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i'm walter cronkite this is the story of
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mustapha came out a turk the strong man
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who in a little more than a decade led
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turkey out of the middle ages and into
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the 20th century the story the
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incredible turk as the prudential
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insurance company of america presents
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the 20th century
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in the middle east today chaotic
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vulnerable to soviet expansion turkey
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modern powerful and a rarity in this
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area pro-western is prepared to defend
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herself against any aggressor
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this is the border between russia and
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turkey guarded day and night the red
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century does not know he is being
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photographed from across this border he
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feels that he is being watched he is
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also suspiciously watchful
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today turkish cavalry defends the broken
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desolate terrain at the edge of asia
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minor
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these cavalry squadrons are part of the
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strongest fighting force in the middle
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east the army of turkey a
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democratic-minded member of nato
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military partner of the united states
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modern turkey strong and stable was
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created out of a dying oriental
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despotism by one man unique in history
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mustapha kamal called ataturk father of
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the turks in a moment this story the
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incredible turk
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by 1900 the ottoman empire land of many
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races and religions has lost her ancient
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tolerances and her world position is
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reduced from medieval splendor to
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medieval squalor ruled by inept
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autocrats ruined by foreign wars and
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exploited by foreigners the people are
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sunk in poverty lost in lethargy mostly
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illiterate the turkish empire continues
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to exist only because the european
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nations cannot agree among themselves to
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dismember her
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world war one germany has plans to
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embrace turkey as an ally then to
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subjugate her as a satellite to visit
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the sick man of europe as turkey is
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called comes the german emperor himself
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kaiser wilhelm ii
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he is received with more than ceremony
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his glowing promises such as the berlin
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to baghdad railroad are believed by the
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sultan and his government and even by
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the nationalist-minded young turks when
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war comes turkey will waver between her
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old friend britain allied with her
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hereditary enemy russia and her new
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friend germany
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on october 29 1914
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turkey takes into war on the kaiser side
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her obsolescent army
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february 1915 the british plan to force
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the dardanelles past gallipoli take
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constantinople and free russian shipping
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in one naval campaign
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mustafa kimal is an unknown officer
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commanding a feeble turkish division at
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gallipoli his brilliant strategy and
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ferocious personal leadership changed
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the course of the battle the campaign
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and the war
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after ten months the british signal
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defeat and steam away leaving on the
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historic shore of the hellespont a new
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hero in turkey
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one victory one great military commander
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are not enough the defeat of the central
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powers by the allies brings the end of
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the old ottoman empire it is carved away
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leaving only turkey proper a much
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smaller and more homogeneous land which
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with leadership may become a nation
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november 1918 the ships of the victors
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crowd the harbor at constantinople after
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world war one from the palace of a weak
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and corrupt sultan there comes no
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opposition
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turks bowing to mecca accept their fate
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from france and from great britain
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occupation troops disembarked to take
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over the ancient capital
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sure that the allied armies in
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constantinople will do nothing to
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prevent it greece is preparing for an
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invasion of turkey
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on may 15 1919 the greeks land their
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troops
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in ankara in the heart of turkey mustafa
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kemal organizes the turkish liberation
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movement takes command of the free
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turkish army
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from far off constantinople the sultan
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repudiates him but mustafa grimly swears
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that he will gain turkey's freedom or
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die
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no other general equals this man and the
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turkish soldiers need only to be led to
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fight
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they are traditionally warriors
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quickly mustafakimal gathers the forces
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of an occupied turkey under his almost
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unchallenged domination his hastily
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recruited bodyguards stand ready to
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defend him with their lives
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mustafa kamal fits his cold
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inexhaustible toughness his unyielding
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determination his knowledge that the
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people are with him against the
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continued fanatic opposition of the
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sultan's government ammunition must be
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made by hand by old men and hungry
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workmen boys and children
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mustafakimal's turkey is going into
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battle with the greeks
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the war with the greeks last three years
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from 1919 to 1922
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the turkish people know it is a war of
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extermination atrocious no quarter given
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or asked heroically led the turks
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advance against the invaders
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the women leave their endangered homes
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to carry shells to the army
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september 1922 the greeks are driven
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back to the aegean sea
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offshore allied rescue ships stand by
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into the seaport of smyrna called is
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near by the turks poor thousands of
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greeks joined by sympathetic christian
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minorities fleeing before the armies of
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the man whom the british called the most
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terrible of all the terrible turks
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from the ships bread comes to the docks
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for the desperate refugees bred so that
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they may live another day
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september 9 1922 the turks enter smyrna
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last stronghold of the invaders they
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take vengeance against the greeks for
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whole turkish villages wiped out for
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their kinsmen massacred the burning of
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smyrna the final atrocity that both the
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greeks and the turks disavow
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ends a war that has become an
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unendurable nightmare for both sides its
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polyglot population takes to the sea as
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the flames destroy the great homeric
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city
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star and crescent fly over liberated
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turkey mustafa akimal pasha married to a
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woman of smyrna who personifies his
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ideal of western freedom for all turkish
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women is chief of state and supreme
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commander of the army
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with the winning of the war he removes
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his uniform
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never to wear it again he is now granted
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dictatorial powers by the elected
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national assembly
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in constantinople to be officially
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renamed istanbul the foreign occupation
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troops are evacuated in the fall of 1922
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sultan mohammed sixth whose family is
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reigned for seven centuries fears for
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his life and goes into exile as crowds
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cheer his going
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mustafa kimau's victorious army enters
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istanbul
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first president of the first turkish
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republic mustafa akimal during the 1920s
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keeps his limitless wartime powers and
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his command of the army makes the hard
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dry town of ankara his capital his
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fantastic dream is not of empire or
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conquest but of creating a democratic
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turkey a new kind of turk in his
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lifetime
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the ottoman sultans also had been
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caliphs secular and religious rulers
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turkey's new government separates church
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and state instead of friday a sacred
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islam when muslims everywhere ritually
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cleanse themselves the western sunday is
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proclaimed the official day of rest
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although mustafa kemal insists on
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personal religious freedom it is known
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that he personally detests the gesture
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of a basement prescribed for worship
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when muslims touch their foreheads to
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the floor in their brimless headgear
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took him all this headgear the fez
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symbolizes turkey's oriental fatalism
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and ignorance he will abolish it
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so
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wearing the fez becomes an act of
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treason european hat makers unload in
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turkey but woe betide the foreigner who
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dares laugh at a turk in his new hat
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more than 90 percent of turkey's 13
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millions are illiterate mustafa warned
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in school his second name kemal meaning
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excellent himself takes charge of
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replacing the difficult obsolete arabic
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script
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a new latin alphabet a revised and
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standardized turkish language are
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prepared by experts bullied into haste
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by kemal
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to make a modern nation capable of
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government by the people all turkey must
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be sent to school
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islamic traditions are shattered a man's
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image most of our kimals is displayed in
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public he also orders all turks to adopt
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western style family names and is
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himself christened at a turk meaning
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father of the turks
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the faces of turkish girls and women are
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hidden and they live in virtual slavery
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until ataturk unveils them by decree
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now divorced from his wife he takes
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pleasure in the company of emancipated
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women and insists that all turkish women
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adopt western clothes gives them equal
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rights under the law after abolishing
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polygamy and opens to women all the
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trades and all the professions
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had a turk who has eaten the black bread
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of poverty and lived in the front lines
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of war acquires the trappings of power
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his proud fiercely disciplined bearing
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which annoyed his superior officers
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years before does not change now that he
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acknowledges no superiors
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the men around him treat him as emperors
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and primitive chieftains and modern
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dictators are treated flatter and yes
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him seek the smallest of privileges such
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as lighting his cigarette
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man in a hurry he has no time for
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opposition or for modifying his programs
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is too concentrated to pay the slightest
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attention to the awkward and harassed
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civil servant who is about to drip peach
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juice on his shoulder or to the waiter
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who will wipe it off
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although gossip is ripe of his spare
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time affairs with women of private
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drunken orgies by which ataturk relieves
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long periods of relentless labor this
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monarch in mufti never loses his public
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dignity even at play
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he is adored also respected also hated
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and feared and ruthless in dealing with
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those who oppose him
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now he goes into the countryside to
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remote villages to archaic farms to
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rouse the lethargic and primitive
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peasants his credo
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turk be proud work be confident
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there are two ways of conquering says
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ataturk by the sword or by the plow
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to show us plagmatic peasants what he
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wants he buys land demonstrates the
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advantages of tractors
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ataturk son of a civil servant military
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careerist now all-powerful dictator
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becomes a model sunday farmer
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the world is anxious to restore good
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diplomatic relations with turkey from
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the united states comes ambassador
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joseph clark grew
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for this revolution and high
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accomplishment
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one man is primarily responsible
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the name of ghazi mustafa kemal
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will forever be associated
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with the development
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founding of the turkish the new modern
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turkish state
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and will forever be inscribed indelibly
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upon the roles of history
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the turkish nation is democratic by
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nature
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i have no doubt that the american nation
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which has gone so far in this ideal is
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turkey's friend in her aims
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this will not be all perhaps it can lead
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to a world of love with all old
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prejudices erased with all nations
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coexisting in peace and prosperity
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when the great world depression of the
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1930s slows down economic reconstruction
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in the country turkish people by the
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thousands wait for ataturk to bring him
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their troubles and their problems to the
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man in the street ataturk is his
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personal boss and his personal friend
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willing to listen wanting to help
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all over the country ataturk preaches
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the ways of the west scolds and harry's
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workmen to carry out his forcible plan
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for industrializing the turkish republic
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turkey begins to move into the 20th
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century builds dams mills factories the
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temple is fantastic industrial
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production under ataturk increases
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tenfold
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still there are growing pains a poorly
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designed and poorly run heavy industry
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operating at a loss profitable light
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industry deliberately run at an
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excessive profit to cover the deficit
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turkey's textile mills being a notable
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example
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the european nations compete briskly for
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turkish trade for her surpluses her
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chrome and her tobacco in exchange for
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the manufactured goods machinery and
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arms she imports
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turkey's foreign relations are excellent
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but war is in the offing
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ataturk hopes turkey can remain neutral
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as indeed she will do during most of
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world war ii but meantime he must mend
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his defenses and re-equip his neglected
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army a bayonet army from an earlier era
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of belligerence
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turkey's dictator has said hitler will
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lead a dynamic nation to destruction by
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whipping its passions and mussolini will
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play caesar
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time is proving him right
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aging now ataturk gives his personal
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fortune to the nation lives quietly
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spends time teaching the youngest of his
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six adopted daughters the alphabet he
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made all turkey learn
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watching his young nation father ataturk
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believes in her democratic future and
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has preserved for her under his
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autocratic rule the republican
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constitution of the secret ballot which
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will elect his successors
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his severest western critic grudgingly
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admits ataturk is dictator so that
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turkey may never again have a dictator
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the shah of iran is among the
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neighboring rulers who come to admire
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ataturk's prospering progressive nation
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the emir of transjordan comes the arab
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world is impressed by turkey but later
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when nationalism develops throughout
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islam none of its leaders will have
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ataturk's genius or his convictions
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an ailing attitude spends much time
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aboard the yacht presented to him for
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his help by the turkish people
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long ago he has said i will lead my
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people by the hand along the road until
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their feet are sure and they know the
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way
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then my work will be done
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on november 10 1938 ataturk dies at the
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age of 58.
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13 years of his life he spent an active
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warfare fighting for turkey
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for 15 years until his death he was her
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first president and absolute ruler his
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last command is that his successor be
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one who will follow his course ismet
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inanu is that man
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today this mausoleum is a shrine for his
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people who well and truly mourned for
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ataturk
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marching past in fighting trim the
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soldiers of turkey are the sons of the
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ragged forces who followed him to fight
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for turkish independence 40 years ago
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modern turkey is a vigorous ally of the
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west she welcomes not only foreign
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products but the foreign bases and
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manhunter soil to help defend her way of
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life and her nato alliance
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not all of her problems have been solved
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however her economy is heavily bolstered
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by some say virtually dependent on
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western aid her democracy is still far
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from perfect and historians still argue
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about ataturk the man who in less than
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two decades made turkey over his methods
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his tyrannies his personal habits
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yet none denies the staggering
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achievements of the incredible turk
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these our allies guarding the gates to
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the east are the inheritors the children
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of mustafa kemah
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the story of next week's episode in a
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moment and now a message from your host
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the prudential insurance company of
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america
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so
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so
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you
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