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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:16,070 --> 00:00:20,140 On the 8th of May 1429, the town of Orleans in France 2 00:00:20,140 --> 00:00:21,943 erupted in celebration. 3 00:00:23,950 --> 00:00:25,410 For seven long months, 4 00:00:25,410 --> 00:00:27,800 it had been under siege by the English, 5 00:00:27,800 --> 00:00:30,803 but now, after just four days of fighting, 6 00:00:32,400 --> 00:00:34,143 the town had been liberated. 7 00:00:35,150 --> 00:00:38,433 And the people of Orleans knew they had witnessed a miracle. 8 00:00:44,250 --> 00:00:47,990 The speed of their liberation was astonishing enough. 9 00:00:47,990 --> 00:00:50,080 But what confirmed it as a miracle 10 00:00:50,080 --> 00:00:52,540 was the identity of their liberator. 11 00:00:52,540 --> 00:00:55,510 She was a peasant girl, and she was just 17 12 00:00:59,020 --> 00:01:00,800 Her name was Joan. 13 00:01:00,800 --> 00:01:03,580 She was a truly extraordinary figure, 14 00:01:03,580 --> 00:01:05,410 a female warrior in an age 15 00:01:05,410 --> 00:01:08,453 that believed women couldn’t fight, let alone lead an army. 16 00:01:10,440 --> 00:01:12,130 Take care what you do for in truth, 17 00:01:12,130 --> 00:01:15,533 I am sent by God and you put yourself in great danger. 18 00:01:17,320 --> 00:01:19,280 These are Joan’s own words, 19 00:01:19,280 --> 00:01:21,950 recorded in a contemporary manuscript. 20 00:01:21,950 --> 00:01:24,180 Six centuries after her death, 21 00:01:24,180 --> 00:01:28,053 her words transport us back into her life and times. 22 00:01:30,880 --> 00:01:34,259 To understand Joan’s story, we need to explore a world 23 00:01:34,259 --> 00:01:37,200 where God and the devil are real. 24 00:01:37,200 --> 00:01:38,900 Today, we’re more aware than we’ve been, 25 00:01:38,900 --> 00:01:41,570 perhaps for centuries, of the power of faith 26 00:01:41,570 --> 00:01:45,663 to drive people to do extraordinary things for good or ill. 27 00:01:46,670 --> 00:01:49,560 And in a world where God’s will is at work, 28 00:01:49,560 --> 00:01:50,973 anything is possible. 29 00:02:19,723 --> 00:02:21,780 Over the centuries Joan has become an icon 30 00:02:21,780 --> 00:02:25,130 to almost everyone, to the left and the right, 31 00:02:25,130 --> 00:02:28,853 to Catholics and Protestants, traditionalists and feminists. 32 00:02:40,079 --> 00:02:42,510 She’s captured the imagination of novelists, 33 00:02:42,510 --> 00:02:45,300 playwrights, artists and musicians, 34 00:02:45,300 --> 00:02:48,000 and her fame has spread all over the world, 35 00:02:48,000 --> 00:02:50,633 taking her from France to Hollywood. 36 00:02:58,999 --> 00:03:02,090 I’ve been studying the medieval world for almost 30 years, 37 00:03:02,090 --> 00:03:03,880 and I feel pretty confident in saying 38 00:03:03,880 --> 00:03:06,120 she’s had more pop songs written about her 39 00:03:06,120 --> 00:03:08,253 than anyone else from the Middle Ages. 40 00:03:09,370 --> 00:03:11,920 But for all the images of Joan that have been created 41 00:03:11,920 --> 00:03:15,240 since her death, only one picture of her survives 42 00:03:15,240 --> 00:03:17,443 which was made in her own lifetime. 43 00:03:19,630 --> 00:03:22,940 And it’s here, a drawing, almost a doodle, 44 00:03:22,940 --> 00:03:26,079 in the margin of the records of the Paris parlement. 45 00:03:26,079 --> 00:03:30,123 It shows what a remarkable and troubling figure Joan was. 46 00:03:31,120 --> 00:03:32,990 The clerk knew that the army at Orleans 47 00:03:32,990 --> 00:03:34,550 had a young woman with them 48 00:03:34,550 --> 00:03:37,660 who was carrying a banner and a sword. 49 00:03:37,660 --> 00:03:39,740 But he’d never seen her. 50 00:03:39,740 --> 00:03:43,030 Either he didn’t yet know, or couldn’t quite believe, 51 00:03:43,030 --> 00:03:46,350 that Joan actually, shockingly, had short hair 52 00:03:46,350 --> 00:03:47,653 and wore male armour. 53 00:03:48,710 --> 00:03:51,720 Instead, he’s made her look as a woman should, 54 00:03:51,720 --> 00:03:54,743 with long hair, modestly wearing a dress. 55 00:03:59,300 --> 00:04:02,760 But while there’s only this one faint image of Joan, 56 00:04:02,760 --> 00:04:04,680 unusually for anyone in the Middle Ages 57 00:04:04,680 --> 00:04:06,880 let alone a lowborn woman, 58 00:04:06,880 --> 00:04:10,830 a great deal was written about her by her contemporaries. 59 00:04:10,830 --> 00:04:13,210 Even more importantly, her own words 60 00:04:13,210 --> 00:04:15,210 have reached us through the centuries 61 00:04:15,210 --> 00:04:18,470 with an astonishing strength and clarity. 62 00:04:18,470 --> 00:04:19,930 And one of the most remarkable 63 00:04:19,930 --> 00:04:21,910 and revealing documents of all 64 00:04:21,910 --> 00:04:26,123 is the transcript of Joan’s trial for heresy in 1431. 65 00:04:31,147 --> 00:04:33,650 This is the most detailed record that survives 66 00:04:33,650 --> 00:04:35,760 from any medieval trial. 67 00:04:35,760 --> 00:04:39,203 And through it, we can hear Joan’s own voice. 68 00:04:40,760 --> 00:04:43,380 Here, she describes the first time 69 00:04:43,380 --> 00:04:47,683 she heard a message from God when she was just 13 years old. 70 00:04:55,560 --> 00:04:57,850 At first, I was very afraid. 71 00:04:57,850 --> 00:05:00,080 The voice came at midday in the summer time 72 00:05:00,080 --> 00:05:01,183 in my father’s garden. 73 00:05:04,710 --> 00:05:07,050 The voice on my right side towards the church 74 00:05:07,050 --> 00:05:09,520 and I seldom hear it without a light. 75 00:05:09,520 --> 00:05:11,930 The light comes from the same side as the voice, 76 00:05:11,930 --> 00:05:13,880 but all around, there is a great light. 77 00:05:14,980 --> 00:05:16,970 It seemed to me to be a worthy voice, 78 00:05:16,970 --> 00:05:19,320 and I believe that the voice was sent from God. 79 00:05:20,490 --> 00:05:22,470 Once I heard the voice three times, 80 00:05:22,470 --> 00:05:24,520 I knew that it was the voice of an angel. 81 00:05:31,000 --> 00:05:34,130 We might ask, was Joan mad or ill? 82 00:05:34,130 --> 00:05:35,550 But for the people of the Middle Ages, 83 00:05:35,550 --> 00:05:38,150 the issues were entirely different. 84 00:05:38,150 --> 00:05:40,830 They knew that angels and demons did communicate 85 00:05:40,830 --> 00:05:43,860 with people of completely sound mind. 86 00:05:43,860 --> 00:05:46,680 The problem wasn’t how to explain Joan hearing voices 87 00:05:46,680 --> 00:05:48,150 that weren’t there, 88 00:05:48,150 --> 00:05:51,090 the problem was how to tell whether the voices came to her 89 00:05:51,090 --> 00:05:52,863 from God or the devil. 90 00:05:58,350 --> 00:06:00,070 Joan received her first vision 91 00:06:00,070 --> 00:06:02,680 when she was living with her family in Domremy, 92 00:06:02,680 --> 00:06:04,923 a small village in the east of France. 93 00:06:06,510 --> 00:06:08,220 But the France that Joan was born into 94 00:06:08,220 --> 00:06:11,090 wasn’t nearly as peaceful as it looks now. 95 00:06:11,090 --> 00:06:13,563 It was a country torn apart by war. 96 00:06:15,640 --> 00:06:17,610 For generations, England and France 97 00:06:17,610 --> 00:06:20,573 had been fighting in what we call the Hundred Years’ War. 98 00:06:21,430 --> 00:06:23,890 Land including the countryside where Joan lived 99 00:06:23,890 --> 00:06:26,460 was fought over by the two sides. 100 00:06:26,460 --> 00:06:29,493 And the English even claimed the crown of France. 101 00:06:31,610 --> 00:06:32,850 During Joan’s childhood, 102 00:06:32,850 --> 00:06:35,820 France was very much on the back foot. 103 00:06:35,820 --> 00:06:38,240 In 1415, when she was three, 104 00:06:38,240 --> 00:06:40,120 the French suffered a dreadful defeat 105 00:06:40,120 --> 00:06:43,373 at the hands of Henry V on the battlefield of Agincourt. 106 00:06:45,490 --> 00:06:48,270 The French army vastly outnumbered the English, 107 00:06:48,270 --> 00:06:50,960 but as the flower of the French nobility advanced 108 00:06:50,960 --> 00:06:54,163 they were mown down by a barrage of English arrows. 109 00:06:56,550 --> 00:06:59,080 History has attributed the English victory at Agincourt 110 00:06:59,080 --> 00:07:01,370 to the supremacy of their archers 111 00:07:01,370 --> 00:07:04,003 but at the time, the French saw it differently. 112 00:07:07,270 --> 00:07:08,770 For the people who were there, 113 00:07:08,770 --> 00:07:11,860 the explanation for this astounding victory 114 00:07:11,860 --> 00:07:13,790 was the will of God. 115 00:07:13,790 --> 00:07:16,800 Henry claimed that God was on the English side, 116 00:07:16,800 --> 00:07:18,950 but the French knew that couldn’t be right. 117 00:07:18,950 --> 00:07:22,640 So how were they to explain this bloody defeat? 118 00:07:22,640 --> 00:07:25,820 Perhaps it was God’s punishment for their sins 119 00:07:25,820 --> 00:07:29,010 because France was convulsed in civil war. 120 00:07:29,010 --> 00:07:32,820 The old king, Charles VI, was mad and incapable of ruling. 121 00:07:32,820 --> 00:07:36,240 Two factions known as the Burgundians and the Armagnacs 122 00:07:36,240 --> 00:07:38,440 were fighting for control of his government. 123 00:07:42,380 --> 00:07:46,170 In the medieval world, everything came down to God. 124 00:07:46,170 --> 00:07:47,743 Whose side was he on? 125 00:07:48,850 --> 00:07:50,970 Just five years after Agincourt, 126 00:07:50,970 --> 00:07:53,180 France was so bitterly divided 127 00:07:53,180 --> 00:07:54,990 that the Burgundians were prepared to believe 128 00:07:54,990 --> 00:07:56,950 that God did back the English 129 00:07:56,950 --> 00:07:58,513 and made an alliance with them. 130 00:07:59,520 --> 00:08:02,280 But Joan and her family supported the Armagnacs, 131 00:08:02,280 --> 00:08:04,950 led by the French King’s son, the dauphin, 132 00:08:04,950 --> 00:08:06,703 and believed God was with them. 133 00:08:08,360 --> 00:08:10,463 And so the civil war went on. 134 00:08:11,400 --> 00:08:15,200 For eight years, defeat followed defeat, until the dauphin 135 00:08:15,200 --> 00:08:17,560 and his Armagnac supporters were pushed back, 136 00:08:17,560 --> 00:08:19,760 south of the great curve of the river Loire. 137 00:08:22,070 --> 00:08:24,920 For Joan, as for the rest of the people of France, 138 00:08:24,920 --> 00:08:27,890 the war was a frightening reality. 139 00:08:27,890 --> 00:08:30,720 Her home, Domremy, was an Armagnac village 140 00:08:30,720 --> 00:08:33,373 surrounded by English and Burgundian territory. 141 00:08:36,520 --> 00:08:39,640 At one point the village was attacked by enemy soldiers 142 00:08:39,640 --> 00:08:42,220 and Joan, her family and friends had to take refuge 143 00:08:42,220 --> 00:08:44,143 for a few days in a nearby town. 144 00:08:45,130 --> 00:08:46,740 So perhaps it’s no surprise 145 00:08:46,740 --> 00:08:48,940 that when Joan began to hear voices, 146 00:08:48,940 --> 00:08:51,000 they talked about the war. 147 00:08:51,000 --> 00:08:53,210 They said, she must go to the dauphin. 148 00:08:53,210 --> 00:08:54,540 He would give her an army 149 00:08:54,540 --> 00:08:57,200 and then she must drive the English out of France 150 00:08:57,200 --> 00:08:59,513 and lead the dauphin to his coronation. 151 00:09:10,380 --> 00:09:13,930 Joan wasn’t unique in claiming to hear heavenly voices. 152 00:09:13,930 --> 00:09:16,770 She wasn’t the only person in 15th century France 153 00:09:16,770 --> 00:09:18,893 who came forward with a message from God. 154 00:09:19,910 --> 00:09:22,040 What was remarkable was what Joan’s voice 155 00:09:22,040 --> 00:09:23,840 was telling her to do. 156 00:09:23,840 --> 00:09:25,903 To fight and to lead. 157 00:09:28,040 --> 00:09:30,410 This was an impossible proposition. 158 00:09:30,410 --> 00:09:33,840 Joan was young, she was poor, and she was female 159 00:09:33,840 --> 00:09:35,670 and to put her mission into action, 160 00:09:35,670 --> 00:09:39,410 she had to reach the dauphin across more than 250 miles 161 00:09:39,410 --> 00:09:41,240 of enemy territory. 162 00:09:41,240 --> 00:09:43,133 Surely, it couldn’t be done. 163 00:09:47,000 --> 00:09:50,630 At some point during 1428, Joan managed to reach here, 164 00:09:50,630 --> 00:09:51,980 the town of Vaucouleurs, 165 00:09:51,980 --> 00:09:54,410 a little more than 10 miles north of Domremy, 166 00:09:54,410 --> 00:09:57,920 which housed the nearest garrison loyal to the dauphin. 167 00:09:57,920 --> 00:10:01,230 But its captain sent her away with a flea in her ear. 168 00:10:01,230 --> 00:10:03,620 The girl was clearly a fantasist, 169 00:10:03,620 --> 00:10:05,620 her family, he said, should take her home 170 00:10:05,620 --> 00:10:06,993 and give her a few slaps. 171 00:10:10,770 --> 00:10:12,680 But Joan wouldn’t give up. 172 00:10:12,680 --> 00:10:15,180 Word of her mission began to spread. 173 00:10:15,180 --> 00:10:19,000 And when she came back to Vaucouleurs in February 1429, 174 00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:21,973 the captain agreed to send her to the dauphin’s court. 175 00:10:27,120 --> 00:10:29,790 What had happened to change his mind? 176 00:10:29,790 --> 00:10:32,450 The evidence isn’t at all clear. 177 00:10:32,450 --> 00:10:34,960 When Joan eventually set off from Vaucouleurs, 178 00:10:34,960 --> 00:10:36,970 the people here gave her a horse 179 00:10:36,970 --> 00:10:38,530 and an outfit of men’s clothes 180 00:10:38,530 --> 00:10:41,450 to keep her safe on her dangerous journey. 181 00:10:41,450 --> 00:10:43,343 Clearly, they believed in her. 182 00:10:44,290 --> 00:10:46,290 But that wouldn’t be enough to secure access 183 00:10:46,290 --> 00:10:47,793 to the dauphin himself. 184 00:10:48,900 --> 00:10:51,320 We can’t be sure exactly what happened 185 00:10:51,320 --> 00:10:53,610 but there is one more clue. 186 00:10:53,610 --> 00:10:56,990 One of the six men who were given the job of escorting Joan 187 00:10:56,990 --> 00:10:59,860 was a messenger from the dauphin’s court. 188 00:10:59,860 --> 00:11:02,950 It seemed that someone there had heard of Joan’s claims 189 00:11:02,950 --> 00:11:04,950 and now the dauphin wanted to hear more. 190 00:11:08,560 --> 00:11:10,980 Like all medieval leaders, the dauphin knew 191 00:11:10,980 --> 00:11:13,593 that his authority was bestowed on him by God. 192 00:11:14,930 --> 00:11:17,850 He went to mass twice a day and looked for signs 193 00:11:17,850 --> 00:11:20,070 of God’s will in the world around him 194 00:11:20,070 --> 00:11:21,403 wherever they came from. 195 00:11:22,420 --> 00:11:25,320 The truth is the dauphin was also desperate 196 00:11:25,320 --> 00:11:26,760 and it had to be said that, by now, 197 00:11:26,760 --> 00:11:29,500 anything, even the ravings of a peasant girl 198 00:11:29,500 --> 00:11:30,543 was worth a try. 199 00:11:36,240 --> 00:11:38,480 As Joan set out on her perilous journey 200 00:11:38,480 --> 00:11:40,400 to the dauphin’s court in Chinon, 201 00:11:40,400 --> 00:11:43,450 the situation for the Armagnacs was getting worse. 202 00:11:43,450 --> 00:11:46,343 For five months, the English had been besieging Orleans, 203 00:11:48,280 --> 00:11:50,643 a key Armagnac stronghold on the river Loire. 204 00:11:51,870 --> 00:11:54,650 If Orleans fell, the dauphin’s lands in the south 205 00:11:54,650 --> 00:11:57,183 of the kingdom would lie open to English attack. 206 00:11:59,190 --> 00:12:01,720 On the 12th of February 1429, 207 00:12:01,720 --> 00:12:04,923 a skirmish between the two sides ended in a massacre. 208 00:12:05,820 --> 00:12:09,680 More than 400 of the dauphin’s soldiers died that day. 209 00:12:09,680 --> 00:12:12,143 The English casualties numbered just four. 210 00:12:15,670 --> 00:12:17,980 The dauphin was here in his fortress at Chinon 211 00:12:17,980 --> 00:12:20,500 when he heard the terrible news. 212 00:12:20,500 --> 00:12:24,173 He redoubled his prayers but the siege went on. 213 00:12:36,244 --> 00:12:39,760 And then, just 11 days after the massacre, 214 00:12:39,760 --> 00:12:43,750 a little band of six armed men, dusty from the road, 215 00:12:43,750 --> 00:12:46,853 arrived here at his great castle of Chinon. 216 00:12:47,700 --> 00:12:50,860 With them rode a girl, dressed as a boy, 217 00:12:50,860 --> 00:12:53,260 her dark hair cut short. 218 00:12:53,260 --> 00:12:56,433 She had come, she said, with a message from God. 219 00:13:00,590 --> 00:13:04,040 Amid the luxury and ceremony of the Armagnac court, 220 00:13:04,040 --> 00:13:06,000 this village girl dressed as a boy 221 00:13:06,000 --> 00:13:07,863 was an extraordinary sight. 222 00:13:08,740 --> 00:13:12,330 And her message was as startling as the girl herself. 223 00:13:12,330 --> 00:13:14,410 If the dauphin would give her an army, 224 00:13:14,410 --> 00:13:17,633 she would save his kingdom and bring him his crown. 225 00:13:20,330 --> 00:13:22,490 But the dauphin had a problem. 226 00:13:22,490 --> 00:13:27,490 Her words were intoxicating and terrifying at the same time. 227 00:13:27,520 --> 00:13:30,110 If the dauphin put his faith in a false prophet 228 00:13:30,110 --> 00:13:31,500 sent by the devil, 229 00:13:31,500 --> 00:13:33,793 his kingdom of France would be lost forever. 230 00:13:34,660 --> 00:13:36,780 But if he rejected a true prophet, 231 00:13:36,780 --> 00:13:39,540 the result would be equally disastrous. 232 00:13:39,540 --> 00:13:41,913 Could Joan really have been sent by God? 233 00:13:46,360 --> 00:13:49,400 How to tell whether visions came from God or the devil 234 00:13:49,400 --> 00:13:51,853 was a hot topic of theological debate. 235 00:13:58,157 --> 00:14:00,820 The greatest contemporary French theologian, 236 00:14:00,820 --> 00:14:02,640 a man named Jean Gerson, 237 00:14:02,640 --> 00:14:04,590 had even written a book on the subject. 238 00:14:08,450 --> 00:14:11,350 This is a late 15th century copy of Gerson’s work, 239 00:14:11,350 --> 00:14:13,510 De Probatione Spiritum, 240 00:14:13,510 --> 00:14:15,720 On the Proving of Spirits. 241 00:14:15,720 --> 00:14:18,250 It’s a sort of manual to guide investigators 242 00:14:18,250 --> 00:14:20,040 through the process of establishing 243 00:14:20,040 --> 00:14:22,653 whether visions might truly have come from God. 244 00:14:23,540 --> 00:14:25,770 It offers a helpful Latin checklist 245 00:14:25,770 --> 00:14:29,010 which sets out the basics of the examination. 246 00:14:29,010 --> 00:14:34,010 Ask who, what, why, to whom, what kind, whence? 247 00:14:34,110 --> 00:14:37,160 In other words, ask what the nature of the vision shows 248 00:14:37,160 --> 00:14:39,110 about where it might come from 249 00:14:39,110 --> 00:14:40,480 and what the nature of the person 250 00:14:40,480 --> 00:14:42,210 having the visions suggests 251 00:14:42,210 --> 00:14:44,223 about how authentic they might be. 252 00:14:50,460 --> 00:14:53,500 So 17-year-old Joan was questioned for three weeks 253 00:14:53,500 --> 00:14:56,443 by the best theologians Armagnac France could muster. 254 00:14:59,580 --> 00:15:02,613 From the outset Joan deeply troubled these men. 255 00:15:03,760 --> 00:15:05,770 Her message was shocking enough. 256 00:15:05,770 --> 00:15:08,730 She dared to say that she’d been sent to make war 257 00:15:08,730 --> 00:15:10,680 on the English despite the fact 258 00:15:10,680 --> 00:15:13,023 that God hadn’t made women to be soldiers. 259 00:15:14,830 --> 00:15:17,690 But what’s more, she wore men’s clothes, 260 00:15:17,690 --> 00:15:19,400 and the Old Testament said that a woman 261 00:15:19,400 --> 00:15:23,013 in men’s clothing was an abomination unto the Lord. 262 00:15:25,200 --> 00:15:26,560 But one person who doesn’t seem 263 00:15:26,560 --> 00:15:30,840 to have been anxious remarkably enough was Joan herself. 264 00:15:30,840 --> 00:15:33,820 Here she was, an uneducated village girl, 265 00:15:33,820 --> 00:15:36,450 on her own, hundreds of miles from home, 266 00:15:36,450 --> 00:15:39,740 being questioned for weeks by courtiers and clerics. 267 00:15:39,740 --> 00:15:43,710 It should have been a profoundly intimidating situation. 268 00:15:43,710 --> 00:15:46,410 But in all the contemporary accounts of what Joan did 269 00:15:46,410 --> 00:15:50,470 and said, there’s no sign of fear or doubt. 270 00:15:50,470 --> 00:15:52,280 The essence of her message was, 271 00:15:52,280 --> 00:15:53,640 God has sent me. 272 00:15:53,640 --> 00:15:55,420 I know what I need to do. 273 00:15:55,420 --> 00:15:56,703 Let me go and do it. 274 00:15:59,410 --> 00:16:00,990 And it was Joan’s certainty 275 00:16:00,990 --> 00:16:03,473 that offered a way out of the problem she posed. 276 00:16:04,550 --> 00:16:07,770 The theologians could find no fault with her conduct, 277 00:16:07,770 --> 00:16:09,840 but they needed a sign, they said, 278 00:16:09,840 --> 00:16:12,873 to prove that her voices truly came from heaven. 279 00:16:14,220 --> 00:16:16,250 They asked how she would carry out her promise 280 00:16:16,250 --> 00:16:17,660 to take the dauphin to be crowned 281 00:16:17,660 --> 00:16:19,960 at the ancient cathedral of Reims, 282 00:16:19,960 --> 00:16:21,640 given that the besieged town of Orleans 283 00:16:21,640 --> 00:16:23,133 lay directly in the way. 284 00:16:24,240 --> 00:16:26,320 Joan’s answer was simple. 285 00:16:26,320 --> 00:16:28,123 She would raise the siege herself. 286 00:16:36,920 --> 00:16:38,970 Suddenly, for the dauphin and his court 287 00:16:38,970 --> 00:16:42,900 at the great fortress of Chinon, everything was clear. 288 00:16:42,900 --> 00:16:45,223 Orleans would be a test of Joan’s mission. 289 00:16:47,610 --> 00:16:50,220 If she succeeded, it would be a sign from God 290 00:16:50,220 --> 00:16:52,343 that everything she claimed was true. 291 00:16:53,750 --> 00:16:56,840 If she failed, Orleans would still be under siege, 292 00:16:56,840 --> 00:17:00,030 just as it was now, and the dauphin would know for sure 293 00:17:00,030 --> 00:17:02,433 that her promises were nothing but a delusion. 294 00:17:04,180 --> 00:17:07,510 And so the theologians reached their verdict. 295 00:17:07,510 --> 00:17:09,900 The dauphin, they said, should not prevent her 296 00:17:09,900 --> 00:17:12,329 from going to Orleans with his soldiers 297 00:17:12,329 --> 00:17:14,990 but should have her escorted there honourably 298 00:17:14,990 --> 00:17:16,733 placing his faith in God. 299 00:17:19,099 --> 00:17:21,300 And now that the decision had been made, 300 00:17:21,300 --> 00:17:24,623 preparations for the task ahead began in earnest. 301 00:17:26,589 --> 00:17:29,740 There were soldiers to muster and supplies to collect. 302 00:17:29,740 --> 00:17:32,350 Clerks scoured the archives for prophecies 303 00:17:32,350 --> 00:17:34,760 that might foretell Joan’s coming. 304 00:17:34,760 --> 00:17:37,010 And Joan herself asked the dauphin to send 305 00:17:37,010 --> 00:17:39,770 to the nearby town of Fierbois for a sword 306 00:17:39,770 --> 00:17:41,030 that she said lay hidden there 307 00:17:41,030 --> 00:17:42,580 in the Church of St. Catherine. 308 00:17:43,450 --> 00:17:46,250 Sure enough, and to everyone’s amazement, 309 00:17:46,250 --> 00:17:48,393 the sword was found where she’d predicted. 310 00:17:51,770 --> 00:17:54,640 The symbolism was lost on no one. 311 00:17:54,640 --> 00:17:57,740 Christian warriors, from King Arthur to Charlemagne, 312 00:17:57,740 --> 00:17:59,870 carried holy swords. 313 00:17:59,870 --> 00:18:03,730 And this one appropriately came to Joan from St. Catherine, 314 00:18:03,730 --> 00:18:05,863 the patron saint of young virgins. 315 00:18:07,890 --> 00:18:10,810 How did Joan know where the sword was? 316 00:18:10,810 --> 00:18:12,850 She said her voices had told her. 317 00:18:12,850 --> 00:18:15,063 So was this her first miracle? 318 00:18:16,100 --> 00:18:18,360 Well, that’s one way of reading of the evidence. 319 00:18:18,360 --> 00:18:20,560 On the other hand, she had stopped in Fierbois 320 00:18:20,560 --> 00:18:23,370 on her way here and St. Catherine’s Church 321 00:18:23,370 --> 00:18:24,910 was a place where over the years, 322 00:18:24,910 --> 00:18:28,780 soldiers had left many offerings, including their swords. 323 00:18:28,780 --> 00:18:30,490 But, however Joan had come to know 324 00:18:30,490 --> 00:18:32,600 about this sword in particular, 325 00:18:32,600 --> 00:18:36,560 the point was that Joan herself and her supporters believed 326 00:18:36,560 --> 00:18:39,083 it was a miraculous proof of her mission. 327 00:18:50,270 --> 00:18:52,370 The dauphin ordered a fine suit of armour 328 00:18:52,370 --> 00:18:55,270 to be specially made for her slender frame, 329 00:18:55,270 --> 00:18:57,570 and a banner for her to carry into battle, 330 00:18:57,570 --> 00:18:59,430 made of shining white silk 331 00:18:59,430 --> 00:19:03,023 with a painted Christ flanked on either side by angels. 332 00:19:05,690 --> 00:19:07,840 During these weeks of preparation, 333 00:19:07,840 --> 00:19:11,510 Joan had a chance to practice riding a horse among soldiers, 334 00:19:11,510 --> 00:19:14,330 to get used to her armour and to find out more 335 00:19:14,330 --> 00:19:16,373 about the war she had come to fight. 336 00:19:17,900 --> 00:19:19,470 But she was no less impatient 337 00:19:19,470 --> 00:19:22,310 than when she had first arrived at Chinon. 338 00:19:22,310 --> 00:19:25,483 And now, she sent her first challenge to the English. 339 00:19:29,840 --> 00:19:32,500 The challenge came in the form of a letter. 340 00:19:32,500 --> 00:19:35,290 Joan couldn’t write, so she dictated it to a clerk 341 00:19:35,290 --> 00:19:37,080 and its text survives here, 342 00:19:37,080 --> 00:19:39,620 in the transcript of her trial. 343 00:19:39,620 --> 00:19:42,680 Joan’s fearlessness is unmistakable. 344 00:19:42,680 --> 00:19:45,490 The village girl from Domremy speaks for God, 345 00:19:45,490 --> 00:19:49,290 so she has no hesitation in addressing the king of England. 346 00:19:53,150 --> 00:19:55,560 Restore to the maid, who is sent here by God, 347 00:19:55,560 --> 00:19:58,040 the king of heaven, the keys to the fine towns 348 00:19:58,040 --> 00:20:01,220 that you have taken and violated in France. 349 00:20:01,220 --> 00:20:03,480 King of England, if you do not do this, 350 00:20:03,480 --> 00:20:04,780 I am the military leader 351 00:20:04,780 --> 00:20:06,740 and wherever I find your men in France, 352 00:20:06,740 --> 00:20:09,680 I will make them leave, whether they want to or not 353 00:20:09,680 --> 00:20:13,683 and if they will not obey, I will have them killed. 354 00:20:23,540 --> 00:20:26,860 With her challenge dispatched, Joan and her military convoy 355 00:20:26,860 --> 00:20:29,693 set off along the river Lorie towards Orleans. 356 00:20:32,840 --> 00:20:36,570 On the 26th of April, Joan approached the town itself 357 00:20:36,570 --> 00:20:39,160 and for the first time, the English army at Orleans 358 00:20:39,160 --> 00:20:41,273 set eyes on the teenage girl in armour. 359 00:20:45,750 --> 00:20:48,300 To the English, a girl in men’s clothes 360 00:20:48,300 --> 00:20:51,350 riding among soldiers could only be a whore 361 00:20:51,350 --> 00:20:53,623 and a sign of the dauphin’s desperation. 362 00:20:54,520 --> 00:20:56,790 But to the people of besieged Orleans, 363 00:20:56,790 --> 00:20:59,293 she was a saviour, come to rescue them. 364 00:21:02,900 --> 00:21:04,780 The English had too few troops 365 00:21:04,780 --> 00:21:07,260 to enforce a total blockade round Orleans 366 00:21:07,260 --> 00:21:10,463 and Joan was able to slip into the town on the eastern side. 367 00:21:12,160 --> 00:21:14,760 She was welcomed like an angel from God, 368 00:21:14,760 --> 00:21:17,820 one of the townsmen said, and delirious crowds 369 00:21:17,820 --> 00:21:20,683 reached out to touch her as she rode through the streets. 370 00:21:22,050 --> 00:21:24,940 But while Joan smiled at the hopeful crowds, 371 00:21:24,940 --> 00:21:28,343 privately, she was incandescent with fury. 372 00:21:30,810 --> 00:21:33,430 She wanted to attack the English. 373 00:21:33,430 --> 00:21:35,370 But the dauphin was still so unsure 374 00:21:35,370 --> 00:21:37,650 of what form her miracle might take 375 00:21:37,650 --> 00:21:40,690 that he’d ordered her soldiers back to their base. 376 00:21:40,690 --> 00:21:43,820 So she found herself inside the besieged town, 377 00:21:43,820 --> 00:21:46,563 with no army to break the siege as she’d promised. 378 00:21:50,200 --> 00:21:52,370 Joan was left kicking her heels, 379 00:21:52,370 --> 00:21:54,800 climbing the town walls to shout to the English 380 00:21:54,800 --> 00:21:57,470 that they should surrender to God. 381 00:21:57,470 --> 00:22:00,230 All she got in return was abuse. 382 00:22:00,230 --> 00:22:02,180 Did she really think, they jeered, 383 00:22:02,180 --> 00:22:04,200 that they should give themselves up to a woman 384 00:22:04,200 --> 00:22:05,273 and her pimps? 385 00:22:06,850 --> 00:22:08,903 The dauphin’s captain was in a fix. 386 00:22:09,850 --> 00:22:12,890 The people of the town expected Joan to save them 387 00:22:12,890 --> 00:22:15,510 but without an army, she could do nothing. 388 00:22:15,510 --> 00:22:18,530 So he slipped out of the town and rode to the dauphin 389 00:22:18,530 --> 00:22:20,733 to beg him to send the soldiers back. 390 00:22:22,590 --> 00:22:26,770 It took him four days but his argument was irrefutable. 391 00:22:26,770 --> 00:22:28,670 How could God send a sign, 392 00:22:28,670 --> 00:22:31,693 if Joan had no way of putting her mission to the test? 393 00:22:34,330 --> 00:22:38,300 By the 4th of May, Joan had her soldiers, and at last, 394 00:22:38,300 --> 00:22:40,563 the battle for Orleans could begin. 395 00:22:53,282 --> 00:22:55,200 Joan led her men from the front, 396 00:22:55,200 --> 00:22:57,453 carrying her banner and urging them on. 397 00:22:58,350 --> 00:23:01,080 Medieval warfare was brutal and bloody 398 00:23:01,080 --> 00:23:02,300 and for the first time, 399 00:23:02,300 --> 00:23:04,863 she saw death in battle at first hand. 400 00:23:08,920 --> 00:23:12,020 That night her mood was sombre and the next day, 401 00:23:12,020 --> 00:23:14,140 she wrote again to the English enemy 402 00:23:14,140 --> 00:23:15,743 demanding their surrender. 403 00:23:17,030 --> 00:23:18,730 She attached the letter to an arrow 404 00:23:18,730 --> 00:23:21,630 and had it fired into the English camp. 405 00:23:21,630 --> 00:23:22,750 When it dropped to the ground, 406 00:23:22,750 --> 00:23:25,290 the shouts could be heard in the distance. 407 00:23:25,290 --> 00:23:27,233 News from the Armagnac whore. 408 00:23:32,210 --> 00:23:34,870 But for all the abuse they hurled her way, 409 00:23:34,870 --> 00:23:38,280 after two more days of fighting, the English were rattled. 410 00:23:38,280 --> 00:23:40,710 And finally, on the 7th of May, 411 00:23:40,710 --> 00:23:42,503 their day of reckoning had come. 412 00:23:43,350 --> 00:23:46,200 The decisive Battle of Orleans was fought here, 413 00:23:46,200 --> 00:23:48,280 where the English held a fortified tower 414 00:23:48,280 --> 00:23:49,430 known as the Tourelles. 415 00:23:56,140 --> 00:23:57,900 If Joan could take the Tourelles, 416 00:23:57,900 --> 00:24:00,100 the English hold on Orleans would be broken. 417 00:24:02,210 --> 00:24:04,890 Once again Joan was up at dawn. 418 00:24:04,890 --> 00:24:08,013 She said her prayers and then led her men into battle. 419 00:24:10,340 --> 00:24:13,040 English missiles rained down from the ramparts 420 00:24:13,040 --> 00:24:16,123 as the Armagnac soldiers hurled themselves into the fight. 421 00:24:20,880 --> 00:24:23,950 Hours passed, but still Joan urged them on 422 00:24:23,950 --> 00:24:27,280 until an arrow caught her between her neck and shoulder. 423 00:24:27,280 --> 00:24:29,130 As they saw her staggering and bloodied, 424 00:24:29,130 --> 00:24:30,810 the Armagnacs faltered. 425 00:24:30,810 --> 00:24:32,180 Was this the moment when God 426 00:24:32,180 --> 00:24:34,180 would disown the Maid? 427 00:24:34,180 --> 00:24:36,690 But a flesh wound couldn’t stop Joan’s mission. 428 00:24:36,690 --> 00:24:38,080 She brandished her banner 429 00:24:38,080 --> 00:24:41,080 and pressed forward into the ditch at the foot of the tower. 430 00:24:44,730 --> 00:24:46,950 As her soldiers followed her into the attack, 431 00:24:46,950 --> 00:24:49,410 sudden fear gripped the English. 432 00:24:49,410 --> 00:24:51,830 Their captain lost his footing and toppled, 433 00:24:51,830 --> 00:24:53,473 fully armed, into the river. 434 00:24:55,660 --> 00:24:58,710 As he drowned, panic spread among his men. 435 00:24:58,710 --> 00:25:02,653 And by sundown, Joan had won a famous victory. 436 00:25:05,290 --> 00:25:07,410 After seven months of siege, 437 00:25:07,410 --> 00:25:10,763 the Maid had freed Orleans in just four days. 438 00:25:11,670 --> 00:25:13,500 Who could doubt Joan now? 439 00:25:13,500 --> 00:25:17,023 This was proof that God intended her to pursue her mission. 440 00:25:17,870 --> 00:25:19,840 And as she and the dauphin’s other captains 441 00:25:19,840 --> 00:25:23,200 prepared to drive the English from the valley of the Loire, 442 00:25:23,200 --> 00:25:25,753 news of her miracle began to spread. 443 00:25:33,960 --> 00:25:36,030 Just three days after the battle, 444 00:25:36,030 --> 00:25:37,800 an Italian merchant in Bruges 445 00:25:37,800 --> 00:25:39,540 wrote to tell his father in Venice 446 00:25:39,540 --> 00:25:42,627 what this maiden shepherdess had done. 447 00:25:42,627 --> 00:25:43,987 “It seems,”, he said, 448 00:25:43,987 --> 00:25:47,607 “that she may be another St. Catherine come down to Earth.” 449 00:25:53,150 --> 00:25:56,880 Meanwhile Joan herself was growing into her new stature. 450 00:25:56,880 --> 00:25:59,950 In February, she had been a simple village girl. 451 00:25:59,950 --> 00:26:02,490 Now, it was June and a young nobleman 452 00:26:02,490 --> 00:26:05,140 who met her was dazzled by her charisma, 453 00:26:05,140 --> 00:26:08,327 by the presence of one sent by God. 454 00:26:08,327 --> 00:26:11,150 “It seemed to me a gift from heaven that she was there,” 455 00:26:11,150 --> 00:26:14,087 he said, “and that I was seeing and hearing her.” 456 00:26:17,330 --> 00:26:19,580 And Joan’s determination to pursue her mission 457 00:26:19,580 --> 00:26:20,963 was stronger than ever. 458 00:26:21,940 --> 00:26:25,870 Orleans had been her test, and victory her sign. 459 00:26:25,870 --> 00:26:28,040 Now came her true purpose. 460 00:26:28,040 --> 00:26:30,710 To crown the dauphin and to drive the English 461 00:26:30,710 --> 00:26:32,153 out of France forever. 462 00:26:36,450 --> 00:26:38,770 For centuries, French kings had been crowned 463 00:26:38,770 --> 00:26:40,810 in the great cathedral at Reims 464 00:26:40,810 --> 00:26:42,800 and Joan was determined to see her dauphin 465 00:26:42,800 --> 00:26:43,853 crowned there too. 466 00:26:47,240 --> 00:26:49,170 But Reims lay more than a hundred miles 467 00:26:49,170 --> 00:26:50,580 northeast of Orleans, 468 00:26:50,580 --> 00:26:53,650 in the heart of English and Burgundian France. 469 00:26:53,650 --> 00:26:55,350 It had been years since the dauphin 470 00:26:55,350 --> 00:26:58,570 had even thought of riding to war in person. 471 00:26:58,570 --> 00:27:00,980 Now, the Maid was going to take him deep 472 00:27:00,980 --> 00:27:02,423 into enemy territory. 473 00:27:08,210 --> 00:27:10,960 Joan and the dauphin rode at the head of the biggest army 474 00:27:10,960 --> 00:27:12,700 he could muster. 475 00:27:12,700 --> 00:27:15,410 And the combination of thousands of soldiers 476 00:27:15,410 --> 00:27:18,610 with Joan’s implacable will driving them on, 477 00:27:18,610 --> 00:27:20,013 proved irresistible. 478 00:27:25,300 --> 00:27:28,420 Joan’s momentum was unstoppable. 479 00:27:28,420 --> 00:27:30,910 Some towns held out for a few days, 480 00:27:30,910 --> 00:27:33,143 others opened their gates straight away. 481 00:27:36,140 --> 00:27:40,510 On the 16th of July 1429, just two and a half weeks 482 00:27:40,510 --> 00:27:42,370 after leaving the Loire valley, 483 00:27:42,370 --> 00:27:45,723 Joan, the dauphin and the Armagnac army arrived in Reims. 484 00:27:48,090 --> 00:27:50,150 At last, the dauphin could be crowned 485 00:27:50,150 --> 00:27:52,573 as the most Christian king of France. 486 00:27:53,480 --> 00:27:57,340 Here in the cathedral in Reims was kept a flask of holy oil, 487 00:27:57,340 --> 00:27:58,740 that had been sent from heaven 488 00:27:58,740 --> 00:28:00,780 to France’s first Christian king 489 00:28:00,780 --> 00:28:02,903 almost a thousand years before. 490 00:28:04,300 --> 00:28:06,760 Every French king since then had been anointed with it 491 00:28:06,760 --> 00:28:09,880 during the sacred ritual of his coronation 492 00:28:09,880 --> 00:28:12,553 and now, the dauphin would be no exception. 493 00:28:26,711 --> 00:28:30,000 A coronation would usually take weeks of preparation, 494 00:28:30,000 --> 00:28:31,663 but there was no time to lose. 495 00:28:32,930 --> 00:28:35,500 The dauphin’s servants worked through the night 496 00:28:35,500 --> 00:28:37,630 and at nine the very next morning, 497 00:28:37,630 --> 00:28:41,443 he entered this sacred space to receive his crown from God. 498 00:29:05,030 --> 00:29:06,400 Just four months earlier, 499 00:29:06,400 --> 00:29:09,530 the Armagnac cause had been at its lowest ebb. 500 00:29:09,530 --> 00:29:11,894 Now, the dauphin was anointed and crowned 501 00:29:11,894 --> 00:29:14,920 as King Charles VII of France. 502 00:29:14,920 --> 00:29:18,290 And beside him stood Joan the Maid in her shining armour 503 00:29:18,290 --> 00:29:20,530 with her banner in her hand. 504 00:29:20,530 --> 00:29:23,327 When the ceremony was over, she knelt at his feet. 505 00:29:23,327 --> 00:29:26,997 “Noble king,” she said, “God’s will is done.” 506 00:29:36,430 --> 00:29:38,400 It was a triumph. 507 00:29:38,400 --> 00:29:40,913 But Joan’s mission was far from finished. 508 00:29:42,780 --> 00:29:46,480 Joan wanted to drive the English out of France forever. 509 00:29:46,480 --> 00:29:49,160 To do this she needed to unite the country 510 00:29:49,160 --> 00:29:51,210 under the newly crowned king 511 00:29:51,210 --> 00:29:54,023 and France was still divided by civil war. 512 00:29:55,670 --> 00:29:58,030 The Burgundians under the Duke of Burgundy 513 00:29:58,030 --> 00:30:00,483 looked to the King of England as their sovereign. 514 00:30:01,750 --> 00:30:05,610 So Joan wrote to the Duke to ask him to acknowledge her king 515 00:30:05,610 --> 00:30:08,370 as the rightful King of France. 516 00:30:08,370 --> 00:30:10,810 I bring you words from the king of heaven, 517 00:30:10,810 --> 00:30:14,010 that you will win no battle against loyal Frenchmen, 518 00:30:14,010 --> 00:30:15,370 and all those who wage war 519 00:30:15,370 --> 00:30:17,620 against the holy kingdom of France wage war 520 00:30:17,620 --> 00:30:19,380 against King Jesus, the king of heaven 521 00:30:19,380 --> 00:30:20,930 and of the whole world. 522 00:30:20,930 --> 00:30:23,700 Know surely that however many men you bring against us, 523 00:30:23,700 --> 00:30:25,770 they will win nothing at all, 524 00:30:25,770 --> 00:30:28,903 and great sorrow will be the result of the great battle. 525 00:30:30,790 --> 00:30:32,460 The Duke of Burgundy didn’t deign 526 00:30:32,460 --> 00:30:34,793 to respond to this presumptuous letter. 527 00:30:35,800 --> 00:30:38,830 Any change in his position would be on his own terms, 528 00:30:38,830 --> 00:30:40,333 not those of a peasant girl. 529 00:30:42,660 --> 00:30:45,560 As for Joan’s king, he was in a stronger position 530 00:30:45,560 --> 00:30:48,570 than he could have dreamed of just a year earlier 531 00:30:48,570 --> 00:30:51,350 and behind the scenes, courtiers from both sides 532 00:30:51,350 --> 00:30:53,623 were beginning to make diplomatic overtures. 533 00:30:55,260 --> 00:30:58,550 But Joan had no interest in compromise. 534 00:30:58,550 --> 00:31:00,640 She was doing God’s work 535 00:31:00,640 --> 00:31:03,623 and the mission he had given her was not yet complete. 536 00:31:08,550 --> 00:31:11,660 With all the certainty of faith and youth, 537 00:31:11,660 --> 00:31:13,390 she was still only 17. 538 00:31:13,390 --> 00:31:16,260 She saw the world in black and white. 539 00:31:16,260 --> 00:31:19,230 If the duke of Burgundy would not submit to her king, 540 00:31:19,230 --> 00:31:21,580 he would find her ready to fight. 541 00:31:21,580 --> 00:31:24,580 The kingdom’s capital remained in Burgundian hands. 542 00:31:24,580 --> 00:31:26,840 It was time for another miracle. 543 00:31:26,840 --> 00:31:30,663 Just as Joan had taken Orleans, now she would take Paris. 544 00:31:36,100 --> 00:31:39,860 Reluctantly, Joan’s king agreed to give her the chance. 545 00:31:39,860 --> 00:31:43,090 But Paris was a very different challenge from Orleans. 546 00:31:43,090 --> 00:31:45,200 It was the most heavily fortified city 547 00:31:45,200 --> 00:31:46,803 west of Constantinople. 548 00:31:52,210 --> 00:31:54,270 This is one of the few remaining sections 549 00:31:54,270 --> 00:31:57,540 of the massive walls that surrounded Paris. 550 00:31:57,540 --> 00:31:59,970 There were fortified towers and gun placements 551 00:31:59,970 --> 00:32:03,070 on top of the walls, which lay behind an immense ditch 552 00:32:03,070 --> 00:32:04,653 that encircled the whole city. 553 00:32:07,132 --> 00:32:10,770 And it was defended by English soldiers and native Parisians 554 00:32:10,770 --> 00:32:12,960 who hated the Armagnac whore 555 00:32:12,960 --> 00:32:14,990 every bit as much as the people of Orleans 556 00:32:14,990 --> 00:32:17,213 had welcomed her as a delivering angel. 557 00:32:21,900 --> 00:32:23,760 But Joan didn’t hesitate. 558 00:32:23,760 --> 00:32:26,240 As always, her strategy was simple. 559 00:32:26,240 --> 00:32:28,770 Attack in the name of God. 560 00:32:28,770 --> 00:32:31,970 And the day of the assault could only be a good omen. 561 00:32:31,970 --> 00:32:34,720 The 8th of September, the holy feast day 562 00:32:34,720 --> 00:32:36,253 of the Nativity of the Virgin. 563 00:32:41,490 --> 00:32:44,700 As at Orleans, she led the way into the great ditch, 564 00:32:44,700 --> 00:32:47,990 brandishing her banner while a storm of arrows and stones 565 00:32:47,990 --> 00:32:49,453 rained down from above. 566 00:32:54,950 --> 00:32:57,180 After hours of brutal fighting, 567 00:32:57,180 --> 00:32:59,690 Joan called urgently to the enemy soldiers 568 00:32:59,690 --> 00:33:00,873 on the walls above. 569 00:33:02,760 --> 00:33:05,290 Surrender quickly in the name of Jesus. 570 00:33:05,290 --> 00:33:07,220 For if you do not surrender before nightfall, 571 00:33:07,220 --> 00:33:10,310 we will come in there by force whether you like it or not 572 00:33:10,310 --> 00:33:12,660 and you will all be put to death without mercy. 573 00:33:15,007 --> 00:33:18,400 “Shall we, you bloody tart?” came the response, 574 00:33:18,400 --> 00:33:20,853 and a crossbow bolt ripped through her thigh. 575 00:33:26,100 --> 00:33:28,260 Joan staggered and fell. 576 00:33:28,260 --> 00:33:30,390 Her standard-bearer took an arrow in the face 577 00:33:30,390 --> 00:33:32,410 and died beside her. 578 00:33:32,410 --> 00:33:34,250 She didn’t stop shouting to her soldiers 579 00:33:34,250 --> 00:33:35,840 to continue the attack 580 00:33:35,840 --> 00:33:38,270 even when the trumpets sounded the retreat 581 00:33:38,270 --> 00:33:41,173 and she was carried, bleeding from the field of battle. 582 00:33:42,260 --> 00:33:45,740 Joan wanted to continue the fight, to attack the next day, 583 00:33:45,740 --> 00:33:47,810 but her King wouldn’t allow it. 584 00:33:47,810 --> 00:33:49,660 He’d only given her just one day 585 00:33:49,660 --> 00:33:52,230 to take the great city of Paris. 586 00:33:52,230 --> 00:33:56,160 It was an impossible task but this had been her chance 587 00:33:56,160 --> 00:33:57,740 and she had failed. 588 00:33:57,740 --> 00:33:59,710 She was distraught. 589 00:33:59,710 --> 00:34:00,543 How could she? 590 00:34:00,543 --> 00:34:03,423 How could anyone understand what had happened? 591 00:34:15,090 --> 00:34:19,370 Was this a sign that God had abandoned the Armagnac cause? 592 00:34:19,370 --> 00:34:22,260 For Joan’s king, that was unthinkable. 593 00:34:22,260 --> 00:34:25,172 It was far more likely that God had abandoned Joan. 594 00:34:26,760 --> 00:34:30,469 Heaven’s help had brought triumph at Orleans and Reims. 595 00:34:30,469 --> 00:34:34,090 Perhaps now, God expected the king to help himself. 596 00:34:34,090 --> 00:34:36,370 And if diplomacy was the way forward 597 00:34:36,370 --> 00:34:38,530 then Joan’s determination to fight 598 00:34:38,530 --> 00:34:40,623 was fast becoming a liability. 599 00:34:42,440 --> 00:34:45,630 By the end of September, a six-month truce was agreed, 600 00:34:45,630 --> 00:34:46,840 a breathing-space for the Armagnacs 601 00:34:46,840 --> 00:34:50,429 and the Burgundians and their English allies. 602 00:34:50,429 --> 00:34:52,840 And Joan had little choice but to limp back 603 00:34:52,840 --> 00:34:56,023 to the safety of the Armagnac lands south of the Loire. 604 00:34:59,760 --> 00:35:02,470 After the failure of her attack on Paris, 605 00:35:02,470 --> 00:35:06,680 it suddenly becomes hard to trace Joan’s movements. 606 00:35:06,680 --> 00:35:09,920 We do know that she was sent on some minor skirmishes 607 00:35:09,920 --> 00:35:11,680 but it seems as though the king didn’t quite know 608 00:35:11,680 --> 00:35:13,230 what to do with her. 609 00:35:13,230 --> 00:35:15,930 If Joan were no longer performing miracles, 610 00:35:15,930 --> 00:35:18,283 then what place did a woman have in an army? 611 00:35:19,130 --> 00:35:21,650 Perhaps they hoped that the Maid might choose this moment 612 00:35:21,650 --> 00:35:24,593 to retire gracefully from the public stage. 613 00:35:25,542 --> 00:35:27,830 But Joan herself had no doubts, 614 00:35:27,830 --> 00:35:30,140 whatever anyone else might think. 615 00:35:30,140 --> 00:35:31,923 Her mission still stood. 616 00:35:35,060 --> 00:35:38,330 And when the truce expired in the spring of 1430, 617 00:35:38,330 --> 00:35:41,343 she was ready to fight wherever she had the chance. 618 00:35:42,540 --> 00:35:45,490 In May, news reached Joan that the duke of Burgundy 619 00:35:45,490 --> 00:35:48,210 had attacked the Armagnac town of Compiegne, 620 00:35:48,210 --> 00:35:49,260 north of the capital. 621 00:35:50,700 --> 00:35:52,750 Undeterred by the fact that she no longer 622 00:35:52,750 --> 00:35:54,820 had the clear support of her king 623 00:35:54,820 --> 00:35:56,860 or a royal army of thousands, 624 00:35:56,860 --> 00:35:59,020 Joan believed that God still wanted her 625 00:35:59,020 --> 00:36:01,060 to complete her mission. 626 00:36:01,060 --> 00:36:03,320 So she rode here to Compiegne 627 00:36:03,320 --> 00:36:05,123 with a group of loyal followers. 628 00:36:06,660 --> 00:36:09,030 Joan arrived under cover of darkness 629 00:36:09,030 --> 00:36:11,143 on the night of the 22nd of May. 630 00:36:14,480 --> 00:36:16,630 The next morning she called for her banner, 631 00:36:16,630 --> 00:36:18,570 and gathered her little band of soldiers 632 00:36:18,570 --> 00:36:21,087 to attack the enemy outside the gates. 633 00:36:24,600 --> 00:36:26,570 Joan rode out across the bridge 634 00:36:26,570 --> 00:36:28,473 and charged at the Burgundians. 635 00:36:30,960 --> 00:36:33,290 She drove her men on and on, 636 00:36:33,290 --> 00:36:35,470 calling out that God was with them. 637 00:36:39,054 --> 00:36:40,890 But another detachment of enemy soldiers 638 00:36:40,890 --> 00:36:44,343 closed in behind her and cut her off from the bridge. 639 00:36:45,700 --> 00:36:49,173 Surrounded by the enemy, Joan was pulled from her saddle. 640 00:36:53,630 --> 00:36:55,393 Now, she was a prisoner. 641 00:36:57,160 --> 00:37:00,770 This was not how Joan’s mission was supposed to end. 642 00:37:00,770 --> 00:37:03,170 And for the Armagnacs, the fault could only lie 643 00:37:03,170 --> 00:37:05,040 with Joan herself. 644 00:37:05,040 --> 00:37:08,670 Charles was still the true king, anointed by God. 645 00:37:08,670 --> 00:37:12,390 But Joan, they said, had become too proud and wilful 646 00:37:12,390 --> 00:37:15,290 and so God had allowed her to be taken. 647 00:37:15,290 --> 00:37:17,330 Keeping the Armagnac faith 648 00:37:17,330 --> 00:37:20,370 meant abandoning Joan to her fate. 649 00:37:20,370 --> 00:37:22,173 But what would that fate be? 650 00:37:30,620 --> 00:37:32,010 The Burgundians and the English 651 00:37:32,010 --> 00:37:35,230 wanted Joan to be discredited for all to see. 652 00:37:35,230 --> 00:37:38,060 But deciding what to do with her, who should try her 653 00:37:38,060 --> 00:37:41,360 and on what charges was no simple matter. 654 00:37:41,360 --> 00:37:44,290 It took months and for all that time, 655 00:37:44,290 --> 00:37:47,357 Joan was kept in captivity and ignorance. 656 00:37:52,140 --> 00:37:54,510 These were Joan’s darkest days. 657 00:37:54,510 --> 00:37:56,640 She knew that God had sent her to save France 658 00:37:56,640 --> 00:37:59,633 from the English and the false French who supported them. 659 00:38:00,720 --> 00:38:02,060 But now, God had delivered her 660 00:38:02,060 --> 00:38:04,350 into the hands of those same enemies. 661 00:38:04,350 --> 00:38:06,370 What did it mean? 662 00:38:06,370 --> 00:38:09,080 Perhaps God meant her to help herself. 663 00:38:09,080 --> 00:38:11,000 During the long months of her captivity, 664 00:38:11,000 --> 00:38:13,680 Joan tried and failed to escape 665 00:38:13,680 --> 00:38:15,770 and then, seeing no other way out, 666 00:38:15,770 --> 00:38:17,550 she jumped from the window of the tower 667 00:38:17,550 --> 00:38:19,200 in which she was locked. 668 00:38:19,200 --> 00:38:20,610 She survived the fall 669 00:38:20,610 --> 00:38:23,190 but her injuries took some time to hill 670 00:38:23,190 --> 00:38:25,033 and she was still a prisoner. 671 00:38:28,280 --> 00:38:32,690 In December 1430, Joan was taken to Rouen in Normandy, 672 00:38:32,690 --> 00:38:35,080 the capital of English France. 673 00:38:35,080 --> 00:38:37,340 It would be here that she would be tried 674 00:38:37,340 --> 00:38:38,953 and her fate decided. 675 00:38:41,100 --> 00:38:44,230 What happened next was carefully written down 676 00:38:44,230 --> 00:38:46,820 and we can follow it all, word for word, 677 00:38:46,820 --> 00:38:48,713 through the transcript of her trial. 678 00:38:52,200 --> 00:38:55,190 Joan’s fame was so great that the eyes of the world 679 00:38:55,190 --> 00:38:56,503 were on this case. 680 00:38:58,210 --> 00:39:00,120 Joan was put on trial by her enemies 681 00:39:00,120 --> 00:39:02,780 but she wasn’t accused of war crimes. 682 00:39:02,780 --> 00:39:05,090 This was a show trial about faith, 683 00:39:05,090 --> 00:39:06,980 a process designed to get at the truth 684 00:39:06,980 --> 00:39:08,820 as her enemies saw it, 685 00:39:08,820 --> 00:39:11,713 to demonstrate that God was not on Joan’s side. 686 00:39:12,760 --> 00:39:15,590 And for us, it’s an astonishing source. 687 00:39:15,590 --> 00:39:18,370 Through this unique text, we can trace, 688 00:39:18,370 --> 00:39:21,090 question by question and answer by answer, 689 00:39:21,090 --> 00:39:24,060 the interrogations to which Joan was subjected. 690 00:39:24,060 --> 00:39:26,143 It takes us right into the courtroom. 691 00:39:29,080 --> 00:39:32,183 Her main interrogator was a man named Pierre Cauchon. 692 00:39:34,010 --> 00:39:35,850 He had supported the Burgundian cause 693 00:39:35,850 --> 00:39:37,940 since the beginning of the civil war 694 00:39:37,940 --> 00:39:40,953 but he was a loyal counsellor of the English King of France. 695 00:39:45,930 --> 00:39:48,170 But Cauchon was also a bishop. 696 00:39:48,170 --> 00:39:52,060 For him, this wasn’t just a matter of politics, 697 00:39:52,060 --> 00:39:53,803 it was a matter of faith. 698 00:39:57,240 --> 00:39:59,940 Cauchon’s faith was as strong as Joan’s. 699 00:39:59,940 --> 00:40:02,910 He wanted to prove that Joan was a heretic, 700 00:40:02,910 --> 00:40:06,163 that she deviated dangerously from Church doctrine. 701 00:40:07,200 --> 00:40:09,560 And if he could get her to admit her guilt, 702 00:40:09,560 --> 00:40:12,663 he might even save her soul from eternal damnation. 703 00:40:15,680 --> 00:40:19,913 On the 21st of February 1431, Cauchon was ready. 704 00:40:21,370 --> 00:40:23,330 At eight that morning, 705 00:40:23,330 --> 00:40:27,010 Joan was brought from her cell to face a panel of judges. 706 00:40:27,010 --> 00:40:29,853 The might of the church was ranged against her. 707 00:40:31,150 --> 00:40:34,020 Silence fell, and suddenly she was there, 708 00:40:34,020 --> 00:40:37,860 a girl, dressed as a boy, with her hair cut short. 709 00:40:37,860 --> 00:40:40,970 42 men of the church were gathered with Cauchon 710 00:40:40,970 --> 00:40:42,770 to hear her speak. 711 00:40:42,770 --> 00:40:44,350 She was the only woman in the room, 712 00:40:44,350 --> 00:40:48,480 by far the least educated and the youngest by years. 713 00:40:48,480 --> 00:40:51,490 But she’d got used to that since leaving Domremy. 714 00:40:51,490 --> 00:40:54,693 Joan’s judges might be ready but so was she. 715 00:41:00,526 --> 00:41:02,730 And the words they spoke were all recorded 716 00:41:02,730 --> 00:41:04,273 in the trial transcript. 717 00:41:08,121 --> 00:41:09,280 Will you swear an oath, 718 00:41:09,280 --> 00:41:10,470 touching the holy gospels, 719 00:41:10,470 --> 00:41:12,720 to tell the truth about the things we ask you 720 00:41:12,720 --> 00:41:16,634 that concern the faith and all other things that you know? 721 00:41:16,634 --> 00:41:18,920 I don’t know what you want to question me about. 722 00:41:18,920 --> 00:41:21,403 Perhaps you might ask me things I will not tell you. 723 00:41:23,160 --> 00:41:25,420 For both sides, her revelations from God 724 00:41:25,420 --> 00:41:27,520 were the heart of the matter. 725 00:41:27,520 --> 00:41:30,830 Those, she said, she had only ever told her king. 726 00:41:30,830 --> 00:41:32,580 And she wouldn’t speak of them now. 727 00:41:34,560 --> 00:41:37,253 Cauchon’s first day of questions yielded very little. 728 00:41:38,150 --> 00:41:40,513 And the second day started the same way. 729 00:41:41,350 --> 00:41:44,960 I took an oath for you yesterday, that should be enough. 730 00:41:44,960 --> 00:41:48,240 I advise you to swear, for no one who is questioned 731 00:41:48,240 --> 00:41:50,170 in a matter of faith, not even a prince, 732 00:41:50,170 --> 00:41:52,380 can refuse to take an oath. 733 00:41:52,380 --> 00:41:53,823 You burden me too much. 734 00:41:56,360 --> 00:41:59,090 In the end, she swore a limited oath 735 00:41:59,090 --> 00:42:02,210 and the questions started slowly and carefully, 736 00:42:02,210 --> 00:42:04,693 moving backwards and forwards through her story. 737 00:42:05,850 --> 00:42:08,290 Often she answered, but sometimes, 738 00:42:08,290 --> 00:42:11,623 from one question to the next, she blankly refused. 739 00:42:13,390 --> 00:42:15,860 Was it well done to attack the city of Paris 740 00:42:15,860 --> 00:42:17,470 on a holy feast day? 741 00:42:17,470 --> 00:42:18,303 Move on. 742 00:42:20,276 --> 00:42:23,550 But as the judges wove their web of questions around her, 743 00:42:23,550 --> 00:42:27,830 gradually, little by little, something began to shift. 744 00:42:27,830 --> 00:42:30,830 They wanted to prove that her revelations were false. 745 00:42:30,830 --> 00:42:33,220 But Joan who was back on the battlefield, 746 00:42:33,220 --> 00:42:35,440 even if this was a different kind of war 747 00:42:35,440 --> 00:42:37,960 wanted to prove that they were true. 748 00:42:37,960 --> 00:42:40,490 So now, despite her protests, 749 00:42:40,490 --> 00:42:43,213 she began to talk about her messages from God. 750 00:42:45,000 --> 00:42:47,180 The voice came at midday, in the summer time 751 00:42:47,180 --> 00:42:48,453 in my father’s garden. 752 00:42:49,520 --> 00:42:52,130 The voice came from my right hand side towards the church 753 00:42:52,130 --> 00:42:53,980 and I seldom hear it without a light. 754 00:42:55,230 --> 00:42:57,090 The light comes from the same side as the voice 755 00:42:57,090 --> 00:42:59,213 moved around where there’s a great light. 756 00:43:00,220 --> 00:43:03,180 It seems to me that it’d be a worthy voice 757 00:43:03,180 --> 00:43:06,520 and I believe it to be a voice sent by God. 758 00:43:06,520 --> 00:43:10,800 And once she had begun, the thread was there to be pulled. 759 00:43:10,800 --> 00:43:13,700 Bit by bit, as they asked and asked again, 760 00:43:13,700 --> 00:43:17,652 she began to offer up more details of the voice she heard. 761 00:43:17,652 --> 00:43:19,370 And on the fourth day of the trial, 762 00:43:19,370 --> 00:43:21,313 what she said was extraordinary. 763 00:43:22,700 --> 00:43:25,120 Is the voice that speaks to you the voice of an angel 764 00:43:25,120 --> 00:43:28,823 or the voice of a saint or does it come directly from God? 765 00:43:30,371 --> 00:43:32,620 It is the voice of St. Margaret and St. Catherine. 766 00:43:32,620 --> 00:43:35,410 And their forms are crowned in beautiful crowns, 767 00:43:35,410 --> 00:43:37,500 very rich and very precious. 768 00:43:37,500 --> 00:43:39,400 Which was the first voice that came to you 769 00:43:39,400 --> 00:43:40,863 when you were 13 or so? 770 00:43:42,356 --> 00:43:45,260 It was St. Michael that came before me and he wasn’t alone 771 00:43:45,260 --> 00:43:47,770 but well attended by the angels from heaven. 772 00:43:47,770 --> 00:43:51,273 Did you see St. Michael and the angels bodily and really? 773 00:43:52,150 --> 00:43:55,376 I saw them with my bodily eyes, just as well as I see you 774 00:43:55,376 --> 00:43:56,209 and when they left me, 775 00:43:56,209 --> 00:43:58,773 I wept and truly wished they had taken me with them. 776 00:44:00,750 --> 00:44:04,170 This was exactly what Cauchon wanted to hear. 777 00:44:04,170 --> 00:44:06,720 The church accepted that angels and demons 778 00:44:06,720 --> 00:44:08,920 could be seen by humans. 779 00:44:08,920 --> 00:44:12,090 But it was a tricky thing to know which was which. 780 00:44:12,090 --> 00:44:13,880 After centuries of debate, 781 00:44:13,880 --> 00:44:16,600 the theological principle accepted by the church 782 00:44:16,600 --> 00:44:19,070 was that an angel was not a physical being 783 00:44:19,070 --> 00:44:20,830 but a spiritual one 784 00:44:20,830 --> 00:44:24,760 so the more real, physical details Joan described, 785 00:44:24,760 --> 00:44:27,910 the more like a demon her vision sounded. 786 00:44:27,910 --> 00:44:30,400 But Joan stood no chance of understanding 787 00:44:30,400 --> 00:44:32,500 this scholarly argument. 788 00:44:32,500 --> 00:44:35,060 And as she tried to demonstrate the truth of her visions 789 00:44:35,060 --> 00:44:37,260 by adding more and more detail, 790 00:44:37,260 --> 00:44:40,063 she damned herself in the eyes of her judges. 791 00:44:47,808 --> 00:44:50,060 Cauchon was inching closer to proving 792 00:44:50,060 --> 00:44:53,630 that Joan’s messages came from the devil, not from God. 793 00:44:53,630 --> 00:44:54,713 But he wanted more. 794 00:44:56,320 --> 00:44:59,040 It was time for a change of tactics. 795 00:44:59,040 --> 00:45:02,140 For a week, Joan was left to wait in her cell, 796 00:45:02,140 --> 00:45:04,180 alone with her English guards, 797 00:45:04,180 --> 00:45:06,663 her feet chained even when she slept. 798 00:45:08,270 --> 00:45:10,500 Then, there was a knock at the door. 799 00:45:10,500 --> 00:45:12,670 The interrogations would continue 800 00:45:12,670 --> 00:45:14,823 but now the court had come to her. 801 00:45:18,351 --> 00:45:22,460 Cauchon had decided that he would deny her a public stage. 802 00:45:22,460 --> 00:45:25,450 Now, he and a handful of colleagues would crowd her 803 00:45:25,450 --> 00:45:27,860 in the confines of her own prison. 804 00:45:27,860 --> 00:45:30,693 Here, surely, they would make the pressure tell. 805 00:45:32,190 --> 00:45:35,570 Cauchon believed that, when Joan first went to her king, 806 00:45:35,570 --> 00:45:38,993 she must have given him proof of her heaven sent mission. 807 00:45:41,570 --> 00:45:43,230 What sign did you give your king 808 00:45:43,230 --> 00:45:44,393 when you came to him? 809 00:45:45,670 --> 00:45:48,010 One that is fair and honourable 810 00:45:48,010 --> 00:45:50,280 and most believable and good 811 00:45:50,280 --> 00:45:52,720 and the richest that there is in the world. 812 00:45:52,720 --> 00:45:54,440 Does the sign still exist? 813 00:45:54,440 --> 00:45:57,120 It will last for a thousand years and more. 814 00:45:57,120 --> 00:45:59,383 The sign is in my king’s treasury. 815 00:46:00,850 --> 00:46:03,072 Is it gold or silver? 816 00:46:03,072 --> 00:46:04,620 A precious stone or a crown? 817 00:46:04,620 --> 00:46:07,240 I will not tell you anything more about it. 818 00:46:07,240 --> 00:46:09,890 No one could describe a thing as rich as the sign is. 819 00:46:11,460 --> 00:46:15,200 In any case, the sign you need is that God 820 00:46:15,200 --> 00:46:16,750 will deliver me from your hands 821 00:46:17,980 --> 00:46:20,330 and it is the most certain one he can send you. 822 00:46:23,500 --> 00:46:26,160 Joan’s words make it heartbreakingly clear 823 00:46:26,160 --> 00:46:29,310 that she still believed that help was coming, 824 00:46:29,310 --> 00:46:32,423 that God would perform another miracle and save her. 825 00:46:33,890 --> 00:46:36,550 But Cauchon knew he was getting closer. 826 00:46:36,550 --> 00:46:39,240 He pushed again on his next visit to her cell 827 00:46:39,240 --> 00:46:41,480 and then again the next day. 828 00:46:41,480 --> 00:46:44,133 And finally, she offered up her story. 829 00:46:46,220 --> 00:46:48,510 She said that when she’d first been at Chinon, 830 00:46:48,510 --> 00:46:50,990 after Easter in 1429, 831 00:46:50,990 --> 00:46:55,910 an angel had come to bring her king a crown of pure gold. 832 00:46:55,910 --> 00:46:58,950 The angel have walked up the stairs into the king’s chamber, 833 00:46:58,950 --> 00:47:02,530 with a company of other angels that only Joan could see. 834 00:47:02,530 --> 00:47:03,937 Joan had said to the king, 835 00:47:03,937 --> 00:47:07,537 “Sire, here is your sign, take it.” 836 00:47:08,530 --> 00:47:10,960 And this crown from God meant that the kingdom of France 837 00:47:10,960 --> 00:47:12,680 would be restored to him 838 00:47:12,680 --> 00:47:15,743 if he would give Joan soldiers and put her to work. 839 00:47:17,890 --> 00:47:20,820 For Cauchon, this was a breakthrough. 840 00:47:20,820 --> 00:47:23,790 An angel who could physically walk upstairs, 841 00:47:23,790 --> 00:47:27,280 speak to the king’s court and hand over a crown? 842 00:47:27,280 --> 00:47:29,673 This must be the conjuring of the devil. 843 00:47:30,600 --> 00:47:33,180 This, like her descriptions of her saints 844 00:47:33,180 --> 00:47:36,520 was a story Joan had never told before. 845 00:47:36,520 --> 00:47:38,153 Why was she telling it now? 846 00:47:39,170 --> 00:47:41,080 Alone under interrogation, 847 00:47:41,080 --> 00:47:43,490 she needed to vindicate her mission, 848 00:47:43,490 --> 00:47:47,910 to give detailed proof of the truth of what she claimed. 849 00:47:47,910 --> 00:47:51,790 But for Cauchon, the devil was literally in these details 850 00:47:51,790 --> 00:47:53,500 and it was the details, in the end, 851 00:47:53,500 --> 00:47:56,300 that proved what the bishop already knew, 852 00:47:56,300 --> 00:47:58,073 that Joan was guilty of heresy. 853 00:48:05,000 --> 00:48:07,580 The punishment for heresy was clear. 854 00:48:07,580 --> 00:48:10,500 She would be burned at the stake. 855 00:48:10,500 --> 00:48:13,483 But there was a chance that Joan might still live. 856 00:48:14,400 --> 00:48:17,230 Cauchon’s hardest task lay ahead. 857 00:48:17,230 --> 00:48:20,160 If he could persuade Joan to admit her guilt, 858 00:48:20,160 --> 00:48:23,733 he would save both her life and her immortal soul. 859 00:48:25,000 --> 00:48:29,080 For two weeks, Cauchon tried everything to win Joan round. 860 00:48:29,080 --> 00:48:32,310 Kind persuasion, reason and argument, 861 00:48:32,310 --> 00:48:35,550 and eventually, even the threat of torture. 862 00:48:35,550 --> 00:48:37,430 Joan was led to a room in the castle 863 00:48:37,430 --> 00:48:41,430 where terrible implements were laid out, ready for use. 864 00:48:41,430 --> 00:48:43,283 But Joan was unmoved. 865 00:48:44,430 --> 00:48:47,330 In truth, if you were to have me torn limb from limb 866 00:48:47,330 --> 00:48:48,770 and my soul separated from my body, 867 00:48:48,770 --> 00:48:50,770 I wouldn’t tell you anything more. 868 00:48:50,770 --> 00:48:52,230 And if I did tell you anything else about it, 869 00:48:52,230 --> 00:48:53,420 afterwards, I would always say 870 00:48:53,420 --> 00:48:55,070 that you made me say it by force. 871 00:48:58,590 --> 00:49:01,710 Cauchon knew that Joan meant what she said. 872 00:49:01,710 --> 00:49:03,830 He sent her back to her cell. 873 00:49:03,830 --> 00:49:05,423 Time was running out. 874 00:49:06,570 --> 00:49:10,550 The church had done its work but it couldn’t take a life. 875 00:49:10,550 --> 00:49:13,250 The sentence would be carried out by the English 876 00:49:13,250 --> 00:49:15,463 and they were impatient to get on with it. 877 00:49:17,480 --> 00:49:20,850 On the morning of the 24th of May 1431, 878 00:49:20,850 --> 00:49:23,340 Joan was brought from her prison in Rouen Castle 879 00:49:23,340 --> 00:49:27,050 to this square in front of the abbey of Saint-Ouen. 880 00:49:27,050 --> 00:49:30,220 Here, in public, she would be sentenced 881 00:49:30,220 --> 00:49:32,260 and then handed over to the English authorities 882 00:49:32,260 --> 00:49:33,920 to be burned. 883 00:49:33,920 --> 00:49:36,523 Everyone would see the fate of a heretic. 884 00:49:41,670 --> 00:49:44,170 The whole of Rouen had turned out to watch 885 00:49:44,170 --> 00:49:46,840 as Joan was bound on a tall platform, 886 00:49:46,840 --> 00:49:49,513 with the executioner’s cart standing by. 887 00:49:50,440 --> 00:49:52,170 A sermon was preached, 888 00:49:52,170 --> 00:49:53,730 and once again, Joan was asked 889 00:49:53,730 --> 00:49:56,323 if she would submit to Holy Mother Church. 890 00:49:57,740 --> 00:50:01,190 Joan had been so sure that God would rescue her 891 00:50:01,190 --> 00:50:03,370 but still help hadn’t come. 892 00:50:03,370 --> 00:50:04,933 She needed to buy time. 893 00:50:06,350 --> 00:50:08,800 But there was no more time. 894 00:50:08,800 --> 00:50:11,540 Cauchon began to read the final sentence 895 00:50:11,540 --> 00:50:14,730 and suddenly, Joan raised her voice. 896 00:50:14,730 --> 00:50:16,830 I wish to obey the church and my judges. 897 00:50:18,140 --> 00:50:20,050 The church says that my visions should not be believed, 898 00:50:20,050 --> 00:50:21,350 so I will not uphold them. 899 00:50:23,750 --> 00:50:25,400 I submit to Holy Mother Church. 900 00:50:25,400 --> 00:50:26,283 I submit. 901 00:50:33,308 --> 00:50:34,890 There was uproar. 902 00:50:34,890 --> 00:50:37,290 The Maid was recanting. 903 00:50:37,290 --> 00:50:40,260 Cauchon asked if she was ready to confess her sins. 904 00:50:40,260 --> 00:50:42,270 And an official of the court stepped forward 905 00:50:42,270 --> 00:50:44,490 with a document acknowledging her heresy 906 00:50:44,490 --> 00:50:46,700 and a pen for her to sign it. 907 00:50:46,700 --> 00:50:48,903 She made her mark on the paper. 908 00:50:49,870 --> 00:50:50,703 It was done. 909 00:50:53,550 --> 00:50:56,560 Now, Cauchon delivered a different sentence. 910 00:50:56,560 --> 00:50:59,400 Joan would live but she would be kept in prison 911 00:50:59,400 --> 00:51:01,030 for the rest of her life, 912 00:51:01,030 --> 00:51:03,523 doing penance for the sins she had committed. 913 00:51:04,920 --> 00:51:07,500 Joan was bundled back to her cell. 914 00:51:07,500 --> 00:51:10,010 Her submission was complete. 915 00:51:10,010 --> 00:51:12,780 After more than two years of dressing as a man, 916 00:51:12,780 --> 00:51:15,830 she took off her male clothes and put on a dress 917 00:51:15,830 --> 00:51:18,250 and she bowed her head so that her short hair 918 00:51:18,250 --> 00:51:19,513 could be shaved off. 919 00:51:20,600 --> 00:51:24,273 There could be no clearer sign that her mission was over. 920 00:51:26,450 --> 00:51:28,380 Cauchon’s work was done. 921 00:51:28,380 --> 00:51:30,430 The Maid’s soul was saved 922 00:51:30,430 --> 00:51:33,693 and now her misguided claims could be safely forgotten. 923 00:51:35,580 --> 00:51:36,830 That should have been it. 924 00:51:37,670 --> 00:51:39,873 But there are more pages still to turn. 925 00:51:41,160 --> 00:51:43,150 Here, on the 28th of May, 926 00:51:43,150 --> 00:51:46,250 four days after the dramatic events at Saint-Ouen, 927 00:51:46,250 --> 00:51:48,483 Cauchon was called back to the castle. 928 00:51:49,390 --> 00:51:52,560 It said that he found Joan habitu virile 929 00:51:52,560 --> 00:51:54,600 dressed once again as a man 930 00:51:54,600 --> 00:51:58,020 and her state of mind was profoundly disturbed. 931 00:51:58,020 --> 00:52:00,350 Here, the bishop questions her again 932 00:52:00,350 --> 00:52:04,010 but all Joan’s calmness and confidence are gone. 933 00:52:04,010 --> 00:52:07,413 Now, her answers are tangled and much harder to follow. 934 00:52:08,770 --> 00:52:12,280 Something had happened in those few days. 935 00:52:12,280 --> 00:52:13,910 Later, witnesses suggested 936 00:52:13,910 --> 00:52:16,370 that once she was dressed in women’s clothes, 937 00:52:16,370 --> 00:52:19,073 she’d been assaulted or raped in her cell. 938 00:52:19,950 --> 00:52:21,450 But what is clear above all 939 00:52:21,450 --> 00:52:24,210 is the overwhelming distress she felt 940 00:52:24,210 --> 00:52:27,883 at having given up on her truth and denied her voices. 941 00:52:29,000 --> 00:52:32,500 And what the cleric noted in margin that we she said next 942 00:52:32,500 --> 00:52:33,667 was the . 943 00:52:35,330 --> 00:52:36,823 Her fatal reply. 944 00:52:39,940 --> 00:52:42,703 God sent me word of the great pity of my betrayal. 945 00:52:43,630 --> 00:52:46,053 I have damned my soul to save my life. 946 00:52:47,650 --> 00:52:50,870 If I said that God hadn’t sent me, then I would be damned 947 00:52:50,870 --> 00:52:52,953 for I was truly sent by God. 948 00:52:54,460 --> 00:52:56,750 My voices tell me I have done harm 949 00:52:56,750 --> 00:52:58,483 by saying what I did was wrong. 950 00:53:01,290 --> 00:53:02,980 Whatever I said and recanted, 951 00:53:02,980 --> 00:53:05,063 I did it only through the fear of fire. 952 00:53:08,193 --> 00:53:11,840 This time, Cauchon knew there could be no going back. 953 00:53:11,840 --> 00:53:14,240 Joan was a relapsed heretic. 954 00:53:14,240 --> 00:53:17,123 She would be handed over to the English to be burned. 955 00:53:18,380 --> 00:53:20,800 Early in the morning of the 30th of May, 956 00:53:20,800 --> 00:53:22,650 Cauchon and some of his fellow cleric 957 00:53:22,650 --> 00:53:25,283 visited Joan for the last time. 958 00:53:26,450 --> 00:53:28,630 Her life was now beyond hope, 959 00:53:28,630 --> 00:53:30,180 but perhaps there was still a chance 960 00:53:30,180 --> 00:53:31,770 that her soul could be saved 961 00:53:31,770 --> 00:53:34,013 if she would finally tell the truth. 962 00:53:35,050 --> 00:53:37,070 And this record of what Joan said 963 00:53:37,070 --> 00:53:40,973 in the last hours of her life is extraordinarily moving. 964 00:53:41,810 --> 00:53:43,970 All her certainties have gone. 965 00:53:43,970 --> 00:53:45,860 Rescue hasn’t come. 966 00:53:45,860 --> 00:53:47,970 She knows she will die. 967 00:53:47,970 --> 00:53:49,370 And yet telling the truth 968 00:53:49,370 --> 00:53:52,573 means she can’t let go of her voices and visions. 969 00:54:01,390 --> 00:54:05,803 Is it true that you heard voices and received apparitions? 970 00:54:07,200 --> 00:54:08,033 Yes. 971 00:54:10,430 --> 00:54:13,380 Whether they are good or evil spirits, they appeared to me. 972 00:54:15,920 --> 00:54:17,240 I heard the voices most of all 973 00:54:17,240 --> 00:54:20,140 when the church bells rang in the morning and the evening. 974 00:54:21,340 --> 00:54:23,963 And the apparitions, the angels? 975 00:54:25,550 --> 00:54:28,300 They came in a great multitude as the tiniest things. 976 00:54:29,989 --> 00:54:31,530 What of the angel who gave 977 00:54:31,530 --> 00:54:33,733 the one you call your king a crown? 978 00:54:35,810 --> 00:54:36,803 I was the angel. 979 00:54:40,840 --> 00:54:42,630 I promised my king that if he would put me to work, 980 00:54:42,630 --> 00:54:44,303 I would see him crowned. 981 00:54:55,210 --> 00:54:56,110 Over the centuries, 982 00:54:56,110 --> 00:54:58,700 there have been as many ways of reading Joan’s trial 983 00:54:58,700 --> 00:55:01,140 as there are people to read it. 984 00:55:01,140 --> 00:55:03,700 It’s even been suggested that this last conversation 985 00:55:03,700 --> 00:55:06,570 on the morning of Joan’s death is fabrication, 986 00:55:06,570 --> 00:55:09,383 made up by Cauchon to undermine her message. 987 00:55:10,610 --> 00:55:13,720 But to me, there’s a truthfulness to it. 988 00:55:13,720 --> 00:55:15,960 Joan’s story of an angel bringing her king 989 00:55:15,960 --> 00:55:19,280 a golden crown doesn’t seem plausible to us 990 00:55:19,280 --> 00:55:21,740 and it didn’t to her judges either. 991 00:55:21,740 --> 00:55:23,580 But if Joan was the angel, 992 00:55:23,580 --> 00:55:25,870 and the crown her promise of a coronation, 993 00:55:25,870 --> 00:55:29,120 it makes much more sense as a way for Joan, 994 00:55:29,120 --> 00:55:30,740 alone among her enemies, 995 00:55:30,740 --> 00:55:33,083 to make her mission real in the world. 996 00:55:34,140 --> 00:55:38,090 But Joan’s truth and Cauchon’s were incompatible. 997 00:55:38,090 --> 00:55:40,113 And that’s why Joan had to die. 998 00:55:48,930 --> 00:55:52,130 Joan was brought here to the marketplace in Rouen, 999 00:55:52,130 --> 00:55:54,003 where a pyre had been prepared. 1000 00:55:55,470 --> 00:55:57,630 A cap was placed on her head 1001 00:55:57,630 --> 00:56:02,017 bearing the words relapsed heretic, apostate, idolater. 1002 00:56:16,080 --> 00:56:18,600 Joan was tied to a stake on a high scaffold 1003 00:56:18,600 --> 00:56:21,043 so that everyone could see her burn. 1004 00:56:25,540 --> 00:56:27,000 As the flames took hold, 1005 00:56:27,000 --> 00:56:30,113 she called the name of Jesus, over and over again. 1006 00:56:31,740 --> 00:56:34,420 Once she was dead, and her clothes had burned away, 1007 00:56:34,420 --> 00:56:36,590 the executioner raked back the fire 1008 00:56:36,590 --> 00:56:38,883 to show the crowd that she was just a woman. 1009 00:56:40,120 --> 00:56:41,720 And then he stoked the flames, 1010 00:56:41,720 --> 00:56:44,370 so there’d be nothing would be left of her but ashes. 1011 00:56:55,120 --> 00:56:59,620 Joan’s body was gone but her story wouldn’t die. 1012 00:56:59,620 --> 00:57:02,970 Her belief in her visions and her extraordinary courage 1013 00:57:02,970 --> 00:57:04,683 remained an inspiration. 1014 00:57:06,910 --> 00:57:10,880 By 1456, just 25 years after her death, 1015 00:57:10,880 --> 00:57:13,340 the political tide had turned. 1016 00:57:13,340 --> 00:57:16,820 France was reunited under Joan’s Armagnac king 1017 00:57:16,820 --> 00:57:20,550 and Joan’s case was heard in court once again. 1018 00:57:20,550 --> 00:57:24,023 This time, Joan was found not guilty of heresy. 1019 00:57:26,250 --> 00:57:30,620 Since then, Joan has become a legend and an icon. 1020 00:57:30,620 --> 00:57:33,433 In 1920, she was even made a saint. 1021 00:57:35,320 --> 00:57:37,800 Now, she’s almost an empty vessel 1022 00:57:37,800 --> 00:57:40,740 into which we pour our own preoccupations, 1023 00:57:40,740 --> 00:57:41,873 whatever they may be. 1024 00:57:44,760 --> 00:57:47,640 But if she becomes all things to all people, 1025 00:57:47,640 --> 00:57:50,140 we risk losing the human being. 1026 00:57:50,140 --> 00:57:51,890 The girl who burned in this place 1027 00:57:51,890 --> 00:57:56,063 was a ferocious champion of one side in a bloody civil war. 1028 00:57:57,060 --> 00:57:59,010 She was able to do what she did 1029 00:57:59,010 --> 00:58:00,800 to achieve what should have been impossible 1030 00:58:00,800 --> 00:58:03,430 for someone of her class and sex 1031 00:58:03,430 --> 00:58:05,550 because she and all those around her 1032 00:58:05,550 --> 00:58:07,130 believed they were fighting a war 1033 00:58:07,130 --> 00:58:09,163 in which God’s will was at work. 1034 00:58:10,400 --> 00:58:12,070 And perhaps it’s there 1035 00:58:12,070 --> 00:58:14,910 in the possibilities that faith can create 1036 00:58:14,910 --> 00:58:17,330 and the violence it can bring, 1037 00:58:17,330 --> 00:58:21,483 that Joan’s world and ours, don’t seem so very far apart. 78781

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