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1
00:00:01,500 --> 00:00:03,000
DID YOU DO THIS?
I DIDN'T DO THAT.
2
00:00:03,000 --> 00:00:04,200
YOU REALIZE IT'S $400.
NO.
3
00:00:04,200 --> 00:00:05,800
DUDE, IT WASN'T ME.
COME IN. COME ON.
4
00:00:05,800 --> 00:00:10,067
YOU EVER TELL A LIE...
EVEN A LITTLE ONE?
5
00:00:10,067 --> 00:00:12,100
[ CELLPHONE CHIMES ]
6
00:00:14,733 --> 00:00:19,033
IS TECHNOLOGY MAKING IT EASIER
FOR US TO LIE?
7
00:00:19,033 --> 00:00:21,233
OR MAYBE NOTHING EVER CHANGES,
8
00:00:21,233 --> 00:00:25,233
AND DISHONESTY IS JUST
A TIMELESS PART OF HUMAN NATURE.
9
00:00:25,233 --> 00:00:26,267
DION.
OH.
10
00:00:26,267 --> 00:00:27,267
WHAT ARE YOU DOING?
WHO IS THAT?
11
00:00:27,267 --> 00:00:30,200
COULD SOCIETY FUNCTION
IN A WORLD
12
00:00:30,200 --> 00:00:32,200
WITHOUT LYING OR SECRETS?
13
00:00:32,200 --> 00:00:34,500
NO, I DO NOT
HAVE ANOTHER GIRLFRIEND.
14
00:00:34,500 --> 00:00:35,667
[ BUZZER ]
MM.
15
00:00:35,667 --> 00:00:37,433
WELL,
YOU'RE A LIAR.
16
00:00:40,333 --> 00:00:43,900
DISHONESTY
MIGHT BE SO WIDESPREAD
17
00:00:43,900 --> 00:00:47,967
BECAUSE WE'RE SO EASILY FOOLED,
18
00:00:47,967 --> 00:00:51,633
AND OUR MEMORIES ARE FALLIBLE.
19
00:00:51,633 --> 00:00:55,533
CAN WE EVER SEE THE TRUE NATURE
OF REALITY?
20
00:00:57,500 --> 00:01:00,600
OR IS TRUTH JUST A LIE?
21
00:01:05,800 --> 00:01:09,767
SPACE, TIME, LIFE ITSELF.
22
00:01:12,700 --> 00:01:17,733
THE SECRETS OF THE COSMOS
LIE THROUGH THE WORMHOLE.
23
00:01:17,733 --> 00:01:20,733
-- Captions by VITAC --
www.vitac.com
24
00:01:20,733 --> 00:01:23,767
CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
25
00:01:28,167 --> 00:01:31,933
I'M GOING TO LET YOU IN
ON A LITTLE SECRET.
26
00:01:34,867 --> 00:01:39,067
I HAVE NEVER TOLD A LIE.
27
00:01:39,067 --> 00:01:46,100
NOT ONCE IN MY LONG CAREER
HAS AN UNTRUTH CROSSED MY LIPS,
28
00:01:46,100 --> 00:01:48,100
HONEST.
29
00:01:49,900 --> 00:01:51,667
[ CHUCKLES ]
30
00:01:51,667 --> 00:01:54,267
WE ALL AGREE
THAT LYING IS SHAMEFUL,
31
00:01:54,267 --> 00:01:59,800
YET WE STILL DELIBERATELY
DECEIVE EACH OTHER ALL THE TIME.
32
00:01:59,800 --> 00:02:06,067
PERHAPS WE LIE
BECAUSE WE JUST CAN'T HELP IT.
33
00:02:06,067 --> 00:02:08,800
WHEN DID YOU TELL
YOUR FIRST LIE?
34
00:02:08,800 --> 00:02:13,700
PERHAPS IT WAS SOON AFTER
YOU WERE FIRST LIED TO.
35
00:02:13,700 --> 00:02:16,133
I TOLD MY SON
IF HE DIDN'T EAT HIS BROCCOLI,
36
00:02:16,133 --> 00:02:19,967
HE WOULD BE UNDER 4 FEET
THE REST OF HIS LIFE.
37
00:02:19,967 --> 00:02:22,800
I TOLD MY SON HIS BLANKET
WOULD PROTECT HIM FROM MONSTERS
38
00:02:22,800 --> 00:02:24,233
IN THE CLOSET.
39
00:02:24,233 --> 00:02:27,067
I TOLD MY DAUGHTER IF SHE DIDN'T
KEEP HER ROOM CLEAN,
40
00:02:27,067 --> 00:02:30,967
SHE WOULD NEVER FIND A MAN
THAT WOULD WANT TO MARRY HER.
41
00:02:30,967 --> 00:02:33,467
Freeman: KANG LEE
IS A DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGIST
42
00:02:33,467 --> 00:02:35,767
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO.
43
00:02:35,767 --> 00:02:40,933
AS A FATHER, HE UNDERSTANDS
WHY WE LIE TO OUR KIDS.
44
00:02:40,933 --> 00:02:45,900
SOMETIMES, YOU HAVE EXHAUSTED
ALL THE OTHER BETTER METHODS,
45
00:02:45,900 --> 00:02:48,600
AND THE LYING
SOMETIMES BECOMES THE ONLY WAY
46
00:02:48,600 --> 00:02:51,400
YOU CAN DEAL
WITH THE SITUATION ON HAND.
47
00:02:51,400 --> 00:02:55,900
Freeman: IN FACT, KANG IS
AS GUILTY AS THE REST OF US.
48
00:02:55,900 --> 00:02:59,467
I USED TO DRIVE MY SON NATHAN
TO HIS SCHOOL EVERY MORNING.
49
00:02:59,467 --> 00:03:01,233
[ INDISTINCT SHOUTING ]
50
00:03:01,233 --> 00:03:03,533
AND SOMETIMES, IN THE BACKSEAT,
51
00:03:03,533 --> 00:03:06,100
AND HE WOULD BE ACTING UP
AND SCREAMING, YELLING,
52
00:03:06,100 --> 00:03:08,333
AND I POINTED
TO THE HAZARD LIGHT
53
00:03:08,333 --> 00:03:12,067
AND I SAID, "THAT ACTUALLY
IS AN EJECT BUTTON.
54
00:03:12,067 --> 00:03:14,600
IF I PUSH THAT BUTTON,
YOUR CAR SEAT
55
00:03:14,600 --> 00:03:17,567
IS GOING TO BLOW OFF
AND GO THROUGH THE ROOF,
56
00:03:17,567 --> 00:03:20,400
AND YOU'RE GOING TO FLY
OUT OF THE CAR."
57
00:03:20,400 --> 00:03:25,100
AND IMMEDIATELY,
HE BECAME VERY QUIET.
58
00:03:25,100 --> 00:03:27,200
Freeman: WOULD CHILDREN REMAIN
HONEST AND PURE
59
00:03:27,200 --> 00:03:32,300
IF WE GROWN-UPS DIDN'T
CORRUPT THEM WITH OUR LIES?
60
00:03:32,300 --> 00:03:35,400
KANG BELIEVES
SOMETHING DEEPER IS GOING ON.
61
00:03:35,400 --> 00:03:37,767
HE AND HIS COLLEAGUES
HAVE RUN AN EXPERIMENT
62
00:03:37,767 --> 00:03:40,867
WITH THOUSANDS OF KIDS
OF VARIOUS AGES.
63
00:03:40,867 --> 00:03:43,700
[ BARKING ]
64
00:03:43,700 --> 00:03:46,967
WHAT DO YOU THINK
IT IS?
65
00:03:46,967 --> 00:03:48,300
A DOG.
A DOG.
66
00:03:48,300 --> 00:03:50,167
COME AROUND.
YES, IT IS A DOG.
67
00:03:50,167 --> 00:03:51,533
DOGGY.
[ CHUCKLES ]
68
00:03:51,533 --> 00:03:53,967
IT STARTS AS A GAME --
69
00:03:53,967 --> 00:03:57,900
GUESS THE ANIMAL
FROM JUST THE SOUND IT MAKES.
70
00:03:57,900 --> 00:03:59,067
[ NEIGHING ]
71
00:03:59,067 --> 00:04:00,767
A HORSE?
YES.
72
00:04:00,767 --> 00:04:02,733
TURN AROUND.
TAKE A LOOK.
73
00:04:02,733 --> 00:04:04,500
YEAH.
74
00:04:04,500 --> 00:04:05,933
KIDS ARE PROMISED A PRIZE
75
00:04:05,933 --> 00:04:07,767
IF THEY CAN GUESS
THE THIRD ANIMAL CORRECTLY.
76
00:04:07,767 --> 00:04:08,833
TURN AROUND.
77
00:04:08,833 --> 00:04:10,833
THEN,
THE GROWN-UPS LEAVE THE ROOM.
78
00:04:10,833 --> 00:04:11,900
AND I'M GONNA
PLAY THE SOUND...
79
00:04:11,900 --> 00:04:15,900
ALL RIGHT.
SO I'LL BE RIGHT BACK, OKAY?
80
00:04:15,900 --> 00:04:18,133
[ DOOR OPENS, CLOSES ]
81
00:04:18,133 --> 00:04:20,300
[ DOOR CLOSES ]
82
00:04:28,200 --> 00:04:30,433
YOU CAN GUESS
HOW WELL THAT WORKED.
83
00:04:30,433 --> 00:04:32,100
HIDDEN CAMERAS REVEALED
84
00:04:32,100 --> 00:04:35,800
THAT FOR MANY CHILDREN,
THE TEMPTATION WAS TOO GREAT.
85
00:04:35,800 --> 00:04:37,400
[ DOOR OPENS, CLOSES ]
86
00:04:37,400 --> 00:04:38,933
SORRY.
87
00:04:38,933 --> 00:04:40,567
YOU CAN
TURN AROUND NOW.
88
00:04:40,567 --> 00:04:41,733
WHEN I WAS GONE,
89
00:04:41,733 --> 00:04:44,300
DID YOU TURN AROUND TO PEEK
TO SEE WHAT IT IS?
90
00:04:44,300 --> 00:04:45,567
NO? OKAY.
91
00:04:45,567 --> 00:04:47,267
NOW, WHAT DO YOU
THINK IT IS?
92
00:04:47,267 --> 00:04:48,900
COW.
IT'S A COW?
93
00:04:48,900 --> 00:04:52,300
IF THEY LATER IDENTIFIED THE
ANIMAL WITHOUT EVER HEARING IT,
94
00:04:52,300 --> 00:04:57,067
THE EXPERIMENTERS KNEW
THOSE CHILDREN LIED.
95
00:04:57,067 --> 00:04:58,800
Lee:
THAT'S BASICALLY THE PROCEDURE
96
00:04:58,800 --> 00:05:03,267
WE HAVE BEEN USING WITH KIDS
IN THE U.S., IN CANADA,
97
00:05:03,267 --> 00:05:06,633
IN CHINA, IN AFRICA.
98
00:05:06,633 --> 00:05:11,500
AND IT WORKS VERY, VERY WELL
WITH KIDS ALL OVER THE WORLD.
99
00:05:11,500 --> 00:05:13,067
Freeman:
RESEARCHERS USED TO BELIEVE
100
00:05:13,067 --> 00:05:16,233
THAT CHILDREN
START LYING AROUND AGE 5,
101
00:05:16,233 --> 00:05:19,533
AFTER MORE EXPOSURE
TO THE ADULT WORLD.
102
00:05:19,533 --> 00:05:22,933
BUT KANG HAS SHOWN
THAT LYING STARTS MUCH EARLIER.
103
00:05:22,933 --> 00:05:25,067
WHAT DO YOU THINK IT IS?
COW.
104
00:05:25,067 --> 00:05:27,067
[ Laughing ]
IT'S A COW. OKAY.
105
00:05:27,067 --> 00:05:29,433
HOW DO YOU KNOW
IT'S A COW?
106
00:05:29,433 --> 00:05:32,833
KIDS ACTUALLY START TO TELL LIES
AT 2 YEARS OF AGE,
107
00:05:32,833 --> 00:05:34,933
SO THAT IS VERY SURPRISING.
108
00:05:34,933 --> 00:05:36,567
AT 2 YEARS OF AGE,
109
00:05:36,567 --> 00:05:39,867
ABOUT 30% OF KIDS
WOULD TELL LIES,
110
00:05:39,867 --> 00:05:42,067
AND AT 3 YEARS OF AGE,
111
00:05:42,067 --> 00:05:45,433
ABOUT 50% OF THE KIDS
WOULD TELL A LIE.
112
00:05:45,433 --> 00:05:50,067
BY 7 AND 8 YEARS OF AGE,
100% OF KIDS WILL LIE.
113
00:05:50,067 --> 00:05:52,067
DID YOU
TURN AROUND TO PEEK?
114
00:05:52,067 --> 00:05:53,633
NO.
115
00:05:53,633 --> 00:05:56,333
Freeman: KANG'S REVELATION IS
ENOUGH TO SEND WORRIED PARENTS
116
00:05:56,333 --> 00:05:57,800
INTO A TIZZY,
117
00:05:57,800 --> 00:06:02,167
EXCEPT THERE IS A BRIGHT SIDE
TO EARLY LYING.
118
00:06:02,167 --> 00:06:05,967
Lee: THOSE KIDS WHO LIE EARLIER
THAN THE OTHER KIDS
119
00:06:05,967 --> 00:06:07,267
ARE ACTUALLY THOSE KIDS
120
00:06:07,267 --> 00:06:10,800
WHO HAVE BETTER COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT ABILITIES.
121
00:06:10,800 --> 00:06:12,633
SO THEY SEEM TO BE MORE ADVANCED
122
00:06:12,633 --> 00:06:15,133
THAN THOSE KIDS
WHO ARE TELLING THE TRUTH,
123
00:06:15,133 --> 00:06:18,600
WHICH IS TOTALLY
SURPRISING TO US.
124
00:06:18,600 --> 00:06:22,933
Freeman: A GOOD LIE REQUIRES
FORETHOUGHT AND SELF-CONTROL.
125
00:06:22,933 --> 00:06:26,833
Lee: YOU HAVE TO BE ABLE TO PLAN
AHEAD WHAT YOU ARE GOING TO SAY
126
00:06:26,833 --> 00:06:29,433
AND HOW YOU ARE GOING TO SAY IT.
127
00:06:29,433 --> 00:06:31,233
Freeman: IN OTHER WORDS,
THE ONSET OF LYING
128
00:06:31,233 --> 00:06:34,633
IS AN IMPORTANT STAGE
IN BRAIN DEVELOPMENT.
129
00:06:37,200 --> 00:06:41,333
BUT WHY DO WE START LYING AS
SOON AS OUR BRAINS ARE ABLE TO?
130
00:06:41,333 --> 00:06:45,267
WOULD WE BE BETTER OFF
ALWAYS TELLING THE TRUTH?
131
00:06:45,267 --> 00:06:48,600
Lee: SOME OF THEM ARE ACTUALLY
VERY GOOD -- PROSOCIAL LIES.
132
00:06:48,600 --> 00:06:51,167
THE REASON
WE TELL WHITE LIES IS BECAUSE
133
00:06:51,167 --> 00:06:55,200
WE DO NOT WANT
TO HURT OTHER PEOPLE'S FEELINGS.
134
00:06:55,200 --> 00:06:58,633
IMAGINE I'M PLAYING CARDS
WITH MY FRIENDS.
135
00:06:58,633 --> 00:07:02,400
AT THE SAME TIME, I REALLY WANT
TO WATCH MY FAVORITE TV SHOW.
136
00:07:02,400 --> 00:07:03,567
WHAT DO I DO?
137
00:07:03,567 --> 00:07:06,633
ONE WAY I CAN DO IT
IS DO IT BLUNTLY.
138
00:07:06,633 --> 00:07:09,967
MY FAVORITE TV SHOW JUST CAME ON
AND, UH, SO I HAVE TO GO.
139
00:07:09,967 --> 00:07:12,067
UH, THANK --
THANK YOU, GUYS.
140
00:07:12,067 --> 00:07:14,067
BYE-BYE.
141
00:07:14,067 --> 00:07:15,733
NOBODY'S GONNA LIKE YOU.
142
00:07:15,733 --> 00:07:18,400
OR YOU CAN DO IT DIFFERENTLY.
143
00:07:18,400 --> 00:07:21,567
YOU BASICALLY TELL A WHITE LIE
BY SAYING, "OH, YOU KNOW,
144
00:07:21,567 --> 00:07:23,633
I DON'T FEEL VERY GOOD.
I HAVE TO LIE DOWN."
145
00:07:23,633 --> 00:07:24,767
SORRY, GUYS.
146
00:07:24,767 --> 00:07:26,367
I SUDDENLY
DON'T FEEL VERY WELL.
147
00:07:26,367 --> 00:07:28,067
I PROBABLY HAVE TO GO IN
AND LIE DOWN.
148
00:07:28,067 --> 00:07:29,333
UH...
OH, DO YOU NEED WATER?
149
00:07:29,333 --> 00:07:31,933
SO YOU REALLY HAVE TO BE ABLE
TO KNOW WHEN IS THE TIME
150
00:07:31,933 --> 00:07:33,167
TO TELL THE TRUTH
151
00:07:33,167 --> 00:07:36,833
AND WHEN IS NOT A GOOD TIME
TO TELL THE TRUTH.
152
00:07:39,100 --> 00:07:43,433
A LITTLE WHITE LIE
DOESN'T HURT ANYONE.
153
00:07:43,433 --> 00:07:48,133
BUT SOME PEOPLE CAN'T STOP
TWISTING THE TRUTH, NO MATTER
154
00:07:48,133 --> 00:07:53,100
HOW DAMAGING THE CONSEQUENCES
TO OTHERS OR THEMSELVES.
155
00:07:53,100 --> 00:07:58,100
FOR THEM,
DISHONESTY IS A DISEASE.
156
00:07:58,100 --> 00:08:02,067
WHAT SEPARATES
THESE PATHOLOGICAL LIARS
157
00:08:02,067 --> 00:08:05,100
FROM THE REST OF US?
158
00:08:05,100 --> 00:08:08,167
CHARLES PONZI BEGAN LYING
TO HIS INVESTMENT CLIENTS
159
00:08:08,167 --> 00:08:11,733
IN THE EARLY 1900s,
AND HE COULDN'T STOP,
160
00:08:11,733 --> 00:08:16,433
EVEN AFTER HE'D BEEN TO PRISON
THREE TIMES FOR FRAUD.
161
00:08:16,433 --> 00:08:19,367
18th-CENTURY JOURNALIST
DANIEL DEFOE
162
00:08:19,367 --> 00:08:22,367
INVENTED AS MANY FACTS
AS HE REPORTED
163
00:08:22,367 --> 00:08:25,267
AND DID TIME FOR SLANDER.
164
00:08:25,267 --> 00:08:30,167
WHAT DRIVES SOME LIARS TO REACH
PATHOLOGICAL LEVELS OF DECEIT?
165
00:08:30,167 --> 00:08:33,200
THAT'S WHAT YALING YANG,
A PSYCHOLOGIST
166
00:08:33,200 --> 00:08:37,167
AT CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL
LOS ANGELES, WANTS TO FIND OUT.
167
00:08:37,167 --> 00:08:41,267
WE START TO SPOT INCONSISTENCY
BETWEEN THEIR STATEMENT.
168
00:08:41,267 --> 00:08:45,167
EVEN WHEN THEY KNOW
THAT WE HAVE OTHER DATA,
169
00:08:45,167 --> 00:08:47,867
INCLUDING
OFFICIAL CRIMINAL RECORDS,
170
00:08:47,867 --> 00:08:50,533
THEY STILL LIE.
171
00:08:50,533 --> 00:08:51,833
Freeman:
YALING AND HER COLLEAGUES
172
00:08:51,833 --> 00:08:53,933
WONDERED IF THERE MIGHT BE
PHYSICAL DIFFERENCES
173
00:08:53,933 --> 00:08:56,433
BETWEEN THE BRAINS
OF PATHOLOGICAL LIARS
174
00:08:56,433 --> 00:08:59,367
AND THE BRAINS
OF AVERAGE PEOPLE.
175
00:08:59,367 --> 00:09:02,133
THE BRAIN STORES
OUR MEMORIES AND KNOWLEDGE
176
00:09:02,133 --> 00:09:04,233
IN GRAY MATTER CELLS,
177
00:09:04,233 --> 00:09:07,833
BUT ANOTHER TYPE OF NEURON,
THE WHITE MATTER CELL,
178
00:09:07,833 --> 00:09:12,433
CREATES CONNECTIONS
BETWEEN ALL THAT INFORMATION.
179
00:09:12,433 --> 00:09:16,300
WHENEVER WE TELL A STORY,
WHETHER IT'S TRUE OR NOT,
180
00:09:16,300 --> 00:09:18,767
WE HAVE TO GATHER DETAILS
FROM GRAY MATTER CELLS
181
00:09:18,767 --> 00:09:20,967
IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BRAIN.
182
00:09:23,667 --> 00:09:28,067
IT'S LIKE GLEANING INFORMATION
FROM A SERIES OF BOOKS.
183
00:09:28,067 --> 00:09:30,633
THE BOOKS ARE THE GRAY MATTER,
FILLED WITH THE KNOWLEDGE
184
00:09:30,633 --> 00:09:34,233
THAT YOU NEED TO FIT TOGETHER
INTO A COMPELLING NARRATIVE.
185
00:09:34,233 --> 00:09:39,800
THE AISLES THAT LEAD FROM BOOK
TO BOOK ARE THE WHITE MATTER.
186
00:09:39,800 --> 00:09:43,900
IMAGINE GOING TO A BOOKSTORE
TO GET 10 DIFFERENT BOOKS
187
00:09:43,900 --> 00:09:45,600
THAT ARE SCATTERED
188
00:09:45,600 --> 00:09:49,100
ACROSS DIFFERENT AREAS
OF THE BOOKSTORE.
189
00:09:49,100 --> 00:09:53,467
HAVING MULTIPLE PATHWAYS
THAT LEAD YOU TO THE BOOKS
190
00:09:53,467 --> 00:09:58,367
WILL HELP YOU GET TO THE BOOKS
MORE EASILY AND QUICKLY.
191
00:09:58,367 --> 00:10:01,467
THE HUMAN BRAIN
WORKS IN A VERY SIMILAR FASHION.
192
00:10:01,467 --> 00:10:03,133
WHEN YOU HAVE MORE CONNECTIONS
193
00:10:03,133 --> 00:10:05,933
BETWEEN VARIOUS PARTS
OF THE BRAIN, THAT WILL MAKE IT
194
00:10:05,933 --> 00:10:10,200
EASIER FOR YOU TO RETRIEVE
IMPORTANT INFORMATION.
195
00:10:10,200 --> 00:10:12,167
Freeman:
FOR EXAMPLE, LET'S SAY A FRIEND
196
00:10:12,167 --> 00:10:16,300
ASKS YALING WHAT SHE
HAD FOR DINNER YESTERDAY.
197
00:10:16,300 --> 00:10:17,733
TO TELL THE TRUTH,
198
00:10:17,733 --> 00:10:21,133
SHE ONLY HAS TO GATHER
A FEW PIECES OF INFORMATION.
199
00:10:21,133 --> 00:10:24,333
SHE ATE SPAGHETTI
AND A SALAD AT HOME.
200
00:10:24,333 --> 00:10:26,467
BUT LYING IS HARDER.
201
00:10:26,467 --> 00:10:28,900
YALING WOULD HAVE TO
IGNORE THE TRUTH
202
00:10:28,900 --> 00:10:32,333
AND COOK UP A STORY
ABOUT A FIVE-STAR RESTAURANT
203
00:10:32,333 --> 00:10:34,133
AND A SIX-COURSE MEAL,
204
00:10:34,133 --> 00:10:37,900
A SPECIAL OCCASION
AND EXPENSIVE CHAMPAGNE.
205
00:10:37,900 --> 00:10:42,500
IF SHE HESITATES AT ANY POINT,
HER LIE WILL BE DISCOVERED.
206
00:10:42,500 --> 00:10:47,167
SHE NEEDS GOOD PATHWAYS SO SHE
CAN RACE FROM TOPIC TO TOPIC,
207
00:10:47,167 --> 00:10:49,800
GRABBING THE INFORMATION
SHE NEEDS.
208
00:10:54,867 --> 00:10:57,800
SINCE LYING REQUIRES
A LOT MORE INFORMATION GATHERING
209
00:10:57,800 --> 00:10:59,267
THAN TELLING THE TRUTH,
210
00:10:59,267 --> 00:11:02,400
YALING AND HER COLLEAGUES
CONJECTURED THAT THE BRAINS
211
00:11:02,400 --> 00:11:07,433
OF PATHOLOGICAL LIARS MIGHT HAVE
MORE WHITE MATTER PATHWAYS.
212
00:11:07,433 --> 00:11:10,767
BRAIN SCANS PROVED THEM RIGHT.
213
00:11:14,267 --> 00:11:19,300
LIARS HAVE ABOUT 25% INCREASE
IN WHITE MATTER
214
00:11:19,300 --> 00:11:22,500
COMPARED TO HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS.
215
00:11:22,500 --> 00:11:26,767
SO HAVING MORE WHITE MATTER
ALLOWS ALL THIS INFORMATION
216
00:11:26,767 --> 00:11:33,400
TO BE RETRIEVED AND BE USED
IN A MUCH FASTER WAY.
217
00:11:33,400 --> 00:11:36,333
Freeman: YALING ALSO FOUND
THAT PATHOLOGICAL LIARS
218
00:11:36,333 --> 00:11:41,200
HAVE 14% LESS GRAY MATTER
THAN AVERAGE PEOPLE.
219
00:11:41,200 --> 00:11:44,067
GRAY MATTER STORES OUR MEMORIES,
220
00:11:44,067 --> 00:11:46,967
BUT IT ALSO
HAS ANOTHER FUNCTION --
221
00:11:46,967 --> 00:11:50,700
IT CONTROLS
OUR RECKLESS IMPULSES.
222
00:11:50,700 --> 00:11:53,267
Yang: GRAY MATTER
PLAYS A VERY IMPORTANT ROLE
223
00:11:53,267 --> 00:11:55,600
IN IMPULSE CONTROL.
224
00:11:55,600 --> 00:11:59,067
SO THIS KIND OF REDUCTION
IN GRAY MATTER
225
00:11:59,067 --> 00:12:02,900
IS LIKELY TO CONTRIBUTE
TO THE LACK OF IMPULSE CONTROL
226
00:12:02,900 --> 00:12:06,067
IN PATHOLOGICAL LIARS.
227
00:12:06,067 --> 00:12:09,367
Freeman: PATHOLOGICAL LIARS
CAN EASILY RUIN THEIR OWN LIVES,
228
00:12:09,367 --> 00:12:11,267
AS WELL AS OTHERS'.
229
00:12:11,267 --> 00:12:14,800
PERHAPS NOW THAT WE KNOW MORE
ABOUT WHAT MAKES THEM LIE,
230
00:12:14,800 --> 00:12:18,400
WE CAN DEVELOP THERAPIES
TO HELP THEM STOP.
231
00:12:18,400 --> 00:12:20,100
Yang:
WITHOUT THAT INFORMATION,
232
00:12:20,100 --> 00:12:23,667
IT WILL BE VERY DIFFICULT
TO DEVELOP ANY KIND
233
00:12:23,667 --> 00:12:29,933
OF INTERVENTION OR TREATMENT
FOR THIS VERY DAMAGING BEHAVIOR.
234
00:12:29,933 --> 00:12:31,167
Freeman:
BUT ISN'T TECHNOLOGY
235
00:12:31,167 --> 00:12:34,700
MAKING IT EASIER
FOR US TO DECEIVE ONE ANOTHER?
236
00:12:34,700 --> 00:12:37,067
IS THERE A WAY
TO TELL WHAT'S TRUE
237
00:12:37,067 --> 00:12:40,900
AND WHAT'S NOT ONLINE?
238
00:12:40,900 --> 00:12:45,633
THIS INFORMATION SCIENTIST
HAS DEVELOPED A WAY TO FIND OUT.
239
00:12:51,100 --> 00:12:55,633
OUR MODERN DEVICES APPEAR
TO MAKE LYING EASIER THAN EVER.
240
00:12:55,633 --> 00:13:00,800
AFTER ALL, NO ONE CAN SEE US
BEHIND A SCREEN.
241
00:13:00,800 --> 00:13:05,467
TODAY'S TECHNOLOGY HAS
USHERED IN A NEW BREED OF LIE.
242
00:13:05,467 --> 00:13:10,600
IT'S CALLED DIGITAL DECEPTION.
243
00:13:10,600 --> 00:13:16,200
IS THE INFORMATION AGE
REALLY THE DISINFORMATION AGE?
244
00:13:17,367 --> 00:13:19,200
[ KEYPAD CLICKING ]
245
00:13:19,200 --> 00:13:23,233
INFORMATION SCIENTIST JEFF
HANCOCK AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY
246
00:13:23,233 --> 00:13:26,833
IS EXAMINING THE DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN HIGH-TECH LIES
247
00:13:26,833 --> 00:13:29,933
AND THE OLD STANDBYS.
248
00:13:29,933 --> 00:13:32,733
IF I WANTED TO CALL IN SICK,
IN THE OLD DAYS,
249
00:13:32,733 --> 00:13:35,833
I'D NEED TO PSYCH MYSELF UP
AND GET MY SICK VOICE ON.
250
00:13:35,833 --> 00:13:38,333
[ TELEPHONE RINGS ]
251
00:13:38,333 --> 00:13:39,633
YEAH, HI.
[ COUGHS ]
252
00:13:39,633 --> 00:13:41,133
I'M REALLY SORRY.
[ COUGHS ]
253
00:13:41,133 --> 00:13:44,233
I'M --
I'M TOO SICK TO COME IN TODAY.
254
00:13:44,233 --> 00:13:47,833
YEAH. [ COUGHS ]
255
00:13:47,833 --> 00:13:51,200
NOWADAYS, WE CAN TYPE A MESSAGE
ABOUT FEELING SICK,
256
00:13:51,200 --> 00:13:55,100
NO VOICE, NO VOCAL CUES,
NO NONVERBAL CUES.
257
00:13:55,100 --> 00:13:59,400
HIT SEND, AND MY LIE'S DONE.
258
00:13:59,400 --> 00:14:02,433
Freeman: SOME DIGITAL DECEPTIONS
HAVE BECOME SO COMMON
259
00:14:02,433 --> 00:14:05,433
THAT JEFF AND HIS TEAM
GAVE THEM NAMES.
260
00:14:05,433 --> 00:14:07,133
Hancock: ONE OF THE THINGS
WE SAW ON TEXT MESSAGES
261
00:14:07,133 --> 00:14:09,067
ALL THE TIME WAS A LIE
WE CALL THE BUTLER LIE.
262
00:14:09,067 --> 00:14:11,100
[ DOORBELL RINGS ]
263
00:14:13,733 --> 00:14:17,400
WE USED TO HAVE PEOPLE
THAT WOULD ACT AS THAT BUFFER,
264
00:14:17,400 --> 00:14:19,733
AND THEY WOULD PROVIDE
THAT PHYSICAL BUFFER
265
00:14:19,733 --> 00:14:24,867
BETWEEN YOU AND THE WORLD TRYING
TO GET IN AND TALK TO YOU.
266
00:14:24,867 --> 00:14:26,767
[ CELLPHONE CHIMES ]
267
00:14:26,767 --> 00:14:29,867
Freeman: NOW WE ALL
HAVE DIGITAL BUTLERS.
268
00:14:29,867 --> 00:14:32,133
Hancock: PEOPLE SAY, "WELL,
I'M ON MY WAY," WHEN, IN FACT,
269
00:14:32,133 --> 00:14:35,600
THEY'RE NOT, OR, "MY BATTERY WAS
DEAD," BECAUSE WHAT WE REALIZED
270
00:14:35,600 --> 00:14:39,067
IS THEY'RE PROVIDING A BUFFER
BETWEEN THAT PERSON
271
00:14:39,067 --> 00:14:43,833
AND THE FACT THAT THE WORLD CAN
CONTACT THEM PRETTY MUCH 24/7.
272
00:14:43,833 --> 00:14:46,133
Freeman: EVEN THOUGH IT MAKES US
EASIER TO REACH,
273
00:14:46,133 --> 00:14:50,467
THE ONLINE WORLD ALSO
OFFERS UNPRECEDENTED ANONYMITY.
274
00:14:50,467 --> 00:14:54,467
A NEW IDENTITY
IS JUST A FEW KEYSTROKES AWAY.
275
00:14:54,467 --> 00:14:56,700
THIS LEADS
TO A DIGITAL DECEPTION
276
00:14:56,700 --> 00:14:59,367
KNOWN AS THE SOCK PUPPET LIE.
277
00:14:59,367 --> 00:15:01,867
Hancock: SOCK PUPPET
IS IDENTITY DECEPTION,
278
00:15:01,867 --> 00:15:03,533
WHERE YOU HAVE AN ALTER-EGO
279
00:15:03,533 --> 00:15:05,067
THAT CAN SAY THINGS
ON YOUR BEHALF
280
00:15:05,067 --> 00:15:06,800
WITHOUT APPEARING LIKE YOU.
281
00:15:09,067 --> 00:15:10,867
YOU'RE NOT JEFF HANCOCK,
ARE YOU?
282
00:15:10,867 --> 00:15:12,200
NO.
NOT ME.
283
00:15:12,200 --> 00:15:13,900
PERFECT, BECAUSE I'VE GOT
THIS NEW BOOK COMING OUT,
284
00:15:13,900 --> 00:15:15,733
AND I REALLY
NEED A POSITIVE REVIEW.
285
00:15:15,733 --> 00:15:17,600
COULD YOU HELP ME OUT?
YEAH.
286
00:15:17,600 --> 00:15:19,300
GREAT, THANKS.
287
00:15:19,300 --> 00:15:21,633
Freeman: IT'S NO WONDER
WE HAVE A HARD TIME
288
00:15:21,633 --> 00:15:25,600
DECIDING WHAT TO BELIEVE
OF ALL THAT WE READ ONLINE.
289
00:15:25,600 --> 00:15:28,567
IS IT POSSIBLE
TO SORT TRUTH FROM LIE?
290
00:15:28,567 --> 00:15:31,400
THAT'S WHAT JEFF
DECIDED TO FIND OUT.
291
00:15:31,400 --> 00:15:33,100
HE STARTED
BY LOOKING AT SOMETHING
292
00:15:33,100 --> 00:15:34,900
WE'VE ALL WONDERED ABOUT --
293
00:15:34,900 --> 00:15:39,067
THOSE CONSUMER REVIEWS WE SEE
WHEN WE SHOP ONLINE.
294
00:15:39,067 --> 00:15:43,133
WHO WRITES THOSE,
AND CAN WE TRUST THEM?
295
00:15:43,133 --> 00:15:45,633
THE STAKES ARE HUGE.
296
00:15:45,633 --> 00:15:49,300
TOGETHER, WE SPEND
TRILLIONS OF DOLLARS WORLDWIDE
297
00:15:49,300 --> 00:15:54,300
ON ONLINE SALES EVERY YEAR.
298
00:15:54,300 --> 00:15:59,533
JEFF EXAMINED THE HOTEL REVIEWS
WE USE TO PLAN OUR VACATIONS.
299
00:15:59,533 --> 00:16:03,867
SHOULD WE REALLY BE RELYING
ON THE OPINIONS OF STRANGERS?
300
00:16:03,867 --> 00:16:05,833
WE HAD PEOPLE WRITE FAKE REVIEWS
FOR US,
301
00:16:05,833 --> 00:16:06,967
AND WE PAID FOR THEM.
302
00:16:06,967 --> 00:16:08,267
WE KNEW THEY WERE FAKE.
303
00:16:08,267 --> 00:16:10,400
WE COMPARED THEM TO ONES
THAT WERE REAL.
304
00:16:10,400 --> 00:16:11,933
SO WE TOOK THEM
FROM THE VERIFIED SITES,
305
00:16:11,933 --> 00:16:15,333
AND WE LOOKED AT LINGUISTIC
PATTERNS AND HOW THEY DIFFERED.
306
00:16:15,333 --> 00:16:17,167
Freeman:
IF HE'D ACTUALLY BEEN THERE,
307
00:16:17,167 --> 00:16:20,500
JEFF WOULD WRITE ABOUT THE HOTEL
IN A CERTAIN WAY.
308
00:16:20,500 --> 00:16:23,133
HE WOULD KNOW ABOUT EVERY DETAIL
OF THE ROOM.
309
00:16:23,133 --> 00:16:25,700
Hancock: A REAL REVIEWER
WILL HAVE A SENSE
310
00:16:25,700 --> 00:16:27,733
OF WHAT THE BEDS ARE LIKE
AND THE BATHROOM.
311
00:16:27,733 --> 00:16:30,167
IS IT CLEAN,
IS THE SHOWER SMALL OR NOT?
312
00:16:30,167 --> 00:16:33,667
THAT SORT OF THING, SINCE
THEY'VE EXPERIENCED THE SPACE,
313
00:16:33,667 --> 00:16:35,567
THEIR BODIES MOVED THROUGH IT.
314
00:16:35,567 --> 00:16:39,100
Freeman: BUT IF JEFF
HAD NEVER BEEN TO THE HOTEL...
315
00:16:39,100 --> 00:16:41,833
HE WOULDN'T KNOW
IF THERE WAS MOLD IN THE SHOWER
316
00:16:41,833 --> 00:16:44,867
OR IF THE INTERNET SERVICE
WAS SLOW.
317
00:16:44,867 --> 00:16:47,400
SO HE'D HAVE TO WRITE
ABOUT SOMETHING ELSE,
318
00:16:47,400 --> 00:16:49,867
SOMETHING MADE UP.
319
00:16:49,867 --> 00:16:53,233
Hancock:
NOW, ME WRITING A FAKE REVIEW
HERE IN MY HOME WITH MY COMPUTER
320
00:16:53,233 --> 00:16:55,133
IS COMPLETELY DIFFERENT.
321
00:16:55,133 --> 00:16:56,933
WHEN A FAKE REVIEWER
HAS TO WRITE ABOUT SOMETHING,
322
00:16:56,933 --> 00:16:58,600
THEY'RE GOING INTO STORYTELLING.
323
00:16:58,600 --> 00:17:00,733
WE WERE ON BUSINESS.
324
00:17:00,733 --> 00:17:03,633
SO THEY'LL TELL STORIES
ABOUT WHO THEY WERE WITH,
325
00:17:03,633 --> 00:17:04,967
WHAT THEY WERE
SUPPOSED TO BE DOING.
326
00:17:04,967 --> 00:17:06,900
THEY'RE TRYING
TO CONVINCE PEOPLE.
327
00:17:06,900 --> 00:17:09,133
Freeman: JEFF AND HIS TEAM
COMPARED THE FAKE REVIEWS
328
00:17:09,133 --> 00:17:13,067
THEY HAD PAID FOR
WITH THE VERIFIED TRUTHFUL ONES.
329
00:17:13,067 --> 00:17:16,100
THEN, THEY DEVELOPED
A TRUTH-OR-LIE ALGORITHM
330
00:17:16,100 --> 00:17:20,600
THAT ZEROES IN ON TELLTALE WORDS
AND PHRASES.
331
00:17:20,600 --> 00:17:22,767
Hancock:
SEE HERE THAT ONES THAT ARE TRUE
332
00:17:22,767 --> 00:17:25,633
ARE THINGS LIKE,
"ROOMS WERE LARGE,"
333
00:17:25,633 --> 00:17:29,200
AND, "THEY WERE MORE EXPENSIVE,"
WHEREAS,
334
00:17:29,200 --> 00:17:30,700
OVER ON THE DECEPTIVE ONE,
335
00:17:30,700 --> 00:17:32,867
WE CAN SEE PEOPLE
TALKING ABOUT THEMSELVES.
336
00:17:32,867 --> 00:17:34,233
"I HAD A RESERVATION."
337
00:17:34,233 --> 00:17:36,067
LOT OF INSTANCES OF "I."
338
00:17:36,067 --> 00:17:37,600
Freeman:
JEFF HAS DEVELOPED
339
00:17:37,600 --> 00:17:41,267
KEYWORD ALGORITHMS
FOR OTHER PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
340
00:17:41,267 --> 00:17:44,867
AND DISCOVERED
SOME SURPRISING RESULTS.
341
00:17:44,867 --> 00:17:47,167
PEOPLE TEND TO THINK
MOST REVIEWS ARE FAKE,
342
00:17:47,167 --> 00:17:49,300
AND OUR ESTIMATION IS
THAT IT'S MUCH LOWER THAN THAT.
343
00:17:49,300 --> 00:17:52,233
LIKE,
MAYBE 5% TO 10% ARE FAKE.
344
00:17:52,233 --> 00:17:56,067
Freeman: SO ONLINE REVIEWS
ARE PRETTY RELIABLE.
345
00:17:56,067 --> 00:17:59,167
WHAT ABOUT DIGITAL
COMMUNICATIONS IN GENERAL?
346
00:17:59,167 --> 00:18:02,267
DO WE USE OUR GADGETS
TO LIE MORE OR LESS
347
00:18:02,267 --> 00:18:05,300
THAN IN OLD-FASHIONED
FACE-TO-FACE TALKS?
348
00:18:05,300 --> 00:18:06,700
THINGS LIKE E-MAIL,
349
00:18:06,700 --> 00:18:09,667
THERE'S ACTUALLY A LOT
LESS LYING THAN PEOPLE EXPECT.
350
00:18:09,667 --> 00:18:12,300
THE MAIN REASON, I THINK,
IS THAT THERE'S A RECORD.
351
00:18:12,300 --> 00:18:16,633
WE EVOLVED TO TALK
AND HAVE IT DISAPPEAR,
352
00:18:16,633 --> 00:18:19,867
AND NOW
WE'RE IN A RADICALLY NEW ERA.
353
00:18:19,867 --> 00:18:21,300
IF I WRITE YOU AN E-MAIL,
354
00:18:21,300 --> 00:18:23,533
NOT ONLY HAVE I CREATED
A RECORD FOR MYSELF,
355
00:18:23,533 --> 00:18:25,600
I'VE GIVEN YOU A RECORD.
356
00:18:25,600 --> 00:18:27,267
THAT RECORD CAN BE COPIED.
357
00:18:27,267 --> 00:18:29,467
IT CAN BE SEARCHED.
IT CAN BE SHARED.
358
00:18:29,467 --> 00:18:32,200
AND SO TELLING A LIE
IN A DIGITAL FORMAT
359
00:18:32,200 --> 00:18:36,200
COMES WITH SUBSTANTIAL RISKS
THAT WE'VE NEVER,
360
00:18:36,200 --> 00:18:40,467
AS A SET OF COMMUNICATORS,
EVER HAD TO WORRY ABOUT BEFORE.
361
00:18:40,467 --> 00:18:43,400
Freeman: JEFF FOUND
A LITTLE MORE LYING IN TEXTING,
362
00:18:43,400 --> 00:18:47,067
WHICH WE USE FOR MORE INFORMAL
COMMUNICATION THAN E-MAIL.
363
00:18:47,067 --> 00:18:50,467
AND AS SOON
AS THE WRITTEN WORDS DISAPPEAR,
364
00:18:50,467 --> 00:18:53,300
MORE LIES REAPPEAR.
365
00:18:53,300 --> 00:18:55,467
WHAT WE FIND IS THAT
IT'S THE PHONE
366
00:18:55,467 --> 00:18:57,067
WHERE PEOPLE LIE A LOT.
367
00:18:57,067 --> 00:18:58,400
THAT'S -- EVERY STUDY,
368
00:18:58,400 --> 00:19:01,300
IT'S ALWAYS ON THE PHONE
WHERE YOU SEE THE MOST LIES.
369
00:19:01,300 --> 00:19:03,133
Freeman:
ACCORDING TO JEFF,
370
00:19:03,133 --> 00:19:06,867
WE LIE THE MOST WHEN WE DITCH
OUR GADGETS ALTOGETHER
371
00:19:06,867 --> 00:19:09,633
AND TALK TO EACH OTHER
FACE-TO-FACE.
372
00:19:09,633 --> 00:19:11,067
WHY?
373
00:19:11,067 --> 00:19:16,333
PERHAPS BECAUSE WE ARE
REALLY BAD AT SPOTTING LIES.
374
00:19:16,333 --> 00:19:21,133
BUT A NEW DEVICE MAY HELP US
CATCH A LIAR EVERY TIME.
375
00:19:24,167 --> 00:19:26,733
THINK YOU CAN SPOT A LIAR?
376
00:19:26,733 --> 00:19:29,533
OH, YOU MAY LOOK
FOR CERTAIN TELLS,
377
00:19:29,533 --> 00:19:36,067
FACIAL EXPRESSION, UNUSUAL TONE
OF VOICE, AWKWARD BODY LANGUAGE.
378
00:19:36,067 --> 00:19:38,867
BUT LET'S NOT KID OURSELVES,
FOLKS.
379
00:19:38,867 --> 00:19:42,833
IT CAN BE HARD TO TELL
IF SOMEONE IS LYING.
380
00:19:42,833 --> 00:19:46,400
COULD TECHNOLOGY RESTORE TRUTH
TO THE EXPRESSION,
381
00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:49,300
"THE EYES
ARE THE WINDOW TO THE SOUL"?
382
00:19:54,500 --> 00:19:58,067
THIS UNIVERSITY OF UTAH STUDENT
IS LOOKING TO SWIPE SOME MONEY
383
00:19:58,067 --> 00:20:01,267
FROM A CAMPUS OFFICE.
384
00:20:01,267 --> 00:20:04,433
AND HE JUST FOUND HIS CHANCE.
385
00:20:04,433 --> 00:20:06,500
HE'S NOT WORRIED
ABOUT THROWING AWAY HIS FUTURE
386
00:20:06,500 --> 00:20:08,367
FOR A MEASLY 20 BUCKS...
387
00:20:10,167 --> 00:20:13,733
...BECAUSE IT'S ALL PART OF A
"MISSION: IMPOSSIBLE" EXPERIMENT
388
00:20:13,733 --> 00:20:18,300
DREAMED UP BY
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIST JOHN KIRCHER.
389
00:20:18,300 --> 00:20:22,333
JOHN HAS SPENT THE LAST 30 YEARS
STUDYING LIES,
390
00:20:22,333 --> 00:20:25,700
AND THIS EXPERIMENT
IS DESIGNED TO TEST A DEVICE
391
00:20:25,700 --> 00:20:30,000
THAT MAY ONE DAY
MAKE LYING IMPOSSIBLE.
392
00:20:30,000 --> 00:20:33,400
TODAY,
THERE ARE TWO TEST SUBJECTS.
393
00:20:33,400 --> 00:20:35,133
JOHN DOESN'T KNOW IF ONE,
394
00:20:35,133 --> 00:20:39,633
BOTH, OR NEITHER OF THEM
WILL STEAL ANY MONEY.
395
00:20:39,633 --> 00:20:43,100
THE SUBJECT RECEIVES
SECRET AGENT-STYLE INSTRUCTIONS,
396
00:20:43,100 --> 00:20:44,700
A MYSTERIOUS ENVELOPE,
397
00:20:44,700 --> 00:20:48,367
AND DIRECTIONS
FROM A COMPUTERIZED VOICE.
398
00:20:48,367 --> 00:20:51,733
YOU ARE AN INNOCENT PARTICIPANT
IN THIS EXPERIMENT.
399
00:20:51,733 --> 00:20:54,600
PLEASE WAIT OUTSIDE
THE BUILDING FOR 20 MINUTES
400
00:20:54,600 --> 00:20:58,333
BEFORE RETURNING TO THE LAB.
401
00:20:58,333 --> 00:21:03,900
THE OTHER STUDENT RECEIVES
A DIABOLICAL ASSIGNMENT.
402
00:21:03,900 --> 00:21:06,867
YOU MUST STEAL $20
FROM THE PURSE.
403
00:21:06,867 --> 00:21:09,133
YOU MUST HAVE
AN ALIBI PREPARED.
404
00:21:09,133 --> 00:21:12,700
YOU WILL NOT RECEIVE
FULL CREDIT IF YOU ARE CAUGHT.
405
00:21:12,700 --> 00:21:17,067
THEY GET INSTRUCTIONS
TO GO TO A DIFFERENT BUILDING,
406
00:21:17,067 --> 00:21:19,467
TO GO TO A SECRETARY'S OFFICE
407
00:21:19,467 --> 00:21:23,067
AND ASK HER
WHERE DR. MITCHELL'S OFFICE IS,
408
00:21:23,067 --> 00:21:26,733
AND SHE'LL REPLY
THAT THERE'S NO DR. MITCHELL
409
00:21:26,733 --> 00:21:30,800
OR THAT THEY SHOULD
CHECK WITH THE DEAN'S OFFICE.
410
00:21:30,800 --> 00:21:33,667
Freeman: THE SECRETARY
IS IN ON THE CAPER.
411
00:21:33,667 --> 00:21:36,567
SHE'S BEEN INSTRUCTED
TO LEAVE HER OFFICE UNATTENDED
412
00:21:36,567 --> 00:21:37,633
FOR A FEW MINUTES
413
00:21:37,633 --> 00:21:41,967
AFTER THE STUDENT
ASKS FOR DR. MITCHELL.
414
00:21:41,967 --> 00:21:44,567
Kircher: WE TRIED TO SET THIS UP
LIKE A "MISSION: IMPOSSIBLE"
415
00:21:44,567 --> 00:21:47,633
SCENARIO
TO GET THE SUBJECT ENGAGED
416
00:21:47,633 --> 00:21:50,833
AND APPREHENSIVE
ABOUT WHAT THEY'RE DOING.
417
00:21:50,833 --> 00:21:54,500
THOSE EFFECTS REPRODUCE
THE KINDS OF THINGS THAT WE SEE
418
00:21:54,500 --> 00:21:59,133
IN FIELD SITUATIONS
WITH ACTUAL CRIMINAL SUSPECTS.
419
00:21:59,133 --> 00:22:01,633
TAKE A SEAT
RIGHT OVER HERE.
420
00:22:01,633 --> 00:22:04,967
Freeman: NOW FOR THE MOMENT
OF TRUTH OR LIES.
421
00:22:04,967 --> 00:22:08,933
THE OCULAR DECEPTION TEST
BEGINS.
422
00:22:08,933 --> 00:22:10,300
THE SUBJECTS ANSWER
423
00:22:10,300 --> 00:22:13,733
IDENTICAL TRUE-OR-FALSE
QUESTIONS ABOUT GENERAL TOPICS
424
00:22:13,733 --> 00:22:16,667
AND ABOUT THE CRIME.
425
00:22:16,667 --> 00:22:19,900
BELOW THE SCREEN
IS JOHN'S DEVICE --
426
00:22:19,900 --> 00:22:24,300
AN INFRARED EYE TRACKER ABLE
TO SPOT MICROSCOPIC DILATIONS
427
00:22:24,300 --> 00:22:27,400
AND CONTRACTIONS OF THE PUPILS.
428
00:22:27,400 --> 00:22:31,533
THE CHANGES THAT WE'RE SEEING
IN THE SIZE OF THE PUPIL
429
00:22:31,533 --> 00:22:32,800
ARE VERY TINY.
430
00:22:32,800 --> 00:22:35,600
THEY'RE LESS THAN
1/10 OF A MILLIMETER,
431
00:22:35,600 --> 00:22:40,067
BUT WITH A COMPUTER,
WE CAN GET A CLEAR INDICATION
432
00:22:40,067 --> 00:22:43,300
THAT THE PUPIL IS DILATING
WHEN A PERSON IS DECEPTIVE.
433
00:22:48,933 --> 00:22:52,067
THE SUBJECT LOOKS LIKE THEY
DIDN'T HAVE A DIFFICULT TIME
434
00:22:52,067 --> 00:22:53,333
ANSWERING THESE QUESTIONS,
435
00:22:53,333 --> 00:22:54,833
AND THE PUPIL DATA
436
00:22:54,833 --> 00:22:59,267
LOOK LIKE WE WOULD EXPECT
FROM A TRUTHFUL INDIVIDUAL.
437
00:22:59,267 --> 00:23:01,233
Freeman:
DID THE THIEF'S PUPILS DILATE
438
00:23:01,233 --> 00:23:03,900
WHEN ANSWERING
THE SAME QUESTIONS?
439
00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:10,500
Kircher: THEY'RE SHOWING
STRONGER REACTIONS
440
00:23:10,500 --> 00:23:12,900
TO THE QUESTIONS ABOUT THE $20,
441
00:23:12,900 --> 00:23:16,533
SO I'D SAY THERE'S A GOOD CHANCE
THE SUBJECT'S IN A GUILTY GROUP.
442
00:23:22,533 --> 00:23:25,233
Freeman:
SURE ENOUGH, JOHN IS RIGHT.
443
00:23:25,233 --> 00:23:27,200
THE FEMALE SUBJECT WAS INNOCENT
444
00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:30,167
AND THE MALE SUBJECT
HAD TO GIVE BACK THE 20 BUCKS.
445
00:23:31,700 --> 00:23:37,367
BUT HOW DID PUPIL DILATION
HELP JOHN CATCH THE THIEF?
446
00:23:37,367 --> 00:23:39,267
JOHN KNOWS THAT WHEN OUR BRAINS
447
00:23:39,267 --> 00:23:41,633
GO INTO OVERDRIVE
WITH MENTAL EFFORT,
448
00:23:41,633 --> 00:23:44,467
OUR PUPILS DILATE INVOLUNTARILY.
449
00:23:44,467 --> 00:23:46,300
AND SINCE DECEPTION
450
00:23:46,300 --> 00:23:49,067
IS MORE COMPLICATED
THAN TELLING THE TRUTH,
451
00:23:49,067 --> 00:23:52,200
THE MALE STUDENT'S BRAIN
HAD TO WORK HARDER.
452
00:23:52,200 --> 00:23:55,833
HE COULDN'T HIDE HIS LYING EYES.
453
00:23:55,833 --> 00:24:01,133
JOHN'S OCULAR DECEPTION DEVICE
IS ALREADY 85% ACCURATE.
454
00:24:01,133 --> 00:24:04,167
THAT'S AS GOOD
AS THE BEST POLYGRAPH RESULTS.
455
00:24:04,167 --> 00:24:08,067
BUT WHILE PEOPLE CAN BE TRAINED
TO BEAT POLYGRAPH TESTS,
456
00:24:08,067 --> 00:24:11,500
PUPIL DILATION IS INVOLUNTARY.
457
00:24:11,500 --> 00:24:13,933
AND AS TECHNOLOGY IMPROVES,
458
00:24:13,933 --> 00:24:17,533
THE ACCURACY OF JOHN'S
LIE DETECTOR WILL, TOO.
459
00:24:17,533 --> 00:24:19,767
Kircher: WITH BETTER
EYE-TRACKING TECHNOLOGY,
460
00:24:19,767 --> 00:24:23,533
WE'LL GET BETTER MEASURES
OF PUPIL CHANGE.
461
00:24:25,800 --> 00:24:28,233
Freeman: THAT MEANS THE ACCURACY
OF JOHN'S DEVICE
462
00:24:28,233 --> 00:24:31,800
COULD ONE DAY REACH 100%.
463
00:24:31,800 --> 00:24:34,800
IMAGINE A FUTURE
WHERE A PERSON WITH A CELLPHONE
464
00:24:34,800 --> 00:24:38,400
OR SMART EYEWEAR
COULD USE A MINIATURIZED VERSION
465
00:24:38,400 --> 00:24:41,900
OF JOHN'S DEVICE
ON ANYONE THEY'RE TALKING TO --
466
00:24:41,900 --> 00:24:45,600
HUSBAND AND WIFE,
PARENT AND CHILD,
467
00:24:45,600 --> 00:24:47,633
WORKER AND BOSS.
468
00:24:47,633 --> 00:24:49,767
WOULD THE WHOLE TRUTH
AND NOTHING BUT THE TRUTH
469
00:24:49,767 --> 00:24:54,667
BRING US CLOSER TOGETHER
OR TEAR US APART?
470
00:24:54,667 --> 00:24:57,100
ACCORDING TO
THIS COGNITIVE SCIENTIST,
471
00:24:57,100 --> 00:24:59,433
KNOWING THE REAL TRUTH
ABOUT THE WORLD AROUND US
472
00:24:59,433 --> 00:25:02,300
WOULD SIMPLY BLOW OUR MINDS.
473
00:25:02,300 --> 00:25:07,233
WHAT WE THINK OF AS REALITY
IS JUST A SERIES OF ILLUSIONS.
474
00:25:07,233 --> 00:25:11,433
WHY ARE OUR BRAINS
AND SENSES SO EASILY FOOLED?
475
00:25:11,433 --> 00:25:12,600
WOW.
476
00:25:16,700 --> 00:25:20,067
WE RELY ON OUR SENSES
TO MAKE SENSE OF OUR WORLD.
477
00:25:20,067 --> 00:25:23,233
THAT'S WHY IT'S SO UNSETTLING
WHEN THEY FAIL US.
478
00:25:23,233 --> 00:25:27,067
WE CAN'T TRUST OUR ABILITY
TO SEE THE TRUTH.
479
00:25:27,067 --> 00:25:29,067
AND EVEN IF WE COULD...
480
00:25:29,067 --> 00:25:30,667
[ TELEPHONE RINGS ]
481
00:25:30,667 --> 00:25:32,533
...COULD WE HANDLE IT?
482
00:25:32,533 --> 00:25:34,833
HELLO?
483
00:25:34,833 --> 00:25:38,067
HELLO?
484
00:25:38,067 --> 00:25:39,733
HELLO?
485
00:25:39,733 --> 00:25:44,233
I'M DON HOFFMAN...
AS FAR AS I CAN TELL.
486
00:25:44,233 --> 00:25:47,667
Freeman: UC IRVINE
COGNITIVE SCIENTIST DON HOFFMAN
487
00:25:47,667 --> 00:25:50,633
THINKS THAT ANYONE
WHO BELIEVES OUR SENSES
488
00:25:50,633 --> 00:25:54,967
ARE DESIGNED TO SHOW WHAT'S
THE TRUTH HAS GOT IT ALL WRONG.
489
00:25:54,967 --> 00:25:57,267
HE ENJOYS PROVING HIS POINT
490
00:25:57,267 --> 00:26:01,100
BY FINDING NEW WAYS
TO FOOL THE SENSES.
491
00:26:01,100 --> 00:26:03,233
I'M ABOUT TO EAT
THIS VERY TART LEMON,
492
00:26:03,233 --> 00:26:05,667
WHICH NORMALLY DOESN'T SOUND
LIKE A GOOD IDEA,
493
00:26:05,667 --> 00:26:10,667
BUT BEFORE I DO, I'M GOING
TO FIRST EAT THIS MIRACLE BERRY
494
00:26:10,667 --> 00:26:12,667
FROM WEST AFRICA.
495
00:26:14,733 --> 00:26:17,333
IT RELEASES SOMETHING
CALLED MIRACULIN,
496
00:26:17,333 --> 00:26:20,467
A CHEMICAL THAT BINDS TO THE
SWEET RECEPTORS ON MY TONGUE.
497
00:26:20,467 --> 00:26:24,067
AND WHAT IT'S SUPPOSED TO DO IS,
WHEN THE ACID FROM THE LEMON
498
00:26:24,067 --> 00:26:27,300
BINDS TO THE MIRACULIN,
IT TRIGGERS MY SWEET RECEPTORS
499
00:26:27,300 --> 00:26:29,600
TO GIVE ME AN ILLUSION
OF A SWEET TASTE.
500
00:26:29,600 --> 00:26:31,267
LET'S SEE IT REALLY WORKS.
501
00:26:31,267 --> 00:26:35,333
SO I'LL TAKE THE BERRY OUT,
AND WE'LL CUT THIS LEMON.
502
00:26:38,800 --> 00:26:40,800
AND THE MOMENT OF TRUTH.
503
00:26:43,667 --> 00:26:45,600
WOW.
504
00:26:45,600 --> 00:26:47,400
THAT DOES TASTE SWEET.
505
00:26:47,400 --> 00:26:49,067
I'VE NEVER TASTED A LEMON
LIKE THAT BEFORE.
506
00:26:49,067 --> 00:26:50,833
THAT IS REALLY GOOD.
[ CHUCKLES ]
507
00:26:54,267 --> 00:26:56,600
Freeman: DON HAS IDENTIFIED
PLENTY OF WAYS OUR SENSES
508
00:26:56,600 --> 00:27:00,767
AND BRAINS
MISCONSTRUE THE WORLD AROUND US.
509
00:27:00,767 --> 00:27:06,100
SURELY, WE THINK, OUR SENSE
OF TOUCH COULD NEVER BE WRONG.
510
00:27:06,100 --> 00:27:09,867
WITH TOUCH, WE FEEL LIKE WE'RE
IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH REALITY
511
00:27:09,867 --> 00:27:11,233
AS IT REALLY IS.
512
00:27:11,233 --> 00:27:15,900
WELL, IF YOU TAP THE SHOULDER
AND THEN TAP THE ELBOW
513
00:27:15,900 --> 00:27:18,100
AND THEN TAP THE WRIST AND YOU
DO THE TIMING JUST RIGHT,
514
00:27:18,100 --> 00:27:20,167
WHAT A PERSON WILL FEEL
IS TAPPING BETWEEN.
515
00:27:20,167 --> 00:27:23,400
SO YOU FEEL A TAP HERE AND A TAP
HERE, TAP THERE, A TAP THERE.
516
00:27:23,400 --> 00:27:27,067
AND IT'LL FEEL LIKE THERE'S SOME
ANIMAL RUNNING DOWN YOUR ARM.
517
00:27:27,067 --> 00:27:29,867
THE BRAIN IS SAYING,
"WHAT IS THE BEST STORY
518
00:27:29,867 --> 00:27:31,700
ABOUT THE WORLD
THAT I COULD COME UP WITH?"
519
00:27:31,700 --> 00:27:33,667
AND THE BEST STORY
THAT IT COMES UP WITH IS, "WELL,
520
00:27:33,667 --> 00:27:36,533
THERE'S PROBABLY SOMETHING
CRAWLING DOWN MY ARM."
521
00:27:36,533 --> 00:27:38,233
Freeman:
WITH SUCH LIMITED SENSES,
522
00:27:38,233 --> 00:27:40,200
THE UNFILTERED TRUTH
OF THE WORLD
523
00:27:40,200 --> 00:27:44,533
NEVER REACHES OUR BRAINS,
SO WE'RE FORCED TO USE STORIES
524
00:27:44,533 --> 00:27:49,100
OR PRECONCEIVED RULES
ABOUT HOW REALITY SHOULD BE.
525
00:27:49,100 --> 00:27:52,367
BUT ONCE YOU'RE CONSTRUCTING
REALITY BASED ON RULES,
526
00:27:52,367 --> 00:27:55,133
IF SOMETHING
DOESN'T MATCH YOUR ASSUMPTIONS,
527
00:27:55,133 --> 00:27:58,100
WE CONSTRUCT THINGS
THAT AREN'T REALLY THERE.
528
00:27:58,100 --> 00:28:02,700
Freeman: EACH OF OUR EYES
CAN ONLY TAKE IN A 2-D IMAGE.
529
00:28:02,700 --> 00:28:07,067
IT'S OUR BRAINS THAT CREATE
A 3-D VIEW OF THE WORLD.
530
00:28:07,067 --> 00:28:08,767
THERE'S GRADIENTS AND SHADING,
531
00:28:08,767 --> 00:28:12,200
SO AS YOU GO FROM LIGHT
TO DARK AND DARK TO LIGHT,
532
00:28:12,200 --> 00:28:14,100
THE VISUAL SYSTEM
AUTOMATICALLY INTERPRETS THAT
533
00:28:14,100 --> 00:28:16,767
IN TERMS
OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL SHAPES.
534
00:28:16,767 --> 00:28:18,500
AS YOU SEE THINGS
LIKE RAILROAD TRACKS
535
00:28:18,500 --> 00:28:19,833
CONVERGING IN THE DISTANCE,
536
00:28:19,833 --> 00:28:22,667
YOU'LL ACTUALLY GIVE
A DEPTH INTERPRETATION TO THAT.
537
00:28:23,467 --> 00:28:25,367
AH!
538
00:28:25,367 --> 00:28:28,567
Freeman: DON'S RADICAL
CONCLUSION IS THAT OUR SENSES
539
00:28:28,567 --> 00:28:30,933
AREN'T INTENDED
TO SEE THE TRUTH OF REALITY.
540
00:28:30,933 --> 00:28:36,233
OUR SENSES DO JUST ENOUGH TO
HELP US FIND MATES, FIND FOOD,
541
00:28:36,233 --> 00:28:40,267
AND AVOID BECOMING
SOMEONE ELSE'S FOOD.
542
00:28:40,267 --> 00:28:41,833
Hoffman:
IT'S THE PERCEPTUAL SYSTEMS
543
00:28:41,833 --> 00:28:45,367
THAT ALLOW YOU TO STAY ALIVE
LONG ENOUGH TO REPRODUCE.
544
00:28:45,367 --> 00:28:47,400
THOSE ARE THE ONES
WHOSE GENES GET PASSED ON
545
00:28:47,400 --> 00:28:48,467
TO THE NEXT GENERATION.
546
00:28:48,467 --> 00:28:50,633
SO, IN THAT SENSE,
IT'S QUITE CLEAR.
547
00:28:50,633 --> 00:28:52,600
PERCEPTION
AND EVOLUTION OF PERCEPTION
548
00:28:52,600 --> 00:28:56,500
IS ABOUT HAVING KIDS,
NOT ABOUT THE TRUTH.
549
00:28:56,500 --> 00:28:59,267
Freeman: EVERY CREATURE ON EARTH
DEVELOPS ONLY THE SENSES
550
00:28:59,267 --> 00:29:03,367
IT NEEDS TO SURVIVE
AND REPRODUCE.
551
00:29:03,367 --> 00:29:05,967
THIS REGION USED TO BE
A MUCH BIGGER WETLAND
552
00:29:05,967 --> 00:29:08,500
WITH MILLIONS OF FROGS.
553
00:29:08,500 --> 00:29:12,067
Freeman:
THIS IS HOW RESEARCHERS BELIEVE
THE WORLD LOOKS TO A FROG.
554
00:29:12,067 --> 00:29:13,433
IF THINGS AREN'T MOVING,
555
00:29:13,433 --> 00:29:15,367
THE FROG PRETTY MUCH
EITHER DOESN'T SEE THEM
556
00:29:15,367 --> 00:29:18,067
OR IS PROGRAMMED TO IGNORE THEM.
557
00:29:18,067 --> 00:29:21,933
Freeman:
LUCKILY FOR THE FROG, IT'S GREAT
AT DETECTING SMALL OBJECTS
558
00:29:21,933 --> 00:29:23,967
FLYING AROUND CLOSE ENOUGH
TO ITS TONGUE
559
00:29:23,967 --> 00:29:26,467
TO BECOME A TASTY MEAL.
560
00:29:26,467 --> 00:29:31,833
WE CAN SEE STATIONARY OBJECTS
THAT A FROG CAN'T,
561
00:29:31,833 --> 00:29:36,400
BUT WE DON'T SEE ALL THE COLORS
THAT A BUTTERFLY DOES,
562
00:29:36,400 --> 00:29:39,933
AND WE CAN'T HEAR
EVERY FREQUENCY OF SOUND
563
00:29:39,933 --> 00:29:42,433
THAT A BAT CAN,
564
00:29:42,433 --> 00:29:48,067
WHICH BEGS THE QUESTION,
WHAT IS THE WORLD REALLY LIKE?
565
00:29:48,067 --> 00:29:50,400
WHAT ARE WE NOT SEEING?
566
00:29:53,067 --> 00:29:55,833
IMAGINE A COLOR
YOU'VE NEVER EXPERIENCED BEFORE.
567
00:29:55,833 --> 00:29:57,067
NOTHING HAPPENS.
568
00:29:57,067 --> 00:29:58,400
IF WE CAN'T EVEN DO THAT,
569
00:29:58,400 --> 00:30:00,967
JUST ONE NEW COLOR THAT
YOU'VE NEVER EXPERIENCED BEFORE,
570
00:30:00,967 --> 00:30:02,433
WE'RE REALLY IN THE DARK
571
00:30:02,433 --> 00:30:07,867
ABOUT WHAT THE FULL COMPLEXITY
OF OBJECTIVE REALITY MIGHT BE.
572
00:30:07,867 --> 00:30:13,233
SO OUR SENSES ARE THIS WONDERFUL
WINDOW ON THE WORLD,
573
00:30:13,233 --> 00:30:16,933
BUT THEY'RE ALSO A PRISON THAT
WE REALLY CAN'T SEE OUTSIDE OF.
574
00:30:19,500 --> 00:30:23,500
WE CAN'T NECESSARILY
TRUST OUR SENSES,
575
00:30:23,500 --> 00:30:28,533
BUT EVEN IF WE ONLY GRASP
A SIMPLIFIED VERSION OF REALITY,
576
00:30:28,533 --> 00:30:30,133
SURELY, OUR MEMORIES
577
00:30:30,133 --> 00:30:34,800
CAN KEEP TRACK
OF WHERE AND WHEN THINGS HAPPEN.
578
00:30:34,800 --> 00:30:38,833
OR THAT'S WHAT WE THOUGHT.
579
00:30:38,833 --> 00:30:40,900
NEW RESEARCH SUGGESTS
580
00:30:40,900 --> 00:30:46,167
THAT OUR BRAINS TRICK US
INTO MISREMEMBERING THE TRUTH.
581
00:30:57,633 --> 00:31:00,067
WE CAN'T POSSIBLY
REMEMBER EVERY SINGLE THING
582
00:31:00,067 --> 00:31:01,900
THAT HAPPENS TO US,
583
00:31:01,900 --> 00:31:04,933
BUT WE TRUST THE MEMORIES
WE DO RETAIN.
584
00:31:04,933 --> 00:31:08,600
WE REMEMBER EVERY DETAIL
ABOUT THE BIRTH OF A CHILD.
585
00:31:08,600 --> 00:31:13,700
WE KNOW WHERE WE HAD A SPECIAL
MEAL AND WHOM WE WERE WITH.
586
00:31:13,700 --> 00:31:17,933
BUT WHAT IF SOME
OF THOSE MEMORIES AREN'T REAL?
587
00:31:17,933 --> 00:31:20,700
WHAT IF WE INVENTED THEM?
588
00:31:20,700 --> 00:31:25,733
OR...
SOMEONE ELSE IMPLANTED THEM?
589
00:31:28,867 --> 00:31:32,300
THIS IS SUSUMU TONEGAWA'S
FAVORITE SPOT
590
00:31:32,300 --> 00:31:35,133
TO ENJOY A CUP OF COFFEE.
591
00:31:35,133 --> 00:31:39,067
AND SITTING HERE ALSO REMINDS
THE M.I.T. SCIENTIST OF THE TIME
592
00:31:39,067 --> 00:31:42,667
TWO CARS SLAMMED INTO EACH OTHER
JUST A FEW FEET AWAY.
593
00:31:46,700 --> 00:31:49,833
HE MENTIONS THE ACCIDENT
TO HIS FRIEND,
594
00:31:49,833 --> 00:31:53,700
BUT HIS FRIEND
REMEMBERS IT DIFFERENTLY.
595
00:31:53,700 --> 00:31:55,467
I HAD AN ARGUMENT
WITH MY FRIEND,
596
00:31:55,467 --> 00:31:56,833
THAT HE SAID, "NO, NO, NO.
597
00:31:56,833 --> 00:31:59,367
ACTUALLY, CAR ACCIDENT
HAPPENED IN FRONT OF OUR LAB."
598
00:31:59,367 --> 00:32:01,467
[ CRASH ]
599
00:32:05,533 --> 00:32:09,467
Freeman: SUSUMU THOUGHT,
"NO, THAT CAN'T BE RIGHT."
600
00:32:09,467 --> 00:32:15,233
BUT I INSISTED ACCIDENT HAPPENED
IN FRONT OF COFFEE SHOP.
601
00:32:15,233 --> 00:32:19,333
Freeman: AND THEN,
HE REALIZED HIS MISTAKE.
602
00:32:19,333 --> 00:32:21,567
I WAS THINKING
OF THE CONVERSATION
603
00:32:21,567 --> 00:32:25,067
I WAS HAVING WITH MY FRIEND,
DRINKING A COFFEE,
604
00:32:25,067 --> 00:32:28,067
WHEN ACTUALLY, CAR ACCIDENT
HAPPENED IN FRONT OF OUR LAB.
605
00:32:28,067 --> 00:32:29,267
[ CRASH ]
606
00:32:29,267 --> 00:32:31,733
Freeman: HE AND HIS FRIEND
WERE IN FRONT OF THE LAB
607
00:32:31,733 --> 00:32:33,633
WHEN THE CARS COLLIDED,
608
00:32:33,633 --> 00:32:36,833
BUT HIS MIND WAS ON ONE
OF THEIR PREVIOUS CONVERSATIONS
609
00:32:36,833 --> 00:32:38,433
AT THE COFFEE SHOP.
610
00:32:38,433 --> 00:32:42,500
SUSUMU'S BRAIN MISTAKENLY
COMBINED THE TWO LOCATIONS
611
00:32:42,500 --> 00:32:47,833
AND CREATED A NEW MEMORY
THAT IS ACTUALLY FALSE.
612
00:32:47,833 --> 00:32:49,933
AS A NOBEL LAUREATE
AND A SCIENTIST
613
00:32:49,933 --> 00:32:53,100
WHO'S DEVOTED THREE DECADES
TO UNDERSTANDING MEMORY,
614
00:32:53,100 --> 00:32:57,867
SUSUMU WANTED TO KNOW
HOW THIS COULD HAPPEN.
615
00:32:57,867 --> 00:33:00,733
HE AND HIS TEAM DECIDED TO LOOK
FOR PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
616
00:33:00,733 --> 00:33:04,133
OF FALSE MEMORIES BEING FORMED.
617
00:33:04,133 --> 00:33:09,133
IN THE BRAIN,
THE AREA CALLED THE HIPPOCAMPUS
618
00:33:09,133 --> 00:33:13,433
PLAYS A VERY CRUCIAL ROLE
IN THESE TYPES OF MEMORY.
619
00:33:13,433 --> 00:33:17,067
IF YOU HAVE IMPAIRMENT
IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS,
620
00:33:17,067 --> 00:33:23,767
THEN YOU CANNOT FORM MEMORY
OF EPISODE VERY WELL.
621
00:33:23,767 --> 00:33:26,600
Freeman: SUSUMU'S RESEARCH
CENTERS ON THE PHYSICAL CHANGES
622
00:33:26,600 --> 00:33:30,300
IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS
WHEN AN EPISODIC MEMORY FORMS.
623
00:33:32,933 --> 00:33:36,767
WHEN WE EXPERIENCE SOMETHING,
LIKE WITNESSING A CAR ACCIDENT,
624
00:33:36,767 --> 00:33:39,833
IT BIOCHEMICALLY CHANGES
A SMALL GROUP OF NEURONS
625
00:33:39,833 --> 00:33:42,067
IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS.
626
00:33:42,067 --> 00:33:46,400
NEUROSCIENTISTS CALL
THAT CHANGED GROUP AN ENGRAM.
627
00:33:46,400 --> 00:33:51,233
IT IS A PHYSICAL TRACE
OF THE STORED MEMORY.
628
00:33:51,233 --> 00:33:54,667
THAT STORED MEMORY IS SOMETIMES
TRIGGERED WHEN WE SEE SOMETHING
629
00:33:54,667 --> 00:33:57,500
THAT'S NEW BUT SIMILAR.
630
00:33:57,500 --> 00:34:01,767
A LONE, MAJESTIC PINE TREE MAY
REMIND US OF OUR FIRST GLIMPSE
631
00:34:01,767 --> 00:34:06,133
OF THE EIFFEL TOWER
DURING A VACATION YEARS AGO.
632
00:34:06,133 --> 00:34:08,333
SUSUMU FOUND
THAT WHEN OLD MEMORIES
633
00:34:08,333 --> 00:34:11,167
ARE ACTIVATED
BY NEW EXPERIENCES,
634
00:34:11,167 --> 00:34:14,067
BOTH CAN BECOME CONFUSED.
635
00:34:14,067 --> 00:34:16,833
SOMETIMES, THE NEURONS
OF THE OLD MEMORY ENGRAM
636
00:34:16,833 --> 00:34:20,733
BECOME PHYSICALLY LINKED
TO THE RECENTLY FORMED ENGRAM.
637
00:34:20,733 --> 00:34:22,767
THE RESULT IS A FALSE MEMORY
638
00:34:22,767 --> 00:34:28,300
THAT MISTAKENLY COMBINES
TWO EVENTS.
639
00:34:28,300 --> 00:34:31,067
THAT GOT SUSUMU
AND HIS COLLEAGUES WONDERING,
640
00:34:31,067 --> 00:34:36,200
IS IT POSSIBLE TO INTENTIONALLY
CREATE FALSE MEMORIES?
641
00:34:36,200 --> 00:34:41,100
THEY DEVISED AN EXPERIMENT
WITH A MOUSE AND TWO CHAMBERS.
642
00:34:55,933 --> 00:34:59,400
Freeman:
THE MOUSE FORMS SEPARATE
MEMORIES FOR EACH LOCATION.
643
00:34:59,400 --> 00:35:02,067
FOR EXAMPLE,
CHAMBER B HAS A WIRE FLOOR,
644
00:35:02,067 --> 00:35:04,133
AND CHAMBER A DOES NOT.
645
00:35:04,133 --> 00:35:07,100
SUSUMU THEN SETS ABOUT
LOCATING EACH MEMORY
646
00:35:07,100 --> 00:35:08,933
IN THE MOUSE'S BRAIN.
647
00:35:11,133 --> 00:35:13,133
THE MOUSE HAS A SERIES
648
00:35:13,133 --> 00:35:17,467
OF TINY WIRES MONITORING
ACTIVITY IN ITS BRAIN.
649
00:35:17,467 --> 00:35:19,967
WHEN HE PLACES THE MOUSE
IN CHAMBER A,
650
00:35:19,967 --> 00:35:24,200
SUSUMU CAN PINPOINT THE LOCATION
OF THE CHAMBER A MEMORY.
651
00:35:24,200 --> 00:35:26,800
BUT THE WIRES
CAN ALSO STIMULATE NEURONS
652
00:35:26,800 --> 00:35:30,467
TO RESPOND BY EMITTING
SMALL PULSES OF LIGHT.
653
00:35:30,467 --> 00:35:34,300
SO WHENEVER SUSUMU SHINES
A LIGHT ON THOSE SAME NEURONS,
654
00:35:34,300 --> 00:35:38,467
HE CAN ACTIVATE THE MOUSE'S
MEMORY OF BEING IN CHAMBER A.
655
00:35:38,467 --> 00:35:41,300
ONCE THE MOUSE HAS FORMED
A MEMORY OF CHAMBER A,
656
00:35:41,300 --> 00:35:44,800
IT'S PLACED
IN THE WIRE-FLOORED CHAMBER B.
657
00:35:44,800 --> 00:35:47,767
SUSUMU IS READY
TO CREATE THE FALSE MEMORY.
658
00:35:59,667 --> 00:36:04,167
THE SHOCK IS HARMLESS
BUT STARTLING.
659
00:36:04,167 --> 00:36:05,867
SINCE THE CHAMBER A MEMORY
660
00:36:05,867 --> 00:36:10,233
IS ACTIVATED WHILE THE MOUSE
RECEIVES THE SHOCK IN CHAMBER B,
661
00:36:10,233 --> 00:36:15,300
IT CREATES AN ASSOCIATION
BETWEEN CHAMBER A AND THE SHOCK.
662
00:36:15,300 --> 00:36:16,533
AND SURE ENOUGH,
663
00:36:16,533 --> 00:36:19,433
WHEN SUSUMU PLACES THE MOUSE
BACK IN CHAMBER A,
664
00:36:19,433 --> 00:36:22,067
IT SUDDENLY FREEZES IN FEAR.
665
00:36:22,067 --> 00:36:23,567
EVEN WITH NO WIRE FLOOR,
666
00:36:23,567 --> 00:36:26,367
THE MOUSE
ACTS LIKE IT MIGHT GET A SHOCK.
667
00:36:26,367 --> 00:36:28,400
IT NOW POSSESSES A FALSE MEMORY
668
00:36:28,400 --> 00:36:32,933
OF BEING SHOCKED IN THE CHAMBER
WHERE NO SHOCK EVER HAPPENED.
669
00:36:32,933 --> 00:36:34,700
SUSUMU AND HIS COLLEAGUES
670
00:36:34,700 --> 00:36:38,967
HAVE SUCCESSFULLY INSERTED
FALSE MEMORIES INTO MICE.
671
00:36:38,967 --> 00:36:43,267
DOES THIS MEAN THE SAME THING
COULD BE DONE TO PEOPLE?
672
00:36:43,267 --> 00:36:45,600
WHAT IS SCIENCE FICTION TODAY
673
00:36:45,600 --> 00:36:48,933
MAY NOT BE SCIENCE FICTION
IN 50 YEARS.
674
00:36:48,933 --> 00:36:51,733
HUMAN BRAIN MUCH BIGGER
THAN MOUSE BRAIN,
675
00:36:51,733 --> 00:36:55,967
BUT THEORETICALLY,
IT'S POSSIBLE.
676
00:36:55,967 --> 00:36:59,500
Freeman: SO IF WE CAN'T TRUST
OUR MEMORIES, OUR SENSES,
677
00:36:59,500 --> 00:37:01,300
OR EACH OTHER,
678
00:37:01,300 --> 00:37:05,067
IS THERE ANY SUCH THING
AS AN ULTIMATE TRUTH?
679
00:37:05,067 --> 00:37:09,133
THIS PHYSICIST IS LOOKING FOR
ANSWERS IN THE QUANTUM WORLD.
680
00:37:09,133 --> 00:37:13,900
HE IS FINDING THAT THE NOTION
OF TRUTH KEEPS GETTING CURIOUSER
681
00:37:13,900 --> 00:37:16,067
AND CURIOUSER.
682
00:37:20,267 --> 00:37:23,300
TRUTH IS HARD TO FIND
IN THE HUMAN WORLD.
683
00:37:23,300 --> 00:37:26,767
OUR BRAINS ARE WIRED FOR LYING.
684
00:37:26,767 --> 00:37:29,700
WE REMEMBER EVENTS
THAT NEVER HAPPENED.
685
00:37:29,700 --> 00:37:31,900
AND OUR SENSES
686
00:37:31,900 --> 00:37:36,267
DON'T PERCEIVE THE REALITY
OF THE WORLD AROUND US.
687
00:37:38,433 --> 00:37:41,200
BUT SURELY IF WE USE THE TOOLS
OF SCIENCE
688
00:37:41,200 --> 00:37:44,733
TO EXAMINE THE FUNDAMENTAL
NATURE OF REALITY,
689
00:37:44,733 --> 00:37:49,200
WE CAN SEE THE ULTIMATE TRUTH.
690
00:37:49,200 --> 00:37:55,867
UNLESS THE UNIVERSE ITSELF
LIES TO US.
691
00:37:55,867 --> 00:38:00,333
I AM JEFF TOLLAKSEN,
AND THAT'S THE TRUTH.
692
00:38:00,333 --> 00:38:02,633
Freeman:
JEFF TOLLAKSEN, A PHYSICIST
693
00:38:02,633 --> 00:38:06,267
AT CHAPMAN UNIVERSITY
IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA,
694
00:38:06,267 --> 00:38:09,533
HAS TAKEN MANY TRIPS
INTO THE QUANTUM WORLD.
695
00:38:09,533 --> 00:38:12,833
THERE ARE A MILLION,
MILLION, BILLION ATOMS
696
00:38:12,833 --> 00:38:15,200
IN EACH INDIVIDUAL
GRAIN OF SAND.
697
00:38:15,200 --> 00:38:16,800
BUT WHEN WE ARE TALKING ABOUT
THE QUANTUM WORLD,
698
00:38:16,800 --> 00:38:20,233
WE MEAN EVEN SMALLER PIECES OF
MATTER THAT MAKE UP THE ATOMS.
699
00:38:20,233 --> 00:38:23,133
THE PROTONS, THE NEUTRONS,
AND THE ELECTRONS --
700
00:38:23,133 --> 00:38:25,233
THEY MAKE UP EVERYTHING
IN THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE,
701
00:38:25,233 --> 00:38:27,800
INCLUDING US.
702
00:38:27,800 --> 00:38:32,333
Freeman:
JEFF KNOWS THAT THE BASIC
BUILDING BLOCKS OF EXISTENCE
703
00:38:32,333 --> 00:38:35,600
DON'T FOLLOW BASIC RULES.
704
00:38:35,600 --> 00:38:38,333
Tollaksen: TAKE,
FOR INSTANCE, THE ELECTRON.
705
00:38:38,333 --> 00:38:39,933
THE LAWS OF THE QUANTUM WORLD
706
00:38:39,933 --> 00:38:42,633
SUGGEST THAT THINGS CAN BE
AT MANY DIFFERENT PLACES
707
00:38:42,633 --> 00:38:44,067
AT THE SAME TIME.
708
00:38:44,067 --> 00:38:49,333
THEY ALSO FORBID US FROM KNOWING
EVERYTHING ABOUT THE ELECTRON.
709
00:38:49,333 --> 00:38:51,600
IT'S A BIT LIKE
LOOKING AT A HUMMINGBIRD.
710
00:38:51,600 --> 00:38:55,167
ITS WINGS ARE MOVING SO FAST
THAT THEY APPEAR AS JUST A BLUR.
711
00:38:55,167 --> 00:38:57,800
BUT IF I TAKE A PHOTO
OF THE HUMMINGBIRD,
712
00:38:57,800 --> 00:39:00,133
I CAN LEARN ONE OF TWO THINGS.
713
00:39:00,133 --> 00:39:02,433
IF I SET IT
TO A HIGH SHUTTER SPEED...
714
00:39:05,233 --> 00:39:07,433
...I CAN CLEARLY SEE
THE LOCATION OF THE WINGS,
715
00:39:07,433 --> 00:39:09,433
BUT I CAN'T TELL ANYTHING
ABOUT VELOCITY.
716
00:39:09,433 --> 00:39:12,200
SO NOW I'LL SET IT
TO A LOW SHUTTER SPEED.
717
00:39:14,767 --> 00:39:16,067
AND NOW IT'S JUST A BLUR.
718
00:39:16,067 --> 00:39:18,600
I CAN'T TELL ANYTHING
ABOUT THE LOCATION OF THE WINGS,
719
00:39:18,600 --> 00:39:21,467
BUT I CAN CLEARLY SEE
THAT THEY HAVE A VELOCITY.
720
00:39:21,467 --> 00:39:24,133
Freeman: SIMILARLY, WE CAN NEVER
KNOW THE TRUE POSITION
721
00:39:24,133 --> 00:39:27,733
AND VELOCITY OF AN ELECTRON.
722
00:39:27,733 --> 00:39:30,867
SO THE NOTION OF TRUTH
AT THE QUANTUM LEVEL
723
00:39:30,867 --> 00:39:36,167
IS VERY DIFFERENT FROM OUR USUAL
HUMAN UNDERSTANDING OF TRUTH.
724
00:39:36,167 --> 00:39:38,700
Freeman: BUT AS STRANGE
AS THESE PARTICLES ARE,
725
00:39:38,700 --> 00:39:41,367
WE STILL KNOW
THEY ARE BITS OF MATTER
726
00:39:41,367 --> 00:39:43,667
AND THEY HAVE
CERTAIN DEFINING PROPERTIES,
727
00:39:43,667 --> 00:39:48,500
SUCH AS SPIN DIRECTION
AND ELECTRICAL CHARGE.
728
00:39:48,500 --> 00:39:53,433
MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES
GO TOGETHER LIKE ROCK AND HARD.
729
00:39:53,433 --> 00:39:57,233
YOU CAN'T HAVE ONE
WITHOUT THE OTHER.
730
00:39:57,233 --> 00:39:59,567
OR CAN YOU?
731
00:39:59,567 --> 00:40:01,167
THE MORE JEFF AND HIS COLLEAGUES
732
00:40:01,167 --> 00:40:03,900
STUDY THE BUILDING BLOCKS
OF THE UNIVERSE,
733
00:40:03,900 --> 00:40:08,500
THE CURIOUSER AND CURIOUSER
IT ALL BECOMES.
734
00:40:08,500 --> 00:40:12,100
Tollaksen:
IF YOU'VE EVER READ LEWIS
CARROLL'S "ALICE IN WONDERLAND,"
735
00:40:12,100 --> 00:40:14,667
YOU KNOW
THAT THERE IS A CHESHIRE CAT.
736
00:40:14,667 --> 00:40:17,733
NOW, THE CHESHIRE CAT
HAS A GRIN.
737
00:40:17,733 --> 00:40:19,167
AND IT'S A REMARKABLE GRIN.
738
00:40:19,167 --> 00:40:22,000
SO YOU CAN'T HAVE THE
CHESHIRE CAT WITHOUT THE GRIN.
739
00:40:22,000 --> 00:40:24,467
THE GRIN BELONGS TO THE CAT.
740
00:40:24,467 --> 00:40:27,300
BUT ONE DAY, ALICE IS HAVING
A CONVERSATION WITH THE CAT,
741
00:40:27,300 --> 00:40:29,767
AND SUDDENLY,
THE BODY DISAPPEARS,
742
00:40:29,767 --> 00:40:31,333
LEAVING JUST THE GRIN.
743
00:40:31,333 --> 00:40:32,733
TO WHICH ALICE SAID,
744
00:40:32,733 --> 00:40:35,433
"WELL, I'VE OFTEN SEEN A CAT
WITHOUT A GRIN.
745
00:40:35,433 --> 00:40:36,733
BUT A GRIN WITHOUT A CAT?
746
00:40:36,733 --> 00:40:40,033
IT'S THE MOST CURIOUS THING
I'VE EVER SEEN."
747
00:40:40,033 --> 00:40:42,467
NOW, IT SEEMS
PHYSICALLY IMPOSSIBLE,
748
00:40:42,467 --> 00:40:45,200
EVEN IN YOUR WILDEST DREAMS,
THAT SUCH A THING COULD HAPPEN.
749
00:40:45,200 --> 00:40:49,333
BUT WHAT'S REMARKABLE IS WE'VE
PREDICTED HOW YOU COULD DO THIS,
750
00:40:49,333 --> 00:40:53,300
NAMELY SEPARATE PROPERTIES
FROM MATTER.
751
00:40:53,300 --> 00:40:56,033
Freeman:
IN JULY 2014,
752
00:40:56,033 --> 00:40:59,700
JEFF AND COLLEAGUES AT THE
VIENNA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
753
00:40:59,700 --> 00:41:02,567
PUT THAT PREDICTION TO THE TEST.
754
00:41:02,567 --> 00:41:07,833
COULD THEY ACTUALLY
CREATE A QUANTUM CHESHIRE CAT?
755
00:41:07,833 --> 00:41:11,400
THEY SPLIT A STREAM OF NEUTRONS
INTO TWO BEAMS.
756
00:41:11,400 --> 00:41:14,600
THEN, THEY USED MAGNETIC FIELDS
TO GIVE THE NEUTRONS
757
00:41:14,600 --> 00:41:17,867
IN EACH BEAM
OPPOSITE SPIN DIRECTION.
758
00:41:17,867 --> 00:41:20,867
USING OTHER MAGNETIC FIELDS
AND FILTERS,
759
00:41:20,867 --> 00:41:23,067
THEY MANIPULATED THE SYSTEM
760
00:41:23,067 --> 00:41:25,400
UNTIL SOMETHING VERY CURIOUS
HAPPENED.
761
00:41:25,400 --> 00:41:29,233
THE MASS OF THE NEUTRONS WENT
ENTIRELY THROUGH THE UPPER BEAM,
762
00:41:29,233 --> 00:41:31,467
WHILE THE NEUTRONS'
SPIN PROPERTIES
763
00:41:31,467 --> 00:41:35,067
TRAVELED EXCLUSIVELY
THROUGH THE LOWER BEAM.
764
00:41:35,067 --> 00:41:37,400
LIKE A CAT AND ITS GRIN,
765
00:41:37,400 --> 00:41:40,700
MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES
WERE SEPARATED.
766
00:41:42,700 --> 00:41:44,900
IF IT'S POSSIBLE
TO SEPARATE AN OBJECT
767
00:41:44,900 --> 00:41:49,067
FROM THE PROPERTIES
THAT WE USE TO DESCRIBE IT,
768
00:41:49,067 --> 00:41:50,267
IS TRUTH ITSELF
769
00:41:50,267 --> 00:41:53,567
JUST ANOTHER PROPERTY
THAT CAN BE STRIPPED AWAY?
770
00:41:53,567 --> 00:41:57,167
ARE WE CLOSER TO FINDING
THE TRUTH ABOUT THE UNIVERSE,
771
00:41:57,167 --> 00:42:01,933
OR CLOSER TO DISMISSING IT
AS NOTHING MORE THAN A PHANTOM?
772
00:42:04,400 --> 00:42:07,833
Tollaksen:
EVERY TIME WE PEEL BACK
A LITTLE BIT MORE OF THAT VEIL,
773
00:42:07,833 --> 00:42:12,633
WE DISCOVER INCREDIBLY BEAUTIFUL
AND AWE-INSPIRING NEW TRUTHS.
774
00:42:12,633 --> 00:42:15,733
WHETHER OR NOT SCIENTISTS
WILL EVER BE ABLE TO DISCOVER
775
00:42:15,733 --> 00:42:20,133
ABSOLUTE TRUTH,
DEEP NATURE OF EVERYTHING,
776
00:42:20,133 --> 00:42:21,733
WE DON'T KNOW.
777
00:42:21,733 --> 00:42:25,333
BUT IT IS IN THE SPIRIT
OF SCIENCE TO KEEP TRYING.
778
00:42:25,333 --> 00:42:29,267
WILL WE CONTINUE TO PEEL BACK
LAYER AFTER LAYER
779
00:42:29,267 --> 00:42:32,200
OF NEW TRUTHS FOREVER?
780
00:42:32,200 --> 00:42:35,800
COULD WE EVEN COMPREHEND THE
TRUTH WITH OUR LIMITED SENSES
781
00:42:35,800 --> 00:42:39,367
AND OUR FAULTY,
SELECTIVE MEMORIES?
782
00:42:39,367 --> 00:42:44,167
THERE'S ONLY ONE THING
WE CAN BE SURE OF --
783
00:42:44,167 --> 00:42:47,733
ANYONE WHO CLAIMS
TO KNOW THE ULTIMATE TRUTH...
784
00:42:49,833 --> 00:42:54,433
...IS PROBABLY JUST
TELLING YOU ANOTHER LIE.
785
00:42:54,433 --> 00:42:54,800
[ CHUCKLES ]
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