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hey there i'm mike rignetta this is
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crash course mythology and today we're
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wrapping up creation myths over the past
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four episodes we've seen the universe
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created from nothing via the actions of
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earth mothers sky fathers and of course
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vomiting supreme beings we've seen
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creation used to explore the
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relationships between parents and
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children and between men and women
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and snakes and on that note today we're
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going to examine the earthly
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interconnection between humans and
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animals high five tote
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what
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yeah yeah i know humans are also animals
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you know what i'm saying
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[Music]
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before we get into the creation myths
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let's start with a little scientific
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mythology about man's best friend of
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course i mean dogs sorry tote dogs were
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if not the first then among the first
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domesticated animals and they play an
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important role in mythology romulus
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remus look in your direction one of the
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stories that we tell about the
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domestication of dogs is that it started
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when early hunter-gatherers chose to
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tame and then breed some of the less
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aggressive wolves in order to increase
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the hunter's capacity to capture game
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eventually these cross and interbred
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wolves became
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dogs who's a good boy who's a good boy
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it's any canine that doesn't bite off
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your hand that's who a good boy is it's
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a nice story and it seems to make sense
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but there are some problems with it in
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an article in national geographic brian
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hare and vanessa woods argue that some
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scientists are flipping this narrative
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on its head and saying that it was
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wolves that sought out humans rather
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than the other way around it doesn't
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make much sense for humans to try to
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capture wolves and get them to work for
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us early hunter-gatherers were pretty
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good at hunting which is why they might
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have been to blame for the destruction
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of the megafauna of the prehistoric
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world also why would humans want to
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share the spoils of the hunt with a wolf
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they're hungry like the wolf hair and
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woods explain that scientists think it's
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more likely that wolves approached
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humans probably by scavenging around
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their garbage pits these would have been
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the friendliest wolves aggressive ones
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would have been killed by anxious humans
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so it was the friendly wolves that over
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many generations were bred into the
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lovable vacuum-hating rap scallions that
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we
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know and love don't ask me about cats
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though i got nothing there
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are cats even really domesticated i feel
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like they're hiding something there's
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some plot they're up to something let's
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return as we so often do to the
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judeo-christian biblical story of
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creation from genesis in chapter one
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after creating the heavens and the earth
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and the stars and all the animals god
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said let us make man in our image after
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our likeness and let them have dominion
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over the fish of the sea and over the
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birds of the air and over the cattle and
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over all the earth and over every
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creeping thing that creeps upon the
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earth so god created man in his own
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image in the image of god he created him
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male and female he created them and god
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said behold i have given you every plant
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yielding seed which is upon the face of
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all the earth and every tree with every
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seed in its fruit you shall have them
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for food and to every beast of the earth
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and to every bird of the air and to
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everything that creeps on the earth
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everything that has breath of life i
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have given every green plant for food
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and it was so sounds like more gardening
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to me surprise surprise in the second
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chapter of genesis god grants humans
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control over other earthly creatures in
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a slightly different way in this version
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god creates man before the animals then
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the lord god said it is not good that
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man should be alone i will make him a
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helper fit for him so out of the ground
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the lord god formed every beast of the
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field and every bird of the air and
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brought them to the man to see what he
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would call them and whatever the man
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called every living creature that was
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its name isn't that nice giraffes and
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sharks and biting flies made just to
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help us both creation stories set up a
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clear hierarchy in the animal world with
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human beings at the top given the power
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to do whatever they want with all the
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animals below them basically there are
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interns the second version of the story
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affirms human control over animals in
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two ways first by having man created
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prior to the animal kingdom humans are
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granted literal primacy then their power
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is increased over animals by the first
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man receiving the privilege of naming
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them and i mean he did a pretty good job
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especially with
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hippopotamus but not all myths about
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humans and animals employ this strict
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hierarchy in a number of creation
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stories from native american tribes
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animals are partners in creation often
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acting as guides or even as the key
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participants in creating the earth the
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tribes of what is now the southwestern
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united states have creation stories that
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follow a model we haven't seen yet the
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emergence myth in these stories humans
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or creatures that become humans are led
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from an original underground world into
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a series of interim worlds until they
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emerge into the surface world that is
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recognizably earth in a hopi version of
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this story various animals including the
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spider grandmother and a chipmunk helped
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to find the entry hole or sipapuni to
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the land beyond the sky apparently
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there's one of these entryways in the
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grand canyon in a navajo version of the
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emergence story the people who are also
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sort of insects fly through the sea
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papuni into the higher world assisted by
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swallows i really like these myths
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humans working with nature literally
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rising towards creation it's a really
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nice breath of fresh air almost
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literally after all of the vomiting and
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death that we've had so far another type
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of creation story featuring animal
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helpers is called the earth diver myth a
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good example comes from the iroquois
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indians of the northeastern woodlands of
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the united states let's dive into the
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thought bubble a long time ago humans
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lived up in the sky in what we now
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consider heaven the daughter of their
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great chief became very sick and they
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were unable to cure her in the village
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was a great tree on which grew the corn
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that had fed all of the people one of
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the chief's friends had a dream in which
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he was told to tell the chief to lay his
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daughter beside the tree and dig it up
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the chief did as the dream said while
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this was going on an angry young man
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came along the angry young man didn't
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have the best bedside manner he pointed
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out the tree provided the fruit which
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fed the people and gave the sick
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daughter a push with his foot she fell
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through the hole that had been left when
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the tree had been dug up the young woman
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fell into this world which at the time
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was all water on this water floated
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ducks and geese and all the other water
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birds as there was no earth on this
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water at the time there was no place for
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the falling woman to land so the birds
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joined their bodies together
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into a sort of duck island where the
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falling woman landed after some time the
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birds grew tired and asked who would
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care for the woman the great turtle took
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the woman and when he grew tired he
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asked who would take care of her they
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decided to prepare land on which she
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would live the earth the toad after some
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convincing dove to the bottom of the
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primal sea and collected soil which was
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placed on the broad carapace of the
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great turtle it increased in size until
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it provided the land to accommodate all
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the living creatures thanks thought
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bubble and nice work water birds also
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toad tote me toad
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so there's a lot more to the myth than
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this but it captures the key elements of
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the earth diver story although it has
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some things in common with other
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creation myths we've seen especially the
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idea that the world began as water the
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relationship between human beings and
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animals is quite different for one thing
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far from being dumb creatures waiting to
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be named and tamed by men these animals
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can talk think deliberate and plan
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animal empowerment they also have
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emotions similar to the ones we feel
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especially getting tired and bored of a
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tedious task think about this the next
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time you watch a horse pull a cart or
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you're trying to entertain your cat by
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waving that feathery thing in front of
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them i'm telling you they're getting fed
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up just as important as being given real
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agency in this creation story though
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it's the animals who both save the
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humans progenitors and create our home
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without the helpful turtle and the brave
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toad there would be no land to live on
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and also no earth to grow food the
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creation of the world requires animals
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and thus it is crucially important to be
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grateful to them these native american
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myths are very intricate and when you
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read them and you should it's important
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to remember that they're very different
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from many of the other creation stories
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because
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they're living stories communicated by
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way of a constantly evolving oral
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tradition unlike more or less stable
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written texts still one of the
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interpretive takeaways from these
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emergence and earth diver stories is
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that native americans perceive a
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different relationship between animals
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and nature and humans than people from
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other traditions according to the
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biblical tradition human beings have a
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special relationship with god who
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prefers them to all other creatures
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according to mythology professors eva
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thuri and margaret divini this privilege
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has been interpreted by some as giving
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believers the right to dispose of nature
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as they please on the other hand also
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according to these scholars native
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americans view this world as the place
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where their destinies will be fulfilled
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not by domination but by maintaining a
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balance achieved by living in harmony
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with themselves and other humans as well
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as with animals and the exterior world
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some of you might be saying wait this
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sounds like a stereotypical view of
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native americans like they have some
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mystical connection with nature and that
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we should look to them for a way to
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understand how to better live in harmony
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with it and you would be right that is a
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cultural stereotype one that has often
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been uncritically linked with the idea
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of native american peoples as being
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primitive but i will say maybe in
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comparison to the other stories we've
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heard so far with all of the vomiting
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and wars and the eating of children
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it's kind of nice to think of the
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universe as a place of collaboration and
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not one of acrimony except of course for
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the jerk who kicked the daughter down
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the hole thanks for watching we'll see
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you next week
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check out our crash course mythology
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tote tote bag and poster available now
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at dftba.com
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crash course mythology is filmed in the
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chad and stacy emmigolds studio in
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indianapolis indiana and is produced
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with the help of all of these very nice
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people our animation team is thought
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cafe crash course exists thanks to the
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generous support of our patrons at
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patreon patreon is a voluntary
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subscription service where you can
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support the content you love through a
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monthly donation and help keep crash
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course free for everyone forever thanks
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for watching and just for the record i
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have a cat and that's precisely why i
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think they're up to something
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[Music]
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you
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