.
313
00:15:14,840 --> 00:15:17,520
Eventually Darwin evolved himself
314
00:15:17,520 --> 00:15:18,720
into a corpse.
315
00:15:18,720 --> 00:15:22,440
He was buried here, in Westminster
Abbey, before evolving again,
316
00:15:22,440 --> 00:15:24,280
into worms and dust.
317
00:15:24,280 --> 00:15:27,960
Meanwhile, Britain itself was
evolving into an empire.
318
00:15:27,960 --> 00:15:31,400
The British Empire was
the biggest the world had ever seen.
319
00:15:31,400 --> 00:15:34,560
It had started back in the days
of Drake and Raleigh,
320
00:15:34,560 --> 00:15:37,560
then expanded when Captain Cook
discovered Australia
321
00:15:37,560 --> 00:15:41,320
when he took the first-ever gap year
working on a beach near Sydney.
322
00:15:41,320 --> 00:15:44,280
With its year-round sunshine
and abundant food,
323
00:15:44,280 --> 00:15:47,680
Australia was deemed the perfect
place to send Britain's murderers.
324
00:15:47,680 --> 00:15:50,960
It was hoped they'd suffer terrible
homesickness
325
00:15:50,960 --> 00:15:52,960
as they lay soaking up the sun.
326
00:15:52,960 --> 00:15:54,760
But there was a dark side
327
00:15:54,760 --> 00:15:58,880
to Britain's ever-increasing
globalisation - slavery.
328
00:15:58,880 --> 00:16:01,680
These days, people pay thousands of
pounds to visit
329
00:16:01,680 --> 00:16:03,920
the sun-kissed islands
of the Caribbean.
330
00:16:03,920 --> 00:16:06,840
But in the 1700s, you could go
there for free,
331
00:16:06,840 --> 00:16:09,960
if you were black
and didn't want to go there.
332
00:16:11,080 --> 00:16:14,520
It was immediately obvious to anyone
that slavery was wrong,
333
00:16:14,520 --> 00:16:17,880
which is why it was only allowed
to continue for hundreds of years.
334
00:16:17,880 --> 00:16:20,440
There were many countries
in the British Empire.
335
00:16:20,440 --> 00:16:24,520
By Victoria's day, the empire bits
were coloured pink on the map,
336
00:16:24,520 --> 00:16:27,440
to remind white Britons what colour
they'd turn if they went there
337
00:16:27,440 --> 00:16:29,400
and stood in the sun too long.
338
00:16:29,400 --> 00:16:33,880
And no bit of the map was pinker
than the Jewel in the Crown - India.
339
00:16:33,880 --> 00:16:37,960
For years, a British business,
the East India Company,
340
00:16:37,960 --> 00:16:40,600
had ruled over India -
and the locals weren't happy.
341
00:16:40,600 --> 00:16:44,360
A corporation running a country is
the sort of thing that
342
00:16:44,360 --> 00:16:48,760
usually happens in a scary science
fiction film, but this was real,
343
00:16:48,760 --> 00:16:52,120
and ages ago, and had all
tea leaves in it instead of lasers.
344
00:16:52,120 --> 00:16:55,160
After a people's rebellion,
the company was replaced
345
00:16:55,160 --> 00:16:59,960
in 1858 by the British monarchy
and the British Raj was born.
346
00:16:59,960 --> 00:17:03,240
Queen Victoria was made
Empress of India in 1877,
347
00:17:03,240 --> 00:17:05,760
a title she was so thrilled by,
348
00:17:05,760 --> 00:17:09,200
she immediately set about never
visiting the Indian continent
349
00:17:09,200 --> 00:17:11,480
at any point in her life.
350
00:17:11,480 --> 00:17:15,000
For some reason, the debate still
rages as to how good
351
00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:17,680
the British Empire actually was.
352
00:17:17,680 --> 00:17:21,840
Was the British Empire
evil like it was in Star Wars?
353
00:17:21,840 --> 00:17:24,960
I think the important point here is
that yes, many people would
354
00:17:24,960 --> 00:17:27,800
have seen the British Empire
as being an evil empire,
355
00:17:27,800 --> 00:17:29,400
whilst at the same
time many people -
356
00:17:29,400 --> 00:17:31,040
unsurprisingly,
most of them British -
357
00:17:31,040 --> 00:17:33,480
would have seen it as something that
was a beacon of light,
358
00:17:33,480 --> 00:17:35,880
so I think that here lies one of the
key debates
359
00:17:35,880 --> 00:17:39,920
in British imperial history -
was it good or was it bad?
360
00:17:39,920 --> 00:17:43,880
Who was the Darth Vader of the
Empire?
361
00:17:43,880 --> 00:17:46,120
Was it Queen Victoria?
362
00:17:46,120 --> 00:17:47,880
You probably wouldn't have
had anyone
363
00:17:47,880 --> 00:17:51,680
quite as powerful as Darth Vader
as, if you like, a supreme leader.
364
00:17:51,680 --> 00:17:54,160
Erm... What about Luke Skywalker?
365
00:17:54,160 --> 00:17:57,320
I think many people would have
liked to have undertaken
366
00:17:57,320 --> 00:17:59,280
a Skywalker-like role as a saviour,
367
00:17:59,280 --> 00:18:01,560
but there probably weren't too many
of those around.
368
00:18:01,560 --> 00:18:02,640
Chewbacca?
369
00:18:04,120 --> 00:18:06,560
No, I think that's stretching it.
370
00:18:06,560 --> 00:18:11,240
Meanwhile, back home, with machines
doing all the hard work, people had
371
00:18:11,240 --> 00:18:15,560
more free time on their hands than
ever and they needed entertaining.
372
00:18:15,560 --> 00:18:18,920
What sort of music was
popular in Victorian times?
373
00:18:18,920 --> 00:18:22,640
What were the genres?
R&B, soul, rock?
374
00:18:22,640 --> 00:18:25,240
One was, erm, the music hall.
375
00:18:25,240 --> 00:18:28,920
Is music hall the first sort
of music named after a building?
376
00:18:28,920 --> 00:18:32,520
And do you think that was a
big influence on acid house?
377
00:18:34,360 --> 00:18:39,040
Despite the name, music hall wasn't
just music in a hall.
378
00:18:39,040 --> 00:18:43,120
As well as singers, there were
comedians, dancers and variety turns
379
00:18:43,120 --> 00:18:46,200
like on Britain's Got Talent,
but with a few differences.
380
00:18:46,200 --> 00:18:49,800
Back then, audiences enjoyed
the acts for themselves,
381
00:18:49,800 --> 00:18:54,000
rather than asking David Walliams or
Amanda Holden to do it for them.
382
00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:57,080
And because the only way to change
channel in Victorian Times
383
00:18:57,080 --> 00:18:59,480
was to walk up the road to
a different music hall,
384
00:18:59,480 --> 00:19:01,480
the acts could be a lot shitter.
385
00:19:01,480 --> 00:19:04,680
So could you play some
music hall for me now?
386
00:19:04,680 --> 00:19:09,080
Erm, right, well, there were
lots of popular songs
387
00:19:09,080 --> 00:19:12,080
and they liked certain
sorts of rhythms and vamps.
388
00:19:12,080 --> 00:19:14,560
So this was a very popular one,
which goes like this...
389
00:19:14,560 --> 00:19:16,360
HE PLAYS A JAUNTY TUNE
390
00:19:16,360 --> 00:19:19,200
# My old man said follow the van
391
00:19:19,200 --> 00:19:22,040
# And don't dilly-dally
on the way... #
392
00:19:22,040 --> 00:19:24,480
That sort of rhythm...
Hmm. ..was very popular.
393
00:19:24,480 --> 00:19:27,120
So why was that considered
entertaining?
394
00:19:27,120 --> 00:19:31,280
But while commoners enjoyed this
Victorian equivalent of ITV,
395
00:19:31,280 --> 00:19:34,760
posh folk were getting into a
primitive, paper-based form
396
00:19:34,760 --> 00:19:38,360
of television called books, which
streamed content from the page
397
00:19:38,360 --> 00:19:40,480
into your mind's eye.
398
00:19:40,480 --> 00:19:43,840
Books were being
produced in huge numbers.
399
00:19:43,840 --> 00:19:47,640
Perhaps that's why the Victorian era
produced more Victorian writers
400
00:19:47,640 --> 00:19:50,320
than any other period in history.
401
00:19:50,320 --> 00:19:53,920
This is one of them -
Sir Arthur Coning Roddy Doyle,
402
00:19:53,920 --> 00:19:57,000
perhaps the greatest writer of
detective fiction
403
00:19:57,000 --> 00:20:01,360
he could possibly be - the inventor
of Sherlock Holmes.
404
00:20:01,360 --> 00:20:04,400
The first Sherlock Holmes story was
such a hit,
405
00:20:04,400 --> 00:20:07,240
Coning Doyle wrote 55 sequels,
406
00:20:07,240 --> 00:20:10,040
which is four more than
The Fast And The Furious.
407
00:20:10,040 --> 00:20:12,600
Although, in the Sherlock Holmes
stories,
408
00:20:12,600 --> 00:20:15,080
some stuff happens that isn't
skidding.
409
00:20:15,080 --> 00:20:18,920
Since his Victorian origins,
Sherlock Holmes himself has
410
00:20:18,920 --> 00:20:22,640
regenerated many times and in many
different forms throughout history,
411
00:20:22,640 --> 00:20:24,920
from drawings,
to black-and-white man,
412
00:20:24,920 --> 00:20:26,880
to a black-and-white-man in colour,
413
00:20:26,880 --> 00:20:29,840
into a cricketer and even an alien.
414
00:20:29,840 --> 00:20:33,840
But perhaps the best-known Victorian
to put quill to paper
415
00:20:33,840 --> 00:20:36,840
is one of the greatest writists
Britain has ever shat out -
416
00:20:36,840 --> 00:20:38,520
Sir Charles Dickings.
417
00:20:38,520 --> 00:20:41,240
Dickings lived here, in a house,
418
00:20:41,240 --> 00:20:44,360
but he left when the council turned
it into a museum, gift shop
419
00:20:44,360 --> 00:20:47,160
and education centre in his memory.
420
00:20:47,160 --> 00:20:48,440
He became a writer,
421
00:20:48,440 --> 00:20:52,560
and began to create some of the most
time-consuming stories in history.
422
00:20:52,560 --> 00:20:57,000
The names of Dickings' most famous
works are still familiar today.
423
00:20:57,000 --> 00:20:58,560
Nicholas Nickelback.
424
00:20:58,560 --> 00:21:00,120
Great Defecations.
425
00:21:00,120 --> 00:21:01,880
David's Copper Field.
426
00:21:01,880 --> 00:21:03,360
The Picnic Papers.
427
00:21:03,360 --> 00:21:05,160
And his masterpiece...
428
00:21:05,160 --> 00:21:07,080
..Oliver's Twist.
429
00:21:07,080 --> 00:21:10,600
Despite the spoiler in its title,
Oliver's Twist doesn't have a twist
430
00:21:10,600 --> 00:21:15,800
at the end, which, come to think of
it, is a brilliant twist in itself.
431
00:21:15,800 --> 00:21:18,000
That's how clever Dickings was.
432
00:21:18,000 --> 00:21:19,960
BOYS SCREAM
433
00:21:27,320 --> 00:21:29,160
Like many of Dickings' works,
434
00:21:29,160 --> 00:21:33,680
Oliver's Twist exposed the grim
underbelly of Victorian London.
435
00:21:33,680 --> 00:21:36,320
As you can see from this blistering
adaptation,
436
00:21:36,320 --> 00:21:40,040
it's an uncompromising,
searing vision of extreme poverty
437
00:21:40,040 --> 00:21:42,640
and synchronised dancing.
438
00:21:42,640 --> 00:21:46,840
Despite his genius,
Dickings' immortality couldn't last,
439
00:21:46,840 --> 00:21:50,320
and in 1870, he died - forever.
440
00:21:50,320 --> 00:21:53,120
We don't know what his last words
were, or whether he managed
441
00:21:53,120 --> 00:21:57,600
to blurt out "the end" just before
closing his mouth for the last time.
442
00:21:57,600 --> 00:22:01,240
But while Dickings was celebrated,
another Victorian wordsmith
443
00:22:01,240 --> 00:22:03,720
found himself on the
wrong side of the law.
444
00:22:03,720 --> 00:22:06,560
Oscar Wilde was a brilliant writer
and wit,
445
00:22:06,560 --> 00:22:10,600
which is the Victorian word for
"top bantz merchant".
446
00:22:10,600 --> 00:22:12,760
He was persecuted for being gay,
447
00:22:12,760 --> 00:22:14,640
and ended up in Reed-ing Gaol.
448
00:22:14,640 --> 00:22:17,400
Luckily, being a literary man,
449
00:22:17,400 --> 00:22:20,480
he loved reading, and was
so happy he wrote a song about it.
450
00:22:22,720 --> 00:22:25,960
Sadly, it didn't do very well,
because there's no tune to speak of
451
00:22:25,960 --> 00:22:30,200
and, as you can see, he's misspelt
"jail" on the front.
452
00:22:30,200 --> 00:22:33,640
The Victorians treated
Wilde like a sexual deviant
453
00:22:33,640 --> 00:22:35,680
because they were extremely prudish.
454
00:22:35,680 --> 00:22:39,080
In polite society,
clothing was prim and proper.
455
00:22:39,080 --> 00:22:41,840
Even glimpsing an ankle was
considered racy.
456
00:22:41,840 --> 00:22:45,600
So chances are anyone seeing a bum
would've had a stroke.
457
00:22:45,600 --> 00:22:49,200
In fact, the famed Victorian
morality was nothing more than
458
00:22:49,200 --> 00:22:52,000
a hypocritical front -
for one thing,
459
00:22:52,000 --> 00:22:55,200
as these photographs prove,
people still had buttocks and muffs.
460
00:22:55,200 --> 00:22:57,280
Some people even had intercourse.
461
00:22:57,280 --> 00:23:00,800
Victorian London in particular
was a hotbed of vice,
462
00:23:00,800 --> 00:23:04,000
with many a so-called
"respectable gentleman"
463
00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:06,760
paying women for sex
up the East End.
464
00:23:06,760 --> 00:23:10,840
If you were a prostitute in London
in 1888, there were two words
465
00:23:10,840 --> 00:23:14,600
guaranteed to put the fear of god
into you - "Jack"...
466
00:23:14,600 --> 00:23:16,200
..and "the Ripper".
467
00:23:16,200 --> 00:23:19,400
Jack the Ripper was one of the most
antisocial murderers
468
00:23:19,400 --> 00:23:21,000
Britain has ever seen.
469
00:23:21,000 --> 00:23:24,360
Much of the fear of The Ripper was
stirred up by the press.
470
00:23:24,360 --> 00:23:26,760
And by the way
he kept killing people.
471
00:23:26,760 --> 00:23:30,360
The murders brought shame on
19th-century London,
472
00:23:30,360 --> 00:23:34,040
which is why, unlike other prominent
Victorians of the age,
473
00:23:34,040 --> 00:23:36,560
Jack the Ripper has never
appeared on a banknote.
474
00:23:36,560 --> 00:23:41,240
Despite this, he's just as popular
today as he wasn't back then.
475
00:23:41,240 --> 00:23:44,400
You can still go on Ripper
tours around Whitechapel -
476
00:23:44,400 --> 00:23:46,800
a fun way of commemorating
a serial killer,
477
00:23:46,800 --> 00:23:51,120
although committing murders on the
tour itself is lightly discouraged.
478
00:23:51,120 --> 00:23:54,960
Because the culprit himself was
never caught,
479
00:23:54,960 --> 00:23:57,440
there's a lot we still don't
know about Jack the Ripper.
480
00:23:57,440 --> 00:24:00,640
We don't know who he was
or why he did it.
481
00:24:00,640 --> 00:24:03,920
We don't even know if Jack
the Ripper was his real name,
482
00:24:03,920 --> 00:24:06,280
or just a nickname, like 50 Cent.
483
00:24:06,280 --> 00:24:09,040
We don't know when he died,
or if he died.
484
00:24:09,040 --> 00:24:12,960
It's chilling to think Jack the
Ripper could still be alive today,
485
00:24:12,960 --> 00:24:16,320
living somewhere out there,
under his real name.
486
00:24:16,320 --> 00:24:18,640
Maybe he's one of your friends
or neighbours.
487
00:24:18,640 --> 00:24:20,520
Or maybe...he's you.
488
00:24:21,760 --> 00:24:23,640
You'd have no way of knowing.
489
00:24:23,640 --> 00:24:25,280
And that's terrifying.
490
00:24:26,240 --> 00:24:29,800
But it wasn't just prostitutes who
died in Victorian Britain.
491
00:24:29,800 --> 00:24:33,800
So did Victoria's beloved husband
Albert, who succumbed to typhoid
492
00:24:33,800 --> 00:24:39,040
and stomach and bum trouble
in 1861, a mere 125 years
493
00:24:39,040 --> 00:24:43,920
before the first transmission of the
BBC comedy series Brush Strokes.
494
00:24:54,000 --> 00:24:57,920
# Because of you
495
00:24:57,920 --> 00:25:00,720
# These things I do
496
00:25:03,040 --> 00:25:04,600
# Because of you
497
00:25:07,120 --> 00:25:10,200
# Because of you
Ohhh-ohhh... #
498
00:25:14,320 --> 00:25:17,080
Victoria was so heartbroken by
Albert's death,
499
00:25:17,080 --> 00:25:20,400
she spent the rest of her life
wearing black and pulling a face
500
00:25:20,400 --> 00:25:22,840
like Alfred Hitchcock watching a dog
drown.
501
00:25:22,840 --> 00:25:26,080
The grieving queen commissioned
monuments to Albert's memory,
502
00:25:26,080 --> 00:25:30,160
such as the Prince Albert Memorial
and the Royal Albert Hall,
503
00:25:30,160 --> 00:25:32,200
which functioned as both
a concert hall
504
00:25:32,200 --> 00:25:35,840
and a receptacle for Adolf Hitler's
missing bollock.
505
00:25:35,840 --> 00:25:38,000
And then Victoria did what any
widow would,
506
00:25:38,000 --> 00:25:39,600
and went off to the Isle of Wight
507
00:25:39,600 --> 00:25:41,600
to look out of the window
until she died.
508
00:25:43,840 --> 00:25:45,640
Fittingly for a monarch whose reign
509
00:25:45,640 --> 00:25:48,040
had seen many technomalogical
advancements,
510
00:25:48,040 --> 00:25:50,320
moving pictures had
just been invented -
511
00:25:50,320 --> 00:25:52,400
just in time to
capture her funeral -
512
00:25:52,400 --> 00:25:56,600
but, sadly, not in time for her to
enjoy the footage of her funeral.
513
00:25:56,600 --> 00:26:00,000
The entire country came to
a standstill for the procession.
514
00:26:00,000 --> 00:26:03,000
It was as though the British public
weren't just burying a queen,
515
00:26:03,000 --> 00:26:05,920
but an entire era, which they'd
somehow managed to
516
00:26:05,920 --> 00:26:08,040
fit in the box along with her body.
517
00:26:08,040 --> 00:26:11,160
The death of Queen Victoria reduced
the number of women with
518
00:26:11,160 --> 00:26:14,160
a voice in British politics by 100%.
519
00:26:14,160 --> 00:26:18,000
Because in 1901, women did
not have the vote, even though,
520
00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:20,400
at the time, half
the men in Britain were women.
521
00:26:22,680 --> 00:26:25,760
Women were thought of as simple
creatures who could give birth
522
00:26:25,760 --> 00:26:28,360
and raise families,
but couldn't be trusted with
523
00:26:28,360 --> 00:26:31,640
something as complicated as drawing
an X with a pencil.
524
00:26:31,640 --> 00:26:35,000
Today it's unthinkable that
a woman wouldn't be able to vote,
525
00:26:35,000 --> 00:26:38,880
unless she was really hungover or
in her slippers and it was raining,
526
00:26:38,880 --> 00:26:41,360
but back then it was the law.
527
00:26:41,360 --> 00:26:44,480
One woman decided that had
to change.
528
00:26:44,480 --> 00:26:47,680
Emmerdale Pankhurst thought
women could be more than just wives
529
00:26:47,680 --> 00:26:50,960
and mothers, so she deliberately
only had five children,
530
00:26:50,960 --> 00:26:53,320
leaving her loads of time for
politics.
531
00:26:53,320 --> 00:26:55,640
She founded the
suffragette movement.
532
00:26:55,640 --> 00:26:58,720
These women were tough
and prepared to fight.
533
00:26:58,720 --> 00:27:01,240
Like Wonder Woman, but with sleeves.
534
00:27:02,280 --> 00:27:05,160
The suffragettes
protested in creative ways.
535
00:27:05,160 --> 00:27:07,560
Some chained themselves to
important buildings,
536
00:27:07,560 --> 00:27:09,400
rather than the kitchen sink.
537
00:27:09,400 --> 00:27:11,400
Others went on hunger strike,
538
00:27:11,400 --> 00:27:15,240
kick-starting the food detox craze
that continues to this day.
539
00:27:15,240 --> 00:27:18,480
One suffragette, Emily Davison,
threw herself under a horse
540
00:27:18,480 --> 00:27:19,920
to get the vote.
541
00:27:19,920 --> 00:27:22,120
But the vote wasn't under a horse.
542
00:27:22,120 --> 00:27:25,160
It was in a little wooden
booth in a primary school.
543
00:27:25,160 --> 00:27:28,480
But, to be fair,
women wouldn't have known that.
544
00:27:28,480 --> 00:27:31,360
The suffragettes wanted the vote
so badly,
545
00:27:31,360 --> 00:27:32,760
they were prepared to die for it.
546
00:27:32,760 --> 00:27:33,880
Nobody knows why.
547
00:27:35,520 --> 00:27:38,840
Maybe they imagined it was
better in here than it actually is.
548
00:27:38,840 --> 00:27:41,920
Maybe they thought there'd be games
or sandwiches in here.
549
00:27:41,920 --> 00:27:45,200
If they'd known it was just
a pencil on a shoelace,
550
00:27:45,200 --> 00:27:46,600
they might not have bothered.
551
00:27:46,600 --> 00:27:50,200
Eventually, women did get the vote
after the next bit of history,
552
00:27:50,200 --> 00:27:53,840
but I can't skip past the next bit,
because the next bit is war,
553
00:27:53,840 --> 00:27:56,280
and men will find that interesting.
554
00:27:56,280 --> 00:27:59,440
Next time, we move into the early
20th century,
555
00:27:59,440 --> 00:28:01,440
a period when TV was invented,
556
00:28:01,440 --> 00:28:05,040
making life actually worth living
for the first time.
557
00:28:05,040 --> 00:28:10,240
And also, a time when Britain fought
two World Wars, but no World Cups.
558
00:28:10,240 --> 00:28:14,320
Why were all the British soldiers
in World War I called Tommy?
559
00:28:14,320 --> 00:28:44,810
Was that just a coincidence?
50924
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