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hi I'm Mike Rugnetta this is crash
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course mythology and today we're gonna
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talk about the people at the center of
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many mythological stories heroes there
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are so many to choose from
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heroes appear in the stories of just
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about every culture and in just about
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every age everyone has heroes tow you're
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my hero
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who's yours oh that's a good choice
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heroes are so ubiquitous it can be hard
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to say what even makes them a hero do
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they fight villains are they a role
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model or as a hero just a synonym for
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protagonist to answer will examine
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Joseph Campbell's influential theory the
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monomyth of the hero's journey but first
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one bit of housekeeping throughout this
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episode I'm gonna be saying hero with a
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vaguely masculine sense and this isn't
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because there aren't stories about
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heroines but because in English that's
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the implication that word tends to have
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and furthermore Campbell himself had a
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rather dude centric view of the world
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you'll see what I mean but don't worry
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eventually we're gonna get to a story
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about seven awesome sisters who have
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something to say about all of this
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alright housekeeping complete on what
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the hero show
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[Music]
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you may remember Joseph Campbell from
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our theories of myth episode Campbell
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identified a series of events that
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appear in multiple stories from numerous
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cultures
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he developed a sort of roadmap for
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spotting these recurring main beats and
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named the whole structure the hero's
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journey sometimes called the monomyth
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the journey aspect is really crucial
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though for Campbell that's exactly what
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a hero does they journey away from
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safety and toward adventure before
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coming home again it's hard to describe
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just how influential Campbell's theory
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has become but in spite or perhaps
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because of that Campbell is also pretty
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divisive he had some troubling ideas
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about culture and a very narrow view of
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gender including the roles of women
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still his theory persists as a useful
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starting point for talking about the
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significance of mythological heroes in
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particular Campbell believes that heroes
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tell us something about ourselves
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contemporary mythology scholars Ava
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theory and Margaret Divini described his
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view like this we are all heroes
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struggling to accomplish our adventure
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as human beings we engage in a series of
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struggles to develop as individuals and
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to find our place in society beyond that
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we long for wisdom we want to understand
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the universe and the significance of our
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role in it in addition to many myths
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Campbell drew on a number of recent for
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him psychological theories especially
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those of Sigmund Freud otto Runk and
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Carl Jung Campbell borrowed from each
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and developed a model that emphasizes
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the importance of the mother figure
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which was vital to Jung while also
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stressing the father-son relationship in
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a sense his framework allows us to read
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individual heroes as symbolic of the
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psychological journey that we all go
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through Campbell even claims that myths
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aren't really written by their authors
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instead their manifestations of
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universal cosmic forces that shape the
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human subconsciousness how young again
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because hero myths originate in the
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psyche Campbell believes that they're
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universal to all humans and follow
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similar if not identical patterns this
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idea that all hero myths
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share a common pattern or structure is
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what inspires the name monomyth
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myth aka the hero's journey has three
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parts and 17 sub parts so strap in as I
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take you through how this structure
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works and sometimes doesn't and just to
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be clear Campbell isn't saying that
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every story has all 17 sub parts just
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that most heroic stories have some of
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the parts all right off to the races
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part 1 a hero separates himself from the
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world or retreats to the realm of the
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unconscious there are five possible
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elements to this departure quests can
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start for a lot of different reasons for
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siddhartha gautama who eventually
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becomes the buddha the hero's journey
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begins because he's bored but far more
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often the journey begins when the hero
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receives the call of Destiny frequently
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the hero refuses the call but once the
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hero finally decides to listen they
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often get help preparing for their quest
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from a protective figure or a
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supernatural guy when they're finally
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ready the hero sets out and reaches the
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gates of an unknown zone where they must
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confront the threshold guardian after
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crossing heroes almost always end up
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clobbered sometimes near-death like
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Hercules rescues Hasani from a sea
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monster by diving into its throat and
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cutting his way out of the monsters
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belly yeah sometimes that belly of the
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whale part is pretty literal part 2
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contains the trials and victories of
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initiation since having responded to the
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call the hero starts changing into the
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person they're destined to become part 2
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of the hero's journey has six possible
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elements this part of the hero's journey
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is the exciting part it consists of
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several tasks the hero must overcome to
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demonstrate their worthiness sometimes
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it's a laundry list like Hercules is
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twelve trials and sometimes it's one
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extended challenge like maybe you got to
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take a magic ring to a volcano no big
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deal right no big deal just a just a
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ring just a volcano for Campbell the
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most important thing is the trial or
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trials represent psychological danger
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along the road of trials our hero might
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come across a lady sometimes this is a
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powerful lady a goddess even who gives
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the hero a chance to show his maturity
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through soulful communion if you're
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picking up what I'm putting down other
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times our hero resists the intimate
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arms of such a lady which then casts her
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as an adversary so that's another trial
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the hero must overcome these days we may
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take the meeting with the goddess and
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the woman as temptress with less
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stereotypically heteronormative grains
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of mythological salt and because
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Campbell worked with Freudian psychology
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no journey would be complete without a
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confrontation with your father or father
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figure
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often a priest or sacred individual who
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tests the hero and approves of their
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newfound psychological maturity the
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father might also take the form of a
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monster who as any good Freudian will
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tell you is clearly a symbol for your
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father personally I don't know if I
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would get the message
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my dad's a pretty non monstrous guy he's
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retired he makes bird houses they are
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monstrous birdhouses though by
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confronting their father figure the hero
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achieves enlightenment this is called
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apotheosis which sometimes results in
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the human hero becoming a literal God
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which is what apotheosis literally means
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tons of Heroes are also half God already
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anyway finally having achieved
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enlightened status the hero takes
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possession of an object which symbolizes
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their apotheosis they must return to
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whence they came with part 3 is the
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return and reintegration to society with
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six final elements this part of the
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hero's journey is pretty different from
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contemporary story tone today defeating
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the monster or recovering the Grail or
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getting the girl are usually the end of
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the story but for mythological heroes
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returning home and finding acceptance
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after their great enlightenment is just
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as challenging sometimes the enlightened
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hero is less than eager to get back to
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business as usual even an eager hero
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might be forced to flee perhaps with the
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help of magical creatures or a nifty
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flying carpet the hero might be rescued
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from their epic journey by a friend or a
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colleague there may be a symbolic
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crossing back into the everyday world as
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is common in stories where the hero
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journeys to the underworld sometimes we
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learn that the hero's newfound power
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allows them to traverse between the
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everyday world and the land of adventure
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in any case the hero will end up back
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where they started with the mythological
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equivalent of living happily ever after
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the hero is at peace free to live out
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their life hopefully campbell's heroic
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scenes
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already reminded you of hero stories
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that you're familiar with Odysseus
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Beowulf Luke Skywalker men in black this
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is perhaps the point of learning
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Campbell's theory it isn't a road map to
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every hero ever but a useful tool for
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recognizing and comparing stories to
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illustrate this we're gonna head to
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Australia where an unlikely story can
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help us see heroism in action but also
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demonstrate some alternatives to
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Campbell's formula in this story the
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hero isn't a lone half-god dude but a
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group of seven teenage Aboriginal girls
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according to the tale as the seven girls
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reach adolescence they realize they must
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shed their childhood by gaining control
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over three things hunger pain and fear
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they go to their elders and explain that
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they're ready to do whatever it takes
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the elders agree to help but they warn
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them the tests will be severe first to
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conquer their hunger the girls spend
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three years isolated from their brothers
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and sisters each day they receive only
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two small meals one at sunrise and
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another at sunset and at the end of the
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third year the elders take them on a
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week-long journey into the wilderness
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traveling through the heat of the day
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but the girls don't falter no matter how
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hungry or how hot and when the week is
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over the elders tell them to keep
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walking for three more days with no food
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at all on the third day the elders
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produce a roasted kangaroo and a flint
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knife they tell the girls to cut off
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whatever they need standing in the heat
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under the gaze of the elders each girl
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takes the knife and cuts exactly the
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same meagerly sized portion as their
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meals of the last three years after
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resisting the temptation to eat an
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entire kangaroo the elders are pleased
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and hunger conquered but if you thought
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three years one week in three days of
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semi-starvation was bad you don't know
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kiss from kangaroo me brace yourself
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we're headed to the supple the next
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trial is pain so the elders break out
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each girl's front teeth
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no reaction then the elders cut each of
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the girl's breasts with a flint knife no
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reaction they rub wood ashes into the
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wounds the girls hold strong finally the
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elders devise the most
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test yeah piercing the girls noses and
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forcing them to sleep on an anthill by
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the following morning with all seven
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girls still standing pain is conquered
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the only trial left is fear the elders
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tell the girls a series of horrible
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stories they talk about fearsome spirits
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and ghosts and then say that their
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campsite that night as the girls try to
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sleep the elders creep around making
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scary noises but no matter how
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monstrously the elders yell show no
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signs of fear the elders declare the
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girls have conquered fear and send word
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to the adjoining tribes calling for
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celebrations in their honor but just
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when it looks like they'll get a chance
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to relax one of the girls steps forward
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and speaks to the other children of the
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tribe we have passed through the testing
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that our elders prescribed and we have
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endured much pain now it is the desire
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of the Great Spirit that you should go
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through the same course of testing
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happiness comes through thinking of
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others and of forgetting the self it is
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necessary to vanquish self will you not
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go and do as we have done the Great
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Spirit is so pleased at this that he
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takes the girls into the heavens without
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death where they become a symbol to
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their people the Seven Sisters or
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Pleiades thanks thought-bubble so
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clearly this story doesn't map perfectly
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unto Campbell's monomyth structure but
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you can see the patterns the Seven
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Sisters receive a call to leave their
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home they cross a threshold and live in
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the wilderness far from their peers they
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go through a long road of trials where
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they atone to the elders they receive
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enlightenment return home to further
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drama and are made literal celestial
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bodies what's more we can use these
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scenes to ask questions about human
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psychology Campbell's framework prompts
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us to ask what might these trials
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symbolize how might we see our own
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growth as individuals in this particular
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tale of struggle what is it like
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returning to a familiar environment
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after a massive personal change over the
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next few weeks we're gonna measure a few
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of the most well known mythological
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heroes against Campbell's framework it
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won't always be tidy but with practice
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you'll be able to identify these
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structures in more and more play
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not just contemporary media either you
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might even see these patterns in your
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own life after all
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Campbell thought that we can all be
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heroes even if it's just for one day
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thanks for watching we'll see you next
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week check out our crash course
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mythology tote tote bag and poster
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available now at dftba.com crash course
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pathology is filmed in tab and stacey
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is produced with the help of all of
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supernatural aid
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