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I have therefore chosen
this time and place
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to discuss a topic on which
ignorance too often abounds
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and the truth
too rarely perceived,
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and that is the most important
topic on earth, peace.
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What kind of a peace do I mean
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and what kind of
a peace do we seek?
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Not a Pax Americana
enforced on the world
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by American weapons of war.
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Not the peace of the grave
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or the security of the slave.
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I am talking about
genuine peace,
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the kind of peace that makes
life on earth worth living.
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The kind that enables men
and nations to grow
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and to hope
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and build a better life
for their children,
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not merely peace for Americans
but peace for all men and women.
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Not merely peace in our time,
but peace in all time.
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[tranquil music playing]
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[woman] That straight, sleek
look that it should have,
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and very often you'll find
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a zipper hidden
in the, uh, arm and--
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Good afternoon,
ladies and gentlemen.
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You'll excuse the fact
that I'm out of breath,
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but about 10 or 15 minutes ago,
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a tragic thing, from
all indications at this point,
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has happened
in the city of Dallas.
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This is Walter Cronkite
in our newsroom.
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Here's a, uh, piece of copy
that was rushed to-- to me
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and was torn off
from the United Press.
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President Kennedy
has been shot in Dallas.
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Along with
Governor Connally of Texas.
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They've been taken
to Parkland Hospital there,
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where their condition is,
as yet, unknown.
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[reporter 1]
And just now we've received
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reports here at Parkland
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that Governor Connally was
shot in the upper left chest,
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and the first
unconfirmed reports
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say the President
was hit in the head.
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That's an unconfirmed report
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that the President
was hit in the head.
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[reporter 2]
Police began chasing
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an unknown gunman
across the railroad tracks.
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Would you see if they need
some coffee or something?
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These people
are awfully shaken up.
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They were in the line of fire.
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[man] The President's car
was some 50 feet
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when we heard the first shot.
48
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And then as the car
got directly in front of us,
49
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a gunshot from
the top of the hill
50
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hit the President's side--
side of the temple.
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[reporter over phone]
Where did the shots come from?
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[woman over phone]
The shots came from the hill.
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[reporter]
From the hill?
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[woman]
Yes.
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[reporter 3] Excuse me
just a moment, John.
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Uh, there was just word
from the hospital
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that they have dispatched
a call for a neurosurgeon.
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All we can do now
is pray for him,
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and that's about all we can do.
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[reporter 4] President's wife,
Jackie Kennedy, was not hurt.
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00:03:02,729 --> 00:03:05,899
She walked into the hospital.
A priest has been ordered.
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Emergency supplies of blood
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also being rushed
to the hospital.
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[reporter 5] Just a moment.
We have a bulletin coming in.
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We'll now put you directly
through Parkland Hospital
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and KBLX news director,
Bill Hamdon.
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[reporter 6]
Two priests, who were with
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President Kennedy,
say he is dead.
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[woman gasps]
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-Just two priests announced it?
-[man] Yes.
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But it's not the truth, is it?
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[Walter Cronkite]
The flash, apparently official,
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President Kennedy died
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at 1:00 p.m.
Central Standard Time,
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some 38 minutes ago.
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[boy] I just can't see
why anybody would want
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to shoot Mr. Kennedy for all
the things he's done for us.
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He tried to keep us from
getting into war and everything.
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It's a simple matter of a bullet
right through the head.
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00:04:01,538 --> 00:04:03,748
[officer] All the information
that we have received
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now indicates that it did come
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from about the fifth or fourth
floor of that building.
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00:04:09,838 --> 00:04:11,715
We're checking it out now.
84
00:04:11,881 --> 00:04:13,091
10-4 now, and 112.
85
00:04:14,926 --> 00:04:17,262
We found empty rifle shells,
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and it looked like the man
had been there for some time.
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[reporter 7]
Police made a systematic search
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00:04:21,891 --> 00:04:23,017
of the building.
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00:04:23,393 --> 00:04:24,936
They found no weapon.
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[reporter 8]
We just got the word.
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Lyndon B. Johnson
has been sworn in
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as the President
of the United States
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just prior to a takeoff
to return to Washington.
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[reporter 9] Behind the casket
is Mrs. Jacqueline Kennedy.
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They are helping her down.
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Now, new President,
Lyndon Baines Johnson.
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We have suffered a loss
that cannot be weighed.
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[reporter 10]
At Bethesda Naval Hospital,
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the autopsy team
has completed work.
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Now the body of the slain
President and his widow
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are at last brought home
to the White House.
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[reporter 11] Who do you think
would do something like this?
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00:05:04,517 --> 00:05:07,228
Probably some segregationist
crackpot or something.
104
00:05:07,228 --> 00:05:09,564
Just...
They had it all planned out.
105
00:05:09,564 --> 00:05:12,358
I really believe that his blood
will be on their hands.
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00:05:14,819 --> 00:05:15,820
[reporter 12]
Here is the suspect.
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00:05:16,029 --> 00:05:16,738
Can we roll it please?
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[Lee Harvey Oswald]
People have given me a hearing
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without legal representation
or anything.
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-Did you shoot the President?
-I didn't shoot anybody.
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I emphatically
deny these charges.
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[reporter 13] This is
24-year-old Lee H. Oswald.
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He answers the description
of a young man
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sighted at the
Book Depository Building.
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[reporter 14] Police chased
Oswald into a movie theater.
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Police said he fired at them,
killing Patrolman J.D. Tippit.
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A rifle was found in a building
where he worked.
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[reporter 15] Police refused
to say whether they have
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00:05:42,472 --> 00:05:44,766
any fingerprints
from that weapon as yet.
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00:05:44,766 --> 00:05:48,269
The man obviously was an
excellent shot or very lucky,
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00:05:48,436 --> 00:05:51,064
in that witnesses
said three shots were fired,
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at least two of them
found their marks.
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[reporter 16]
At the Capitol Rotunda,
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there will be
three short speeches
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before the public is allowed
to start viewing the body.
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Chief, do you have any concern
for the safety of your prisoner?
127
00:06:03,159 --> 00:06:04,828
[officer]
No, but because necessary
128
00:06:04,828 --> 00:06:06,496
precautions
will be taken, of course.
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00:06:06,496 --> 00:06:07,956
[reporter 17] Is there
any doubt in your mind, Chief,
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00:06:07,956 --> 00:06:09,749
that Oswald is the man
who killed the President?
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00:06:09,749 --> 00:06:11,709
[officer] I think this is the
man who killed the President.
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I'm just a patsy.
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[reporter 18] So great is
the crush outside the Capitol,
134
00:06:16,506 --> 00:06:19,676
that people who have not
been in line can't possibly.
135
00:06:19,843 --> 00:06:21,553
We are now switching to Dallas
136
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where they are about to move
Lee Oswald and whether--
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[gunshot]
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[reporter 19] He's been shot.
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[indistinct]
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[reporter 20]
There's a man with a gun.
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[Cronkite]
Lee Harvey Oswald,
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00:06:32,689 --> 00:06:35,859
the man who Dallas police say
killed President Kennedy,
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himself is dead.
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00:06:37,652 --> 00:06:40,697
The man Dallas police
seized at the scene,
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and are holding, has been
identified as Jack Ruby.
146
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He is being held by the Dallas
police. Now, back to Washington.
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[reporter 21]
Fifty-three countries
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are represented in all today.
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There are a dozen members
of ruling royal families,
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30 foreign ministers.
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[reporter 22]
Things should be all right
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00:07:01,426 --> 00:07:02,760
in the few months ahead.
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[Dwight D. Eisenhower]
I'm sure the, uh,
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00:07:05,305 --> 00:07:07,640
entire citizenry of the nation
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will stand faithfully
behind the government.
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This bizarre sequence of double
killings raise great questions.
157
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Who actually fired the shots
that killed Kennedy?
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Was there a conspiracy?
159
00:07:21,195 --> 00:07:25,450
The first wound described is
a wound in the back of the head
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and would seem to indicate
a shot from behind.
161
00:07:27,619 --> 00:07:29,287
But the doctors
also said there was
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a wound in the throat
at the front,
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which seemed to indicate a shot
from the other direction.
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[Cronkite] The new President,
Lyndon Johnson,
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appointed a commission
of seven prominent Americans
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to investigate
the whole affair.
167
00:07:40,131 --> 00:07:42,800
Earl Warren, Chief Justice
of the United States.
168
00:07:42,967 --> 00:07:45,637
Richard B. Russell,
senator from Georgia.
169
00:07:45,637 --> 00:07:48,389
John Sherman Cooper,
senator from Kentucky.
170
00:07:48,556 --> 00:07:51,392
Hale Boggs, representative
from Louisiana
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Gerald R. Ford,
representative from Michigan.
172
00:07:54,729 --> 00:07:57,440
John J. McCloy,
presidential adviser.
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Allen W. Dulles,
ex-head of the CIA.
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00:08:01,110 --> 00:08:02,695
- Are you convinced
that he was shot from
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00:08:02,904 --> 00:08:04,113
the School Book Depository?
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Well, I think we better leave
all that, you know.
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00:08:06,866 --> 00:08:09,452
The evidence report
will cover all-- all of that.
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[reporter 23]
The Warren Commission
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makes these major findings.
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00:08:30,014 --> 00:08:32,642
Lee Harvey Oswald
assassinated President Kennedy.
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00:08:32,642 --> 00:08:34,268
He did it alone.
182
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He was not a part
of any conspiracy,
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00:08:36,104 --> 00:08:37,689
either domestic or foreign.
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[reporter 24]
Some other details
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will be of interest
mainly to historians
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00:08:41,192 --> 00:08:42,986
and others having
some special interest.
187
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[reporter 25] But there was one
further piece of evidence
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that the public cannot see.
189
00:08:47,448 --> 00:08:50,702
Abraham Zapruder's film
of the actual assassination.
190
00:08:50,702 --> 00:08:53,287
This murder now
is the most thoroughly
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00:08:53,287 --> 00:08:55,581
documented crime
in American history.
192
00:08:55,581 --> 00:08:57,583
And for those
who care to pursue it
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00:08:57,583 --> 00:09:00,086
down to the last detail,
it's all there.
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00:09:12,348 --> 00:09:15,268
[Oliver Stone]
This is Dealey Plaza.
195
00:09:15,268 --> 00:09:18,980
To this day,
it remains a crime scene.
196
00:09:18,980 --> 00:09:21,399
In the years
since the Warren Report,
197
00:09:21,399 --> 00:09:23,735
many significant
re-investigations were made
198
00:09:23,901 --> 00:09:26,029
into the murder
of President Kennedy.
199
00:09:27,572 --> 00:09:30,158
Each one revealed
new facts and evidence
200
00:09:30,324 --> 00:09:33,494
that shed more light on what
really happened here that day.
201
00:09:35,580 --> 00:09:39,167
Starting in 1975,
after the Watergate scandal,
202
00:09:39,333 --> 00:09:42,003
Senator Frank Church
conducted an investigation
203
00:09:42,003 --> 00:09:46,215
into the abuses
and crimes of the FBI and CIA.
204
00:09:46,215 --> 00:09:49,135
During that time, the public
learned of the CIA plots
205
00:09:49,302 --> 00:09:51,179
to assassinate foreign leaders
206
00:09:51,179 --> 00:09:53,931
like Patrice Lumumba
of the Republic of Congo
207
00:09:53,931 --> 00:09:56,559
and Fidel Castro of Cuba.
208
00:09:56,726 --> 00:10:00,772
Plots orchestrated
under Director Allen Dulles.
209
00:10:00,772 --> 00:10:03,024
But the Church committee
didn't stop there.
210
00:10:03,024 --> 00:10:05,651
Senators Richard Schweiker
and Gary Hart
211
00:10:05,651 --> 00:10:09,363
were tasked to reexamine
the roles of the CIA and FBI
212
00:10:09,363 --> 00:10:13,201
as the chief investigators
for the Warren Commission,
213
00:10:13,201 --> 00:10:15,995
and look for signs
of conflicts or cover-ups.
214
00:10:17,080 --> 00:10:18,539
J. Edgar Hoover writes,
215
00:10:18,539 --> 00:10:20,958
"Yes, we did have
a relationship with Mr. Ruby
216
00:10:21,125 --> 00:10:23,544
and he acted as our informant."
217
00:10:23,544 --> 00:10:26,464
Now, who said that at the time
of the Warren Commission report?
218
00:10:26,464 --> 00:10:30,343
Did anybody ever imply
that-- that Jack Ruby
219
00:10:30,343 --> 00:10:33,096
was a confidential informant
for the FBI?
220
00:10:33,096 --> 00:10:36,641
Nobody breathed that.
That was classified.
221
00:10:36,641 --> 00:10:38,684
[Stone] Faith in what
the American public was told
222
00:10:38,684 --> 00:10:41,771
by the Warren Commission
was starting to unravel.
223
00:10:41,938 --> 00:10:45,024
The intelligence agencies
did all the wrong things
224
00:10:45,024 --> 00:10:47,568
if they really
were looking for conspiracy
225
00:10:47,568 --> 00:10:49,946
or to find out
who killed John Kennedy.
226
00:10:49,946 --> 00:10:53,574
[Stone] The search for real
answers gained momentum.
227
00:10:53,574 --> 00:10:55,952
Then, 12 years
after the assassination,
228
00:10:55,952 --> 00:10:58,746
the most iconic piece
of evidence was leaked
229
00:10:58,913 --> 00:11:00,998
and finally
shown to the public.
230
00:11:01,165 --> 00:11:03,251
It's the film shot by the Dallas
231
00:11:03,251 --> 00:11:06,629
dress manufacturer,
Abraham Zapruder.
232
00:11:06,796 --> 00:11:10,007
And it's the execution
of President Kennedy,
233
00:11:10,174 --> 00:11:11,843
and, uh, Bob and Dick,
234
00:11:11,843 --> 00:11:13,219
would you please narrate
235
00:11:13,386 --> 00:11:15,471
what we're seeing
as we show this film?
236
00:11:15,471 --> 00:11:17,223
[Robert Groden] Now, before
he goes behind the sign,
237
00:11:17,223 --> 00:11:19,100
the President
is waving to the crowd.
238
00:11:19,100 --> 00:11:20,893
When he comes out from
behind the sign, he is shot.
239
00:11:20,893 --> 00:11:22,436
Then Governor Connally is shot.
240
00:11:22,436 --> 00:11:23,688
[Geraldo Rivera]
He's already been hit.
241
00:11:23,688 --> 00:11:25,064
[Groden]
He's already been hit.
242
00:11:25,064 --> 00:11:26,858
[Rivera] And now?
243
00:11:26,858 --> 00:11:29,443
[Groden] At the bottom of
the screen, the head shot.
244
00:11:29,443 --> 00:11:32,071
[Rivera] That's the shot
that blew off his head.
245
00:11:32,071 --> 00:11:34,240
That's the most upsetting thing
I've ever seen.
246
00:11:34,240 --> 00:11:35,533
We'll talk about it in a minute.
247
00:11:35,533 --> 00:11:37,410
[Stone]
Seeing the shock and brutality
248
00:11:37,577 --> 00:11:39,787
of the actual assassination
249
00:11:39,787 --> 00:11:41,414
caused a public outcry.
250
00:11:41,414 --> 00:11:43,040
The government formed
251
00:11:43,040 --> 00:11:48,212
the House Select Committee
on Assassinations, the HSCA.
252
00:11:48,212 --> 00:11:50,548
The committee
will come to order.
253
00:11:50,548 --> 00:11:53,050
[Stone] The HSCA
re-interviewed witnesses
254
00:11:53,050 --> 00:11:54,677
and took new testimonies
255
00:11:54,677 --> 00:11:56,470
that exposed
massive inconsistencies
256
00:11:56,470 --> 00:11:58,848
with the original
Warren Report.
257
00:11:58,848 --> 00:12:01,184
Has any other scientist to date
258
00:12:01,184 --> 00:12:06,314
linked the so-called pristine
bullet to the injuries?
259
00:12:06,314 --> 00:12:08,191
Not that I'm aware of. No.
260
00:12:08,191 --> 00:12:14,280
The Pentagon has destroyed
its Kennedy assassination file,
261
00:12:14,280 --> 00:12:17,533
and we don't know
why that was done.
262
00:12:17,533 --> 00:12:19,619
[Stone] But at
the end of that investigation,
263
00:12:19,619 --> 00:12:22,330
what the HSCA
learned was considered
264
00:12:22,330 --> 00:12:24,749
too damaging to be made public.
265
00:12:24,749 --> 00:12:27,168
And close to
a half-million records
266
00:12:27,168 --> 00:12:30,713
were to remain
sealed until 2029,
267
00:12:30,713 --> 00:12:33,132
a fact that we made clear
268
00:12:33,132 --> 00:12:35,885
at the conclusion
to our 1991 film, JFK.
269
00:12:37,303 --> 00:12:39,055
The media controversy
that accompanied
270
00:12:39,055 --> 00:12:41,849
the film forced Congress
to do something about
271
00:12:41,849 --> 00:12:46,145
the secrecy that still surrounded
these classified files.
272
00:12:46,145 --> 00:12:48,356
Hearings were held
on Capitol Hill.
273
00:12:48,356 --> 00:12:49,941
Most Americans did not
274
00:12:49,941 --> 00:12:51,817
believe or support the verdict
275
00:12:51,817 --> 00:12:54,070
of the Warren Commission
initially.
276
00:12:54,070 --> 00:12:56,948
And now more than three in four,
277
00:12:56,948 --> 00:12:59,909
according to all recent
samplings of public opinion,
278
00:13:00,076 --> 00:13:03,621
think some conspiracy
was involved.
279
00:13:03,621 --> 00:13:05,831
And in 1992,
the John F. Kennedy
280
00:13:05,831 --> 00:13:08,584
Records Collection Act
was passed.
281
00:13:08,584 --> 00:13:10,044
Clerk will report the title.
282
00:13:10,044 --> 00:13:11,587
Senate 3006, an act to provide
283
00:13:11,754 --> 00:13:13,839
for the expeditious
disclosure of records
284
00:13:13,839 --> 00:13:17,051
relevant to the assassination
of President John F. Kennedy.
285
00:13:17,051 --> 00:13:18,719
[Stone]
This act provided funding
286
00:13:18,719 --> 00:13:21,764
and formed the Assassination
Records Review Board,
287
00:13:24,016 --> 00:13:27,311
The public wasn't going
to have to wait until 2029.
288
00:13:27,311 --> 00:13:30,523
Declassification
was to begin now.
289
00:13:30,523 --> 00:13:32,233
The board was given a budget
290
00:13:32,233 --> 00:13:34,402
and timeline
of four years to declassify
291
00:13:34,402 --> 00:13:36,612
and make public
as many documents
292
00:13:36,612 --> 00:13:39,198
and records as possible.
293
00:13:39,365 --> 00:13:41,617
They managed to collect
over two million pages
294
00:13:41,617 --> 00:13:45,121
of declassified records
and artifacts.
295
00:13:45,121 --> 00:13:48,624
They are all housed at the
National Archives in Maryland,
296
00:13:48,624 --> 00:13:50,793
and since then,
the public has been free
297
00:13:50,960 --> 00:13:54,839
to view, study,
and investigate.
298
00:13:54,839 --> 00:13:57,383
There is now so much more
that we know,
299
00:13:57,550 --> 00:13:59,635
and with those facts in hand,
300
00:13:59,635 --> 00:14:01,887
we will go back
and piece together
301
00:14:02,054 --> 00:14:03,931
what really happened that day,
302
00:14:03,931 --> 00:14:06,851
and discover the reasons why.
303
00:14:08,561 --> 00:14:09,645
Let's begin.
304
00:14:11,105 --> 00:14:12,189
[reporter]
Something has happened
305
00:14:12,189 --> 00:14:12,982
in the motorcade.
306
00:14:12,982 --> 00:14:13,983
Standby, please.
307
00:14:13,983 --> 00:14:15,651
[Whoopi Goldberg]
The JFK case
308
00:14:15,651 --> 00:14:18,112
was such a mass of confusion.
309
00:14:18,112 --> 00:14:20,239
For example,
the Warren Commission
310
00:14:20,406 --> 00:14:23,492
was limited
to only three shots,
311
00:14:23,492 --> 00:14:26,704
because three shells
were found on the sixth floor
312
00:14:26,704 --> 00:14:28,664
of the School Book Depository.
313
00:14:28,873 --> 00:14:29,874
[J. Edgar Hoover]
On that floor,
314
00:14:30,082 --> 00:14:32,793
we found the three empty
shells that had been fired,
315
00:14:33,002 --> 00:14:35,296
but they had
characteristics on them
316
00:14:35,504 --> 00:14:37,548
so that our ballistics expert
317
00:14:37,548 --> 00:14:40,634
was able to prove that
they were fired by this gun.
318
00:14:40,634 --> 00:14:42,303
[Lyndon Johnson]
Any of them fired at me?
319
00:14:42,303 --> 00:14:43,262
[Hoover]
No, there was never any...
320
00:14:43,262 --> 00:14:44,472
[Johnson]
All three at the President?
321
00:14:44,472 --> 00:14:45,473
[Hoover]
All three at the President,
322
00:14:45,473 --> 00:14:46,682
and we have them.
323
00:14:46,682 --> 00:14:48,100
[Goldberg]
The FBI concluded that
324
00:14:48,100 --> 00:14:51,020
all three bullets
struck inside the car.
325
00:14:51,020 --> 00:14:52,897
[Hoover] He was hit
by the first and the third.
326
00:14:53,064 --> 00:14:54,690
The second shot
hit the governor.
327
00:14:54,857 --> 00:14:56,484
The third shot
tore a large part
328
00:14:56,484 --> 00:14:59,320
of the President's head off.
329
00:14:59,320 --> 00:15:02,490
The Warren Commission
put itself in a straitjacket.
330
00:15:02,490 --> 00:15:05,785
They could not possibly allow
more than three shots,
331
00:15:05,785 --> 00:15:07,661
because four shots or more
332
00:15:07,661 --> 00:15:09,789
would have clearly
indicated conspiracy.
333
00:15:09,789 --> 00:15:11,582
And they were not going there.
334
00:15:11,582 --> 00:15:13,501
[James Tague speaking]
335
00:15:21,592 --> 00:15:23,594
[Goldberg]
Records show the first shot
336
00:15:23,594 --> 00:15:25,763
had missed
its target completely,
337
00:15:25,930 --> 00:15:28,974
and the final shot
hit Kennedy in the head.
338
00:15:29,141 --> 00:15:32,728
So, how does one account for
one bullet hitting two victims,
339
00:15:32,937 --> 00:15:34,146
and doing all this damage?
340
00:15:35,523 --> 00:15:38,192
Arlen Specter was
a Yale Law School graduate
341
00:15:38,192 --> 00:15:41,404
working in the Philadelphia
district attorney's office,
342
00:15:41,404 --> 00:15:44,573
when he was asked to serve
on the Warren Commission.
343
00:15:44,573 --> 00:15:48,869
Aha! What if one bullet
made all seven wounds?
344
00:15:48,869 --> 00:15:50,329
Arlen Specter, he is the one
345
00:15:50,329 --> 00:15:52,873
that gave birth to
the single-bullet theory.
346
00:15:52,873 --> 00:15:55,334
What if one bullet went into
Kennedy's back
347
00:15:55,334 --> 00:15:58,003
and came out his neck,
348
00:15:58,003 --> 00:16:01,215
and then went into Connally's
back, piercing the lung,
349
00:16:01,215 --> 00:16:03,884
destroying four inches
of the right fifth rib,
350
00:16:03,884 --> 00:16:05,970
exiting from
the front of his chest,
351
00:16:05,970 --> 00:16:07,430
going into
the back of the wrist,
352
00:16:07,430 --> 00:16:09,557
shattering the distal end
of the radius.
353
00:16:09,557 --> 00:16:11,183
In a 6-foot-4 guy like Connally,
354
00:16:11,183 --> 00:16:13,686
that's a big heavy bone
comminuted fracture.
355
00:16:13,686 --> 00:16:15,438
Exits from
the front of the wrist,
356
00:16:15,438 --> 00:16:17,440
goes into his left thigh.
357
00:16:17,606 --> 00:16:19,817
Whatever you want,
whatever you need,
358
00:16:19,984 --> 00:16:22,820
this bullet happily
and readily obliges you.
359
00:16:22,820 --> 00:16:25,072
It is indeed a magic bullet.
360
00:16:26,323 --> 00:16:28,993
CE-399 was the magic bullet,
361
00:16:29,160 --> 00:16:32,204
and all government
investigations so far
362
00:16:32,371 --> 00:16:34,957
have treated that bullet
363
00:16:34,957 --> 00:16:37,835
as absolutely
foundational to this case.
364
00:16:38,002 --> 00:16:39,753
How important
is chain of custody
365
00:16:39,753 --> 00:16:41,755
in a legal proceeding?
366
00:16:41,755 --> 00:16:43,674
Chain of custody
basically refers to
367
00:16:43,674 --> 00:16:45,259
the integrity of evidence.
368
00:16:45,259 --> 00:16:47,052
If I, uh, pick up
a piece of evidence
369
00:16:47,052 --> 00:16:49,430
and I transfer it
to somebody else
370
00:16:49,597 --> 00:16:51,223
for holding or processing,
371
00:16:51,223 --> 00:16:53,851
my name is the first name
on this list.
372
00:16:53,851 --> 00:16:55,269
The second person
who touches this
373
00:16:55,269 --> 00:16:57,396
and takes possession
of it is next.
374
00:16:57,396 --> 00:17:00,107
And if you don't do that,
there's no way to prove
375
00:17:00,107 --> 00:17:02,026
that the evidence
you collected on day one
376
00:17:02,026 --> 00:17:04,904
is the same one you get on
day 25 when you go to court.
377
00:17:04,904 --> 00:17:06,739
Can you walk us through
378
00:17:06,739 --> 00:17:09,116
the magic bullet's
chain of custody
379
00:17:09,283 --> 00:17:14,580
from the Parkland employees to
the Secret Service to the FBI?
380
00:17:14,580 --> 00:17:17,750
Well, the magic bullet was
supposedly found on a stretcher
381
00:17:17,750 --> 00:17:18,876
at Parkland Hospital,
382
00:17:19,043 --> 00:17:20,878
and went through several hands
383
00:17:21,045 --> 00:17:24,548
before it got
to the Secret Service.
384
00:17:24,548 --> 00:17:27,343
Richard Johnsen was the first
Secret Service agent
385
00:17:27,343 --> 00:17:31,180
to handle it, and he carried it
back to Washington, D.C.
386
00:17:31,180 --> 00:17:33,307
When he got back
to Washington, D.C.,
387
00:17:33,474 --> 00:17:35,726
he gave it to the chief of
the Secret Service,
388
00:17:35,726 --> 00:17:37,811
who was James Rowley.
389
00:17:39,313 --> 00:17:41,690
And at the White House,
James Rowley
390
00:17:41,857 --> 00:17:45,152
gave it to Elmer Lee Todd,
391
00:17:45,152 --> 00:17:46,904
and Todd then took it
to the FBI lab
392
00:17:46,904 --> 00:17:50,157
and gave it to Robert Frazier.
393
00:17:50,157 --> 00:17:54,161
We have interesting information
produced by John Hunt,
394
00:17:54,161 --> 00:17:56,539
a private citizen
who went to the archives
395
00:17:56,539 --> 00:17:58,290
on four or five occasions
396
00:17:58,290 --> 00:18:02,336
to track down the story
about the magic bullet,
397
00:18:02,336 --> 00:18:04,797
and what he found
was truly astounding.
398
00:18:04,797 --> 00:18:07,132
He practically moved into
399
00:18:07,132 --> 00:18:09,635
the National Archives
in Washington, D.C.
400
00:18:09,635 --> 00:18:11,804
They allowed him
to set up a desk
401
00:18:11,804 --> 00:18:15,057
with a computer
and his own scanner.
402
00:18:15,057 --> 00:18:18,477
And he also, uh,
did something different.
403
00:18:18,477 --> 00:18:21,855
He didn't interview policemen
and FBI people,
404
00:18:21,855 --> 00:18:24,650
and he wasn't
swayed by their excuses.
405
00:18:24,650 --> 00:18:26,402
He went straight to,
406
00:18:26,402 --> 00:18:30,197
"This is what you told
and you signed your name."
407
00:18:30,197 --> 00:18:32,241
[Goldberg]
Working with the FBI
408
00:18:32,241 --> 00:18:33,993
and Warren Commission
documents,
409
00:18:33,993 --> 00:18:36,996
John Hunt asked
the most basic question.
410
00:18:36,996 --> 00:18:40,374
"Was CE-399 in evidence
411
00:18:40,374 --> 00:18:43,669
the same bullet that was found
on the stretcher?"
412
00:18:44,587 --> 00:18:46,922
At 7:30 at night,
413
00:18:46,922 --> 00:18:48,799
this is the day
of the assassination,
414
00:18:48,799 --> 00:18:51,093
November 22nd, 1963,
415
00:18:51,093 --> 00:18:54,221
a bullet appears in the record,
416
00:18:54,221 --> 00:18:58,225
and it's signed for
by Robert Frazier,
417
00:18:58,225 --> 00:19:01,186
who is the main investigator
at the FBI lab.
418
00:19:02,271 --> 00:19:04,064
And it's not just one document.
419
00:19:04,231 --> 00:19:06,650
There are multiple documents
that indicate
420
00:19:06,650 --> 00:19:12,281
that Frazier signed for
a bullet at 7:30 that night.
421
00:19:12,281 --> 00:19:14,700
Now, here's where
things get interesting.
422
00:19:14,700 --> 00:19:18,662
Elmer Lee Todd received
the bullet at the White House
423
00:19:18,662 --> 00:19:23,500
from chief of the Secret
Service, James Rowley.
424
00:19:23,500 --> 00:19:27,880
And Todd documents,
very clearly in writing,
425
00:19:27,880 --> 00:19:32,509
that he got this bullet
at 8:50 p.m.
426
00:19:32,509 --> 00:19:33,594
How is that possible?
427
00:19:33,594 --> 00:19:36,221
How can Robert Frazier
receive the bullet
428
00:19:36,221 --> 00:19:40,225
in the lab at 7:30
from Elmer Lee Todd,
429
00:19:40,225 --> 00:19:43,312
when Todd didn't get
the bullet until 8:50?
430
00:19:43,479 --> 00:19:47,358
You would think that they would
have handled it, uh, you know,
431
00:19:47,358 --> 00:19:49,652
like it would have been gold
going to the bank.
432
00:19:49,652 --> 00:19:51,320
There it is in the record,
433
00:19:51,320 --> 00:19:54,657
someone is lying about
when they got the bullet.
434
00:19:54,823 --> 00:19:55,908
[David Mantik]
It gets worse, though.
435
00:19:55,908 --> 00:19:57,660
Todd initialed that bullet,
436
00:19:57,660 --> 00:20:01,914
the one that he got at 8:50,
437
00:20:01,914 --> 00:20:04,083
and everyone else
who touched the bullet
438
00:20:04,083 --> 00:20:06,085
after that initialed it too,
439
00:20:06,085 --> 00:20:07,461
including Robert Frazier.
440
00:20:07,461 --> 00:20:10,297
I went to the archives
to look at this bullet.
441
00:20:10,297 --> 00:20:12,466
And specifically,
what we want to know is,
442
00:20:12,466 --> 00:20:15,719
do we see Todd's initials
on this bullet?
443
00:20:15,719 --> 00:20:17,971
He said he initialed the bullet.
444
00:20:17,971 --> 00:20:20,349
It is not there.
445
00:20:20,349 --> 00:20:23,185
Todd's initials are not
on the magic bullet.
446
00:20:25,229 --> 00:20:27,856
I was very interested in finding
out what the Review Board
447
00:20:27,856 --> 00:20:29,274
would show us about this.
448
00:20:29,441 --> 00:20:32,486
So, we began scouring
their evidence,
449
00:20:32,486 --> 00:20:34,697
and we found out
something very interesting.
450
00:20:34,697 --> 00:20:36,699
We found out
that the Warren Report
451
00:20:36,699 --> 00:20:38,283
had from an FBI report
452
00:20:38,283 --> 00:20:40,327
saying that the guys
that found the bullet
453
00:20:40,327 --> 00:20:42,496
later identified that
as the bullet they'd seen.
454
00:20:42,496 --> 00:20:44,039
The internal record
didn't show that at all.
455
00:20:44,206 --> 00:20:46,333
The internal records
said this bullet
456
00:20:46,333 --> 00:20:47,876
didn't look like
that bullet at all.
457
00:20:48,043 --> 00:20:50,504
But the FBI had reported to the
Warren Commission that it did.
458
00:20:50,504 --> 00:20:51,296
They'd lied.
459
00:20:51,296 --> 00:20:53,298
We then talk to the FBI agent
460
00:20:53,298 --> 00:20:55,259
that was supposed to have
carried that bullet around.
461
00:20:55,259 --> 00:20:57,136
His name was Bardwell Odum.
462
00:20:57,136 --> 00:20:58,929
I got Bardwell Odum
on the phone.
463
00:20:58,929 --> 00:21:02,307
I sent him the documents that
said that he had done this.
464
00:21:02,307 --> 00:21:04,017
He said,
"I never had that bullet.
465
00:21:04,017 --> 00:21:05,686
I never showed any bullet
to anyone.
466
00:21:05,686 --> 00:21:07,354
"If I'd had the bullet,
there'd be a 302.
467
00:21:07,521 --> 00:21:09,648
"I would have filed a report,
particularly in that area.
468
00:21:09,648 --> 00:21:12,025
Everybody was very uptight
about getting everything right."
469
00:21:12,025 --> 00:21:13,902
So, we scoured for 302 reports.
470
00:21:14,069 --> 00:21:16,196
His name appears nowhere
in the record.
471
00:21:16,196 --> 00:21:18,157
This is just something
that the FBI invented.
472
00:21:18,157 --> 00:21:20,826
It's conceivable
that some mysterious bullet
473
00:21:20,826 --> 00:21:22,369
showed up from who knows where.
474
00:21:23,662 --> 00:21:25,164
Todd did not initial it,
475
00:21:25,330 --> 00:21:29,501
and it ended up in
the FBI lab as the magic bullet.
476
00:21:29,501 --> 00:21:32,629
One can only surmise
that, somewhere in the FBI,
477
00:21:32,629 --> 00:21:35,132
they realized they had to close
the loop on Oswald's guilt.
478
00:21:35,299 --> 00:21:37,176
And so they just
switched it out.
479
00:21:37,176 --> 00:21:40,053
Because none
of the four people,
480
00:21:40,053 --> 00:21:42,097
either the guys at Parkland,
481
00:21:42,097 --> 00:21:43,140
or the two
Secret Service agents,
482
00:21:43,140 --> 00:21:44,683
could identify the bullet.
483
00:21:44,683 --> 00:21:46,560
The guy who is supposed to have
gotten confirmation that
484
00:21:46,560 --> 00:21:49,980
they did identify the bullet
said he never did it.
485
00:21:49,980 --> 00:21:51,148
And the record supports that.
486
00:21:51,315 --> 00:21:53,525
So, there's--
there's good reason to be
487
00:21:53,525 --> 00:21:56,403
very suspicious
about the magic bullet.
488
00:21:56,403 --> 00:22:01,825
The chain of custody doesn't
start from the laboratory.
489
00:22:01,825 --> 00:22:04,453
It starts from the crime scene.
490
00:22:04,453 --> 00:22:07,039
Each piece of evidence
should be photographed,
491
00:22:07,039 --> 00:22:11,168
documented,
and preserved properly.
492
00:22:12,419 --> 00:22:14,213
From the scene,
493
00:22:14,213 --> 00:22:18,091
evidence is collected,
sent to the laboratory.
494
00:22:18,091 --> 00:22:20,886
We have to keep
the chain of custody
495
00:22:20,886 --> 00:22:22,137
when they enter the lab.
496
00:22:22,137 --> 00:22:23,472
Who examined?
497
00:22:24,807 --> 00:22:27,267
Who did the further analysis?
498
00:22:27,267 --> 00:22:31,021
And each step have to maintain
499
00:22:31,021 --> 00:22:33,774
until you submit to the court.
500
00:22:33,774 --> 00:22:35,067
If this chain broke,
501
00:22:36,443 --> 00:22:39,446
then my evidence
becomes inadmissible.
502
00:22:41,240 --> 00:22:43,033
[Goldberg]
The other problem
503
00:22:43,033 --> 00:22:44,868
is the lack of damage
to the bullet
504
00:22:44,868 --> 00:22:48,747
after going through two men,
smashing two bones,
505
00:22:48,747 --> 00:22:50,624
and making seven wounds.
506
00:22:50,791 --> 00:22:52,668
Dr. Joseph Dolce
507
00:22:52,668 --> 00:22:56,672
was a much-honored battlefield
surgeon during World War II.
508
00:22:56,672 --> 00:22:58,841
He worked
for the Warren Commission.
509
00:22:59,007 --> 00:23:03,345
And so they gave us the original
rifle, the Mannlicher-Carcano,
510
00:23:03,345 --> 00:23:07,391
plus 100 bullets,
6.5 millimeters.
511
00:23:07,391 --> 00:23:10,769
And we went
and we shot the cadaver wrists,
512
00:23:10,769 --> 00:23:13,355
and in every instance,
513
00:23:13,355 --> 00:23:17,317
the front or the tip
of the bullet was smashed.
514
00:23:17,317 --> 00:23:19,069
Under no circumstances,
515
00:23:19,236 --> 00:23:21,780
do I feel that this bullet
could hit the wrist,
516
00:23:21,780 --> 00:23:23,407
and still not be deformed.
517
00:23:23,407 --> 00:23:25,117
[Goldberg]
Dolce came to believe
518
00:23:25,117 --> 00:23:28,036
that two bullets
had struck Connally.
519
00:23:28,036 --> 00:23:30,330
Since Arlen Specter
pre-screened
520
00:23:30,330 --> 00:23:32,082
the medical witnesses
for the commission,
521
00:23:32,249 --> 00:23:35,127
Dolce's name is not in
the Warren Report,
522
00:23:35,294 --> 00:23:38,422
and his testimony
is not in the volumes.
523
00:23:38,422 --> 00:23:40,674
And even Connally
refused to accept
524
00:23:40,841 --> 00:23:42,467
the single-bullet theory.
525
00:23:45,554 --> 00:23:47,723
[reporter] Former Senator
John Sherman Cooper
526
00:23:47,890 --> 00:23:49,933
is the first member
of the Warren Commission
527
00:23:49,933 --> 00:23:51,977
to agree to talk on television
528
00:23:51,977 --> 00:23:55,355
about what went on
inside the deliberations.
529
00:23:55,355 --> 00:23:57,316
Yes, there were disagreements.
530
00:23:57,316 --> 00:24:00,027
I think the most serious one
531
00:24:00,027 --> 00:24:03,655
that comes to me
the most vividly,
532
00:24:03,655 --> 00:24:07,159
of course, is the question
of whether or not the first shot
533
00:24:07,326 --> 00:24:09,161
went through President Kennedy
534
00:24:09,161 --> 00:24:11,705
and then through
Governor Connally.
535
00:24:11,705 --> 00:24:13,373
[Goldberg]
Although it never specified
536
00:24:13,373 --> 00:24:15,500
the order of the shots,
537
00:24:15,500 --> 00:24:18,462
the Warren Report
had one bullet
538
00:24:18,462 --> 00:24:21,006
going through Kennedy
and Governor Connally,
539
00:24:21,006 --> 00:24:22,591
another missing the car,
540
00:24:22,758 --> 00:24:26,386
hitting a bystander on
Commerce Street, James Tague,
541
00:24:26,386 --> 00:24:29,097
and the final shot
hitting Kennedy in the head.
542
00:24:30,182 --> 00:24:32,434
I could not convince myself
543
00:24:32,434 --> 00:24:35,854
that the same bullet
struck both of them, although...
544
00:24:35,854 --> 00:24:39,024
[reporter] You mean
that you yourself didn't--
545
00:24:39,024 --> 00:24:40,817
Weren't convinced about the
single-bullet theory, which...
546
00:24:40,817 --> 00:24:43,487
No, I wasn't convinced by it.
Neither was Senator Russell.
547
00:24:43,487 --> 00:24:45,614
[Goldberg] Senator
Richard Russell of Georgia
548
00:24:45,614 --> 00:24:48,408
did not want
to serve on the commission.
549
00:24:48,408 --> 00:24:50,494
After he attended
the first meeting,
550
00:24:50,494 --> 00:24:53,789
he quickly became disenchanted
with the proceedings.
551
00:24:53,789 --> 00:24:56,792
Particularly the roles
of J. Edgar Hoover
552
00:24:56,792 --> 00:25:00,629
and acting attorney general
Nicholas Katzenbach.
553
00:25:00,629 --> 00:25:03,840
His personal papers at the
University of Georgia Library
554
00:25:04,007 --> 00:25:05,592
contain a memo
555
00:25:05,592 --> 00:25:09,471
written after the initial
December 5th, 1963,
556
00:25:09,471 --> 00:25:11,473
executive session.
557
00:25:11,473 --> 00:25:13,934
"Something strange
is happening.
558
00:25:13,934 --> 00:25:17,145
"Warren and Katzenbach know
all about the FBI
559
00:25:17,145 --> 00:25:19,898
"and are apparently
planning to show Oswald
560
00:25:19,898 --> 00:25:22,275
"as the only one considered.
561
00:25:22,275 --> 00:25:26,113
This to me is
an untenable position."
562
00:25:26,113 --> 00:25:29,157
His papers revealed that he
wrote a dissenting opinion
563
00:25:29,157 --> 00:25:31,451
for the presentation
at the final
564
00:25:31,451 --> 00:25:34,246
commission meeting
of September 18th.
565
00:25:34,246 --> 00:25:36,957
On that day,
he shared his concerns
566
00:25:36,957 --> 00:25:38,417
with President Johnson.
567
00:26:17,372 --> 00:26:21,168
[Goldberg] He also thought
that Oswald did not act alone.
568
00:26:21,168 --> 00:26:23,962
Russell was strongly influenced
by the Zapruder film
569
00:26:24,129 --> 00:26:26,965
and by the testimony
of Governor Connally.
570
00:26:26,965 --> 00:26:28,759
I understand there's some, uh,
571
00:26:28,925 --> 00:26:31,136
some question
in the minds of the experts
572
00:26:31,303 --> 00:26:33,346
about, uh, whether or not
573
00:26:33,346 --> 00:26:35,849
we could both have been hit
by the same bullet,
574
00:26:35,849 --> 00:26:37,476
and that was the first bullet.
575
00:26:37,476 --> 00:26:39,936
Uh, I just don't happen
to believe that.
576
00:26:40,103 --> 00:26:42,230
I don't believe
that I will believe it.
577
00:26:42,230 --> 00:26:44,107
[Goldberg] This forced
the other commissioners
578
00:26:44,107 --> 00:26:46,777
to include Connally's dissent
in the report.
579
00:26:46,777 --> 00:26:50,113
And as a result,
they could not absolutely deny
580
00:26:50,113 --> 00:26:53,742
the possibility
of a conspiracy.
581
00:26:53,742 --> 00:26:55,535
Russell became
the first commissioner
582
00:26:55,702 --> 00:26:58,747
to criticize
the Warren Report in public.
583
00:26:58,747 --> 00:27:00,582
He was followed
by commission members
584
00:27:00,582 --> 00:27:04,961
John Sherman Cooper
and Hale Boggs.
585
00:27:04,961 --> 00:27:08,465
But then Walter Cronkite
interviewed John McCloy
586
00:27:08,465 --> 00:27:12,219
during a four-night special,
co-hosted by Dan Rather.
587
00:27:12,385 --> 00:27:15,263
Are you satisfied
that as much effort
588
00:27:15,263 --> 00:27:19,643
was put into challenging that
case as into establishing it?
589
00:27:19,810 --> 00:27:21,061
I'll answer
that in just a moment.
590
00:27:21,061 --> 00:27:22,854
If I may just say one thing,
I would--
591
00:27:23,021 --> 00:27:24,147
I'd like to say
in the first place,
592
00:27:24,147 --> 00:27:25,774
I had some questions
593
00:27:25,774 --> 00:27:27,818
as to the propriety
of my appearing here
594
00:27:27,984 --> 00:27:30,153
as a former member
of the commission
595
00:27:30,153 --> 00:27:32,447
to comment on
the evidence of the commission.
596
00:27:32,447 --> 00:27:35,742
[Goldberg] McCloy never
answered Cronkite's question.
597
00:27:35,951 --> 00:27:39,037
But even worse,
CBS employee Roger Feinman
598
00:27:39,246 --> 00:27:41,665
later discovered
internal documents
599
00:27:41,665 --> 00:27:43,834
showing McCoy
consulted extensively
600
00:27:43,834 --> 00:27:46,253
on the series
through his daughter, Ellen,
601
00:27:46,419 --> 00:27:51,007
an administrative assistant to
CBS President Richard Salant.
602
00:27:51,174 --> 00:27:54,761
In 1992,
reporter Jerry Policoff
603
00:27:54,761 --> 00:27:57,681
confronted Salant
and Ellen McCoy
604
00:27:57,681 --> 00:28:01,143
with the documents revealing
John McCloy's instructions
605
00:28:01,143 --> 00:28:03,353
for the content of the show.
606
00:28:03,520 --> 00:28:07,357
Only then did Salant
admit to their concealment.
607
00:28:07,357 --> 00:28:10,235
CBS, NBC,
and The New York Times
608
00:28:10,235 --> 00:28:12,988
continued to support
the commission's finding
609
00:28:12,988 --> 00:28:14,698
and never publicly reviewed
610
00:28:14,865 --> 00:28:19,369
the 26 volumes
of supplemental evidence.
611
00:28:19,369 --> 00:28:22,122
Mr. Dulles, let me put some
of the criticisms to you.
612
00:28:22,122 --> 00:28:23,415
Surely.
613
00:28:23,415 --> 00:28:25,333
Some of the papers
and some of the documents
614
00:28:25,333 --> 00:28:27,836
that are in the archives
are-- are there
615
00:28:27,836 --> 00:28:31,464
but are withheld from public
view by the FBI, the CIA,
616
00:28:31,464 --> 00:28:34,176
an organization with which
you have some experience.
617
00:28:34,176 --> 00:28:36,928
Is there anything in those
which years from now
618
00:28:36,928 --> 00:28:39,139
when they may be released
will upset applecarts?
619
00:28:39,139 --> 00:28:40,640
Oh, no, I don't think so.
620
00:28:40,640 --> 00:28:43,727
No, I think everything
that really is-- is vital
621
00:28:43,727 --> 00:28:45,770
insofar as forming
a judgment as to what
622
00:28:45,770 --> 00:28:48,481
really happened
has been made available.
623
00:28:51,359 --> 00:28:53,195
[Goldberg]
The Warren Commission was aware
624
00:28:53,195 --> 00:28:55,947
of something else that was wrong
with their evidence.
625
00:28:55,947 --> 00:28:59,159
All kinds of ballistic tests
show that the bullets, in fact,
626
00:28:59,159 --> 00:29:01,578
came from that rifle.
That was his rifle.
627
00:29:01,745 --> 00:29:03,580
You took
a picture of him with it.
628
00:29:03,747 --> 00:29:05,498
-No, no.
-His home prints and fingerprints
629
00:29:05,498 --> 00:29:07,584
are all over
the School Book Depository.
630
00:29:07,751 --> 00:29:09,377
[Marina Porter]
You have been misinformed.
631
00:29:09,377 --> 00:29:14,007
The ballistics tests
did not prove anything at all.
632
00:29:14,007 --> 00:29:16,218
[reporter] This is
the weapon that was used.
633
00:29:16,218 --> 00:29:19,846
A rather well-worn
military rifle.
634
00:29:19,846 --> 00:29:24,434
We know that Oswald
had possession of that rifle
635
00:29:24,434 --> 00:29:26,269
because we have him
photographed with it.
636
00:29:26,269 --> 00:29:30,106
And we have his wife
saying that it was, quote,
637
00:29:30,106 --> 00:29:32,400
"Faithful rifle of Lee Oswald."
638
00:29:33,902 --> 00:29:35,987
[Stone]
Is the rifle in evidence today
639
00:29:36,154 --> 00:29:37,781
the same rifle
the commission said
640
00:29:37,781 --> 00:29:39,783
Oswald ordered
through the mail?
641
00:29:39,783 --> 00:29:41,826
The rifle that Lee Oswald
642
00:29:41,826 --> 00:29:45,622
allegedly ordered under
an alias of Alex Hidell,
643
00:29:45,622 --> 00:29:48,041
was obtained through Klein's
Sporting Goods store in Chicago.
644
00:29:48,041 --> 00:29:51,920
It was a mail-order, got it out
of American Rifleman magazine.
645
00:29:51,920 --> 00:29:54,256
He wrote on the coupon
he wanted
646
00:29:54,256 --> 00:29:56,383
a 36-inch model,
Mannlicher-Carcano,
647
00:29:56,549 --> 00:30:00,845
6.5 millimeter, for $19.95.
648
00:30:00,845 --> 00:30:03,139
Robert Frazier
was one of the examiners
649
00:30:03,139 --> 00:30:05,350
and he was
a firearms expert for the FBI.
650
00:30:05,350 --> 00:30:07,644
And he testified
that he did measure it,
651
00:30:07,644 --> 00:30:08,645
and the measurement
652
00:30:08,645 --> 00:30:10,814
was 40.2 inches in length,
653
00:30:10,814 --> 00:30:12,482
from barrel to stock.
654
00:30:12,482 --> 00:30:14,818
There's a 4.2-inch difference
in the one he ordered,
655
00:30:14,818 --> 00:30:17,988
versus what they found
in the Book Depository.
656
00:30:17,988 --> 00:30:20,615
[Goldberg] Klein's
may have indeed delivered
657
00:30:20,615 --> 00:30:24,035
a different Mannlicher-Carcano
model to Oswald,
658
00:30:24,035 --> 00:30:27,163
but there are other
anomalies to the story.
659
00:30:27,163 --> 00:30:29,374
The model that Oswald ordered
660
00:30:29,374 --> 00:30:31,835
showed these
strap attachment points
661
00:30:31,835 --> 00:30:34,212
on the bottom
of the barrel and stock.
662
00:30:34,379 --> 00:30:36,631
[Brian Edwards]
In the photograph is Lieutenant Carl Day,
663
00:30:36,631 --> 00:30:38,049
with the Dallas Police
Department
664
00:30:38,049 --> 00:30:40,427
bringing a rifle out
of the Book Depository.
665
00:30:40,593 --> 00:30:43,805
One of the straps at the back
of the gun is on the left side
666
00:30:43,972 --> 00:30:47,017
of the stock
embedded in the stock.
667
00:30:47,017 --> 00:30:49,019
That's clearly not the rifle
that was ordered,
668
00:30:49,019 --> 00:30:52,022
or at least appears in the
Klein' Sporting Goods store.
669
00:30:52,188 --> 00:30:55,233
[Goldberg] The straps shown in
the so-called backyard photos
670
00:30:55,233 --> 00:30:59,404
are on the bottom and
not on the side of the stock.
671
00:30:59,404 --> 00:31:03,700
Marina Oswald took backyard
photographs of Lee Oswald
672
00:31:03,700 --> 00:31:06,911
holding a rifle
and a pistol on his hip.
673
00:31:06,911 --> 00:31:10,498
And in that first photograph,
that she took three of,
674
00:31:10,498 --> 00:31:16,129
Commission Exhibit
133A and 133B
675
00:31:16,129 --> 00:31:21,176
show a ring on the ring finger
of the right hand.
676
00:31:21,176 --> 00:31:25,722
133C, the ring appears
on the left hand.
677
00:31:25,722 --> 00:31:28,308
In fact, the Dallas Police
showed Lee Oswald
678
00:31:28,308 --> 00:31:30,727
one of the pictures
while he was still in custody.
679
00:31:30,727 --> 00:31:32,520
He said, "That's my face,
but I don't remember
680
00:31:32,520 --> 00:31:35,565
ever having that
picture taken of me."
681
00:31:35,565 --> 00:31:37,859
[Goldberg] But after
all these questions are asked,
682
00:31:37,859 --> 00:31:40,236
the underlying mystery remains.
683
00:31:40,403 --> 00:31:44,574
Why would anyone use a rifle
in an assassination,
684
00:31:44,574 --> 00:31:46,659
knowing there was a paper trail
685
00:31:46,659 --> 00:31:50,080
that would lead
right back to them?
686
00:31:50,080 --> 00:31:53,083
Was there a palm print
found on the rifle?
687
00:31:53,083 --> 00:31:57,587
The foremost fingerprint expert
the FBI had, Sebastian Latona,
688
00:31:57,587 --> 00:32:01,257
took that rifle and attempted
to lift prints off of the rifle,
689
00:32:01,257 --> 00:32:03,176
the stock and/or the barrel.
690
00:32:03,176 --> 00:32:04,928
Uh, he testified
to the Warren Commission
691
00:32:04,928 --> 00:32:07,764
that he found no usable prints
692
00:32:07,764 --> 00:32:11,559
anywhere on that rifle,
on the metal or the stock.
693
00:32:11,726 --> 00:32:14,646
But yet,
Lieutenant Day in Dallas
694
00:32:14,646 --> 00:32:17,607
before the rifle went
to Washington, said he found
695
00:32:17,607 --> 00:32:20,360
a partial palm print on the
trigger guard on the left side
696
00:32:20,360 --> 00:32:24,114
and a partial print underneath
the stock on the barrel.
697
00:32:24,280 --> 00:32:26,574
But Sebastian Latona
said there was no evidence
698
00:32:26,574 --> 00:32:27,951
that a lift had
even been attempted.
699
00:32:27,951 --> 00:32:29,786
[Stone]
No partials at all?
700
00:32:29,786 --> 00:32:31,246
Nothing that he could
use in court.
701
00:32:31,246 --> 00:32:33,748
There has to be eight points
of identification.
702
00:32:33,915 --> 00:32:36,751
He found nothing
that would match that.
703
00:32:36,960 --> 00:32:39,212
[woman on recorder]
J. Edgar Hoover, on 2192.
704
00:32:40,380 --> 00:32:43,216
[Hoover]
Yes, I've seen the reports
705
00:32:43,425 --> 00:32:45,218
on this investigation.
706
00:32:45,218 --> 00:32:48,555
This man, Oswald,
he had fired three shots.
707
00:32:48,555 --> 00:32:50,723
He then threw the gun aside,
708
00:32:50,723 --> 00:32:56,980
and, uh, he apparently had come
down the five flights of steps.
709
00:32:57,147 --> 00:32:59,774
A stairway
from the fifth floor.
710
00:32:59,774 --> 00:33:01,484
[Johnson]
You can prove that?
711
00:33:01,484 --> 00:33:03,820
[Hoover] Oh, yes.
Oh, yes, we can prove that.
712
00:33:03,820 --> 00:33:06,614
[Johnson] Did anybody hear,
anybody see him?
713
00:33:06,781 --> 00:33:09,617
[Hoover] Most of the employees
were down on a lower floor, but
714
00:33:09,617 --> 00:33:13,413
he was stopped at the second
floor by a police officer.
715
00:33:13,413 --> 00:33:16,458
And some workers,
some manager in the building
716
00:33:16,458 --> 00:33:18,418
told the police officer, "Well,
he's all right, he works here.
717
00:33:18,585 --> 00:33:20,086
You needn't hold him."
718
00:33:20,086 --> 00:33:22,589
So they let him go.
That's how he got out.
719
00:33:22,589 --> 00:33:24,674
[Marrion Baker] At the time
that I heard those shots,
720
00:33:24,674 --> 00:33:28,553
I ran into that building and
made it up to the second floor.
721
00:33:28,553 --> 00:33:32,056
It was approximately a minute
and a half to two minutes.
722
00:33:32,056 --> 00:33:34,476
[Cronkite] In possibly
less than two minutes,
723
00:33:34,476 --> 00:33:37,061
investigators came
to the School Book Building
724
00:33:37,228 --> 00:33:39,606
with stopwatches
and critical eyes.
725
00:33:39,606 --> 00:33:42,484
Not only police and government
agents traced that route,
726
00:33:42,484 --> 00:33:44,819
Chief Justice Warren and some
other commission members
727
00:33:44,819 --> 00:33:46,154
did it for themselves.
728
00:33:47,780 --> 00:33:50,074
I was interested in finding
729
00:33:50,074 --> 00:33:52,577
a specific witness
to the assassination,
730
00:33:52,744 --> 00:33:54,787
which was Victoria Adams.
731
00:33:56,414 --> 00:33:58,124
She worked on the fourth floor
732
00:33:58,124 --> 00:34:00,418
of the Texas School
Book Depository,
733
00:34:00,585 --> 00:34:02,921
and she knew Oswald.
734
00:34:03,087 --> 00:34:05,131
I went to the National Archives
735
00:34:05,131 --> 00:34:09,552
searching for
her original testimony.
736
00:34:09,552 --> 00:34:11,137
I was told that the tape
737
00:34:11,137 --> 00:34:14,265
containing her
testimony was missing.
738
00:34:14,265 --> 00:34:16,559
And later I learned
that that tape
739
00:34:16,559 --> 00:34:19,979
had been destroyed
by the Warren Commission.
740
00:34:19,979 --> 00:34:21,898
And so I finally
ended up finding her
741
00:34:22,065 --> 00:34:25,318
and getting
her side of the story.
742
00:34:25,318 --> 00:34:28,947
Vicki Adams was 22 at
the time of the assassination,
743
00:34:28,947 --> 00:34:30,698
and she testified
that immediately
744
00:34:30,698 --> 00:34:33,743
after the assassination,
745
00:34:33,743 --> 00:34:35,703
she ran down the back stairs
746
00:34:35,870 --> 00:34:37,872
to get outside
to see what was going on.
747
00:34:38,748 --> 00:34:40,375
If that were true,
748
00:34:40,375 --> 00:34:44,420
she would have seen Oswald
on the back stairs.
749
00:34:44,420 --> 00:34:47,048
But she testified that she saw
and heard no one.
750
00:34:48,508 --> 00:34:50,927
She had realized
that something was wrong,
751
00:34:51,094 --> 00:34:52,971
because no one
was believing her.
752
00:34:52,971 --> 00:34:56,558
So she asked David Belin,
who was questioning her,
753
00:34:56,558 --> 00:34:58,560
"Interview Sandra Styles,
754
00:34:58,560 --> 00:35:02,063
a coworker who went
down the stairs with me."
755
00:35:02,063 --> 00:35:04,524
This became
a rather serious problem
756
00:35:04,524 --> 00:35:06,192
for the Warren Commission,
757
00:35:06,359 --> 00:35:11,823
because discrediting one woman
was easy to do.
758
00:35:11,823 --> 00:35:14,993
But discrediting
a corroborating witness,
759
00:35:14,993 --> 00:35:17,203
that may have been
a little bit tougher.
760
00:35:17,203 --> 00:35:21,165
So Belin said,
"We don't need Sandra Styles,
761
00:35:21,165 --> 00:35:22,083
we have you."
762
00:35:23,126 --> 00:35:24,419
[man]
We've had Mr. Belin here
763
00:35:24,419 --> 00:35:26,045
with us too,
one of our counselors
764
00:35:26,045 --> 00:35:28,006
who's been here
several times, and...
765
00:35:28,006 --> 00:35:31,593
He knows this city now
as very few people do.
766
00:35:31,801 --> 00:35:33,803
[Barry Ernest]
According to Vioki's original
767
00:35:34,012 --> 00:35:38,057
FBI testimony she left the
window on the fourth floor
768
00:35:38,266 --> 00:35:41,603
within 15 to 30 seconds
of the assassination.
769
00:35:41,603 --> 00:35:45,148
The Warren Commission elevated
that time to one minute.
770
00:35:45,148 --> 00:35:47,817
She said she arrived
on the first floor
771
00:35:47,817 --> 00:35:50,361
within 60 seconds
of the assassination.
772
00:35:50,528 --> 00:35:54,824
The Warren Commission elevated
that time to several minutes.
773
00:35:54,824 --> 00:35:56,951
So what
the Warren Commission did
774
00:35:57,118 --> 00:35:59,662
was successfully
deceive the public
775
00:35:59,662 --> 00:36:03,458
into thinking that Vicki was
just another confused witness.
776
00:36:03,458 --> 00:36:04,792
Case closed.
777
00:36:04,792 --> 00:36:06,085
Reenactments prove,
778
00:36:06,252 --> 00:36:08,713
the report says,
that Oswald did have time,
779
00:36:08,713 --> 00:36:11,883
just enough time to fire
the shots, secret the rifle,
780
00:36:12,050 --> 00:36:14,218
and get down to the second floor
cafeteria.
781
00:36:16,262 --> 00:36:22,101
But in 1999, I found a document
in the National Archives
782
00:36:22,101 --> 00:36:25,855
that had been suppressed
for 35 years.
783
00:36:25,855 --> 00:36:28,441
It was a letter written
784
00:36:28,441 --> 00:36:32,278
by Assistant US Attorney
Martha Jo Stroud.
785
00:36:32,278 --> 00:36:35,281
It was a transmittal letter
forwarding
786
00:36:35,448 --> 00:36:38,576
Vicki's signed testimony
to J. Lee Rankin,
787
00:36:38,576 --> 00:36:40,953
the head honcho
of the Warren Commission's
788
00:36:40,953 --> 00:36:43,498
investigation at that point.
789
00:36:43,498 --> 00:36:45,917
In the last paragraph
of that letter,
790
00:36:45,917 --> 00:36:47,794
almost as an afterthought,
791
00:36:47,794 --> 00:36:52,048
we're introduced to a woman
by the name of Dorothy Garner.
792
00:36:52,215 --> 00:36:56,052
Garner was Vicki's
immediate supervisor
793
00:36:56,219 --> 00:36:59,305
who had stood
at the window with Vicki.
794
00:36:59,305 --> 00:37:02,892
The letter quotes Garner
as saying that she saw
795
00:37:02,892 --> 00:37:04,560
Vicki go down the stairs
796
00:37:04,727 --> 00:37:10,650
before she saw Officer Baker
and Roy Truly come up.
797
00:37:10,650 --> 00:37:13,945
When I found and interviewed
Dorothy Garner,
798
00:37:13,945 --> 00:37:15,738
she confirmed everything.
799
00:37:15,905 --> 00:37:18,533
She said that she had been
at the window with Vicki,
800
00:37:18,700 --> 00:37:22,370
that Vicki had left
the window immediately,
801
00:37:22,537 --> 00:37:26,624
that she actually followed
Vicki outside the office
802
00:37:26,624 --> 00:37:30,461
and to a point where she could
see her going down the stairs.
803
00:37:30,461 --> 00:37:33,881
And during that whole time,
she never saw Oswald.
804
00:37:33,881 --> 00:37:37,552
So the Stroud letter became
a very dangerous document
805
00:37:37,760 --> 00:37:38,886
for the Warren Commission.
806
00:37:40,263 --> 00:37:42,390
[Goldberg]
Without the Review Board's
807
00:37:42,598 --> 00:37:43,891
declassification process,
808
00:37:43,891 --> 00:37:47,603
we would never have learned
of the corroborating testimony
809
00:37:47,603 --> 00:37:51,482
of three witnesses
that provide powerful evidence
810
00:37:51,482 --> 00:37:53,943
that Oswald was not
on the sixth floor
811
00:37:53,943 --> 00:37:56,279
at the time of the shooting.
812
00:38:07,874 --> 00:38:12,253
Legally speaking, the autopsy
should have been done in Dallas,
813
00:38:12,253 --> 00:38:15,214
and there was a forensic
pathologist, Earl Rose.
814
00:38:15,381 --> 00:38:17,717
He was there
to assume jurisdiction
815
00:38:17,717 --> 00:38:20,094
and to do the autopsy.
816
00:38:20,094 --> 00:38:22,054
He was pushed
up against the wall
817
00:38:22,054 --> 00:38:24,223
and threatened,
hands on guns,
818
00:38:24,390 --> 00:38:26,267
a lot of expletives and so on.
819
00:38:26,267 --> 00:38:28,060
He followed them
out of the driveway,
820
00:38:28,227 --> 00:38:31,522
and they took the body
illegally out of Dallas
821
00:38:31,522 --> 00:38:34,025
in violation of the laws
in the state of Texas.
822
00:38:35,443 --> 00:38:37,028
[Goldberg]
After Air Force One
823
00:38:37,028 --> 00:38:38,738
left Dallas for Washington,
824
00:38:38,738 --> 00:38:42,033
two of the key doctors who had
tried to save Kennedy's life
825
00:38:42,200 --> 00:38:45,369
at Parkland Hospital,
held a press conference.
826
00:38:45,369 --> 00:38:49,290
They were Dr. Malcolm Perry
and Dr. Kemp Clark.
827
00:38:49,290 --> 00:38:51,667
When were the two
major points of evidence
828
00:38:51,667 --> 00:38:53,127
revealed by Kemp Clark
and Malcolm Perry
829
00:38:53,127 --> 00:38:55,087
at the press conference?
830
00:38:55,087 --> 00:38:57,006
Dr. Perry performed
the tracheotomy
831
00:38:57,006 --> 00:38:59,425
to help Kennedy breathe,
832
00:38:59,425 --> 00:39:01,511
and at a press conference
right after
833
00:39:01,677 --> 00:39:04,514
the failed resuscitation
efforts in Dallas,
834
00:39:04,680 --> 00:39:06,390
he was asked,
"Well, where was the bullet?"
835
00:39:06,390 --> 00:39:08,267
He said, "The bullet looked like
it was coming at him.
836
00:39:08,267 --> 00:39:09,977
He had an entrance wound
in the throat."
837
00:39:10,937 --> 00:39:12,355
[Douglas Horne]
Kemp Clarke
838
00:39:12,355 --> 00:39:13,773
was the head
of neurosurgery at Parkland.
839
00:39:13,773 --> 00:39:16,901
He said that the President
had a gaping wound
840
00:39:16,901 --> 00:39:18,528
in the occipital-parietal area.
841
00:39:18,528 --> 00:39:21,155
That's, you know,
the right rear of the head.
842
00:39:21,155 --> 00:39:23,157
And so the description
he gave of that
843
00:39:23,157 --> 00:39:26,118
was entirely consistent
with an exit wound.
844
00:39:26,118 --> 00:39:27,286
We have a transcript today
845
00:39:27,453 --> 00:39:29,247
of what they said
at the press conference.
846
00:39:29,247 --> 00:39:32,083
So it's White House transcript
1327C.
847
00:39:32,250 --> 00:39:33,918
That's a very important
historical document,
848
00:39:33,918 --> 00:39:37,004
because the Secret Service
confiscated the videotapes
849
00:39:37,004 --> 00:39:38,840
from the local TV stations.
850
00:39:38,840 --> 00:39:42,760
[Goldberg] There is, however,
a surviving clip of Dr. Perry
851
00:39:42,760 --> 00:39:45,638
recorded not long
after the press conference.
852
00:39:59,068 --> 00:40:01,696
[Goldberg] What Clark and Perry
both revealed that day
853
00:40:01,863 --> 00:40:05,491
would indicate
an assassin from the front.
854
00:40:05,658 --> 00:40:07,660
And Assistant
White House Press Secretary
855
00:40:07,827 --> 00:40:10,204
Malcolm Kilduff's statement
856
00:40:10,204 --> 00:40:13,708
seems to support
this conclusion.
857
00:40:13,708 --> 00:40:19,964
It's a simple matter of a bullet
right through the head.
858
00:40:22,133 --> 00:40:23,634
[Goldberg]
The day after the shooting,
859
00:40:23,634 --> 00:40:26,554
Dr. Perry was seen
by Nurse Audrey Bell,
860
00:40:26,554 --> 00:40:28,931
who had been with him
in the operating room.
861
00:40:28,931 --> 00:40:31,517
[Audrey Bell] Saturday morning,
when I got over there,
862
00:40:31,684 --> 00:40:33,895
Dr. Perry
came up to the office.
863
00:40:33,895 --> 00:40:35,354
I said, "You look awful.
864
00:40:35,354 --> 00:40:37,732
Did you get
any sleep last night?"
865
00:40:37,899 --> 00:40:39,942
He said, "Well, not too much,
866
00:40:39,942 --> 00:40:43,696
between the calls from Bethesda
that came in during the night."
867
00:40:43,696 --> 00:40:45,531
I said, "What about?"
868
00:40:45,531 --> 00:40:48,284
He said, "Oh, whether
that was an entrance wound
869
00:40:48,451 --> 00:40:50,536
or an exit wound
in the throat."
870
00:40:50,536 --> 00:40:52,121
He said, "They were wanting me
to change my mind."
871
00:40:53,331 --> 00:40:55,333
In his Warren Commission
testimony,
872
00:40:55,333 --> 00:40:58,127
he basically retracted
what he had said
873
00:40:58,127 --> 00:41:00,463
and they forced him
to back down
874
00:41:00,463 --> 00:41:02,590
and intimidated him
on the witness stand.
875
00:41:02,757 --> 00:41:05,593
It was really quite embarrassing
for me as a physician
876
00:41:05,593 --> 00:41:08,220
to see how someone else
who was telling the truth
877
00:41:08,387 --> 00:41:10,848
was basically forced
to recant his own opinion.
878
00:41:10,848 --> 00:41:13,517
Did it occur to you at the time
or did you think,
879
00:41:13,517 --> 00:41:17,605
"Was this an entry wound
or was this an exit wound?"
880
00:41:17,772 --> 00:41:20,191
Actually, I didn't really
give it much thought
881
00:41:20,358 --> 00:41:22,193
and I realized that perhaps
882
00:41:22,193 --> 00:41:23,986
it would have been
better had I done so.
883
00:41:23,986 --> 00:41:26,989
But I actually
applied my energies,
884
00:41:26,989 --> 00:41:29,075
and those of us there all did,
885
00:41:29,075 --> 00:41:30,785
to the problem at hand.
886
00:41:30,952 --> 00:41:32,787
And I didn't really
concern myself too much
887
00:41:32,787 --> 00:41:35,206
with how it happened or why.
888
00:41:35,206 --> 00:41:39,835
In 1975, Dr. Shires hired me
889
00:41:39,835 --> 00:41:43,005
on the faculty
at the University of Washington
890
00:41:43,172 --> 00:41:45,049
in the cardiac
surgery division.
891
00:41:45,049 --> 00:41:49,220
So I got to know Malcolm
when I joined the faculty.
892
00:41:49,220 --> 00:41:51,305
We developed
a professional relationship,
893
00:41:51,305 --> 00:41:55,059
and we would operate together
on complex cases.
894
00:41:55,059 --> 00:42:01,107
I was particularly interested
in, uh, Dr. Perry's position
895
00:42:01,107 --> 00:42:02,858
with the JFK assassination
896
00:42:02,858 --> 00:42:07,071
because he did the tracheotomy
on him after he was shot.
897
00:42:07,071 --> 00:42:11,033
The problem is that Malcolm
categorically refused
898
00:42:11,033 --> 00:42:14,662
to ever discuss
the assassination,
899
00:42:14,662 --> 00:42:16,414
uh, and he wouldn't
answer my questions
900
00:42:16,622 --> 00:42:17,707
about that neck wound.
901
00:42:17,707 --> 00:42:20,501
And then one night
after we had operated together
902
00:42:20,501 --> 00:42:23,587
for many hours
on a complex case,
903
00:42:23,587 --> 00:42:25,631
we were sitting in
the surgeons' lounge alone,
904
00:42:25,631 --> 00:42:27,717
drinking coffee,
905
00:42:27,717 --> 00:42:31,387
and I once again asked him
about that neck wound.
906
00:42:31,387 --> 00:42:37,309
And this time, he said
it was an entrance wound,
907
00:42:37,309 --> 00:42:41,355
unquestionably
an entrance wound.
908
00:42:41,355 --> 00:42:45,443
One of the-- the main reasons
Dr. Perry changed his testimony
909
00:42:45,609 --> 00:42:48,446
and publicly agreed
it was an exit wound
910
00:42:48,446 --> 00:42:52,450
is a Secret Service agent, uh,
put the pressure on him,
911
00:42:52,616 --> 00:42:55,202
and that person was Elmer Moore.
912
00:42:56,454 --> 00:42:58,873
In 1970,
Elmer Moore was the head
913
00:42:59,040 --> 00:43:02,001
of the Secret Service office
in Seattle
914
00:43:02,001 --> 00:43:05,379
and a graduate student
named Jim Gochenaur
915
00:43:05,379 --> 00:43:07,423
became friends with him,
916
00:43:07,423 --> 00:43:09,967
and he admitted
to Gochenaur that he regretted
917
00:43:09,967 --> 00:43:13,345
putting pressure on Dr. Perry.
918
00:43:13,512 --> 00:43:15,347
So I asked him directly.
919
00:43:15,514 --> 00:43:21,187
I said, "Mr. Moore,
did you pressure Dr. Perry?"
920
00:43:21,187 --> 00:43:22,563
He stopped for a minute.
921
00:43:22,563 --> 00:43:24,940
He says, "Well, I was
ordered to do that."
922
00:43:24,940 --> 00:43:26,358
He expanded on it.
923
00:43:26,358 --> 00:43:27,985
And he said
that Inspector Kelley
924
00:43:27,985 --> 00:43:31,322
had ordered him
to talk with Perry
925
00:43:31,322 --> 00:43:33,324
and, uh, convince him
that it could be
926
00:43:33,324 --> 00:43:36,118
either an exit
or an entry wound,
927
00:43:36,118 --> 00:43:38,662
not an entry wound.
928
00:43:38,662 --> 00:43:41,957
And I thought
it was pretty interesting
929
00:43:42,124 --> 00:43:46,796
that he would admit to something
that's pretty close to a felony.
930
00:43:46,796 --> 00:43:49,590
[Donald Miller]
Elmer Moore was also in charge
931
00:43:49,590 --> 00:43:51,258
of getting
the doctors at Parkland
932
00:43:51,258 --> 00:43:53,594
to change their testimony,
933
00:43:53,594 --> 00:43:55,387
and agree
that there was no big hole
934
00:43:55,387 --> 00:43:58,599
in the back of Kennedy's head.
935
00:43:58,599 --> 00:44:01,477
[Goldberg] Charles Crenshaw,
a third year resident,
936
00:44:01,477 --> 00:44:04,897
was in the emergency room
at Parkland that day.
937
00:44:04,897 --> 00:44:08,442
He later said in public that
he felt the wounds in Kennedy
938
00:44:08,442 --> 00:44:10,903
originated from the front.
939
00:44:10,903 --> 00:44:13,197
From here, through.
940
00:44:13,364 --> 00:44:15,616
[Gary Aguilar]
Charles Crenshaw wrote a book,
941
00:44:15,616 --> 00:44:18,285
Conspiracy of Silence,
in the wake of the film JFK,
942
00:44:18,285 --> 00:44:20,246
saying, "Look,
I was at Parkland Hospital.
943
00:44:20,246 --> 00:44:23,249
"I saw Kennedy,
I was involved in the treatment,
944
00:44:23,249 --> 00:44:25,084
"and Kennedy's wounds
were not consistent
945
00:44:25,084 --> 00:44:27,169
"with a shot from above
and behind because
946
00:44:27,169 --> 00:44:29,880
he had a defect involving
the right rear of his head."
947
00:44:32,091 --> 00:44:33,634
[man over recorder]
Using the most precise
948
00:44:33,634 --> 00:44:35,261
medical terminology
that you can use.
949
00:44:35,261 --> 00:44:36,428
[Audrey Bell over recorder]
Okay, let's see,
950
00:44:36,595 --> 00:44:39,849
it was on the right rear
951
00:44:39,849 --> 00:44:43,853
and he shifted the head,
a little bit, to the left,
952
00:44:43,853 --> 00:44:48,149
lifted up the, well, kind of
the matted area, the flap.
953
00:44:48,149 --> 00:44:52,111
And you could see
the, uh, hole,
954
00:44:52,111 --> 00:44:54,446
and there was, uh,
955
00:44:54,446 --> 00:44:58,742
brain and spinal fluid
dripping down out of it.
956
00:44:58,742 --> 00:45:01,662
Then I noticed it was dripping,
you know, down into a bucket.
957
00:45:04,123 --> 00:45:06,125
[Stone]
As early as 1981,
958
00:45:06,125 --> 00:45:08,544
copies of the autopsy photos
were leaked
959
00:45:08,544 --> 00:45:11,755
and distributed
among JFK researchers.
960
00:45:11,755 --> 00:45:13,549
The image
of Kennedy's head wound
961
00:45:13,549 --> 00:45:18,137
contradicted what was witnessed
by the Parkland doctors.
962
00:45:18,137 --> 00:45:22,850
I recall the injury being
right along in this area.
963
00:45:26,061 --> 00:45:29,523
[Mantik] It's as if the autopsy
materials were designed
964
00:45:29,523 --> 00:45:32,026
to hide what
was really happening,
965
00:45:32,026 --> 00:45:34,445
as opposed to what
they should usually do.
966
00:45:34,445 --> 00:45:39,033
They're supposed to reveal
the full extent of things.
967
00:45:39,033 --> 00:45:41,035
[Goldberg] The evening
of the assassination,
968
00:45:41,035 --> 00:45:44,747
the body of President Kennedy
was returned to Washington.
969
00:45:44,747 --> 00:45:48,292
The autopsy was performed
at Bethesda Medical Center,
970
00:45:48,292 --> 00:45:50,085
a naval institution.
971
00:45:50,252 --> 00:45:52,213
All of the top
forensic pathologists
972
00:45:52,213 --> 00:45:53,589
in the United States
973
00:45:53,797 --> 00:45:56,467
were within one-hour drive
or flying time from D.C.
974
00:45:57,343 --> 00:45:59,428
Not one of them was called upon.
975
00:45:59,428 --> 00:46:01,388
There were two
Navy pathologists,
976
00:46:01,555 --> 00:46:03,015
Commander James Humes
977
00:46:03,182 --> 00:46:05,351
and his associate,
J. Thornton Boswell.
978
00:46:05,351 --> 00:46:09,021
These two military pathologists
who had never done
979
00:46:09,021 --> 00:46:12,399
a single gunshot-wound autopsy
in their entire careers.
980
00:46:12,566 --> 00:46:14,193
This is something that really
981
00:46:14,193 --> 00:46:16,028
has to be emphasized
to every American.
982
00:46:16,028 --> 00:46:18,197
I don't care, Democrat, Republican,
liberal, conservative.
983
00:46:18,197 --> 00:46:19,698
This is your president,
984
00:46:19,698 --> 00:46:21,992
and you've got
multiple gunshot wounds
985
00:46:21,992 --> 00:46:24,954
to determine angles, trajectory,
range, sequence.
986
00:46:25,120 --> 00:46:26,372
And then you've got to correlate
987
00:46:26,538 --> 00:46:28,332
with the multiple
gunshot wounds in Connally.
988
00:46:28,332 --> 00:46:30,584
This is a formidable task
that would have required
989
00:46:30,751 --> 00:46:35,047
two or three major forensic
pathologists to-- to undertake.
990
00:46:35,047 --> 00:46:37,258
So they called
Humes and Boswell.
991
00:46:37,258 --> 00:46:38,592
They realized
they were over their head.
992
00:46:38,592 --> 00:46:39,927
They called in an expert
993
00:46:39,927 --> 00:46:41,804
from the Armed Forces
Institute of Pathology,
994
00:46:41,804 --> 00:46:43,222
a guy named Pierre Finck.
995
00:46:43,389 --> 00:46:45,808
Dr. Humes and Boswell
started the autopsy
996
00:46:45,808 --> 00:46:48,269
before their forensics
consultant even got there,
997
00:46:48,269 --> 00:46:50,145
but they realized
they were in over their head.
998
00:46:50,145 --> 00:46:53,440
So they asked to have a medical
examiner because Dr. Finck,
999
00:46:53,440 --> 00:46:56,402
who is a forensic pathologist,
wasn't doing autopsies.
1000
00:46:56,402 --> 00:46:58,237
He hadn't done one
in more than two years.
1001
00:46:58,237 --> 00:47:00,197
So they asked for permission
to bring in somebody
1002
00:47:00,197 --> 00:47:04,076
who knew what they were doing.
Permission was denied.
1003
00:47:04,076 --> 00:47:05,494
[Aguilar]
There were a lot of people
1004
00:47:05,703 --> 00:47:06,704
at the Bethesda morgue.
1005
00:47:06,704 --> 00:47:08,122
The latest count
by all the researchers
1006
00:47:08,122 --> 00:47:10,708
that I know of is
about 33 people.
1007
00:47:10,708 --> 00:47:12,918
There was a gallery, bleachers.
1008
00:47:12,918 --> 00:47:15,921
Apparently, all three rows
were filled with people.
1009
00:47:15,921 --> 00:47:18,841
These three autopsy
pathologists were given a body,
1010
00:47:19,008 --> 00:47:20,175
told, "Here's the body,
1011
00:47:20,175 --> 00:47:22,136
he was shot from behind,
he fell forward,"
1012
00:47:22,136 --> 00:47:23,846
which they wrote
in their autopsy report,
1013
00:47:23,846 --> 00:47:25,097
figure out how the wounds fit
1014
00:47:25,264 --> 00:47:27,141
the known circumstances
of the shooting.
1015
00:47:27,141 --> 00:47:30,686
But what this really speaks to
is the fact that the autopsy
1016
00:47:30,686 --> 00:47:32,104
was not in the control
of the surgeons
1017
00:47:32,271 --> 00:47:34,315
that were charged
with doing it.
1018
00:47:34,315 --> 00:47:36,275
It was in the control of people
who were there,
1019
00:47:36,275 --> 00:47:38,027
who were telling them
what they could do
1020
00:47:38,235 --> 00:47:39,445
and what they couldn't do.
1021
00:47:39,445 --> 00:47:42,156
[reporter] Let's talk about
those two wounds, Captain.
1022
00:47:42,156 --> 00:47:44,867
You examined this
whole area of the back.
1023
00:47:44,867 --> 00:47:46,076
[James J. Humes] Yes, sir.
1024
00:47:46,076 --> 00:47:47,661
[Wecht]
So on the night of the autopsy,
1025
00:47:47,828 --> 00:47:49,705
Humes and Boswell said,
1026
00:47:49,705 --> 00:47:51,874
"Hey, we got a bullet hole
in the President's back,"
1027
00:47:51,874 --> 00:47:54,793
which they
examined with the finger,
1028
00:47:54,793 --> 00:47:56,045
then with an instrument,
then took x-rays,
1029
00:47:56,211 --> 00:47:57,880
then took out the lungs.
1030
00:47:57,880 --> 00:47:59,048
And no bullets.
1031
00:47:59,214 --> 00:48:00,716
In a murder case,
1032
00:48:00,716 --> 00:48:03,469
that is a very serious
problem for them.
1033
00:48:03,469 --> 00:48:04,970
So where did that bullet go?
1034
00:48:05,137 --> 00:48:07,890
It was just, like you say,
a work of fiction.
1035
00:48:07,890 --> 00:48:10,142
A call came in
from the FBI in Dallas.
1036
00:48:10,142 --> 00:48:11,769
A bullet was found.
1037
00:48:11,769 --> 00:48:13,354
Darrell Tomlinson,
a maintenance man
1038
00:48:13,354 --> 00:48:15,105
at Parkland Hospital,
1039
00:48:15,105 --> 00:48:17,900
trying to get to the men's room,
passing by the ER,
1040
00:48:17,900 --> 00:48:19,568
found the stretchers
blocking the way,
1041
00:48:19,568 --> 00:48:21,862
bent down,
moved the stretcher,
1042
00:48:21,862 --> 00:48:23,322
and there was a bullet.
1043
00:48:23,489 --> 00:48:24,990
How did that bullet get there?
1044
00:48:24,990 --> 00:48:26,533
Humes and Boswell came up
1045
00:48:26,533 --> 00:48:28,994
with this totally
absurd conclusion
1046
00:48:28,994 --> 00:48:30,954
that when the President lay
1047
00:48:30,954 --> 00:48:33,999
on the stretcher,
supine position,
1048
00:48:33,999 --> 00:48:36,001
and pressure
was applied to his chest
1049
00:48:36,001 --> 00:48:38,420
for cardiopulmonary
resuscitation,
1050
00:48:38,420 --> 00:48:41,965
that pressure, applied
anteriorly, forced the bullet,
1051
00:48:41,965 --> 00:48:43,967
which had gone
deeply into the tissues,
1052
00:48:43,967 --> 00:48:45,761
back out through like a tunnel.
1053
00:48:45,761 --> 00:48:48,097
In and out, a car in reverse.
1054
00:48:48,097 --> 00:48:50,766
And what's
very important to note is
1055
00:48:50,933 --> 00:48:53,602
bullets don't go
in and out like that.
1056
00:48:53,602 --> 00:48:57,189
The bullet becomes encased.
But that was their conclusion.
1057
00:48:57,189 --> 00:49:00,651
Keep in mind, they did not know
that there was a bullet hole
1058
00:49:00,651 --> 00:49:02,403
in the front of
the President's neck.
1059
00:49:02,569 --> 00:49:05,030
Commander.
Now, Captain Humes,
1060
00:49:05,030 --> 00:49:06,990
how many autopsies
have you performed?
1061
00:49:06,990 --> 00:49:09,159
[Humes] Approximately 1,000.
1062
00:49:09,159 --> 00:49:13,872
It wasn't until the next morning
when Humes decided,
1063
00:49:13,872 --> 00:49:15,040
"Hey, maybe we outta talk with
1064
00:49:15,040 --> 00:49:17,543
the surgeons
at Parkland Hospital."
1065
00:49:17,543 --> 00:49:20,462
Earlier that day, the
doctors at Parkland Hospital
1066
00:49:20,462 --> 00:49:22,256
had determined that the bullet
1067
00:49:22,423 --> 00:49:24,133
had fortuitously
ripped through the trachea.
1068
00:49:24,133 --> 00:49:27,386
So they enlarged
that bullet hole.
1069
00:49:27,386 --> 00:49:29,555
And now they learned,
for the first time,
1070
00:49:29,555 --> 00:49:31,557
that there was a tracheostomy
1071
00:49:31,557 --> 00:49:33,892
superimposed
upon a bullet wound.
1072
00:49:33,892 --> 00:49:36,520
"Aha!" said Humes and Boswell.
1073
00:49:36,520 --> 00:49:38,105
"Now we know!"
1074
00:49:38,105 --> 00:49:40,899
The shot fired from the rear,
entered the back,
1075
00:49:40,899 --> 00:49:43,277
moving around
2,000 feet per second,
1076
00:49:43,277 --> 00:49:46,155
comes out, then stops,
sees the starched white collar,
1077
00:49:46,155 --> 00:49:48,657
gets frightened to death, plops
into the front of his clothing.
1078
00:49:48,657 --> 00:49:50,242
And that's where
the bullet came from,
1079
00:49:50,242 --> 00:49:52,411
found by Tomlinson
on the stretcher.
1080
00:49:52,411 --> 00:49:53,954
Four or five months later,
1081
00:49:53,954 --> 00:49:56,582
under Arlen Specter's
single-bullet theory,
1082
00:49:56,582 --> 00:49:59,126
that bullet has been rejuvenated,
it's been revitalized.
1083
00:49:59,126 --> 00:50:00,669
That bullet has
now gone through
1084
00:50:00,669 --> 00:50:02,504
Kennedy, through Connally,
1085
00:50:02,504 --> 00:50:06,675
and now, as of April of 1964,
the Stretcher Bullet,
1086
00:50:06,675 --> 00:50:08,427
Commission Exhibit #399,
1087
00:50:08,427 --> 00:50:10,137
the hero of the
Warren Commission report,
1088
00:50:10,137 --> 00:50:13,265
is now from
Connally's left thigh.
1089
00:50:13,265 --> 00:50:15,559
How is that possible?
1090
00:50:15,559 --> 00:50:17,478
It's unbelievable!
1091
00:50:17,478 --> 00:50:20,481
...which is scientific evidence
1092
00:50:20,481 --> 00:50:26,737
that the wound was made
from behind and passed forward.
1093
00:50:26,737 --> 00:50:30,324
[Aguilar] Dr. Humes destroyed
his original autopsy notes.
1094
00:50:30,324 --> 00:50:32,242
Now, Dr. Humes,
the chief autopsy pathologist,
1095
00:50:32,242 --> 00:50:34,369
and what we all know
as doctors,
1096
00:50:34,369 --> 00:50:36,205
notes taken while
you're doing something
1097
00:50:36,205 --> 00:50:37,748
are much more important,
1098
00:50:37,748 --> 00:50:39,541
and are likely
to be closer to the truth
1099
00:50:39,541 --> 00:50:42,085
than anything you write later.
1100
00:50:42,085 --> 00:50:44,630
And he admitted that
he'd destroyed autopsy notes.
1101
00:50:44,630 --> 00:50:46,673
You destroyed
your original notes
1102
00:50:46,673 --> 00:50:48,217
in a medical legal autopsy?
1103
00:50:48,217 --> 00:50:51,887
And remember, that night
Oswald is still alive.
1104
00:50:51,887 --> 00:50:53,263
You're going
to be asked, doctor,
1105
00:50:53,430 --> 00:50:58,101
at some point in time under oath
to give sworn testimony.
1106
00:50:58,101 --> 00:51:00,020
Why did you
destroy those notes, doctor?
1107
00:51:00,187 --> 00:51:03,482
Doesn't a pathologist
keep his notes?
1108
00:51:03,482 --> 00:51:06,151
And he said, "Well,
I destroyed my own autopsy notes
1109
00:51:06,151 --> 00:51:08,570
"because they were splattered
with the President's blood
1110
00:51:08,570 --> 00:51:11,406
and I didn't want them to become
objects of morbid curiosity."
1111
00:51:11,406 --> 00:51:12,950
The third doctor, Dr. Finck,
1112
00:51:12,950 --> 00:51:14,952
who was there,
also wrote some notes
1113
00:51:14,952 --> 00:51:16,537
and complained
bitterly about the fact
1114
00:51:16,537 --> 00:51:18,121
that his notes disappeared too.
1115
00:51:18,121 --> 00:51:20,249
He was so upset
because he had to go home
1116
00:51:20,249 --> 00:51:22,543
and reconstruct
all of his notes from memory.
1117
00:51:24,628 --> 00:51:26,547
The two FBI agents
at the autopsy,
1118
00:51:26,547 --> 00:51:29,258
Frank O'Neill and James Sibert,
1119
00:51:29,258 --> 00:51:31,885
they reported what they heard
during the autopsy,
1120
00:51:32,052 --> 00:51:34,680
what they heard
the pathologists say,
1121
00:51:34,846 --> 00:51:36,974
specifically Dr. Humes.
1122
00:51:36,974 --> 00:51:41,562
They were interviewed
by Arlen Specter in early 1964.
1123
00:51:41,562 --> 00:51:45,774
He proceeded to write
very unfavorable comments
1124
00:51:45,774 --> 00:51:48,527
about them in a summary memo
for the record.
1125
00:51:48,527 --> 00:51:50,028
We know with confidence
1126
00:51:50,028 --> 00:51:51,822
why he didn't like
what they had to say,
1127
00:51:51,822 --> 00:51:53,699
because they were
providing evidence
1128
00:51:53,865 --> 00:51:56,159
that the single-bullet theory
could not be true.
1129
00:51:56,159 --> 00:51:58,453
[Goldberg]
Neither Sibert nor O'Neill
1130
00:51:58,453 --> 00:52:01,164
were asked to testify
for the Warren Commission,
1131
00:52:01,164 --> 00:52:03,584
and their written notes
became classified.
1132
00:52:03,750 --> 00:52:06,211
In 1997,
their depositions were taken
1133
00:52:06,211 --> 00:52:09,423
by the Assassination
Records Review Board.
1134
00:52:09,423 --> 00:52:11,633
[Douglas Horne]
Both Sibert and O'Neill
1135
00:52:11,633 --> 00:52:14,928
were shown the photographs
of the back of JFK's head,
1136
00:52:14,928 --> 00:52:18,015
the autopsy photographs that
are the most controversial.
1137
00:52:18,015 --> 00:52:19,808
And they both said
that they didn't
1138
00:52:19,808 --> 00:52:21,602
see anything like that
at the autopsy.
1139
00:52:21,768 --> 00:52:24,021
O'Neill had said, "It looks
like it's been doctored.
1140
00:52:24,187 --> 00:52:25,439
"I don't mean the photo
has been doctored.
1141
00:52:25,439 --> 00:52:27,608
It looks like the head
has been put back together,"
1142
00:52:27,608 --> 00:52:28,942
you know, by embalmers
and then photographed."
1143
00:52:29,109 --> 00:52:30,777
That was what
he said under oath.
1144
00:52:30,944 --> 00:52:33,238
Sibert did not remember
1145
00:52:33,238 --> 00:52:35,991
drawing a diagram of the wound
for the House committee.
1146
00:52:35,991 --> 00:52:38,035
So he drew a new one
for the Review Board.
1147
00:52:38,035 --> 00:52:39,995
And it's one of our
most important wound diagrams.
1148
00:52:40,162 --> 00:52:42,581
And it shows what
could only be an exit defect
1149
00:52:42,581 --> 00:52:43,957
in the right rear of the skull.
1150
00:52:50,964 --> 00:52:53,425
[Goldberg] This new evidence,
combined with
1151
00:52:53,425 --> 00:52:56,386
the Review Board's
declassification of 40 witnesses
1152
00:52:56,386 --> 00:52:59,264
who saw a hole in the back
of Kennedy's head,
1153
00:52:59,264 --> 00:53:03,769
constitutes powerful evidence
of a shot from the front.
1154
00:53:04,686 --> 00:53:06,021
(gunshot)
1155
00:53:09,149 --> 00:53:10,651
Who was
the autopsy photographer?
1156
00:53:10,651 --> 00:53:13,070
John Stringer.
1157
00:53:13,236 --> 00:53:15,656
He was a Navy civilian.
He was widely respected.
1158
00:53:15,822 --> 00:53:16,865
He had written a textbook
1159
00:53:17,032 --> 00:53:18,909
on medical photography
for the Navy.
1160
00:53:18,909 --> 00:53:20,243
So he was
the photographer of record.
1161
00:53:20,243 --> 00:53:22,496
He photographed
the autopsy itself
1162
00:53:22,496 --> 00:53:26,124
and also photographed
the President's brain.
1163
00:53:26,124 --> 00:53:28,251
[Stone] The autopsy photos
of the President's brain
1164
00:53:28,251 --> 00:53:30,504
are housed
at the National Archives.
1165
00:53:30,504 --> 00:53:33,590
These photos cannot be scanned
or reproduced,
1166
00:53:33,590 --> 00:53:36,468
but are only available
to be viewed on site
1167
00:53:36,468 --> 00:53:40,305
by researchers authorized
by the Kennedy family.
1168
00:53:40,305 --> 00:53:42,307
[Horne] Half of
the brain photos are taken
1169
00:53:42,307 --> 00:53:44,935
of a brain from above,
superior views,
1170
00:53:44,935 --> 00:53:48,438
which is what Stringer said
he shot of the complete organ.
1171
00:53:48,438 --> 00:53:51,024
But the other half of the brain
photos in the archives
1172
00:53:51,024 --> 00:53:54,486
are taken of the bottom,
called basilar views.
1173
00:53:54,486 --> 00:53:57,239
Now, we were very careful
to question Mr. Stringer
1174
00:53:57,239 --> 00:53:59,282
about all the photographs
he took,
1175
00:53:59,449 --> 00:54:02,536
and ask him what kind of film
he used for black and white,
1176
00:54:02,536 --> 00:54:04,162
what kind of film
he used for color.
1177
00:54:04,162 --> 00:54:06,289
Jeremy Gunn showed Stringer
1178
00:54:06,289 --> 00:54:10,127
the color positive
transparencies of the brain,
1179
00:54:10,127 --> 00:54:11,753
and Stringer immediately noted,
1180
00:54:11,753 --> 00:54:14,423
"Well, these aren't Kodak.
These might be Ansco."
1181
00:54:14,423 --> 00:54:16,883
He said, "I don't see the name
of the manufacturer on here,
1182
00:54:16,883 --> 00:54:19,720
but these don't have the
right notches in the corner."
1183
00:54:19,720 --> 00:54:21,471
So Jeremy Gunn said,
1184
00:54:21,471 --> 00:54:23,807
"Did you use this film
with these notches in it?"
1185
00:54:23,807 --> 00:54:25,517
Stringer said, "No."
1186
00:54:25,517 --> 00:54:27,352
"Did you take basilar views
when you shot the brain?"
1187
00:54:27,519 --> 00:54:30,188
And he says,
"Not as far as I know."
1188
00:54:30,355 --> 00:54:32,691
[Goldberg] Doesn't
this all lead to the question
1189
00:54:32,691 --> 00:54:36,278
if Stringer did not take these
photographs, then who did?
1190
00:54:38,113 --> 00:54:41,366
Robert Knudsen
was a Navy photographer
1191
00:54:41,366 --> 00:54:44,327
who was detailed
to the White House in 1958.
1192
00:54:44,494 --> 00:54:47,748
If you read his obituaries in
The New York Times
1193
00:54:47,914 --> 00:54:49,207
and The Washington Post,
1194
00:54:49,207 --> 00:54:51,126
you will see
that he is credited
1195
00:54:51,293 --> 00:54:53,837
with photographing
Kennedy's autopsy,
1196
00:54:53,837 --> 00:54:57,174
except officially he was not.
1197
00:54:57,340 --> 00:54:59,926
[Horne] Robert Knudsen
was not interviewed by
1198
00:55:00,135 --> 00:55:01,553
the Warren Commission.
1199
00:55:01,553 --> 00:55:05,682
So they finally found
Robert Knudsen in 1978.
1200
00:55:05,682 --> 00:55:07,809
And to its credit,
the House Select Committee
1201
00:55:07,809 --> 00:55:09,227
did a deposition of him.
1202
00:55:09,394 --> 00:55:12,063
To their discredit,
they never published it.
1203
00:55:12,063 --> 00:55:16,443
They buried it for 15 years
and it got released in 1993.
1204
00:55:16,443 --> 00:55:18,361
And I know why they buried it,
1205
00:55:18,361 --> 00:55:21,281
because everything he told them
about autopsy photography
1206
00:55:21,281 --> 00:55:22,866
contradicted what
they thought they knew
1207
00:55:22,866 --> 00:55:24,034
in the official record.
1208
00:55:24,034 --> 00:55:26,828
[Mantik] After
his death in 1989,
1209
00:55:26,828 --> 00:55:28,413
his wife was interviewed by
1210
00:55:28,580 --> 00:55:31,082
the Assassination
Records Review Board.
1211
00:55:43,094 --> 00:55:46,264
He told her that one photograph
in particular,
1212
00:55:46,264 --> 00:55:47,808
presumably
the back of the head,
1213
00:55:47,808 --> 00:55:50,268
had been severely altered.
1214
00:55:50,268 --> 00:55:52,145
[Jeremy Gunn]
Where was the wound covered?
1215
00:55:57,818 --> 00:56:00,529
[Jeremy Gunn] In one sense,
uh, probably worth saying
1216
00:56:00,529 --> 00:56:02,364
that what you're saying
is very different
1217
00:56:02,364 --> 00:56:04,324
from what
the United States government
1218
00:56:04,324 --> 00:56:06,493
has said for a long time.
1219
00:56:06,660 --> 00:56:10,038
And why didn't he say
something to somebody?
1220
00:56:31,142 --> 00:56:33,186
[Horne]
John Stringer is still
1221
00:56:33,186 --> 00:56:34,646
the autopsy
photographer of record,
1222
00:56:34,646 --> 00:56:36,314
I think they both took pictures
and I personally think
1223
00:56:36,481 --> 00:56:39,192
that many of
John Stringer's pictures
1224
00:56:39,192 --> 00:56:41,111
never made it
into the official collection.
1225
00:56:41,278 --> 00:56:42,279
And a lot of the ones
we're looking at
1226
00:56:42,445 --> 00:56:44,030
are Robert Knudsen's pictures.
1227
00:56:47,701 --> 00:56:50,871
[Mantik] Saundra Spencer worked
at the Anacostia Facility,
1228
00:56:51,037 --> 00:56:53,248
a Naval Photographic Center,
1229
00:56:53,248 --> 00:56:55,542
which was quite separate
from the Bethesda lab.
1230
00:56:55,542 --> 00:56:58,712
That weekend,
she received film.
1231
00:56:58,879 --> 00:57:01,631
[Horne] The photographs
that Saundra Spencer developed,
1232
00:57:01,631 --> 00:57:03,800
which never made it
into the official record.
1233
00:57:03,800 --> 00:57:06,469
The only evidence we have
of them is her testimony.
1234
00:57:08,305 --> 00:57:10,682
Saundra Spencer
was visibly upset
1235
00:57:10,682 --> 00:57:13,059
when she looked at the
official autopsy photographs
1236
00:57:13,059 --> 00:57:16,605
because she said, "I developed
pictures of him and his family
1237
00:57:16,605 --> 00:57:19,482
for almost three years
and he never looked like this."
1238
00:57:19,482 --> 00:57:21,484
She said, "He looks terrible
in these photographs."
1239
00:57:25,989 --> 00:57:26,698
-She started to cry.
1240
00:57:26,907 --> 00:57:28,366
-[Stone]
In front of the Review Board?
1241
00:57:28,533 --> 00:57:30,994
[Horne] Yes, she started to cry
in front of Jeremy and I
1242
00:57:31,161 --> 00:57:32,913
and the person
from the archives,
1243
00:57:32,913 --> 00:57:35,373
and she said,
"He did not look this bad
1244
00:57:35,373 --> 00:57:37,417
in the photographs
I developed on Sunday."
1245
00:57:37,417 --> 00:57:40,378
He was very cleaned up.
It was very respectful.
1246
00:57:40,545 --> 00:57:42,714
And in one of the photographs
she developed,
1247
00:57:42,714 --> 00:57:44,382
there was a brain,
an intact brain,
1248
00:57:44,549 --> 00:57:46,217
sitting next to the body,
1249
00:57:46,217 --> 00:57:47,594
the nude body of the President.
1250
00:57:47,761 --> 00:57:49,429
Strange, first of all,
that it's intact
1251
00:57:49,429 --> 00:57:52,849
because FBI agent Frank O'Neill
told the Review Board
1252
00:57:52,849 --> 00:57:55,685
that over half of the mass
of the brain was missing.
1253
00:57:58,438 --> 00:58:01,232
[Mantik] So the brain autopsy
or autopsies,
1254
00:58:01,232 --> 00:58:03,693
there were probably
two such events,
1255
00:58:03,693 --> 00:58:08,490
uh, occurred later and
we're not done on November 22nd.
1256
00:58:08,490 --> 00:58:10,241
[Aguilar] Anybody
that's seen the Zapruder film
1257
00:58:10,241 --> 00:58:11,701
can see Kennedy's
head explodes
1258
00:58:11,701 --> 00:58:13,244
and debris flies
all over the place.
1259
00:58:13,244 --> 00:58:14,579
Jackie Kennedy climbed out
1260
00:58:14,579 --> 00:58:16,331
onto the trunk
of the limousine,
1261
00:58:16,331 --> 00:58:19,501
picked up a chunk of the President's
brain, had it with her,
1262
00:58:19,501 --> 00:58:21,336
took it in and gave it to, uh,
1263
00:58:21,336 --> 00:58:23,338
one of the doctors
at Parkland Hospital.
1264
00:58:23,338 --> 00:58:25,590
When you look at the autopsy
photographs of the brain,
1265
00:58:25,590 --> 00:58:27,008
which I've seen
the originals of,
1266
00:58:27,008 --> 00:58:28,927
you can just see
that the brain is disrupted,
1267
00:58:28,927 --> 00:58:30,929
but very little
of the tissue is missing.
1268
00:58:30,929 --> 00:58:33,682
Then we look at the autopsy
report of the brain,
1269
00:58:33,682 --> 00:58:35,684
what they call the
supplemental brain examination.
1270
00:58:35,850 --> 00:58:37,477
The brain in evidence
that's weighed there
1271
00:58:37,477 --> 00:58:39,479
weighs 1,500 grams.
1272
00:58:39,479 --> 00:58:42,857
1500 grams is--
is above average weight
1273
00:58:42,857 --> 00:58:44,442
of an adult male brain.
1274
00:58:44,442 --> 00:58:47,487
There was one report
of 8,000 autopsies
1275
00:58:47,487 --> 00:58:50,365
and the average weight of
an adult male brain
1276
00:58:50,365 --> 00:58:52,283
was 1,336 grams.
1277
00:58:52,283 --> 00:58:56,079
So they're saying
that President Kennedy's brain
1278
00:58:56,079 --> 00:58:57,789
was well above
the average weight.
1279
00:58:57,789 --> 00:58:59,791
Where did all that brain tissue
disappear to?
1280
00:58:59,791 --> 00:59:03,670
That flies around Dealey Plaza
that Jackie has in her hand,
1281
00:59:03,670 --> 00:59:05,296
that everybody is picking off
of their clothes?
1282
00:59:08,216 --> 00:59:10,969
[Chesser]
There are two photographs of the brain
1283
00:59:10,969 --> 00:59:13,388
I viewed those in 2015.
1284
00:59:13,388 --> 00:59:15,890
The brain looked to me
to be distorted.
1285
00:59:15,890 --> 00:59:17,559
My first thought was
that the brain had been sitting
1286
00:59:17,726 --> 00:59:19,811
in a jar of formaldehyde
for a long time.
1287
00:59:19,811 --> 00:59:22,772
The Review Board
had a consultant.
1288
00:59:22,939 --> 00:59:25,734
A renowned
forensic pathologist.
1289
00:59:25,734 --> 00:59:28,361
He looked at the brain
photographs and he said,
1290
00:59:28,361 --> 00:59:30,905
"This is a very
well-fixed brain.
1291
00:59:31,072 --> 00:59:33,992
It's all gray.
It's not pink at all.
1292
00:59:33,992 --> 00:59:36,911
"It's been fixed for two
or three weeks in formaldehyde.
1293
00:59:37,078 --> 00:59:38,580
It's been fixed
at least two weeks,
1294
00:59:38,580 --> 00:59:40,081
maybe as long as three weeks."
1295
00:59:40,081 --> 00:59:42,333
I looked at Jeremy Gunn
and he looked at me
1296
00:59:42,333 --> 00:59:43,752
and the hair stood up
on the back of my neck,
1297
00:59:43,752 --> 00:59:48,173
because I knew that JFK's brain
was examined...
1298
00:59:48,173 --> 00:59:50,675
less than three days
after he was killed.
1299
00:59:50,675 --> 00:59:52,385
One can only imagine
that they wanted
1300
00:59:52,385 --> 00:59:54,179
the-- the damage to the brain
1301
00:59:54,179 --> 00:59:56,389
to be consistent
with the hypothesis
1302
00:59:56,389 --> 00:59:58,683
that Oswald
had done the shooting.
1303
00:59:58,683 --> 01:00:00,060
So if you had a defect
going all the way
1304
01:00:00,268 --> 01:00:01,186
to the back of the head,
1305
01:00:01,186 --> 01:00:03,354
like so many witnesses
testified to it,
1306
01:00:03,521 --> 01:00:07,984
it might raise questions
about whether that huge defect
1307
01:00:07,984 --> 01:00:10,528
could've cau-- been caused
by a single shot to the head
1308
01:00:10,695 --> 01:00:13,114
as Oswald is supposed
to have done.
1309
01:00:13,114 --> 01:00:14,365
[Chesser]
At a teaching hospital,
1310
01:00:14,365 --> 01:00:17,327
there was
no shortage of brains.
1311
01:00:17,327 --> 01:00:18,745
Autopsies were very frequent.
1312
01:00:18,745 --> 01:00:20,246
Frequently, the brain was saved
1313
01:00:20,246 --> 01:00:22,874
for teaching medical students,
1314
01:00:22,874 --> 01:00:24,375
so it would not
have been difficult
1315
01:00:24,375 --> 01:00:26,711
to find a brain
for replacement.
1316
01:00:26,878 --> 01:00:28,254
This is just one more reason
1317
01:00:28,254 --> 01:00:31,007
why this cannot be
President Kennedy's brain
1318
01:00:31,007 --> 01:00:34,969
in the photographs that
we have stored at the archives.
1319
01:00:34,969 --> 01:00:40,600
What we have here... is evidence
that impugns the authenticity
1320
01:00:40,600 --> 01:00:43,144
of the brain photographs
in the National Archives.
1321
01:00:43,311 --> 01:00:45,105
If there was a trial today,
1322
01:00:45,105 --> 01:00:48,108
these brain photographs would
not be admissible as evidence.
1323
01:00:50,110 --> 01:00:52,028
I'd hate to be
in your shoes today.
1324
01:00:53,154 --> 01:00:54,239
You have a lot to think about.
1325
01:00:54,239 --> 01:00:55,573
You've seen
much hidden evidence
1326
01:00:55,573 --> 01:00:57,283
the American public
has never seen.
1327
01:00:58,993 --> 01:01:02,413
You know, going back
to when we were children,
1328
01:01:02,413 --> 01:01:04,457
I think that most of us
in this courtroom thought
1329
01:01:04,457 --> 01:01:07,127
that justice came
into being automatically.
1330
01:01:08,253 --> 01:01:09,879
That virtue was its own reward,
1331
01:01:09,879 --> 01:01:11,923
that-- that good
would triumph over evil.
1332
01:01:13,550 --> 01:01:17,345
But as we get older,
we know this just isn't true.
1333
01:01:17,345 --> 01:01:20,056
Individual human beings
have to create justice
1334
01:01:20,056 --> 01:01:21,182
and this is not easy,
1335
01:01:22,892 --> 01:01:26,271
because the truth
often poses a threat to power,
1336
01:01:26,437 --> 01:01:30,400
and one often has to fight power
at great risk to themselves.
1337
01:01:30,400 --> 01:01:32,068
[Goldberg]
The one physician present
1338
01:01:32,068 --> 01:01:35,196
at both Parkland Hospital
and the Bethesda morgue
1339
01:01:35,196 --> 01:01:36,614
was George Burkley,
1340
01:01:36,614 --> 01:01:39,242
Kennedy's personal doctor.
1341
01:01:39,242 --> 01:01:42,579
Arlen Specter did not depose
George Burkley,
1342
01:01:42,579 --> 01:01:46,666
but Burkley did an interview
with the JFK Library in 1967,
1343
01:01:46,666 --> 01:01:48,793
and was asked this question.
1344
01:01:48,960 --> 01:01:50,170
[interviewer speaking]
1345
01:01:57,844 --> 01:01:59,304
[interviewer] I see.
1346
01:01:59,304 --> 01:02:01,848
[Miller] The reason
he didn't say anything was,
1347
01:02:01,848 --> 01:02:05,351
he was intimately involved
in the coverup.
1348
01:02:05,351 --> 01:02:08,062
[Goldberg] Burkley signed
the autopsy descriptive sheet
1349
01:02:08,062 --> 01:02:12,066
with a bullet in the back
at the level of T3.
1350
01:02:12,066 --> 01:02:14,527
And he also signed
Kennedy's death certificate,
1351
01:02:14,527 --> 01:02:17,071
which also placed
that wound in the back.
1352
01:02:17,238 --> 01:02:19,282
That death certificate
is not in
1353
01:02:19,282 --> 01:02:21,701
the Warren Commission volumes,
1354
01:02:21,701 --> 01:02:24,913
and the descriptive sheet
in the Commission volumes
1355
01:02:25,079 --> 01:02:27,123
does not have
Burkley's signature.
1356
01:02:28,750 --> 01:02:30,752
In 1977, through his lawyer,
1357
01:02:30,752 --> 01:02:33,087
he wrote a letter
to Richard Sprague,
1358
01:02:33,087 --> 01:02:34,756
Chief Counsel of the House
1359
01:02:34,756 --> 01:02:37,300
Select Committee
on Assassinations.
1360
01:02:37,300 --> 01:02:39,928
He said he had
information indicating
1361
01:02:39,928 --> 01:02:42,055
that others besides Oswald
1362
01:02:42,055 --> 01:02:44,933
must've participated
in the assassination.
1363
01:02:45,099 --> 01:02:48,561
He was willing
to talk about it at this time.
1364
01:02:48,561 --> 01:02:50,939
Sprague,
who made clear his intention
1365
01:02:50,939 --> 01:02:53,524
to fully investigate
the CIA's involvement,
1366
01:02:53,691 --> 01:02:55,610
was forced out two weeks later.
1367
01:02:55,610 --> 01:02:57,528
Dr. Burkley
submitted a written statement
1368
01:02:57,528 --> 01:02:59,739
to the House Select Committee,
1369
01:02:59,739 --> 01:03:01,616
but there is no official record
1370
01:03:01,616 --> 01:03:05,036
of him being
deposed as a witness.
1371
01:03:05,036 --> 01:03:08,998
In 1982, he told
JFK researcher Henry Hurt,
1372
01:03:08,998 --> 01:03:10,416
"I know there was
more than one gunman,"
1373
01:03:10,416 --> 01:03:11,834
and when Henry Hurt
1374
01:03:11,834 --> 01:03:13,795
tried to recontact
Burkley for more details,
1375
01:03:13,962 --> 01:03:15,171
Burkley
cut him off at the knees.
1376
01:03:15,171 --> 01:03:16,839
"I don't want to talk
about it anymore."
1377
01:03:16,839 --> 01:03:18,258
The very next year,
Burkley talked
1378
01:03:18,258 --> 01:03:21,052
to Michael Kurtz,
another JFK researcher,
1379
01:03:21,052 --> 01:03:22,428
told him that he knew there was
1380
01:03:22,428 --> 01:03:24,055
a conspiracy
to kill the President
1381
01:03:24,055 --> 01:03:25,431
and that he recalled
an exit wound
1382
01:03:25,431 --> 01:03:27,642
in the back of
President Kennedy's head.
1383
01:03:27,642 --> 01:03:29,602
Now, that's
a very significant statement.
1384
01:03:29,602 --> 01:03:31,604
That the only doctor we know of
1385
01:03:31,604 --> 01:03:34,440
who was present at
both Parkland for treatment,
1386
01:03:34,440 --> 01:03:36,150
and at Bethesda
during the autopsy,
1387
01:03:36,150 --> 01:03:38,528
told Michael Kurtz in 1983
1388
01:03:38,528 --> 01:03:40,822
that Kennedy had an exit wound
in the back of his head.
1389
01:03:40,822 --> 01:03:42,240
When Kurtz tried
to recontact Burkley,
1390
01:03:42,240 --> 01:03:44,575
Burkley cut him off
at the knees.
1391
01:03:44,575 --> 01:03:46,160
"I don't want to talk
about this anymore."
1392
01:03:46,327 --> 01:03:47,829
Dr. Burkley was deceased
by the time
1393
01:03:47,829 --> 01:03:49,580
the Review Board was impaneled.
1394
01:03:49,747 --> 01:03:52,041
So then Jeremy decided, well,
1395
01:03:52,041 --> 01:03:55,169
we can ask
the executor of his estate,
1396
01:03:55,169 --> 01:03:57,255
his daughter, to sign a waiver
1397
01:03:57,255 --> 01:03:59,590
so that we could
go to the law firm
1398
01:03:59,590 --> 01:04:01,301
that Mr. Illig
used to work for,
1399
01:04:01,301 --> 01:04:02,677
because he was deceased also,
1400
01:04:02,677 --> 01:04:04,012
and see if there were
1401
01:04:04,012 --> 01:04:05,722
any records
in the file of Mr. Illig
1402
01:04:05,722 --> 01:04:07,724
that would have
revealed what it was
1403
01:04:07,724 --> 01:04:09,934
he wanted to tell
the HSCA in detail,
1404
01:04:09,934 --> 01:04:11,811
and she said she would do that.
1405
01:04:11,811 --> 01:04:13,104
And then Jeremy
called her on the phone,
1406
01:04:13,104 --> 01:04:15,523
she had completely
changed her mind
1407
01:04:15,523 --> 01:04:16,941
and adamantly
refused to sign it
1408
01:04:16,941 --> 01:04:19,027
and terminated the phone call.
1409
01:04:24,449 --> 01:04:26,367
The face sheet for the autopsy,
1410
01:04:26,367 --> 01:04:29,537
where it shows the front
and back silhouette of the body,
1411
01:04:29,537 --> 01:04:32,248
where you mark scars
and bullet wounds and things,
1412
01:04:32,415 --> 01:04:34,917
the face sheet
showed the bullet wound
1413
01:04:34,917 --> 01:04:39,881
in the back at the level
of thoracic vertebra T3,
1414
01:04:39,881 --> 01:04:42,925
which is five and a half
to six inches below.
1415
01:04:42,925 --> 01:04:44,677
[Goldberg]
That location coincided with
1416
01:04:44,844 --> 01:04:48,514
what Sibert and O'Neill
wrote in their report.
1417
01:04:48,514 --> 01:04:52,143
And in order to make the facts
fit the single-bullet theory,
1418
01:04:52,143 --> 01:04:54,145
one bullet
doing all this damage,
1419
01:04:54,145 --> 01:04:57,940
the doctors needed an exit
point for the back wound.
1420
01:04:57,940 --> 01:05:01,402
The Warren Commission raised
the wound in the back
1421
01:05:01,402 --> 01:05:04,572
so that it would align
with the alleged exit wound
1422
01:05:04,572 --> 01:05:06,741
in the front of Kennedy's neck.
1423
01:05:06,741 --> 01:05:08,242
Commissioner Gerald Ford
1424
01:05:08,242 --> 01:05:10,870
did this simply
via the stroke of a pen,
1425
01:05:10,870 --> 01:05:13,331
changing the description
in their report
1426
01:05:13,331 --> 01:05:16,167
from back, to back of the neck.
1427
01:05:16,167 --> 01:05:18,586
As I recall,
they said about Gerald Ford
1428
01:05:18,586 --> 01:05:21,089
that he could not chew gum
and walk at the same time.
1429
01:05:21,089 --> 01:05:23,758
Now, all of a sudden, he
becomes a forensic pathologist,
1430
01:05:23,925 --> 01:05:26,594
and a photographer, and
a criminalist, and an expert,
1431
01:05:26,761 --> 01:05:29,347
and he knows where the bullet
hole was and he moved it up.
1432
01:05:29,347 --> 01:05:31,641
[Goldberg]
But then in 1979,
1433
01:05:31,641 --> 01:05:34,977
the House Select Committee
moved it lower in the back
1434
01:05:34,977 --> 01:05:37,605
because they had pictures
from the autopsy.
1435
01:05:37,605 --> 01:05:39,399
It is conceivable that,
at the time,
1436
01:05:39,399 --> 01:05:41,234
the Warren Commission thought
1437
01:05:41,234 --> 01:05:44,779
no one would ever
see the autopsy photos.
1438
01:05:44,779 --> 01:05:46,989
When the Review Board
declassified
1439
01:05:46,989 --> 01:05:49,075
the notation showing
what Ford had done,
1440
01:05:49,075 --> 01:05:51,911
the former commissioner replied
that it had nothing to do
1441
01:05:51,911 --> 01:05:54,372
with a conspiracy theory.
1442
01:05:54,372 --> 01:05:57,166
He was only trying
to be more precise.
1443
01:05:57,333 --> 01:06:00,753
This is directly contradicted
by a conversation Ford had
1444
01:06:00,920 --> 01:06:05,049
with French President
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.
1445
01:06:05,049 --> 01:06:06,884
Ford told him
the assassination
1446
01:06:06,884 --> 01:06:09,679
was not the work
of one person.
1447
01:06:09,679 --> 01:06:11,889
It was something set up.
1448
01:06:11,889 --> 01:06:14,058
"We were sure it was set up,
1449
01:06:14,058 --> 01:06:16,978
but we were not able
to discover by whom."
1450
01:06:19,439 --> 01:06:20,857
[Stone]
With all the documents
1451
01:06:20,857 --> 01:06:22,817
declassified
by the Review Board,
1452
01:06:22,984 --> 01:06:25,820
we can see
this scene in a new light.
1453
01:06:25,987 --> 01:06:29,073
In regards
to the JFK assassination,
1454
01:06:29,073 --> 01:06:32,869
conspiracy theories
are now conspiracy facts.
1455
01:06:33,828 --> 01:06:35,621
The forensics show evidence
1456
01:06:35,788 --> 01:06:37,248
of multiple shooters
with Oswald,
1457
01:06:37,248 --> 01:06:39,083
not even at
the sixth floor window
1458
01:06:39,083 --> 01:06:41,544
at the time
of the assassination.
1459
01:06:41,544 --> 01:06:47,049
And his fingerprints not found
on the supposed murder weapon.
1460
01:06:47,216 --> 01:06:50,970
Still, there was no trial
for Lee Harvey Oswald.
1461
01:06:50,970 --> 01:06:52,305
These people
have given me a hearing
1462
01:06:52,305 --> 01:06:54,265
without legal representation
or anything.
1463
01:06:54,265 --> 01:06:55,683
[reporter]
Did you shoot the President?
1464
01:06:55,683 --> 01:06:58,144
I didn't shoot anybody, no, sir.
1465
01:06:58,144 --> 01:07:00,771
[Stone] Attorney Mark Lane
tried to represent Oswald
1466
01:07:00,980 --> 01:07:01,939
in the proceedings,
1467
01:07:02,106 --> 01:07:03,983
but was denied
by the Warren Commission.
1468
01:07:32,011 --> 01:07:35,139
Did the accused man
get a fair trial?
1469
01:07:35,139 --> 01:07:36,307
I can tell you
from my experiences
1470
01:07:36,307 --> 01:07:39,393
having tried several
hundred cases to verdict,
1471
01:07:39,393 --> 01:07:41,312
and being responsible
for thousands of cases
1472
01:07:41,479 --> 01:07:42,772
as head of the criminal courts
1473
01:07:42,772 --> 01:07:44,357
and running
the homicide bureau,
1474
01:07:44,357 --> 01:07:46,901
that I don't believe there's
any courtroom in America
1475
01:07:46,901 --> 01:07:48,736
where Oswald
would've been convicted
1476
01:07:48,736 --> 01:07:49,862
on the evidence
that was presented
1477
01:07:50,029 --> 01:07:52,323
before the Warren Commission.
1478
01:07:52,490 --> 01:07:56,160
[Stone] Instead of a jury
of 12 American citizens,
1479
01:07:56,160 --> 01:07:58,829
judgment was passed
by a panel of seven
1480
01:07:58,829 --> 01:08:02,333
appointed wise men
and career statesmen.
1481
01:08:02,333 --> 01:08:06,796
A judgment perpetuated
by the media at that time.
1482
01:08:06,796 --> 01:08:09,215
Looking at the
declassified documents,
1483
01:08:09,215 --> 01:08:11,008
we see there's
even more mystery
1484
01:08:11,008 --> 01:08:13,803
behind Oswald to uncover.
1485
01:08:13,970 --> 01:08:17,848
A man who was,
in his own words, a patsy.
1486
01:08:17,848 --> 01:08:20,935
Murdered on live television.
1487
01:08:20,935 --> 01:08:22,895
[reporter 1]
This was the dreary funeral
1488
01:08:23,104 --> 01:08:24,230
of Lee Harvey Oswald,
1489
01:08:24,230 --> 01:08:28,192
alleged murderer
of President Kennedy.
1490
01:08:28,192 --> 01:08:30,486
Burial was in
an otherwise empty plot
1491
01:08:30,486 --> 01:08:33,698
in Rose Hill Cemetery
outside Fort Worth.
1492
01:08:33,698 --> 01:08:35,825
A plot that we were told
was bought
1493
01:08:35,825 --> 01:08:38,035
long ago by Oswald's mother.
1494
01:08:38,035 --> 01:08:41,038
No one was on hand
for the funeral as mourners,
1495
01:08:41,038 --> 01:08:44,458
except the family
of the dead man.
1496
01:08:44,458 --> 01:08:46,544
[reporter 2]
Oswald spent his early years
1497
01:08:46,752 --> 01:08:47,628
in an orphanage.
1498
01:08:47,628 --> 01:08:51,799
At the age of 17,
he joined the US Marine Corps.
1499
01:08:51,799 --> 01:08:53,175
A year later, he was sent
1500
01:08:53,342 --> 01:08:56,512
to one of the most
secret US bases in the world,
1501
01:08:56,512 --> 01:08:58,180
Atsugi in Japan.
1502
01:08:58,180 --> 01:09:00,850
From here,
the CIA operated spy flights
1503
01:09:00,850 --> 01:09:02,476
over communist China
1504
01:09:02,476 --> 01:09:04,979
using U-2
reconnaissance planes.
1505
01:09:06,731 --> 01:09:10,443
[Goldberg] During the 1975
Church Committee investigation
1506
01:09:10,610 --> 01:09:13,195
of US intelligence activities,
1507
01:09:13,195 --> 01:09:14,864
Committee member
Richard Schweiker
1508
01:09:14,864 --> 01:09:17,283
remarked about Oswald,
1509
01:09:17,283 --> 01:09:20,119
that everywhere
you looked with him,
1510
01:09:20,119 --> 01:09:23,497
there are fingerprints
of intelligence.
1511
01:09:23,664 --> 01:09:25,750
[man] Many people
said he was a forthright,
1512
01:09:25,958 --> 01:09:26,959
upstanding American
1513
01:09:26,959 --> 01:09:28,502
as a young person,
1514
01:09:28,502 --> 01:09:32,089
and yet they later depicted him
as a Castro-loving,
1515
01:09:32,256 --> 01:09:35,259
Cuban-loving,
Russian-loving person.
1516
01:09:35,259 --> 01:09:37,136
[Jefferson Morley]
In the spring of 1963,
1517
01:09:37,136 --> 01:09:39,055
Oswald started
handing out pamphlets
1518
01:09:39,221 --> 01:09:41,307
for the Fair Play
for Cuba Committee,
1519
01:09:41,307 --> 01:09:44,185
a pro-Castro, pro-Cuban
Revolution group
1520
01:09:44,185 --> 01:09:47,104
that was popular
on college campuses.
1521
01:09:47,104 --> 01:09:50,566
And some of them,
he stamped "544 Camp Street,"
1522
01:09:50,566 --> 01:09:54,070
which was an office
in downtown, uh, New Orleans
1523
01:09:54,070 --> 01:09:56,697
near where
the CIA's offices were,
1524
01:09:56,697 --> 01:09:58,449
right across the street,
in fact.
1525
01:09:58,449 --> 01:10:01,661
There was also the home of
the Cuban Revolutionary Council,
1526
01:10:01,661 --> 01:10:04,538
which was
the leading anti-Castro group.
1527
01:10:04,538 --> 01:10:08,793
Why would a pro-Castro activist
put his headquarters
1528
01:10:08,793 --> 01:10:10,461
in the same headquarters
1529
01:10:10,461 --> 01:10:13,172
as the leading anti-Castro
group in the country?
1530
01:10:14,840 --> 01:10:16,717
'Cause he was a provocateur.
1531
01:10:16,717 --> 01:10:19,303
This gets back to being
an agent or a double agent,
1532
01:10:19,303 --> 01:10:21,263
because he played both roles.
1533
01:10:21,263 --> 01:10:25,309
Here was Oswald
who had two associations.
1534
01:10:25,309 --> 01:10:27,520
One, he has a group
of anti-Castro Cubans.
1535
01:10:27,520 --> 01:10:29,939
At the same time,
he was handing out leaflets
1536
01:10:29,939 --> 01:10:31,148
for the Fair Play
for Cuba committee,
1537
01:10:31,148 --> 01:10:33,109
uh, with the other side
of the fence.
1538
01:10:33,109 --> 01:10:36,070
So the two groups that had
the most motivation
1539
01:10:36,070 --> 01:10:38,948
to assassinate the President,
he was dealing with.
1540
01:10:40,282 --> 01:10:42,535
[Goldberg]
And not surprisingly,
1541
01:10:42,535 --> 01:10:45,996
many of these groups were
known and, in some cases
1542
01:10:45,996 --> 01:10:47,957
supported,
by the US government.
1543
01:10:48,958 --> 01:10:51,544
In the spring of 1963,
1544
01:10:51,544 --> 01:10:55,798
Oswald began associating with
men who, it would be revealed,
1545
01:10:55,798 --> 01:10:59,885
had clear connections
with these government efforts.
1546
01:10:59,885 --> 01:11:01,887
One of these men, David Ferrie,
1547
01:11:01,887 --> 01:11:07,309
had been with Oswald in the
Civil Air Patrol back in 1955,
1548
01:11:07,309 --> 01:11:10,396
and was known as
an extreme anti-Communist.
1549
01:11:10,396 --> 01:11:14,275
He was also a trainer
and a pilot for the CIA
1550
01:11:14,275 --> 01:11:17,153
in its secret war against Cuba.
1551
01:11:17,153 --> 01:11:18,779
Oswald was involved with these
1552
01:11:18,779 --> 01:11:21,991
Cuban exile training
activities with Ferrie.
1553
01:11:23,242 --> 01:11:25,369
I do know
that I saw him one time
1554
01:11:25,369 --> 01:11:28,956
with a man
by the name of Guy Banister.
1555
01:11:28,956 --> 01:11:32,209
And, uh, what Guy's role was
1556
01:11:32,209 --> 01:11:35,880
in all of this,
I-- I really don't know.
1557
01:11:35,880 --> 01:11:38,799
[Goldberg] Banister
was an extreme right-winger
1558
01:11:38,799 --> 01:11:40,760
who was close to the FBI,
1559
01:11:40,926 --> 01:11:44,430
the CIA,
and the American Nazi Party.
1560
01:11:44,430 --> 01:11:50,352
Banister gave Oswald his own
office at 544 Camp Street.
1561
01:11:50,352 --> 01:11:53,439
Oswald now began
to use his office
1562
01:11:53,439 --> 01:11:57,693
to print up and stamp
pro-Castro literature.
1563
01:11:57,693 --> 01:12:01,822
After the assassination, when
the FBI questioned Banister,
1564
01:12:01,822 --> 01:12:04,408
a former FBI agent himself,
1565
01:12:04,408 --> 01:12:08,704
they did not ask him
about Oswald.
1566
01:12:08,704 --> 01:12:12,416
At some point, the FBI, I think
probably after the assassination
1567
01:12:12,416 --> 01:12:15,002
decided they didn't--
they wanted to disconnect
1568
01:12:15,002 --> 01:12:17,171
Oswald from the FBI,
1569
01:12:17,171 --> 01:12:20,257
and-- and of course, Banister,
who's associated with the FBI,
1570
01:12:20,257 --> 01:12:22,885
would have to be
disconnected as well.
1571
01:12:22,885 --> 01:12:23,844
The problem with that,
1572
01:12:24,011 --> 01:12:25,846
many of those handbills had
1573
01:12:26,013 --> 01:12:28,641
the 544 Camp Street
address on them.
1574
01:12:28,808 --> 01:12:32,478
There was a message
from New Orleans to the Bureau
1575
01:12:32,478 --> 01:12:35,231
written by Special Agent Maynor,
1576
01:12:35,231 --> 01:12:38,234
uh, who actually
mentioned pamphlets
1577
01:12:38,234 --> 01:12:40,945
that had the 544
Camp Street address on it.
1578
01:12:40,945 --> 01:12:44,114
And before that message was sent,
it was scratched out.
1579
01:12:45,616 --> 01:12:48,035
[Goldberg] The Warren
Commission pushed the idea
1580
01:12:48,202 --> 01:12:50,454
that Oswald
was a staunch communist,
1581
01:12:50,454 --> 01:12:52,623
citing evidence
of his defection
1582
01:12:52,790 --> 01:12:56,293
to the Soviet Union in 1959.
1583
01:12:56,293 --> 01:12:59,046
His trip to Russia raised
a number of questions
1584
01:12:59,046 --> 01:13:00,756
that we wanted to get into.
1585
01:13:00,756 --> 01:13:07,555
For example, when
any American went to Russia
1586
01:13:07,555 --> 01:13:10,140
and renounced
his American citizenship,
1587
01:13:10,140 --> 01:13:12,643
and subsequently
changed his mind
1588
01:13:12,643 --> 01:13:16,021
and wanted to come back
to this country.
1589
01:13:16,021 --> 01:13:18,148
Upon returning to this country,
1590
01:13:18,148 --> 01:13:20,442
there was a thorough debriefing
1591
01:13:21,193 --> 01:13:24,113
by the CIA,
1592
01:13:24,113 --> 01:13:28,158
with one exception, as far
as we can ascertain, Oswald.
1593
01:13:29,618 --> 01:13:32,496
Now, that smacks
of an intelligence relationship.
1594
01:13:32,663 --> 01:13:33,914
[reporter]
Did you kill the President?
1595
01:13:33,914 --> 01:13:35,416
No, they're taking me in
1596
01:13:35,416 --> 01:13:38,002
because of the fact that
I lived in the Soviet Union.
1597
01:13:39,753 --> 01:13:42,256
[Goldberg]
State Department Intelligence
1598
01:13:42,464 --> 01:13:43,757
Officer Otto Otepka
1599
01:13:43,757 --> 01:13:47,136
had noted the marked increase
in the number of Americans
1600
01:13:47,136 --> 01:13:49,638
defecting to Russia
at the time.
1601
01:13:49,638 --> 01:13:53,559
He also noted that some of them
came from the military.
1602
01:13:53,559 --> 01:13:56,729
He, therefore, suspected
that some of these men
1603
01:13:56,896 --> 01:13:58,772
were fake defectors.
1604
01:13:58,772 --> 01:14:00,774
They had been assigned
by the CIA
1605
01:14:00,774 --> 01:14:04,778
to garner intelligence
behind the Iron Curtain.
1606
01:14:04,778 --> 01:14:09,283
He sent a letter to the CIA
asking which ones were real
1607
01:14:09,283 --> 01:14:12,119
and which were their agents.
1608
01:14:12,119 --> 01:14:16,540
Oswald was one of the names
on Otepka's list.
1609
01:14:16,540 --> 01:14:20,002
Otepka's request was forwarded
to James Angleton,
1610
01:14:20,002 --> 01:14:21,837
Chief of Counterintelligence.
1611
01:14:21,837 --> 01:14:25,591
He instructed that there be
no research done on Oswald,
1612
01:14:25,591 --> 01:14:29,803
but Otepka continued to work
on the Oswald case.
1613
01:14:29,803 --> 01:14:31,597
The thing of significance
1614
01:14:31,764 --> 01:14:34,224
was that he was really
interested in Lee Harvey Oswald
1615
01:14:34,224 --> 01:14:36,644
before the assassination,
1616
01:14:36,644 --> 01:14:41,482
and he actually had a study
of these defectors in his safe.
1617
01:14:41,482 --> 01:14:44,610
Well, things got worse.
His office was not only bugged,
1618
01:14:44,610 --> 01:14:47,237
they planted people in
his office to spy on him.
1619
01:14:47,237 --> 01:14:51,241
They started putting confidential
documents in his burn bag,
1620
01:14:51,241 --> 01:14:52,785
and then tried
to blame him in saying
1621
01:14:52,785 --> 01:14:54,495
he's burning
confidential documents.
1622
01:14:54,495 --> 01:14:56,538
The guy has gone,
you know, wacko.
1623
01:14:56,705 --> 01:14:58,374
[Goldberg] As a result,
1624
01:14:58,540 --> 01:15:01,460
he was formally removed
from the State Department
1625
01:15:01,460 --> 01:15:04,505
on November 5th, 1963,
1626
01:15:04,505 --> 01:15:07,800
just 17 days
before the assassination.
1627
01:15:07,800 --> 01:15:11,470
So you will not see Otepka's
name in the Warren Report.
1628
01:15:11,470 --> 01:15:15,099
And he was not called as
a witness before that body.
1629
01:15:15,099 --> 01:15:17,559
In fact, Angleton, the man
1630
01:15:17,559 --> 01:15:21,730
who had access to all
the Oswald files at the CIA,
1631
01:15:21,730 --> 01:15:23,899
coordinated
the agency's response
1632
01:15:23,899 --> 01:15:27,277
to the Warren Commission's
requests.
1633
01:15:27,444 --> 01:15:29,446
[reporter]
The CIA Deputy Director
1634
01:15:29,655 --> 01:15:31,156
of Plans, Richard Helms,
1635
01:15:31,156 --> 01:15:32,825
swore to the Warren Commission
1636
01:15:32,825 --> 01:15:34,702
that the agency never had
1637
01:15:34,702 --> 01:15:38,080
or contemplated
any contact with Oswald.
1638
01:15:38,080 --> 01:15:41,083
The line that the CIA fed
the Warren Commission,
1639
01:15:41,083 --> 01:15:43,460
that they really didn't know
anything about this guy.
1640
01:15:43,627 --> 01:15:46,714
We now know that
that was complete nonsense.
1641
01:15:46,714 --> 01:15:50,259
Oswald was
a figure of intense interest
1642
01:15:50,259 --> 01:15:52,970
for four years
before the assassination.
1643
01:15:52,970 --> 01:15:56,932
And a dozen senior CIA officers
1644
01:15:56,932 --> 01:15:58,684
were very
well acquainted with him.
1645
01:15:58,851 --> 01:16:01,478
Everything he did,
where he went,
1646
01:16:01,478 --> 01:16:04,023
what his politics were,
his family life.
1647
01:16:04,023 --> 01:16:07,735
I mean, remember, they were
reading his mother's mail.
1648
01:16:07,735 --> 01:16:09,862
That's how closely
they were watching him
1649
01:16:09,862 --> 01:16:12,531
right up until
Kennedy was killed.
1650
01:16:12,531 --> 01:16:15,117
And then Kennedy was killed,
Oswald's arrested,
1651
01:16:15,284 --> 01:16:18,996
and they say, "Oh,
we know nothing about this man."
1652
01:16:18,996 --> 01:16:22,666
[Goldberg]
In fact, ARRB records show
1653
01:16:22,666 --> 01:16:27,004
that Angleton and the CIA were
receiving reports on Oswald
1654
01:16:27,004 --> 01:16:30,758
up until one week
before the assassination.
1655
01:16:30,924 --> 01:16:32,551
So, you know,
the whole investigation
1656
01:16:32,718 --> 01:16:35,679
would have been
totally different
1657
01:16:35,679 --> 01:16:38,974
if-- if the public and
the investigators had known
1658
01:16:38,974 --> 01:16:42,644
just how much the CIA knew
about the alleged lone nut.
1659
01:16:45,230 --> 01:16:48,650
[Goldberg] One of the places
Oswald leafleted in front of
1660
01:16:48,650 --> 01:16:52,071
was Clay Shaw's
International Trade Mart.
1661
01:16:52,071 --> 01:16:56,325
Shaw, who was arrested by
New Orleans DA Jim Garrison
1662
01:16:56,492 --> 01:16:58,911
on charges that he
was part of the conspiracy
1663
01:16:59,078 --> 01:17:00,996
to kill President Kennedy,
1664
01:17:00,996 --> 01:17:05,167
always denied he was
associated with the CIA.
1665
01:17:05,167 --> 01:17:06,376
[interviewer]
You have never yourself had
1666
01:17:06,585 --> 01:17:07,252
any CIA connection?
1667
01:17:07,252 --> 01:17:08,462
None whatsoever.
1668
01:17:08,462 --> 01:17:09,588
Any association
with the organization?
1669
01:17:09,755 --> 01:17:10,881
Not a one.
1670
01:17:10,881 --> 01:17:12,758
[Goldberg]
The Review Board has shown
1671
01:17:12,758 --> 01:17:15,177
these denials to be false.
1672
01:17:15,177 --> 01:17:18,680
Shaw was both a highly valued
contract agent
1673
01:17:18,680 --> 01:17:21,225
and had
a covert security clearance
1674
01:17:21,225 --> 01:17:25,062
for a project code
named QKENCHANT.
1675
01:17:27,231 --> 01:17:29,274
New Orleans attorney
Dean Andrews
1676
01:17:29,274 --> 01:17:32,027
had worked with Oswald
in May of '63
1677
01:17:32,027 --> 01:17:35,405
in an attempt to upgrade
his military discharge
1678
01:17:35,405 --> 01:17:37,825
from its "undesirable" status.
1679
01:17:37,991 --> 01:17:42,621
After the assassination, a man
calling himself Clay Bertrand
1680
01:17:42,621 --> 01:17:46,208
phoned Andrews and asked him
to consider going to Dallas
1681
01:17:46,375 --> 01:17:48,627
to defend Oswald.
1682
01:17:48,794 --> 01:17:52,840
Under oath, Clay Shaw denied
that he was Clay Bertrand,
1683
01:17:52,840 --> 01:17:54,633
and Andrews claimed
that because
1684
01:17:54,800 --> 01:17:57,261
of the medication he was on,
1685
01:17:57,261 --> 01:17:59,888
he had only imagined
the phone call.
1686
01:17:59,888 --> 01:18:02,391
But today, because of the work
1687
01:18:02,391 --> 01:18:04,768
of the Assassination
Records Review Board,
1688
01:18:04,768 --> 01:18:08,147
we now have evidence
and 12 people who confirmed
1689
01:18:08,147 --> 01:18:10,941
that Shaw
used this name as an alias.
1690
01:18:10,941 --> 01:18:14,111
Andrews later admitted
that Shaw was Bertrand
1691
01:18:14,111 --> 01:18:16,113
to author Harold Weisberg,
1692
01:18:16,280 --> 01:18:18,490
but made him promise
not to reveal this
1693
01:18:18,657 --> 01:18:20,868
until after Andrews' death.
1694
01:18:24,121 --> 01:18:25,956
[John Newman] In the FBI,
1695
01:18:25,956 --> 01:18:30,752
uh, a stop or flash was placed
on Oswald's files,
1696
01:18:30,752 --> 01:18:34,173
which meant that no one
1697
01:18:34,173 --> 01:18:37,176
could ask for
a document in those files,
1698
01:18:37,176 --> 01:18:40,637
or no one could even add
a document to those files
1699
01:18:40,637 --> 01:18:44,766
without going through
the FBI's espionage division.
1700
01:18:44,766 --> 01:18:47,519
And that lasted for four years.
1701
01:18:47,686 --> 01:18:50,772
It was essentially
a blinking red light
1702
01:18:50,772 --> 01:18:52,983
on Oswald's files at FBI.
1703
01:18:54,484 --> 01:18:57,905
On 8 October, 1963,
1704
01:18:58,071 --> 01:19:01,366
an FBI agent whose name
was Marvin Gheesling
1705
01:19:01,533 --> 01:19:04,286
took that status
off of Oswald's files.
1706
01:19:06,496 --> 01:19:08,999
What that action did
was to lower
1707
01:19:08,999 --> 01:19:13,253
Oswald's threat profile
at the FBI
1708
01:19:13,253 --> 01:19:16,840
just weeks before
the Kennedy assassination.
1709
01:19:16,840 --> 01:19:19,718
And what that would mean
is there was no reason
1710
01:19:19,718 --> 01:19:23,055
to put Oswald's name
on the security index.
1711
01:19:23,055 --> 01:19:25,349
One thing
about the security index
1712
01:19:25,349 --> 01:19:27,643
is when you have
a Presidential motorcade
1713
01:19:27,643 --> 01:19:29,978
going through
a particular route,
1714
01:19:30,145 --> 01:19:31,647
anybody who's on that index
1715
01:19:31,647 --> 01:19:33,440
has to be removed
from where they are.
1716
01:19:33,440 --> 01:19:35,359
They cannot be
on the parade route.
1717
01:19:35,359 --> 01:19:37,194
And, of course, that exposes
1718
01:19:37,361 --> 01:19:39,780
the President
to a dangerous situation
1719
01:19:39,780 --> 01:19:41,406
that he shouldn't have been in.
1720
01:19:41,406 --> 01:19:44,576
That action at the FBI
didn't happen in isolation.
1721
01:19:44,743 --> 01:19:49,581
The same thing happened at CIA
at exactly the same time.
1722
01:19:49,748 --> 01:19:51,541
[Stone]
Who was the CIA's liaison
1723
01:19:51,750 --> 01:19:52,834
they chose to work
1724
01:19:52,834 --> 01:19:56,213
with the House Select
Committee in 1978?
1725
01:19:56,213 --> 01:19:57,172
George Joannides.
1726
01:19:57,339 --> 01:19:59,174
He was the case officer
1727
01:19:59,174 --> 01:20:01,009
for the Cuban students
1728
01:20:01,176 --> 01:20:03,595
who had a series of encounters
with Oswald
1729
01:20:03,762 --> 01:20:05,430
before the assassination.
1730
01:20:05,430 --> 01:20:07,849
And then, 13 years later,
1731
01:20:07,849 --> 01:20:10,644
when Congress
reopens the investigation,
1732
01:20:10,644 --> 01:20:13,438
the CIA calls Joannides
out of retirement,
1733
01:20:13,438 --> 01:20:15,399
and make him the point person
1734
01:20:15,565 --> 01:20:17,901
to deal with
the Congressional investigators
1735
01:20:17,901 --> 01:20:19,569
who are looking into the CIA's
1736
01:20:19,569 --> 01:20:22,406
possible role
in the assassination.
1737
01:20:22,406 --> 01:20:24,783
The HSCA
knew nothing about this,
1738
01:20:24,783 --> 01:20:26,410
and I went to Bob Blakey,
1739
01:20:26,410 --> 01:20:29,121
the head of
the HSCA investigation,
1740
01:20:29,121 --> 01:20:31,540
and I said, "Bob, did you ever
know this guy, Joannides?"
1741
01:20:31,540 --> 01:20:33,500
And he said, "Yeah, you know,
we dealt with him a lot.
1742
01:20:33,500 --> 01:20:35,127
He was the liaison."
1743
01:20:35,127 --> 01:20:37,838
And I said, "Did you know
what he was doing in 1963?"
1744
01:20:37,838 --> 01:20:40,007
And he said, "He wasn't
doing anything in 1963.
1745
01:20:40,173 --> 01:20:41,633
"We had
an agreement with the CIA
1746
01:20:41,633 --> 01:20:43,051
"that nobody
who was operational
1747
01:20:43,051 --> 01:20:44,803
"at the time
of the assassination
1748
01:20:44,803 --> 01:20:46,805
would be involved
in the investigation."
1749
01:20:46,972 --> 01:20:50,684
And I said, "Bob, Joannides
was running those Cubans
1750
01:20:50,684 --> 01:20:53,145
"who were in touch with Oswald.
He was running the Cubans
1751
01:20:53,145 --> 01:20:55,439
"who were blaming Castro
for the assassination.
1752
01:20:55,439 --> 01:20:58,984
"He was Dick Helms'
hand-picked man in Miami,
1753
01:20:58,984 --> 01:21:01,820
"controlling the group that
had the most to do with Oswald
1754
01:21:01,987 --> 01:21:04,114
"before and after
the assassination.
1755
01:21:04,114 --> 01:21:06,366
And then he came along
and he stonewalled you."
1756
01:21:06,366 --> 01:21:09,077
The reason why they brought
Joannides in to do it
1757
01:21:09,077 --> 01:21:12,080
was to hide
the connection to Oswald.
1758
01:21:12,080 --> 01:21:14,499
He was definitely shocked
because
1759
01:21:14,499 --> 01:21:17,127
he saw just how clever
they had been.
1760
01:21:17,127 --> 01:21:20,213
They had gone right to
the heart of his investigation,
1761
01:21:20,213 --> 01:21:22,007
and figured out
how to paralyze it.
1762
01:21:22,007 --> 01:21:23,717
I remember that he said,
you know,
1763
01:21:23,717 --> 01:21:27,054
"I'll never believe anything
the CIA tells me again."
1764
01:21:29,264 --> 01:21:30,849
[Goldberg]
Even the Assassination Records
1765
01:21:31,058 --> 01:21:31,600
Review Board
1766
01:21:31,600 --> 01:21:35,520
had trouble getting documents
from government agencies.
1767
01:21:35,520 --> 01:21:39,107
What were some of your difficulties
working with the CIA?
1768
01:21:39,107 --> 01:21:43,111
One of the censors at the CIA
was at a meeting with us,
1769
01:21:43,111 --> 01:21:46,782
and there was a document
that we put up on the screen
1770
01:21:46,782 --> 01:21:48,408
and said,
"We are prepared to release it."
1771
01:21:49,451 --> 01:21:50,660
And I asked him, you know,
1772
01:21:50,827 --> 01:21:53,288
"Tell us why we shouldn't
release this record?"
1773
01:21:53,288 --> 01:21:55,791
And it was silence
for about two minutes.
1774
01:21:55,791 --> 01:21:58,919
And he finally said,
"I know there is a reason,
1775
01:21:58,919 --> 01:22:01,380
I just can't think
of what it is."
1776
01:22:02,756 --> 01:22:04,132
[Goldberg]
In late 1992,
1777
01:22:04,299 --> 01:22:07,552
a month after
the Records Act was passed,
1778
01:22:07,719 --> 01:22:11,264
the Secret Service began
its compliance plan.
1779
01:22:11,264 --> 01:22:14,393
But by January of 1995,
1780
01:22:14,393 --> 01:22:18,146
it had begun destroying
important documents.
1781
01:22:18,313 --> 01:22:21,316
The destruction of records
is actually referenced
1782
01:22:21,316 --> 01:22:25,904
in the Assassination Records
Review Board final, uh, report.
1783
01:22:25,904 --> 01:22:29,199
Very, um, very disappointing.
1784
01:22:29,199 --> 01:22:31,368
Uh, they were records
that related to trips
1785
01:22:31,368 --> 01:22:35,914
that President Kennedy had
taken, uh, in the fall of 1963
1786
01:22:35,914 --> 01:22:38,708
prior to him going to Dallas.
1787
01:22:38,708 --> 01:22:40,168
[John R. Tunheim]
There were many threats made
1788
01:22:40,377 --> 01:22:41,336
to President Kennedy's life
1789
01:22:41,336 --> 01:22:43,463
during the year 1963.
1790
01:22:43,463 --> 01:22:45,173
They're called threat sheets.
1791
01:22:45,173 --> 01:22:47,008
And the Secret Service
fought us
1792
01:22:47,008 --> 01:22:49,136
on release of those records.
1793
01:22:49,136 --> 01:22:50,554
They even enlisted
1794
01:22:50,554 --> 01:22:53,223
Vice President Gore's
wife to help them,
1795
01:22:53,223 --> 01:22:55,809
because she had
a very legitimate concern
1796
01:22:55,809 --> 01:22:57,352
for mental health records.
1797
01:22:57,519 --> 01:23:00,981
And the idea was that this might
disclose the names of people
1798
01:23:00,981 --> 01:23:02,899
who had mental health problems.
1799
01:23:02,899 --> 01:23:06,069
In the end, when we required
agencies to disclose,
1800
01:23:06,069 --> 01:23:08,071
to swear under oath
that they had
1801
01:23:08,071 --> 01:23:09,990
located all
assassination records,
1802
01:23:10,157 --> 01:23:12,242
had turned
everything over to us,
1803
01:23:12,409 --> 01:23:16,663
the Secret Service refused
to sign the document under oath.
1804
01:23:16,663 --> 01:23:17,873
I think that was telling.
1805
01:23:19,624 --> 01:23:22,586
[Goldberg] Few people knew
that there had been at least
1806
01:23:22,586 --> 01:23:27,174
two prior plots to kill
President Kennedy in 1963.
1807
01:23:27,174 --> 01:23:29,885
One was in Chicago
on November 2nd.
1808
01:23:29,885 --> 01:23:33,680
The second was in Tampa
on November 18th.
1809
01:23:33,680 --> 01:23:36,433
Kennedy ended up
not going to Chicago.
1810
01:23:36,433 --> 01:23:37,934
Tell us about that plot.
1811
01:23:37,934 --> 01:23:41,438
An informant, on October 31st,
1812
01:23:41,438 --> 01:23:45,942
an informant named Lee
gave a warning to the FBI
1813
01:23:45,942 --> 01:23:48,862
stating that four Cubans
1814
01:23:48,862 --> 01:23:51,239
were headed to Chicago
to shoot Kennedy.
1815
01:23:51,406 --> 01:23:55,160
The following day, a landlady
reported to the Chicago police
1816
01:23:55,160 --> 01:23:57,871
that she had rented
a room to four people
1817
01:23:57,871 --> 01:23:59,956
that had rifles
with telescopic sights
1818
01:23:59,956 --> 01:24:01,917
and a sketch of the motorcade.
1819
01:24:02,083 --> 01:24:05,128
The FBI passed that on
to the Secret Service,
1820
01:24:05,295 --> 01:24:08,632
and the Secret Service
botched the surveillance
1821
01:24:08,632 --> 01:24:09,883
of these four individuals.
1822
01:24:09,883 --> 01:24:11,301
Two of them escaped,
1823
01:24:11,468 --> 01:24:13,720
but they actually picked up
two of the snipers,
1824
01:24:13,720 --> 01:24:14,888
and they detained them.
1825
01:24:15,055 --> 01:24:17,390
They were stonewalled
by the snipers.
1826
01:24:17,390 --> 01:24:19,142
They didn't get
any information out of them.
1827
01:24:19,142 --> 01:24:22,521
While this was going on, there
was another threat coming in
1828
01:24:22,687 --> 01:24:27,692
from another alternate patsy
named Thomas Arthur Vallee,
1829
01:24:27,692 --> 01:24:29,110
who was making
open and loud threats
1830
01:24:29,110 --> 01:24:31,738
that he would
assassinate Kennedy.
1831
01:24:31,738 --> 01:24:35,325
They only picked him up
when Kennedy canceled his trip,
1832
01:24:35,325 --> 01:24:38,912
on November 2nd
at 10:00 in the morning.
1833
01:24:39,079 --> 01:24:43,333
What you found in Vallee
and the whole Chicago plot
1834
01:24:43,333 --> 01:24:47,087
is so many similarities to what
eventually happened in Dallas
1835
01:24:47,254 --> 01:24:50,131
that it can't be
considered coincidental.
1836
01:24:50,131 --> 01:24:54,553
Vallee, if we compare him
to Oswald, is an ex-Marine.
1837
01:24:54,553 --> 01:24:57,305
He had been posted,
like Oswald, in the Far East
1838
01:24:57,472 --> 01:25:00,642
on a station
that was linked to the CIA
1839
01:25:00,642 --> 01:25:03,853
because there were
U-2 surveillance planes on it.
1840
01:25:03,853 --> 01:25:07,816
It was easy to portray him
as disgruntled, anti-Kennedy,
1841
01:25:07,816 --> 01:25:09,693
a loner, armed.
1842
01:25:09,693 --> 01:25:12,404
Uh, he had
another intelligence link
1843
01:25:12,404 --> 01:25:14,990
that he shared with Oswald.
1844
01:25:15,156 --> 01:25:17,784
He trained Cuban exiles
for combat,
1845
01:25:17,784 --> 01:25:20,412
which was a CIA responsibility.
1846
01:25:20,412 --> 01:25:23,665
And Oswald, we know,
at least offered to do that.
1847
01:25:23,665 --> 01:25:27,794
He most likely did train Cuban
exiles, but we know he tried to.
1848
01:25:27,794 --> 01:25:29,963
Oswald, as we know,
was moved
1849
01:25:30,130 --> 01:25:33,842
from New Orleans
to Dallas in October
1850
01:25:33,842 --> 01:25:35,302
to be there just
at the right time...
1851
01:25:36,386 --> 01:25:37,846
for the motorcade.
1852
01:25:37,846 --> 01:25:41,057
And he's placed in a tall building,
where he gets a job.
1853
01:25:41,057 --> 01:25:44,352
He's adjacent
to the perfect kill zone.
1854
01:25:44,352 --> 01:25:47,272
Now, if we look at what
happened to, uh, Vallee,
1855
01:25:47,272 --> 01:25:50,025
he's moved like a pawn,
in August,
1856
01:25:50,025 --> 01:25:53,028
from Long Island to Chicago
1857
01:25:53,028 --> 01:25:54,904
to be there in time
for the motorcade.
1858
01:25:54,904 --> 01:25:56,364
And where does he get a job?
1859
01:25:56,364 --> 01:25:59,784
In a tall building
adjacent to the motorcade
1860
01:25:59,784 --> 01:26:02,454
with a perfect view
of a kill zone.
1861
01:26:02,454 --> 01:26:05,040
It would have
forced Kennedy's motorcade
1862
01:26:05,040 --> 01:26:07,500
to do a sharp turn, slow down,
1863
01:26:07,500 --> 01:26:08,710
and be in a point
1864
01:26:08,710 --> 01:26:11,796
where you could've had
perfect triangulation of fire.
1865
01:26:11,796 --> 01:26:13,256
And what about
the trip to Florida?
1866
01:26:13,423 --> 01:26:14,883
On November 18th,
1867
01:26:14,883 --> 01:26:17,135
Kennedy was scheduled
1868
01:26:17,135 --> 01:26:19,596
to do a 27-mile-long
motorcade in Tampa.
1869
01:26:19,596 --> 01:26:24,100
Secret Service was very nervous
about the Floridian Hotel
1870
01:26:24,267 --> 01:26:25,935
where the motorcade
would've gone by.
1871
01:26:25,935 --> 01:26:27,312
It would have
forced a sharp turn.
1872
01:26:27,312 --> 01:26:30,357
Nobody fired away at him.
But in this case,
1873
01:26:30,357 --> 01:26:34,653
the patsy would've been
a Gilbert Policarpo Lopez.
1874
01:26:34,653 --> 01:26:36,237
He was a Cuban exile.
1875
01:26:36,404 --> 01:26:40,492
He attended Fair Play
for Cuba Committee meetings.
1876
01:26:40,492 --> 01:26:43,495
And what do you think
was the relevance of it?
1877
01:26:43,495 --> 01:26:45,080
[Paul Bleau]
Well, if he had been
1878
01:26:45,288 --> 01:26:46,498
assassinated in Tampa,
1879
01:26:46,498 --> 01:26:49,501
Lopez, he would've been
the, uh, potential patsy,
1880
01:26:49,501 --> 01:26:52,879
if they had to admit
to a front shot...
1881
01:26:52,879 --> 01:26:55,131
because Oswald was behind.
1882
01:26:55,131 --> 01:26:58,927
There were rumors
that he had assisted Oswald
1883
01:26:58,927 --> 01:27:00,595
in the assassination in Dallas.
1884
01:27:00,595 --> 01:27:03,765
Had anyone-- anyone tried to speak
to the Warren Commission
1885
01:27:03,765 --> 01:27:05,600
about these incidents?
1886
01:27:05,600 --> 01:27:07,602
[Bleau]
Abraham Bolden
1887
01:27:07,602 --> 01:27:10,188
was the first Black
Secret Service agent
1888
01:27:10,188 --> 01:27:12,232
assigned to
the White House detail,
1889
01:27:12,232 --> 01:27:14,192
and he was
hand-picked by Kennedy.
1890
01:27:14,192 --> 01:27:16,778
He was in Chicago,
uh, when this plot went down.
1891
01:27:16,778 --> 01:27:20,573
So he was there when
the Secret Service was briefed
1892
01:27:20,573 --> 01:27:22,242
about the four snipers.
1893
01:27:22,242 --> 01:27:24,452
And he witnessed how much
1894
01:27:24,452 --> 01:27:27,580
the security
was lax for Chicago.
1895
01:27:27,580 --> 01:27:31,000
And he also witnessed,
after the assassination,
1896
01:27:31,000 --> 01:27:33,128
the steps
that were taken to keep
1897
01:27:33,128 --> 01:27:36,005
the Chicago plot
completely secret.
1898
01:27:36,005 --> 01:27:38,299
No paper trail,
compartmentalized,
1899
01:27:38,299 --> 01:27:41,010
agents ordered
to keep silent about it.
1900
01:27:41,010 --> 01:27:43,763
This information
did not make its way
1901
01:27:43,763 --> 01:27:45,974
to Secret Service agents
1902
01:27:45,974 --> 01:27:48,226
that were protecting Kennedy
1903
01:27:48,226 --> 01:27:50,562
for future motorcades,
including Dallas.
1904
01:27:50,562 --> 01:27:52,605
[Goldberg] Secret Service
Agent Elmer Moore
1905
01:27:52,605 --> 01:27:57,110
was aware of Agent Bolden
and the Chicago plot.
1906
01:27:57,277 --> 01:28:00,363
I met with Elmer
three times face-to-face,
1907
01:28:00,530 --> 01:28:03,658
several phone calls,
very short, one very long one.
1908
01:28:03,658 --> 01:28:07,746
I first asked him,
"Did you ever interview
1909
01:28:07,746 --> 01:28:09,330
Thomas Arthur Vallee?"
1910
01:28:09,330 --> 01:28:11,207
And he says, "Oh, Washington
1911
01:28:11,207 --> 01:28:13,209
wouldn't let me
see the files on that."
1912
01:28:13,376 --> 01:28:15,837
I said, "Oh, well,
what about a man,
1913
01:28:16,004 --> 01:28:18,590
a Secret Service agent by
the name of Abraham Bolden?"
1914
01:28:20,049 --> 01:28:22,677
His demeanor completely changed.
1915
01:28:22,677 --> 01:28:26,514
He stood up from his chair,
he pulled out his revolver,
1916
01:28:26,514 --> 01:28:29,559
and he put it on the table
right in front of me.
1917
01:28:29,559 --> 01:28:32,312
He leaned over
the table and he says,
1918
01:28:32,312 --> 01:28:35,273
"Jim, tell me right now,
who are you working for?"
1919
01:28:38,067 --> 01:28:40,987
I said,
"I'm an independent researcher."
1920
01:28:41,488 --> 01:28:42,572
He told me...
1921
01:28:45,116 --> 01:28:46,493
in a very loud voice...
1922
01:28:48,244 --> 01:28:51,039
and with a very stern look
on his face,
1923
01:28:51,039 --> 01:28:54,083
"We finally got him."
1924
01:28:54,083 --> 01:28:55,960
[Bleau]
Abraham Bolden was one person
1925
01:28:55,960 --> 01:28:57,670
who did try to say what he knew
1926
01:28:57,670 --> 01:29:00,882
to the Warren Commission,
but they blocked him.
1927
01:29:00,882 --> 01:29:02,550
He was blocked from talking
1928
01:29:02,550 --> 01:29:06,179
and eventually railroaded
into some phony crime
1929
01:29:06,179 --> 01:29:08,014
and put into jail
for a number of years.
1930
01:29:12,519 --> 01:29:14,229
[Stone]
The National Archives is home
1931
01:29:14,437 --> 01:29:15,522
to forensic evidence
1932
01:29:15,522 --> 01:29:17,732
of Kennedy's assassination,
1933
01:29:17,732 --> 01:29:21,152
and government files
regarding Lee Harvey Oswald.
1934
01:29:21,152 --> 01:29:23,530
But the Review Board
also declassified
1935
01:29:23,530 --> 01:29:26,032
many documents
regarding Kennedy's plans
1936
01:29:26,032 --> 01:29:27,742
for withdrawal from Vietnam,
1937
01:29:27,742 --> 01:29:30,119
and how he planned
to shape his progressive,
1938
01:29:30,119 --> 01:29:33,081
new American foreign policy.
1939
01:29:33,081 --> 01:29:35,542
A policy that,
if put in motion,
1940
01:29:35,542 --> 01:29:38,878
would completely derail plans
secretly already set up
1941
01:29:39,045 --> 01:29:40,964
by the Pentagon and the CIA.
1942
01:29:46,302 --> 01:29:49,430
I never realized Kennedy was so
dangerous to the establishment.
1943
01:29:50,932 --> 01:29:53,184
Is that why?
1944
01:29:53,184 --> 01:29:54,519
That's the real question,
isn't it?
1945
01:29:54,519 --> 01:29:55,937
"Why?"
1946
01:29:56,104 --> 01:30:00,316
The "how" and the "who"
is just scenery for the public.
1947
01:30:00,316 --> 01:30:03,486
Oswald, Ruby, Cuba, the Mafia,
1948
01:30:03,653 --> 01:30:05,697
keeps 'em guessing
like some kind of parlor game.
1949
01:30:05,697 --> 01:30:09,117
Prevents 'em from asking the
most important question: "Why?"
1950
01:30:09,117 --> 01:30:12,287
Why was Kennedy killed?
Who benefited?
1951
01:30:12,453 --> 01:30:14,163
Who has the power
to cover it up?
1952
01:30:14,706 --> 01:30:15,623
Who?
1953
01:30:18,334 --> 01:30:19,961
[Donald Sutherland]
His first year in office,
1954
01:30:19,961 --> 01:30:23,590
Kennedy must shape
his own policy as President,
1955
01:30:23,590 --> 01:30:26,926
sometimes in conflict with what
his predecessors have done,
1956
01:30:26,926 --> 01:30:29,929
especially in foreign policy.
1957
01:30:30,096 --> 01:30:35,685
And by the fall of 1963,
Kennedy had made many enemies.
1958
01:30:35,685 --> 01:30:39,314
He was working on an American
withdrawal from Vietnam.
1959
01:30:39,314 --> 01:30:42,734
An upcoming State visit
to Indonesia in '64.
1960
01:30:42,734 --> 01:30:46,946
An independent,
unified democracy in the Congo.
1961
01:30:46,946 --> 01:30:50,617
Through Nasser, a balanced
policy in the Middle East.
1962
01:30:50,617 --> 01:30:53,912
Normalization of relations
with Cuba.
1963
01:30:53,912 --> 01:30:56,956
And a détente with Russia.
1964
01:30:56,956 --> 01:31:00,084
Even going so far as to offer them
a joint mission to the moon.
1965
01:31:01,210 --> 01:31:04,464
But back in April of 1961,
1966
01:31:04,464 --> 01:31:07,759
the first stain on his
administration asserted itself.
1967
01:31:09,761 --> 01:31:12,847
Kennedy, who had campaigned
as a strong anti-Communist,
1968
01:31:12,847 --> 01:31:15,934
signed off on
the Bay of Pigs invasion plan.
1969
01:31:15,934 --> 01:31:17,310
His approval of the plan
1970
01:31:17,310 --> 01:31:19,729
contained two
distinct limitations.
1971
01:31:19,729 --> 01:31:22,690
America would supply
arms and equipment,
1972
01:31:22,690 --> 01:31:25,610
but there would be no Americans
in the landing force.
1973
01:31:25,610 --> 01:31:27,946
Second,
after preliminary air strikes
1974
01:31:28,112 --> 01:31:29,948
by Cuban exile pilots,
1975
01:31:30,114 --> 01:31:32,200
there would
only be further strikes
1976
01:31:32,200 --> 01:31:34,535
after the invasion
secured an airfield.
1977
01:31:36,162 --> 01:31:38,247
Dulles believed
that Kennedy would,
1978
01:31:38,247 --> 01:31:40,416
like Eisenhower,
support the operation
1979
01:31:40,416 --> 01:31:44,003
with direct US military
intervention if needed,
1980
01:31:44,003 --> 01:31:47,256
all the while assuring him
it would not be necessary.
1981
01:31:48,508 --> 01:31:50,426
Well, first, I want to say that
1982
01:31:50,426 --> 01:31:53,221
there will not be,
under any conditions,
1983
01:31:53,221 --> 01:31:56,182
be an intervention in Cuba
by United States armed forces.
1984
01:32:13,366 --> 01:32:15,660
[Sutherland]
The invasion was a disaster.
1985
01:32:15,827 --> 01:32:19,038
Victory has 100 fathers
and defeat is an orphan.
1986
01:32:19,038 --> 01:32:20,957
Further statements, uh...
1987
01:32:20,957 --> 01:32:23,001
detailed, uh, discussions,
1988
01:32:24,669 --> 01:32:28,131
are not to, uh,
conceal responsibility
1989
01:32:28,131 --> 01:32:30,925
because I'm the responsible
officer of the Government.
1990
01:32:30,925 --> 01:32:34,345
[Sutherland] In public,
Kennedy accepted the blame.
1991
01:32:34,345 --> 01:32:36,305
In private,
he and his brother suspected
1992
01:32:36,305 --> 01:32:38,933
they had been
lied to by the CIA.
1993
01:32:38,933 --> 01:32:43,396
Allen Dulles confessed that
the mission was bound to fail
1994
01:32:43,396 --> 01:32:45,314
as it was planned by the CIA,
1995
01:32:45,314 --> 01:32:47,692
without US military support.
1996
01:32:47,692 --> 01:32:50,194
He confessed this
while, uh, preparing
1997
01:32:50,194 --> 01:32:52,155
an article for
Harper's Magazine
1998
01:32:52,155 --> 01:32:54,323
with the young editor,
Willie Morris,
1999
01:32:54,323 --> 01:32:58,161
that he couldn't have done this
with his small group of exiles,
2000
01:32:58,161 --> 01:32:59,579
his Cuban brigade.
2001
01:32:59,579 --> 01:33:02,665
He needed the Marines
and the Air Force to go in,
2002
01:33:02,665 --> 01:33:05,334
and he thought Kennedy was
going to be young and pliable,
2003
01:33:05,501 --> 01:33:08,296
and that in the 11th hour,
Kennedy would be forced
2004
01:33:08,296 --> 01:33:11,799
to send in, uh, the full might
of the US military.
2005
01:33:11,799 --> 01:33:15,261
[Sutherland] While drafting
the article in 1965,
2006
01:33:15,261 --> 01:33:16,971
Dulles told his editor,
2007
01:33:17,138 --> 01:33:20,808
"That Kennedy--
He thought he was a God."
2008
01:33:20,808 --> 01:33:22,977
[David Talbot]
Jack Kennedy did stand firm.
2009
01:33:22,977 --> 01:33:24,896
He did not send in the military.
2010
01:33:24,896 --> 01:33:27,774
He did not make it
an even bigger global crisis
2011
01:33:27,774 --> 01:33:29,108
than it already was.
2012
01:33:29,108 --> 01:33:31,569
Kennedy is just furious.
2013
01:33:31,569 --> 01:33:32,945
He knows he's been lied to,
2014
01:33:33,112 --> 01:33:37,408
deceived by his senior military
and intelligence advisers.
2015
01:33:37,408 --> 01:33:41,746
He announces that the agency,
uh, is going to be downsized.
2016
01:33:41,746 --> 01:33:44,874
And he vows famously,
he tells friends
2017
01:33:44,874 --> 01:33:47,919
he's going to shatter the CIA
into a thousand pieces
2018
01:33:47,919 --> 01:33:50,588
and scatter it to the winds.
2019
01:33:50,588 --> 01:33:54,175
It wasn't just the Bay of Pigs
that angered President Kennedy
2020
01:33:54,175 --> 01:33:55,760
when it came to the CIA.
2021
01:33:55,927 --> 01:33:59,597
In that same month,
in April of 1961,
2022
01:33:59,597 --> 01:34:03,684
he was also being lied to
about a coup in France,
2023
01:34:03,684 --> 01:34:05,269
a military coup
that was aimed at
2024
01:34:05,269 --> 01:34:08,064
overthrowing
President Charles de Gaulle,
2025
01:34:08,064 --> 01:34:10,483
one of our strongest allies.
2026
01:34:10,483 --> 01:34:12,443
[Sutherland] Allen Dulles,
who had a long history
2027
01:34:12,443 --> 01:34:14,904
of antagonism with de Gaulle,
2028
01:34:14,904 --> 01:34:16,197
falsely reported to Kennedy
2029
01:34:16,364 --> 01:34:19,075
that the vast majority
of the French military
2030
01:34:19,075 --> 01:34:21,619
was staunchly opposed
to de Gaulle's support
2031
01:34:21,786 --> 01:34:25,164
of Algerian self-determination.
2032
01:34:25,164 --> 01:34:29,627
What he didn't tell him
was that as far back as 1959,
2033
01:34:29,627 --> 01:34:32,839
the CIA had
discussed his overthrow.
2034
01:34:32,839 --> 01:34:36,676
This coup attempt, orchestrated
by four French generals,
2035
01:34:36,676 --> 01:34:38,386
was quickly put down.
2036
01:34:38,386 --> 01:34:42,265
And several news reports
pointed to Allen Dulles' hand
2037
01:34:42,265 --> 01:34:44,767
in supporting the episode.
2038
01:34:44,767 --> 01:34:46,811
JFK assures
the French ambassador,
2039
01:34:46,978 --> 01:34:48,855
"I have nothing to do with this.
2040
01:34:48,855 --> 01:34:52,108
I stand in full support
of President de Gaulle."
2041
01:34:52,108 --> 01:34:54,443
But he says something
very, very alarming.
2042
01:34:54,443 --> 01:34:57,864
He tells the French ambassador,
President Kennedy,
2043
01:34:57,864 --> 01:35:01,742
that "I'm not in full control,
though, of my entire government.
2044
01:35:01,742 --> 01:35:03,953
"I'm not in control of the CIA
2045
01:35:03,953 --> 01:35:06,372
and I can't speak for
what's happening there."
2046
01:35:06,372 --> 01:35:10,084
That's a stunning admission
for a US President to make.
2047
01:35:11,752 --> 01:35:13,296
[Sutherland] In 1960,
2048
01:35:13,462 --> 01:35:16,507
the Congo had been
granted its independence
2049
01:35:16,507 --> 01:35:18,259
from Belgian colonial rule
2050
01:35:18,259 --> 01:35:21,345
and carried out
a democratic election.
2051
01:35:21,345 --> 01:35:23,764
In the disorder
of the transition,
2052
01:35:23,764 --> 01:35:26,642
the Belgians,
backed by England and France,
2053
01:35:26,642 --> 01:35:29,562
sought to eliminate
its charismatic Prime Minister,
2054
01:35:29,562 --> 01:35:31,731
Patrice Lumumba.
2055
01:35:31,731 --> 01:35:34,942
Eisenhower
and CIA Director Allen Dulles
2056
01:35:34,942 --> 01:35:39,572
favored the European nation
in this colonial conflict.
2057
01:35:39,572 --> 01:35:43,951
Eisenhower gave the go-ahead
to have Lumumba assassinated.
2058
01:35:44,911 --> 01:35:46,329
Kennedy never knew this.
2059
01:35:46,329 --> 01:35:51,167
He gets elected
the following November of 1960,
2060
01:35:51,167 --> 01:35:54,337
and he heads
in the opposite direction.
2061
01:35:54,337 --> 01:35:56,339
To those new states
whom we welcome
2062
01:35:56,339 --> 01:35:59,258
to the ranks of the free,
2063
01:35:59,258 --> 01:36:05,223
we pledge our word that
one form of colonial control
2064
01:36:05,223 --> 01:36:08,226
shall not have passed away
2065
01:36:08,226 --> 01:36:13,064
merely to be replaced
by a far more iron tyranny.
2066
01:36:13,064 --> 01:36:15,441
[Sutherland] But events
are already in motion.
2067
01:36:15,441 --> 01:36:18,778
With the backing of British
and US intelligence and arms,
2068
01:36:18,778 --> 01:36:22,823
Col. Joseph Mobutu's forces
captured President Lumumba
2069
01:36:22,823 --> 01:36:26,118
at the beginning
of December 1960.
2070
01:36:26,118 --> 01:36:27,620
[Richard Mahoney]
Dag Hammarskjold,
2071
01:36:27,620 --> 01:36:30,831
the UN Secretary General,
calls JFK,
2072
01:36:30,831 --> 01:36:33,000
uh, who's the President-elect
at this point,
2073
01:36:33,000 --> 01:36:34,794
and asked him to intercede
2074
01:36:34,961 --> 01:36:37,797
to get Lumumba
released from prison.
2075
01:36:37,797 --> 01:36:41,926
When Kennedy
intervenes to save Lumumba,
2076
01:36:41,926 --> 01:36:45,221
that's a signal
directly to the CIA
2077
01:36:45,221 --> 01:36:48,432
that they have to
dispatch this guy immediately.
2078
01:36:48,432 --> 01:36:52,603
And so 48 hours before Kennedy
takes the oath of office,
2079
01:36:52,770 --> 01:36:56,148
Lumumba is delivered
into the hands of his enemies.
2080
01:36:56,148 --> 01:36:58,317
He's taken out
and shot in the head.
2081
01:36:58,317 --> 01:37:01,279
Kennedy doesn't know this
until months later.
2082
01:37:01,279 --> 01:37:02,655
Who finally tells him?
2083
01:37:02,655 --> 01:37:05,283
The CIA?
No, they still keep it a secret.
2084
01:37:05,449 --> 01:37:09,287
He's informed by his
UN ambassador, Adlai Stevenson.
2085
01:37:09,287 --> 01:37:11,914
His face crumples,
he's holding his hand,
2086
01:37:11,914 --> 01:37:13,791
he's grimacing in anguish,
2087
01:37:13,791 --> 01:37:17,920
hearing about the assassination
of Patrice Lumumba.
2088
01:37:17,920 --> 01:37:19,088
[Sutherland]
Within a very short
2089
01:37:19,255 --> 01:37:21,549
period of time
after the assassination,
2090
01:37:21,549 --> 01:37:25,720
Hammarskjold died
in a mysterious plane crash.
2091
01:37:25,720 --> 01:37:27,471
The photographs show his body
2092
01:37:27,471 --> 01:37:30,433
as the only one
not burned or charred,
2093
01:37:30,433 --> 01:37:34,520
and he had a playing card,
reportedly the ace of spades,
2094
01:37:34,687 --> 01:37:38,524
stuffed into his shirt collar
above the knot of the tie.
2095
01:37:38,524 --> 01:37:40,651
There are
controversial documents
2096
01:37:40,651 --> 01:37:42,570
that indicate Allen Dulles
2097
01:37:42,570 --> 01:37:44,697
was involved
in the sabotage of the plane.
2098
01:37:47,283 --> 01:37:49,076
[Lisa Pease] John Foster Dulles
and Allen Dulles,
2099
01:37:49,243 --> 01:37:51,454
they felt, you know,
what they had to say
2100
01:37:51,620 --> 01:37:53,998
was good enough
for the rest of the world,
2101
01:37:53,998 --> 01:37:55,666
that they knew
more than the President.
2102
01:37:55,666 --> 01:37:57,793
There were things
they didn't tell Eisenhower
2103
01:37:57,793 --> 01:38:00,713
that they were doing
under his administration.
2104
01:38:00,713 --> 01:38:02,798
[Talbot]
And actually, Jack Kennedy
2105
01:38:02,798 --> 01:38:05,926
does move to decapitate
the top of the CIA.
2106
01:38:06,093 --> 01:38:08,554
He lets it be known
that Allen Dulles,
2107
01:38:08,554 --> 01:38:10,806
as well as his two top advisers,
2108
01:38:10,806 --> 01:38:12,224
Richard Bissell,
2109
01:38:12,224 --> 01:38:14,769
who is also very involved
with the Bay of Pigs,
2110
01:38:14,769 --> 01:38:16,395
and General Cabell,
2111
01:38:16,562 --> 01:38:19,231
who was, uh, the right-hand man
to Allen Dulles.
2112
01:38:19,231 --> 01:38:21,150
So the top three people
in the CIA,
2113
01:38:21,317 --> 01:38:25,154
Kennedy forces them out
before the end of the year.
2114
01:38:25,154 --> 01:38:27,990
Have you ever committed any
act of violence in your life?
2115
01:38:31,118 --> 01:38:32,119
No.
2116
01:38:34,205 --> 01:38:35,748
[Sutherland]
The existence of communism
2117
01:38:35,915 --> 01:38:37,666
so close to American shores
2118
01:38:37,666 --> 01:38:40,628
kept Cuba on Kennedy's plate.
2119
01:38:40,628 --> 01:38:43,547
And the Joint Chiefs of Staff
presented a plan to Kennedy
2120
01:38:43,714 --> 01:38:45,883
called Operation Northwoods,
2121
01:38:45,883 --> 01:38:48,177
whereby the CIA
would secretly perform
2122
01:38:48,177 --> 01:38:50,763
terrorist acts
in the United States
2123
01:38:50,930 --> 01:38:52,765
and blame them on Castro
2124
01:38:52,765 --> 01:38:55,726
to justify bombings
and an invasion of Cuba.
2125
01:38:55,893 --> 01:38:58,020
And you see all these plans
2126
01:38:58,020 --> 01:39:00,606
being sent
to McNamara and to Kennedy.
2127
01:39:00,606 --> 01:39:02,108
[Horne]
"Fake an attack by Cubans
2128
01:39:02,108 --> 01:39:03,818
against the
Guantanamo Bay sentries.
2129
01:39:03,818 --> 01:39:06,237
Sink a US ship
in Guantanamo Bay
2130
01:39:06,237 --> 01:39:07,405
and blame it on Cuba."
2131
01:39:07,571 --> 01:39:12,368
The one that scares me the most
was very sophisticated.
2132
01:39:12,368 --> 01:39:16,247
Uh, take an airliner and fly it
as a drone over Cuba
2133
01:39:16,247 --> 01:39:17,748
without any people in it,
2134
01:39:17,748 --> 01:39:19,166
with a tape-recording
that would play,
2135
01:39:19,166 --> 01:39:20,626
"We're under attack
by Cuban aircraft!
2136
01:39:20,793 --> 01:39:22,628
"Oh, my God,
they're going to kill us!"
2137
01:39:22,795 --> 01:39:23,838
Blow up the airplane!
2138
01:39:23,838 --> 01:39:25,756
Blow up this huge drone
2139
01:39:25,756 --> 01:39:29,301
and use that to start a war.
2140
01:39:29,301 --> 01:39:31,679
[Sutherland] The President
declined the recommendation.
2141
01:39:33,097 --> 01:39:34,849
The Northwoods plan
was our big find
2142
01:39:35,015 --> 01:39:36,434
in the way of military records.
2143
01:39:36,600 --> 01:39:37,601
They are universally
recognized today
2144
01:39:37,768 --> 01:39:39,520
for their importance.
2145
01:39:39,520 --> 01:39:41,647
It's one of those releases
that the Review Board members,
2146
01:39:41,647 --> 01:39:44,859
the board members themselves
were justifiably proud of
2147
01:39:44,859 --> 01:39:46,777
that came out of
the JFK Records Act.
2148
01:39:48,863 --> 01:39:51,449
[Stone] In addition to
the problems with the CIA,
2149
01:39:51,449 --> 01:39:54,660
Kennedy's own military advisers
started pressuring him
2150
01:39:54,660 --> 01:39:55,995
to send troops to Vietnam.
2151
01:39:56,162 --> 01:39:58,289
A country that
Kennedy had visited
2152
01:39:58,289 --> 01:40:00,207
10 years earlier
as a Congressman,
2153
01:40:00,207 --> 01:40:02,793
and witnessed firsthand
how the French
2154
01:40:02,793 --> 01:40:04,462
were losing their war
2155
01:40:04,628 --> 01:40:07,798
against the Viet Minh
in the fight for independence.
2156
01:40:07,798 --> 01:40:09,383
Once he became President,
2157
01:40:09,383 --> 01:40:12,636
Kennedy wanted
to avoid the same trap.
2158
01:40:12,803 --> 01:40:16,140
The Vietnam decision
is finally arrived at,
2159
01:40:16,140 --> 01:40:17,850
which is NSAM 111,
2160
01:40:17,850 --> 01:40:20,644
where Kennedy
says no combat troops
2161
01:40:20,644 --> 01:40:22,480
but will increase the advisers.
2162
01:40:22,646 --> 01:40:25,566
And that was his decision,
in the Kennedy presidency.
2163
01:40:25,566 --> 01:40:28,110
Never to cross that line.
2164
01:40:30,070 --> 01:40:32,615
[Sutherland] Near the end
of his first year in office,
2165
01:40:32,615 --> 01:40:34,033
Kennedy received a report
2166
01:40:34,200 --> 01:40:36,869
from Walt Rostow
and General Maxwell Taylor,
2167
01:40:36,869 --> 01:40:39,038
his foreign policy
and military advisers,
2168
01:40:39,038 --> 01:40:40,539
that called
for increased training
2169
01:40:40,539 --> 01:40:42,625
of South Vietnamese troops,
2170
01:40:42,625 --> 01:40:44,543
increased bombings
of the North,
2171
01:40:44,543 --> 01:40:47,755
and the use
of US combat troops.
2172
01:40:47,755 --> 01:40:49,215
The influence
on Kennedy's reluctance
2173
01:40:49,381 --> 01:40:51,509
to committing ground troops
2174
01:40:51,509 --> 01:40:55,387
was his ambassador to India,
John Kenneth Galbraith.
2175
01:40:55,387 --> 01:40:58,432
[James K. Galbraith] My father
went to see, uh, Walt Rostow.
2176
01:40:58,432 --> 01:40:59,850
He went in to talk to him.
2177
01:41:00,017 --> 01:41:03,938
Rostow gestured on his desk
to the, uh, pile of papers.
2178
01:41:03,938 --> 01:41:07,149
The Rostow Taylor report
was plainly visible.
2179
01:41:07,149 --> 01:41:09,109
Uh, my father asked to see it.
2180
01:41:09,109 --> 01:41:10,861
Walt said that
his security classification
2181
01:41:11,028 --> 01:41:13,072
wasn't sufficiently high.
2182
01:41:13,072 --> 01:41:14,740
My father did not think that
2183
01:41:14,740 --> 01:41:18,452
Walt Rostow's security classification
was higher than his.
2184
01:41:18,452 --> 01:41:21,121
Uh, and at the given moment,
uh, the phone rang.
2185
01:41:21,121 --> 01:41:23,123
Walt turned to--
to answer the phone
2186
01:41:23,123 --> 01:41:25,334
and-- and Dad
picked up the report
2187
01:41:25,334 --> 01:41:28,295
and walked out
of the office and read it.
2188
01:41:28,295 --> 01:41:30,548
[Sutherland] Kennedy
sent Galbraith to Saigon
2189
01:41:30,714 --> 01:41:33,551
to write a report that would
differ in its recommendations
2190
01:41:33,551 --> 01:41:37,763
from what Taylor and Rostow
had given to him.
2191
01:41:37,763 --> 01:41:39,390
Kennedy knew what he wanted
2192
01:41:39,390 --> 01:41:41,058
and he knew what my father
would deliver, which he did,
2193
01:41:41,058 --> 01:41:43,561
which is a very detailed
and skeptical report
2194
01:41:43,561 --> 01:41:46,355
about the efficiency of the
South Vietnamese government,
2195
01:41:46,355 --> 01:41:49,733
about the capacity
of any military force
2196
01:41:49,733 --> 01:41:52,361
to prevail in
the security situation
2197
01:41:52,361 --> 01:41:55,155
that was in existence
in South Vietnam at that time.
2198
01:41:55,155 --> 01:41:56,490
[Sutherland]
Kennedy told Galbraith
2199
01:41:56,657 --> 01:42:00,077
to deliver his report to
Defense Secretary McNamara,
2200
01:42:00,077 --> 01:42:02,413
and he,
in turn, gave instructions
2201
01:42:02,413 --> 01:42:05,499
to begin the withdrawal
to General Harkins,
2202
01:42:05,499 --> 01:42:09,336
the commanding General
of all forces in Vietnam.
2203
01:42:09,336 --> 01:42:12,423
The Pentagon dragged its feet
on formulating plans,
2204
01:42:12,590 --> 01:42:17,469
and McNamara called for
a meeting in May of 1963.
2205
01:42:17,469 --> 01:42:20,389
One of the most important finds
of the Review Board
2206
01:42:20,389 --> 01:42:22,808
are the notes
from this meeting.
2207
01:42:22,975 --> 01:42:25,060
[Horne] McNamara said,
"It's not fast enough.
2208
01:42:25,060 --> 01:42:26,312
I want you to accelerate it."
2209
01:42:26,312 --> 01:42:28,606
He says,
"I want to pull out 1,000 men,
2210
01:42:28,772 --> 01:42:31,066
uh, in December
by the end of the year.
2211
01:42:31,066 --> 01:42:33,027
"And I want you to pull out
2212
01:42:33,027 --> 01:42:34,987
complete units,
not just individuals."
2213
01:42:34,987 --> 01:42:37,406
He wanted units to come out.
2214
01:42:37,573 --> 01:42:40,242
[Sutherland]
After the withdrawal plan was approved,
2215
01:42:40,242 --> 01:42:42,494
Kennedy sent
Secretary of Defense McNamara
2216
01:42:42,494 --> 01:42:47,249
and General Taylor
to Saigon in September of '63.
2217
01:42:47,249 --> 01:42:50,044
He planned on using
their report as the basis
2218
01:42:50,044 --> 01:42:53,005
to formally order
the withdrawal to begin.
2219
01:42:53,005 --> 01:42:55,049
Kennedy controlled the report,
2220
01:42:55,049 --> 01:42:56,592
since it was
actually being written
2221
01:42:56,592 --> 01:42:59,803
under the supervision
of Bobby Kennedy.
2222
01:42:59,970 --> 01:43:01,513
[Newman]
Three days later,
2223
01:43:01,513 --> 01:43:03,057
that leaks out
into the newspapers.
2224
01:43:03,057 --> 01:43:05,684
Then his opponents find out.
2225
01:43:05,684 --> 01:43:07,394
And McGeorge Bundy
says to Kennedy, "Hey, look,
2226
01:43:07,394 --> 01:43:09,229
"if they're talking about it
in the newspapers,
2227
01:43:09,229 --> 01:43:10,272
we might as well
put it on paper."
2228
01:43:10,439 --> 01:43:12,691
And they put it,
and it was NSAM 263.
2229
01:43:12,691 --> 01:43:15,819
And that's how it was
actually written and why.
2230
01:43:15,819 --> 01:43:17,988
Well, here's one of the things
2231
01:43:17,988 --> 01:43:19,490
McNamara said
in the secret debrief.
2232
01:43:19,490 --> 01:43:23,035
He said, "We had agreed,
the President and I,
2233
01:43:23,035 --> 01:43:24,995
"that we had trained them,
2234
01:43:24,995 --> 01:43:26,664
"we had given them
everything we could.
2235
01:43:26,830 --> 01:43:29,500
"And if they couldn't win,
too bad.
2236
01:43:29,500 --> 01:43:33,545
We had to get out even if
they were going to be defeated."
2237
01:43:33,545 --> 01:43:36,882
So McNamara and Kennedy had
decided that they were willing
2238
01:43:37,049 --> 01:43:39,843
to pull out of Vietnam
in a losing scenario.
2239
01:43:40,010 --> 01:43:40,969
That's very important.
2240
01:43:42,471 --> 01:43:45,182
But later in that month,
McGeorge Bundy,
2241
01:43:45,182 --> 01:43:47,768
who's the National
Security Adviser,
2242
01:43:47,768 --> 01:43:49,895
puts together a memo
2243
01:43:49,895 --> 01:43:51,855
based upon the--
the truth about the war,
2244
01:43:51,855 --> 01:43:54,233
which is just going terribly.
2245
01:43:54,233 --> 01:43:57,277
And he does it in a way
to try and make sure
2246
01:43:57,444 --> 01:43:59,238
that Kennedy would be able
to go along with this.
2247
01:43:59,405 --> 01:44:01,115
[Sutherland]
This is reflected in
2248
01:44:01,115 --> 01:44:03,450
the National Security
Action Memorandum:
2249
01:44:03,450 --> 01:44:06,286
NSAM 273.
2250
01:44:06,286 --> 01:44:09,540
[Newman] The way Bundy writes
the first draft of 273
2251
01:44:09,540 --> 01:44:11,166
is to say,
"Look, we need to intensify
2252
01:44:11,333 --> 01:44:14,169
"the war effort
against the communists.
2253
01:44:14,169 --> 01:44:16,004
"But the way
we're going to do it
2254
01:44:16,004 --> 01:44:18,590
is to increase
South Vietnamese forces."
2255
01:44:18,590 --> 01:44:21,051
There's not a word
about American forces
2256
01:44:21,051 --> 01:44:22,803
or Americanizing the war.
2257
01:44:25,347 --> 01:44:27,683
While Kennedy's body
is still in the casket
2258
01:44:27,683 --> 01:44:30,185
in the rotunda
over in the Capitol building,
2259
01:44:30,352 --> 01:44:34,606
is when Johnson changes NSAM 273
to a new version.
2260
01:44:34,606 --> 01:44:37,192
And when it comes
to the key paragraph,
2261
01:44:37,192 --> 01:44:39,069
paragraph seven,
which just talks about
2262
01:44:39,069 --> 01:44:41,655
how we're going
to intensify the war,
2263
01:44:41,655 --> 01:44:43,198
instead of changing a few words,
2264
01:44:43,198 --> 01:44:46,368
there's two big hash marks
through that paragraph,
2265
01:44:46,368 --> 01:44:48,078
and it's completely rewritten.
2266
01:44:48,078 --> 01:44:49,371
And I said--
I asked Bundy in an interview,
2267
01:44:49,371 --> 01:44:51,165
I said,
"Who told you to do that?"
2268
01:44:51,165 --> 01:44:53,000
He said, "Johnson did."
2269
01:44:53,000 --> 01:44:54,460
[Sutherland]
These changes allowed the US
2270
01:44:54,460 --> 01:44:57,588
to unilaterally engage
in combat in Vietnam
2271
01:44:57,588 --> 01:44:59,840
rather than simply
supporting and advising
2272
01:44:59,840 --> 01:45:01,383
South Vietnamese troops.
2273
01:45:02,551 --> 01:45:04,303
And within days,
2274
01:45:04,303 --> 01:45:07,431
we're talking about
sending out the DESOTO missions.
2275
01:45:07,431 --> 01:45:10,309
These-- These naval excursions
2276
01:45:10,309 --> 01:45:13,145
along the coastline
of North Vietnam
2277
01:45:13,145 --> 01:45:15,898
that ends up with The Maddox
2278
01:45:15,898 --> 01:45:18,317
and the, and the so-called
Tonkin Gulf attacks.
2279
01:45:18,317 --> 01:45:20,235
And then
the resolution in Congress
2280
01:45:20,235 --> 01:45:23,572
opening the door
to intervention in Vietnam.
2281
01:45:23,572 --> 01:45:26,033
[Sutherland] In the Review
Board's declassifications,
2282
01:45:26,200 --> 01:45:28,327
there's evidence
that Johnson was fully aware
2283
01:45:28,327 --> 01:45:30,704
of Kennedy's
Vietnam withdrawal plans,
2284
01:45:30,704 --> 01:45:32,498
disagreed with them,
2285
01:45:32,498 --> 01:45:35,250
and worked on Robert McNamara
to make him renounce them.
2286
01:45:36,251 --> 01:45:38,170
[Lyndon B. Johnson speaking]
2287
01:45:47,262 --> 01:45:49,890
In retaliation
for this unprovoked
2288
01:45:49,890 --> 01:45:52,017
attack on the high seas,
2289
01:45:52,184 --> 01:45:54,520
our forces
have struck the bases
2290
01:45:54,520 --> 01:45:58,524
used by the North Vietnamese
patrol craft.
2291
01:45:58,524 --> 01:46:00,692
[Sutherland]
And as declassified memos have revealed,
2292
01:46:00,692 --> 01:46:02,277
by autumn of 1964,
2293
01:46:02,444 --> 01:46:05,072
during his campaign
against Barry Goldwater,
2294
01:46:05,239 --> 01:46:07,324
Johnson had already decided
2295
01:46:07,491 --> 01:46:10,410
that he was going
to escalate the Vietnam War.
2296
01:46:10,410 --> 01:46:11,870
In fact, the directive
that would become
2297
01:46:12,037 --> 01:46:13,705
the Tonkin Gulf Resolution
2298
01:46:13,872 --> 01:46:18,085
had been written before the
Tonkin Gulf Incident itself.
2299
01:46:18,085 --> 01:46:19,962
Three months
before the election,
2300
01:46:19,962 --> 01:46:23,632
Johnson had already planned
for an extensive air war.
2301
01:46:23,632 --> 01:46:26,260
It was to begin
after his inauguration.
2302
01:46:27,970 --> 01:46:32,391
[Johnson] We intend
to convince the communists
2303
01:46:32,391 --> 01:46:37,229
that we cannot be defeated
by force of arms
2304
01:46:37,229 --> 01:46:39,064
or by superior power.
2305
01:46:44,152 --> 01:46:46,321
[Pease] When news
came of Kennedy's death,
2306
01:46:46,321 --> 01:46:48,615
all over the planet,
people were mourning
2307
01:46:48,615 --> 01:46:51,326
and crying
and going to embassies.
2308
01:46:51,326 --> 01:46:53,745
In Latin America,
the people just lit candles
2309
01:46:53,745 --> 01:46:56,081
because they didn't even
have electrical power,
2310
01:46:56,081 --> 01:46:57,708
but they wanted
to honor his killing.
2311
01:46:57,875 --> 01:46:59,293
In the Yucatan Peninsula,
2312
01:46:59,459 --> 01:47:03,547
peasants cleared an area
and planted a peace garden.
2313
01:47:03,547 --> 01:47:05,132
[Philip Muehlenbeck] Nasser
learned of Kennedy's death
2314
01:47:05,132 --> 01:47:07,384
in the middle of the night.
He got up, dressed,
2315
01:47:07,551 --> 01:47:10,429
went down to his office,
and then realized,
2316
01:47:10,429 --> 01:47:12,222
"Well, there's nothing
I can do about this."
2317
01:47:12,222 --> 01:47:14,850
According to his son,
Nasser went to a--
2318
01:47:14,850 --> 01:47:18,061
A great state of depression
after Kennedy's death.
2319
01:47:18,061 --> 01:47:21,398
Uh, relations with Egypt
gradually deteriorated,
2320
01:47:21,398 --> 01:47:24,359
and they increasingly shifted
their allegiance
2321
01:47:24,359 --> 01:47:26,194
towards the Soviet Union
as well.
2322
01:47:26,194 --> 01:47:29,781
A mass was held in the leading
Catholic Church in Cairo,
2323
01:47:29,781 --> 01:47:32,117
which has a capacity of 600.
2324
01:47:32,117 --> 01:47:35,621
They somehow fit 4,000 people
into that church.
2325
01:47:35,621 --> 01:47:38,165
Algeria, which had
special feeling for Kennedy,
2326
01:47:38,332 --> 01:47:40,626
declared a state
of mourning for a week.
2327
01:47:40,626 --> 01:47:43,754
Flags were flown,
uh, at half mast.
2328
01:47:43,921 --> 01:47:46,632
The US ambassador to Egypt said
2329
01:47:46,632 --> 01:47:49,384
that he thought the Egyptians
had seen in Kennedy
2330
01:47:49,551 --> 01:47:51,637
the best of what
they saw in Americans.
2331
01:47:51,637 --> 01:47:54,848
That Kennedy had represented
a kind of ideal of America
2332
01:47:54,848 --> 01:47:56,850
to ordinary Egyptians.
2333
01:47:56,850 --> 01:47:58,936
[Sutherland] Castro got
the news of Kennedy's death
2334
01:47:58,936 --> 01:48:00,395
while discussing détente
2335
01:48:00,562 --> 01:48:03,065
with the French journalist
Jean Daniel.
2336
01:48:03,231 --> 01:48:06,652
He then exclaimed,
"This is bad news.
2337
01:48:06,652 --> 01:48:08,612
Everything is now
going to change."
2338
01:48:11,114 --> 01:48:13,617
When Khrushchev paid his
respects to President Kennedy
2339
01:48:13,784 --> 01:48:16,370
at the American embassy,
2340
01:48:16,370 --> 01:48:18,956
he was reportedly
holding back tears.
2341
01:48:20,707 --> 01:48:23,669
Robert Kennedy knew
that after his brother's death,
2342
01:48:23,669 --> 01:48:28,131
relations with the Soviet Union
hung in the balance.
2343
01:48:28,131 --> 01:48:34,096
My father, he wanted to convey
a message to Premier Khrushchev
2344
01:48:34,096 --> 01:48:35,681
saying that our family knew
2345
01:48:35,847 --> 01:48:39,601
that the Soviets were not
involved in the assassination.
2346
01:48:39,601 --> 01:48:43,855
That it was a right-wing plot
from our own country.
2347
01:48:44,022 --> 01:48:46,191
In other words, the CIA,
2348
01:48:46,191 --> 01:48:48,443
or forces aligned with the CIA.
2349
01:48:48,443 --> 01:48:51,238
[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]
The day that his brother died,
2350
01:48:51,405 --> 01:48:54,491
my father's first phone call
2351
01:48:54,491 --> 01:48:59,496
was to the CIA
desk officer at Langley
2352
01:48:59,496 --> 01:49:05,502
and he asked them, "Did your
people conduct this horror?"
2353
01:49:07,796 --> 01:49:10,382
[Talbot]
We know from how Bobby operated
2354
01:49:10,382 --> 01:49:14,177
that terrible day,
November 22nd, 1963,
2355
01:49:14,177 --> 01:49:17,097
at his home in,
uh, McLean, Virginia,
2356
01:49:17,097 --> 01:49:21,935
that he immediately suspected
there was not a lone gunman.
2357
01:49:21,935 --> 01:49:23,562
Why do we know this?
2358
01:49:23,562 --> 01:49:26,606
Because he was being told
by his closest aides,
2359
01:49:26,606 --> 01:49:29,151
people like Kenny O'Donnell
and Dave Powers,
2360
01:49:29,151 --> 01:49:30,569
who were in the limousine
2361
01:49:30,569 --> 01:49:33,363
immediately behind
President Kennedy's limousine.
2362
01:49:33,363 --> 01:49:35,157
They were both
World War II veterans.
2363
01:49:35,157 --> 01:49:37,743
They knew
what gunfire sounded like.
2364
01:49:37,909 --> 01:49:39,953
They reported it to him
that gunfire
2365
01:49:39,953 --> 01:49:41,913
had not just come
from the-- the rear.
2366
01:49:42,080 --> 01:49:44,166
It had come
from different sides.
2367
01:49:44,166 --> 01:49:46,543
There was gunfire
from the front as well.
2368
01:49:46,543 --> 01:49:48,962
It was a crossfire.
2369
01:49:48,962 --> 01:49:51,548
[Kennedy Jr.]
I was in the East Room,
2370
01:49:51,715 --> 01:49:56,053
with my dad and with Jackie
and a couple of my siblings,
2371
01:49:56,053 --> 01:49:58,472
and Lyndon Johnson came in,
2372
01:49:58,472 --> 01:50:01,349
and told the adults in the room
2373
01:50:01,349 --> 01:50:04,269
that Lee Harvey Oswald
had been killed,
2374
01:50:04,269 --> 01:50:07,564
and that a man had shot him.
2375
01:50:07,731 --> 01:50:11,109
And I said to my dad and mom
at that time,
2376
01:50:11,276 --> 01:50:12,778
"Why did he shoot him?
2377
01:50:12,778 --> 01:50:15,238
Did he--
Did he love our family?"
2378
01:50:15,238 --> 01:50:16,740
And the way that they acted
2379
01:50:16,907 --> 01:50:19,451
was that this only
compounded the tragedy.
2380
01:50:21,036 --> 01:50:22,537
[Sutherland]
Many people at home
2381
01:50:22,537 --> 01:50:24,372
felt that after
Kennedy's death,
2382
01:50:24,372 --> 01:50:28,376
a period of depression and
cynicism overtook the country,
2383
01:50:28,376 --> 01:50:32,130
and that America
was somehow changed forever.
2384
01:50:32,130 --> 01:50:33,799
Our overwhelming disbelief
2385
01:50:33,799 --> 01:50:35,342
in the Warren
Commission's findings
2386
01:50:35,509 --> 01:50:38,220
contributed to
increased skepticism
2387
01:50:38,220 --> 01:50:40,722
of all our foundational beliefs
about government.
2388
01:50:43,642 --> 01:50:46,603
But I think Allen Dulles' appointment to
the Warren Commission
2389
01:50:46,603 --> 01:50:49,815
is one of the great frauds
of American history.
2390
01:50:49,815 --> 01:50:52,859
I don't think that even if
you had 10 more commissions,
2391
01:50:52,859 --> 01:50:54,111
you'd never
get away from the idea
2392
01:50:54,277 --> 01:50:55,737
that maybe there was a plot.
2393
01:50:55,904 --> 01:50:58,156
We just didn't
find any traces of it.
2394
01:50:58,156 --> 01:51:00,534
What really happened
with Allen Dulles was
2395
01:51:00,700 --> 01:51:03,870
the CIA lobbied to have
him put on the Commission,
2396
01:51:03,870 --> 01:51:06,414
'cause they needed to have one
of their own on the Commission
2397
01:51:06,581 --> 01:51:10,627
to make sure that
certain doors remained closed.
2398
01:51:10,794 --> 01:51:16,675
I think there's a direct thread
between the events of 1963
2399
01:51:16,675 --> 01:51:18,885
and the kind of horror show
2400
01:51:18,885 --> 01:51:22,973
that America is having
to endure right now.
2401
01:51:22,973 --> 01:51:25,767
And I think once
you kill a President
2402
01:51:25,767 --> 01:51:27,435
in broad daylight on the
streets of an American city,
2403
01:51:27,602 --> 01:51:30,397
and everyone knows
that powerful forces did it,
2404
01:51:30,397 --> 01:51:34,025
that sends a signal not
only to the American people,
2405
01:51:34,192 --> 01:51:37,946
but to the American media,
to the American future leaders.
2406
01:51:37,946 --> 01:51:40,866
And if America really wants
a democratic society,
2407
01:51:40,866 --> 01:51:44,494
then we should get to the bottom
of this traumatic crime
2408
01:51:44,494 --> 01:51:47,831
that continues to reverberate
throughout American history.
2409
01:51:47,831 --> 01:51:51,293
They poll historians,
they poll the American people,
2410
01:51:51,293 --> 01:51:54,045
and they say, "Who were
the most popular Presidents?"
2411
01:51:54,045 --> 01:51:56,089
Well, one metric
that you can use
2412
01:51:56,089 --> 01:52:00,468
to objectively-- at least
judge the foreign policy,
2413
01:52:00,468 --> 01:52:02,971
is how many boulevards are named
2414
01:52:02,971 --> 01:52:05,390
after that President
in foreign countries?
2415
01:52:05,390 --> 01:52:09,269
How many hospitals, how many
colleges, how many schools?
2416
01:52:09,269 --> 01:52:13,773
How many statues are--
are standing of that President
2417
01:52:13,773 --> 01:52:15,609
in capitals all over the world?
2418
01:52:15,609 --> 01:52:17,694
And in that sense,
President Kennedy
2419
01:52:17,694 --> 01:52:20,238
beats every other President,
hands down.
2420
01:52:23,325 --> 01:52:25,160
[Stone]
Although many of Kennedy's
2421
01:52:25,160 --> 01:52:27,329
progressive
and unprecedented goals
2422
01:52:27,329 --> 01:52:32,542
and changes in policy were
undone after his assassination,
2423
01:52:32,542 --> 01:52:36,004
a few powerful ones remain.
2424
01:52:36,004 --> 01:52:37,923
I think Mr. Kennedy has done
2425
01:52:37,923 --> 01:52:40,300
some significant things
in civil rights,
2426
01:52:40,467 --> 01:52:42,928
and I would include
the Attorney General.
2427
01:52:43,094 --> 01:52:48,183
I think both of these men
are men of genuine goodwill.
2428
01:52:48,183 --> 01:52:50,936
And, uh, I think
there is a necessity now
2429
01:52:51,102 --> 01:52:53,396
to see the urgency
of the moment.
2430
01:52:56,149 --> 01:52:59,027
I'm asking from you
an unequivocal assurance
2431
01:52:59,027 --> 01:53:02,113
that you will not bar entry
to these students,
2432
01:53:02,113 --> 01:53:04,157
and that you will
step aside peacefully,
2433
01:53:04,157 --> 01:53:06,785
do your constitutional duty.
2434
01:53:06,785 --> 01:53:09,621
[Stone] In showdowns
using federal troops,
2435
01:53:09,621 --> 01:53:12,791
the Kennedy administration won
admission of Black students
2436
01:53:12,791 --> 01:53:16,211
to the last public colleges
in the south.
2437
01:53:16,211 --> 01:53:19,214
George Wallace made it clear
that this fight was not over.
2438
01:53:19,381 --> 01:53:23,051
And the-- the South
this year-- next year
2439
01:53:23,051 --> 01:53:25,470
will decide who
the next President is,
2440
01:53:25,470 --> 01:53:27,847
whoever the South votes for
will be the President.
2441
01:53:27,847 --> 01:53:29,849
And you're gonna see
that the South
2442
01:53:29,849 --> 01:53:32,644
is going to be
against some folks.
2443
01:53:32,644 --> 01:53:35,021
[Stone] That night,
Kennedy addressed the nation
2444
01:53:35,021 --> 01:53:37,148
in what many
consider the finest
2445
01:53:37,148 --> 01:53:39,359
Presidential speech
on civil rights
2446
01:53:39,359 --> 01:53:41,111
since Abraham Lincoln.
2447
01:53:41,111 --> 01:53:43,989
...and that the rights of
every man are diminished
2448
01:53:44,155 --> 01:53:47,242
when the rights
of one man are threatened.
2449
01:53:47,242 --> 01:53:50,787
If an American,
because his skin is dark...
2450
01:53:50,787 --> 01:53:56,126
cannot enjoy the full and free
life which all of us want,
2451
01:53:56,126 --> 01:53:58,211
then who among us
would be content
2452
01:53:58,378 --> 01:54:01,464
to have the color
of his skin changed?
2453
01:54:01,631 --> 01:54:04,467
One hundred years of delay
have passed
2454
01:54:04,467 --> 01:54:07,721
since President Lincoln
freed the slaves,
2455
01:54:07,721 --> 01:54:12,142
yet their heirs, their
grandsons, are not fully free.
2456
01:54:12,142 --> 01:54:17,105
And this nation, for all
its hopes and all its boasts,
2457
01:54:17,272 --> 01:54:21,234
will not be fully free until
all its citizens are free.
2458
01:54:21,401 --> 01:54:22,652
We face, therefore,
2459
01:54:22,819 --> 01:54:24,821
a moral crisis
as a country and a people,
2460
01:54:24,988 --> 01:54:26,823
and this is a matter
which concerns
2461
01:54:26,990 --> 01:54:29,492
this country
and what it stands for.
2462
01:54:29,492 --> 01:54:33,079
And in meeting it, I ask the
support of all of our citizens.
2463
01:54:33,079 --> 01:54:35,290
Thank you very much.
2464
01:54:35,290 --> 01:54:38,293
[somber music playing]
2465
01:55:37,852 --> 01:55:41,022
♪
208932
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