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In this series, we have explored
the Earth's frozen frontiers.
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We have celebrated the astonishing
variety of animals
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that are found there.
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And revealed the extraordinary ways
by which they manage to survive.
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At a time when our icecaps are
melting faster than ever before,
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we will meet the scientists
and people who are dedicating
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their lives to protecting
our frozen planet.
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And striving to turn things around
while there is still time
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to do so.
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It won't be easy, but it's doable.
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It's crucial...
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...that we try to understand
what the impact will be,
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not just for the wildlife and the
people that live there,
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but for you and for me.
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We start our journey in the high
Arctic and the vast frozen
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expanse of Greenland.
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This huge island is blanketed
by the largest store of ice
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in the northern hemisphere.
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But now it's shrinking.
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Professor Alun Hubbard is
a glaciologist, and he's spent
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over 30 years studying the movement
of ice along Greenland's coastline.
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It is a beast of a glacier, that
it's just growling constantly.
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Thundering in the background.
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Oh, there we go,
bit of activity.
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Carving icebergs is
a natural process,
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but what we've seen in the last
20 years is there's
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been much more melt.
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And much more ice carving off,
producing huge icebergs.
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So it's quite an intimidating
place to be hanging out.
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One thing in particular
has caused this increase
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in melting and carving...
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We put this weather station
here in 2010.
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And the hottest temperature
was two days ago.
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At 22.37 degrees centigrade.
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That is very,
very hot for Greenland.
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As the ice falls into the ocean,
it raises sea levels globally.
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These are now rising by an average
of four millimetres a year.
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A quarter of that comes
from the Greenland ice sheet.
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And scientists fear that this figure
could increase rapidly.
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To investigate, Alun has travelled
70 miles inland
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to the top of the ice sheet,
where the glaciers
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start their lives as compacted snow
more than a mile thick.
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Here, the effects of a warming
climate are only too clear.
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There are thousands of these
beautiful azure blue lakes,
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littered across the surface
of the ice sheet.
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The surface has always melted in the
summer, but not on this scale.
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And Alun wants to know what
effect the increase in meltwater
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is having on the ice sheet
as a whole.
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The sheer quantity of water...
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...shifting through the system
is crazy.
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Powerful torrents of meltwater
are boring shafts
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known as moulins into the ice sheet.
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This is nuts, this a moulin
actively being formed.
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A moulin in Genesis.
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As we speak, that water is finding
the path of least resistance,
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sculpting this shaft that's
going deep into the ice.
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And here it is.
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Just toppling over a waterfall edge
and dropping into the ice sheet.
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But where is all this meltwater
going and what impact
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is it having on the structure
of the ice sheet?
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To find out, Alun decides to climb
inside a dried up moulin.
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Think it must be 15, 20
metres down here?
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I'm going to go down a bit further.
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It's a very narrow shaft here.
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It's always been assumed that the
meltwater drains straight
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down and out of the bottom
of the ice sheet.
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But what Alun discovers
is very different.
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I can hear a big amount of water
moving in this system.
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And the water's starting to spread
sideways, laterally.
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So the drainage system
is obviously complex.
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It's interlinked.
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These observations suggest
that the meltwater is branching out
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in every direction, causing
this once rigid
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structure to destabilise.
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Whoa, it's a bit rotten.
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Everything is rotten here.
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The implications
of this are frightening.
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Alun believes that as the ice sheet
begins to thaw, it's sliding
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towards the ocean at a much
faster rate.
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And he's now confirmed that using
time lapse photography.
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The ice at the front can be moving
in excess of 20 metres a day.
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Which is fast.
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That is a huge quantity of ice
straight into the ocean.
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Some of Greenland's glaciers are
moving three times faster today
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than they were 30 years ago.
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As the climate's warming, the rate
at which this ice sheet flows
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is absolutely critical.
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So whereas at the moment
we're thinking this thing
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is going to take thousands of years
to melt and disintegrate.
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If it does move faster and
accelerate, it means centuries.
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That is a really contentious
and very important question
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because this ice sheet has enough
water in it to raise global sea
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level by over seven metres.
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And that's a total disaster
for humanity.
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Calculations predict that nearly
half a billion people living
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in coastal communities around
the world will be displaced
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by flooding by the end
of the century.
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00:10:08,340 --> 00:10:12,060
But if the Greenland ice sheet slips
into the ocean more rapidly,
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this could all happen far sooner.
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Greenland isn't the only large body
of ice in the Arctic.
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00:10:24,861 --> 00:10:29,501
In winter, the ocean here freezes
over, creating a cover of ice
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larger than the entire
United States.
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This sea ice has always got
smaller in summer, but today
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it's rapidly disappearing.
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Hotter temperatures are melting
it at an unprecedented rate.
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With worrying consequences
for the wildlife
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that depends on it.
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For harp seals, the sea ice
is an excellent place
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for giving birth out of the water.
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It provides the defenceless
newborn pups with a safe space
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for their first six weeks
until they're big enough
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to swim proficiently.
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But with the sea ice disappearing
increasingly fast...
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...will they be able to adapt?
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Coastguard 432...
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Coastguard radio, coastguard 432.
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In Canada's Gulf of St Lawrence,
a group of seal biologists
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are trying to find out.
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00:12:10,067 --> 00:12:12,507
It's a pretty dangerous,
pretty inhospitable place.
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But it's the perfect environment for
these seals to spend the first
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few weeks of their lives.
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There's a group just down here
to the right, now.
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00:12:22,348 --> 00:12:25,468
But the fragile sea ice
is a challenging place
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00:12:25,468 --> 00:12:27,028
in which to work.
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00:12:30,188 --> 00:12:32,588
Here, let's go a little further out.
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To support a two tonne helicopter,
the ice must be at least
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30 centimetres thick.
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And the only way to find out
if that's so, is with a drill.
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It's just unsafe here.
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There's a couple just down here
below us now.
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We've got a pretty short
window here.
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The team are trying to discover
where the seals go
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when they become independent.
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00:13:40,112 --> 00:13:41,472
This is a juvenile harp seal.
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This is exactly what we've been out
on the ice trying to find.
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Hey, little guy.
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They're absolutely beautiful.
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We'll be putting a satellite
transmitter on the top
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00:13:53,953 --> 00:13:56,753
of this animal's head so that every
time the animal comes
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to the surface, we can get
a location estimate
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for where he is at sea.
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It won't harm them in any way,
and in return,
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the amount of information we get
from them is invaluable.
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00:14:13,714 --> 00:14:16,074
We're really interested to see
where these animals go,
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as the ice starts to break up over
the coming months.
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The results from the study
so far do not look encouraging.
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Despite migrating huge distances,
when the time comes to have pups
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of their own, harp seals almost
always return to the area where
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they themselves were born.
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But as the sea ice shrinks, so does
its Suitability as a nursery.
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The problem really comes
about if the only ice available
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in the traditional areas
is very thin.
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They'll still use that ice and then
you get an increased mortality.
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In short, the pups risk drowning
if the ice isn't thick enough.
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And the bigger question
is will the ice continue
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to exist at all?
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In my lifetime, we've lost about
two thirds of the summer
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sea ice in the Arctic.
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And it's likely that in the next
30 years we're going to end
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up with an ice free Arctic
in the summer.
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I think one of the issues
with climate change
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is that it's really
difficult to see.
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But in the case of harp seals,
it's really quite simple.
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If we lose the sea ice in the
Arctic, we lose the harp seals.
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For harp seals, their future,
it has to be said,
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appears uncertain.
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But what about the most famous
face of climate change...
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...the polar bear?
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Can this keenly intelligent animal
adapt to a rapidly changing world?
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As the summer sea ice melts away,
many polar bears
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are forced to head for dry land.
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Some swim up to 400 miles
to get there.
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This is Wrangel...
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A remote island in Arctic Russia.
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Without the sea ice, the hungry
bears cannot hunt seals and feed
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on their calorie rich flesh,
but find other sources of food,
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including human food supplies.
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Each summer, Gennadiy is joined
by polar bear expert
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Dr Eric Regehr.
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We need to cross that ridge. OK.
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Eric wants to find out just how many
bears are ending up here.
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In 20 years of studying polar bears,
I've never been anywhere
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like Wrangel Island.
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The density of bears is unlike
anything I've ever seen before.
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This past two years,
we've seen about 500 bears.
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My sense is that's just
a fraction of how many are here.
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But with so many hungry
animals in one place...
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...is there enough food to go round?
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Gennadiy, if you can keep an eye
out for us, please,
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like, up on the hill or just
wherever you've got a good view.
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All right. Thank you.
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This is a hair trap.
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00:19:36,332 --> 00:19:39,172
So bears like anything
that smells strong,
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and so this has a little bit
of spoiled cheese,
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milk and fish in it.
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So the goal here is to get
a polar bear to come in
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and put his hand or its head
inside this box.
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00:19:52,453 --> 00:19:55,813
And when that happens, these little
wire brushes will pull out a few
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00:19:55,813 --> 00:19:58,813
pieces of hair that we can use
for scientific analyses.
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00:20:00,893 --> 00:20:03,133
You can learn a lot about
polar bears just from
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a piece of their hair.
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00:20:05,413 --> 00:20:09,493
We can figure out which individual
it is, or you can get
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information on what they're eating.
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There we go.
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00:20:14,894 --> 00:20:16,414
Hair collected.
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00:20:20,054 --> 00:20:24,094
Eric's molecular studies
of the polar bears' hair shows
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00:20:24,094 --> 00:20:29,144
that the bears on Wrangel appear
to be finding enough food.
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00:20:29,135 --> 00:20:32,535
But with more and more bears
coming here,
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00:20:32,535 --> 00:20:35,215
will there still be enough
food to go round?
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One of the main things we expect
to happen with sea ice loss
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00:20:43,855 --> 00:20:47,415
is changes in the movements
and the distribution of polar bears.
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00:20:47,416 --> 00:20:50,456
So polar bears are going to appear
in places they never were before,
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00:20:50,456 --> 00:20:53,136
and they're going to disappear
from places that they were.
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00:21:00,056 --> 00:21:04,416
Some coastal towns in Siberia have
been overrun with up to
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00:21:04,417 --> 00:21:06,697
50 bears at a time.
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00:21:12,937 --> 00:21:16,537
They're desperate to eat
whatever they can.
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And in the city of Norilsk,
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one female was found an incredible
250 miles away from the coast.
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Lost and starving,
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00:21:35,178 --> 00:21:37,138
she was eventually rescued.
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But many are not so lucky.
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They are intelligent animals,
but there's simply no food on land
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that could compare to the seals
that the bears eat on the sea ice.
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A future without polar bears
would be very sad.
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00:22:11,620 --> 00:22:15,420
But the sea ice is not
just essential for animals.
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00:22:16,501 --> 00:22:20,581
It's a lifeline for many of
the four million people
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00:22:20,581 --> 00:22:22,621
who call the Arctic their home.
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00:22:41,022 --> 00:22:46,542
Aleqatsiaq Peary lives in Qaanaaq
on Greenland's west coast,
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00:22:46,542 --> 00:22:49,902
the most northerly Inuit town
in the world.
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00:22:53,383 --> 00:22:57,663
For centuries, life here
has depended on the sea ice.
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00:23:18,864 --> 00:23:22,864
Not only are dog sleds a way
to reach neighbouring communities,
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which can be over 100 miles away,
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00:23:26,144 --> 00:23:30,474
but in a land where no crops can
grow travelling over the sea ice
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00:23:30,465 --> 00:23:34,865
is a vital route to food,
fur and livelihood.
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00:24:09,867 --> 00:24:13,747
But the dwindling of the sea ice
is making this way of life
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00:24:13,747 --> 00:24:17,667
not only difficult,
but increasingly dangerous.
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00:25:08,670 --> 00:25:10,790
Today, they must turn back.
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00:25:32,751 --> 00:25:36,471
For Qaanaaq's 650 residents
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00:25:36,472 --> 00:25:41,952
the loss of sea ice is the loss
of an entire way of life,
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00:25:41,952 --> 00:25:45,392
and it is creating
an uncertain future.
241
00:26:17,034 --> 00:26:20,674
And there's a reason for this
accelerating rate of change.
242
00:26:24,994 --> 00:26:31,164
In the last 30 years,
over 14 trillion tons of ice
243
00:26:31,155 --> 00:26:36,035
have been lost from the Arctic,
creating a vicious cycle
244
00:26:36,035 --> 00:26:38,355
of ever-increasing temperatures.
245
00:26:40,355 --> 00:26:45,715
Normally, large areas of snow
and ice would act as a mirror,
246
00:26:45,715 --> 00:26:50,955
reflecting up to 85% of
the sun's rays back into space.
247
00:26:52,756 --> 00:26:57,636
But as the ice melts, the great
white mirror is being replaced
248
00:26:57,636 --> 00:27:00,196
by the darkness
of the ice-free ocean.
249
00:27:03,796 --> 00:27:07,356
The dark ocean absorbs
the sun's rays, so causing
250
00:27:07,357 --> 00:27:12,157
even more ice to melt, creating
a feedback loop that contributes
251
00:27:12,157 --> 00:27:14,277
to further warming.
252
00:27:18,157 --> 00:27:23,317
Because of this, the Arctic is now
warming more than twice as fast
253
00:27:23,318 --> 00:27:25,318
as the Earth as a whole.
254
00:27:29,318 --> 00:27:34,158
That has far-reaching consequences
not just for the Arctic Ocean,
255
00:27:34,158 --> 00:27:38,318
but for the vast frozen lands
that surround it -
256
00:27:38,318 --> 00:27:40,158
the tundra.
257
00:27:44,359 --> 00:27:48,119
In summer, the open tundra
provides refuge for
258
00:27:48,119 --> 00:27:50,239
great concentrations of life.
259
00:27:59,840 --> 00:28:04,600
But today its thick surface soil
that has been deeply frozen
260
00:28:04,600 --> 00:28:07,080
for thousands of years is thawing.
261
00:28:08,680 --> 00:28:12,840
And the pooling water is creating
millions of new lakes.
262
00:28:18,121 --> 00:28:22,961
Here in Alaska, we've seen
a 40% increase in the lake area
263
00:28:22,961 --> 00:28:24,401
since the '80s.
264
00:28:26,881 --> 00:28:30,881
Professor Katy Walter Anthony
has worked across Alaska
265
00:28:30,881 --> 00:28:34,481
and Siberia studying their lakes.
266
00:28:34,481 --> 00:28:38,161
She is interested not so much
in the lakes themselves,
267
00:28:38,162 --> 00:28:41,282
but in what is seeping out of them.
268
00:28:41,282 --> 00:28:44,562
We are seeing a bright spot
in the satellite image
269
00:28:44,562 --> 00:28:46,882
that we suspect is gas bubbling.
270
00:28:51,202 --> 00:28:54,002
To identify the gas
in these bubbles,
271
00:28:54,003 --> 00:28:56,483
Katy must collect some of it.
272
00:28:58,643 --> 00:29:02,283
I'm surrounded by tiny bubbles
that are rising.
273
00:29:03,563 --> 00:29:06,723
Methane appears to be
the dominant gas.
274
00:29:09,203 --> 00:29:13,043
Methane is produced by the decaying
remains of prehistoric
275
00:29:13,044 --> 00:29:14,524
plants and animals.
276
00:29:15,804 --> 00:29:19,164
As the frozen soil beneath
the lake starts to thaw,
277
00:29:19,164 --> 00:29:22,764
it releases stores of
this potent greenhouse gas,
278
00:29:22,764 --> 00:29:27,484
which is up to 30 times more
effective than carbon dioxide
279
00:29:27,484 --> 00:29:30,734
when it comes to trapping heat
in the atmosphere and
280
00:29:30,725 --> 00:29:32,925
accelerating global warming.
281
00:29:34,605 --> 00:29:38,125
45 parts per million for
these tiny bubbles.
282
00:29:38,125 --> 00:29:40,085
It's rising higher and higher.
283
00:29:40,085 --> 00:29:42,045
Now it's going above 70.
284
00:29:43,965 --> 00:29:46,805
This is a huge amount of methane.
285
00:29:46,805 --> 00:29:48,885
It could be a mega-seep.
286
00:29:52,646 --> 00:29:56,046
We are discovering more and more
of these methane mega-seeps.
287
00:29:56,046 --> 00:29:58,886
It's just streaming out and
entering into the atmosphere.
288
00:30:05,727 --> 00:30:08,767
Methane can be seen escaping
from lakes.
289
00:30:13,167 --> 00:30:17,407
But it also rises from the land
wherever the frozen soil, known as
290
00:30:17,407 --> 00:30:19,967
the permafrost, begins to thaw.
291
00:30:27,528 --> 00:30:34,448
And the Arctic tundra is
thawing and collapsing
292
00:30:34,448 --> 00:30:36,448
at an unprecedented rate.
293
00:30:38,528 --> 00:30:43,608
It's concerning because permafrost,
or frozen ground,
294
00:30:43,609 --> 00:30:48,849
occupies about a quarter of the
northern hemisphere land surface.
295
00:30:50,689 --> 00:30:53,489
As permafrost thaws,
if even a small fraction
296
00:30:53,489 --> 00:30:57,609
if that trapped methane escapes,
297
00:30:57,609 --> 00:31:01,609
it will accelerate climate warming
298
00:31:01,610 --> 00:31:03,130
and you cannot reverse it.
299
00:31:09,930 --> 00:31:15,690
It's clear that in the Arctic
changes to permafrost on the land
300
00:31:15,690 --> 00:31:20,170
and floating ice on the sea
will have far-reaching consequences
301
00:31:20,171 --> 00:31:22,371
to the planet as a whole.
302
00:31:24,811 --> 00:31:27,451
And there is nowhere better
to see the extent of
303
00:31:27,451 --> 00:31:28,971
these global changes...
304
00:31:31,851 --> 00:31:33,291
...than from space.
305
00:31:36,492 --> 00:31:40,892
All of my life, I've thought
about how this would feel to gaze
306
00:31:40,892 --> 00:31:43,532
back on the planet with my own eyes.
307
00:31:45,212 --> 00:31:50,252
NASA scientist Jessica Meir
has spent six months in orbit.
308
00:31:50,252 --> 00:31:55,412
From the space station, you have
the planet spinning beneath you.
309
00:31:55,413 --> 00:31:59,413
And you're passing over it
at 17,500 miles per hour.
310
00:32:00,493 --> 00:32:05,493
We are going around the entire
planet every 90 minutes,
311
00:32:05,493 --> 00:32:09,373
so you can begin to see
larger-scale phenomenon
312
00:32:09,373 --> 00:32:12,853
in ways that you just can't
experience on the ground.
313
00:32:12,854 --> 00:32:17,894
And we can see the change
in these systems over time.
314
00:32:17,894 --> 00:32:21,494
We cannot deny that we are having
an incredible effect on
315
00:32:21,494 --> 00:32:23,174
the fate of our planet.
316
00:32:23,174 --> 00:32:28,054
And the effect that we have
as humans on our planet...
317
00:32:28,054 --> 00:32:32,904
Right there, actually,
I'm looking down at several fires.
318
00:32:32,895 --> 00:32:35,935
I'm not sure where those are.
319
00:32:35,935 --> 00:32:37,495
Let's take a quick peek.
320
00:32:41,775 --> 00:32:44,775
So right now we're flying over
Europe and I can see
321
00:32:44,775 --> 00:32:47,215
some fires over in that direction.
322
00:32:48,936 --> 00:32:52,736
And that is, of course, something
that we have to contend
323
00:32:52,736 --> 00:32:55,776
more and more with
as our climate changes.
324
00:32:58,696 --> 00:33:03,496
As the Arctic warms, wildfires
are not only getting more intense
325
00:33:03,496 --> 00:33:06,616
but they're breaking out in parts
of the northern hemisphere
326
00:33:06,617 --> 00:33:09,057
where they have never
occurred before.
327
00:33:21,417 --> 00:33:25,057
Some scientists believe that
unusually warm air rising in
328
00:33:25,058 --> 00:33:28,658
the Arctic is disturbing
high-altitude wind currents
329
00:33:28,658 --> 00:33:30,858
like the polar jet stream.
330
00:33:33,298 --> 00:33:37,018
Once disturbed, the jet stream
produces hotter and drier
331
00:33:37,018 --> 00:33:39,298
conditions much further south.
332
00:33:42,379 --> 00:33:47,099
All of these factors that contribute
to wildfires - the temperature,
333
00:33:47,099 --> 00:33:51,179
the soil moisture, the presence
of trees and shrubs and other fuel -
334
00:33:51,179 --> 00:33:55,539
have either strong, direct or
indirect ties to climate change.
335
00:33:58,619 --> 00:34:01,379
A warming Arctic may not
only be responsible
336
00:34:01,380 --> 00:34:03,580
for the outbreak of wildfires.
337
00:34:07,540 --> 00:34:10,900
But it may also be leading
to extreme weather conditions
338
00:34:10,900 --> 00:34:13,940
across the whole of
the northern hemisphere.
339
00:34:17,060 --> 00:34:20,740
I've always cared so much about
the environment and known
340
00:34:20,741 --> 00:34:24,061
that we all need to do our part
in protecting it.
341
00:34:24,061 --> 00:34:28,221
But after seeing this view
with my own eyes, after seeing
342
00:34:28,221 --> 00:34:31,461
all of those ecosystems
from up here, it really makes it
343
00:34:31,461 --> 00:34:33,621
resonate even more loudly.
344
00:34:42,662 --> 00:34:48,422
Outside the Arctic, there's another
frozen realm that stretches
345
00:34:48,422 --> 00:34:51,062
across the world's continents.
346
00:34:51,062 --> 00:34:52,782
Our high mountains.
347
00:35:09,943 --> 00:35:13,303
Home to an extraordinary
array of species.
348
00:35:37,545 --> 00:35:39,665
But here, too, there's a problem.
349
00:35:45,145 --> 00:35:49,505
Across the world, mountain glaciers,
which have existed for
350
00:35:49,506 --> 00:35:53,706
tens of thousands of years,
are shrinking and vanishing.
351
00:36:04,186 --> 00:36:07,666
By the end of this century,
some ranges may have
352
00:36:07,667 --> 00:36:10,147
no ice remaining at all.
353
00:36:10,147 --> 00:36:14,187
And this will affect not
just animals, but people too.
354
00:36:20,467 --> 00:36:26,267
Ice lost from the mountain glaciers
from the great ranges of the world
355
00:36:26,268 --> 00:36:29,908
has a huge a consequence
for the populations downstream,
356
00:36:29,908 --> 00:36:33,348
and that consequence is
their water supply.
357
00:36:36,588 --> 00:36:41,228
Glaciers in the Himalayas are
the source of ten of the largest
358
00:36:41,228 --> 00:36:45,948
rivers in Asia, which together
provide reliable, fresh water
359
00:36:45,949 --> 00:36:48,789
for around a billion
people downstream.
360
00:36:50,829 --> 00:36:55,589
If the glaciers disappear,
so too will the water they supply.
361
00:36:58,189 --> 00:37:01,509
We know that these glaciers
are losing about a half a metre
362
00:37:01,510 --> 00:37:02,870
of ice a year.
363
00:37:04,030 --> 00:37:06,950
What we don't know
is how much ice is left.
364
00:37:08,470 --> 00:37:12,550
So if we know how many metres of ice
are left, we can work out how long
365
00:37:12,550 --> 00:37:16,630
they'll last, how long this water
supply will keep going.
366
00:37:18,470 --> 00:37:22,230
Dr Hamish Pritchard is part
of a team of scientists
367
00:37:22,231 --> 00:37:25,471
who have devised a new instrument
to measure one of
368
00:37:25,471 --> 00:37:28,031
the largest Himalayan glaciers.
369
00:37:29,031 --> 00:37:32,671
What we're putting together here
is a long frame structure,
370
00:37:32,671 --> 00:37:37,311
and it's designed to hang
underneath a helicopter.
371
00:37:37,312 --> 00:37:42,072
We're going to put a radar on it
and the radar will send out
372
00:37:42,072 --> 00:37:44,992
the radio waves and then
they'll bounce back off the bottom
373
00:37:44,992 --> 00:37:50,112
of the glacier, and we'll be able
to measure how thick the ice is.
374
00:37:50,112 --> 00:37:54,472
Once his team know how thick the ice
is, they can start to work out
375
00:37:54,472 --> 00:37:56,112
how long it will last.
376
00:37:59,633 --> 00:38:00,833
Yeah, it's a nervous moment.
377
00:38:00,833 --> 00:38:03,473
We're just waiting for it to get
lifted off up for the first time.
378
00:38:03,473 --> 00:38:05,833
But hopefully it's going to be
nice, steady, stable,
379
00:38:05,833 --> 00:38:07,393
a nice easy lift-off.
380
00:38:07,393 --> 00:38:09,233
But we're about to find out.
381
00:38:14,834 --> 00:38:16,234
That line is clear.
382
00:38:25,194 --> 00:38:26,594
The load is lifting.
383
00:38:33,955 --> 00:38:36,555
OK, it's north of the...
384
00:38:36,555 --> 00:38:38,595
...to the Khumjung area.
385
00:38:38,595 --> 00:38:42,035
Hi. It's Hamish here.
How was your flying?
386
00:38:42,035 --> 00:38:44,555
Yeah, when the wind picks up
it's a little more squirrelly,
387
00:38:44,555 --> 00:38:47,395
but no problems otherwise.
388
00:38:47,395 --> 00:38:50,795
Yeah, you might want to gain
a little bit of height there.
389
00:38:50,796 --> 00:38:52,196
Yeah, no problem.
390
00:38:54,236 --> 00:38:56,436
OK, we'll fly out and then head
towards Everest.
391
00:39:08,117 --> 00:39:11,877
After hours of scanning,
the projection for this particular
392
00:39:11,877 --> 00:39:13,917
glacier is finally revealed.
393
00:39:18,717 --> 00:39:20,277
Yeah, that's pretty nice and clear.
394
00:39:20,277 --> 00:39:22,477
I can see exactly how thick
that ice is.
395
00:39:22,477 --> 00:39:24,477
That's about 150 metres.
396
00:39:26,758 --> 00:39:29,638
So at the current rate of melting,
397
00:39:29,638 --> 00:39:33,398
this section would last maybe
200 to 300 years.
398
00:39:33,398 --> 00:39:36,798
But we know that the melt rates
are increasing.
399
00:39:40,038 --> 00:39:41,958
And this is one of
the biggest glaciers,
400
00:39:41,958 --> 00:39:44,598
so there are many, many glaciers
which are much smaller than this
401
00:39:44,599 --> 00:39:46,959
with much thinner ice.
402
00:39:46,959 --> 00:39:50,239
And they're going to be disappearing
much, much earlier than that.
403
00:39:54,999 --> 00:39:58,559
Water is already scarce
in parts of Asia.
404
00:39:58,559 --> 00:40:03,159
And as glacial water supplies
dry up, there will be
405
00:40:03,160 --> 00:40:04,640
even less to go round.
406
00:40:07,880 --> 00:40:11,320
So what happens if these
glaciers disappear...
407
00:40:13,120 --> 00:40:16,440
...is that, in dry summers,
the rivers dry up.
408
00:40:18,000 --> 00:40:21,760
Tensions rise, especially
between nations that
409
00:40:21,761 --> 00:40:23,881
share water across borders.
410
00:40:27,721 --> 00:40:31,281
So one of the big risks of losing
this ice is that it raises
411
00:40:31,281 --> 00:40:33,001
the risk of conflict.
412
00:40:35,601 --> 00:40:38,081
And that's a frightening prospect.
413
00:40:40,042 --> 00:40:41,922
If I have a one-year-old son.
414
00:40:41,922 --> 00:40:45,282
Children born at the same time as
him will see this happen.
415
00:40:49,402 --> 00:40:53,242
We need to act now to turn those
trajectories around.
416
00:41:02,483 --> 00:41:06,883
There's no doubt that large tracts
of our frozen wilderness
417
00:41:06,883 --> 00:41:09,803
are undergoing dramatic changes.
418
00:41:09,803 --> 00:41:13,803
But what about the largest body
of ice of all,
419
00:41:13,803 --> 00:41:15,123
Antarctica?
420
00:41:18,844 --> 00:41:24,644
We have already seen how even here
animals living around the fringes
421
00:41:24,644 --> 00:41:28,324
are starting to be affected
by climate change,
422
00:41:28,324 --> 00:41:30,404
including chinstrap penguins.
423
00:41:39,725 --> 00:41:43,685
But for another penguin,
the Adelie, the consequences
424
00:41:43,685 --> 00:41:45,285
are even more extreme.
425
00:41:53,606 --> 00:41:58,766
I arrived here for
the first time in 1974.
426
00:42:03,606 --> 00:42:08,486
This part of the world was
just incomprehensibly wild.
427
00:42:11,327 --> 00:42:13,407
It was filled with life.
428
00:42:18,367 --> 00:42:21,727
Antarctica absolutely captured me.
429
00:42:27,448 --> 00:42:32,808
Professor Bill Fraser has dedicated
his entire 45-year career
430
00:42:32,808 --> 00:42:34,968
to studying the Adelie penguin.
431
00:42:37,368 --> 00:42:41,168
What really fascinated me
was the incredible
432
00:42:41,168 --> 00:42:44,288
hardiness of these penguins.
433
00:42:44,288 --> 00:42:47,208
Feisty, determined,
434
00:42:47,209 --> 00:42:49,169
beautiful little animal.
435
00:42:56,129 --> 00:42:58,489
But this environment is changing.
436
00:43:01,609 --> 00:43:06,209
In the last 45 years,
the tremendous warming that has
437
00:43:06,210 --> 00:43:10,050
occurred has had
an incredible impact.
438
00:43:10,050 --> 00:43:15,770
The changes have been very rapid,
more rapid than anyone anticipated.
439
00:43:24,691 --> 00:43:29,011
Bill has witnessed first-hand how
these changes have affected
440
00:43:29,011 --> 00:43:32,731
one of the largest colonies
of Adelies on the western side
441
00:43:32,731 --> 00:43:34,691
of the Antarctic Peninsula.
442
00:43:35,891 --> 00:43:42,011
Four decades ago, this area
contained 20,000 adults.
443
00:43:42,012 --> 00:43:48,772
Currently, we only have somewhere
in the order of 400 breeding pairs.
444
00:43:48,772 --> 00:43:53,972
One of the issues that Adelies
are clearly experiencing right now
445
00:43:53,972 --> 00:43:56,292
is just the increasing rainfall.
446
00:43:58,373 --> 00:44:02,853
Adelies are a creature of
the high Antarctic.
447
00:44:03,853 --> 00:44:07,413
They evolve in a dry,
cold polar system.
448
00:44:07,413 --> 00:44:12,533
They simply cannot tolerate
being continuously wet.
449
00:44:17,774 --> 00:44:19,654
The chicks are soaking.
450
00:44:22,414 --> 00:44:25,214
The rain is penetrating their down,
451
00:44:25,214 --> 00:44:29,294
breaking down their ability
to insulate themselves.
452
00:44:31,534 --> 00:44:34,744
That's why you see they're
shivering, because they're just
453
00:44:34,735 --> 00:44:38,695
trying to maintain their body
temperature and they can't.
454
00:44:40,775 --> 00:44:42,215
It's sad.
455
00:44:55,376 --> 00:45:00,296
This tiny chick at this point
has zero chances of surviving.
456
00:45:03,696 --> 00:45:06,576
They can't even react to
the presence of a predator.
457
00:45:18,697 --> 00:45:20,737
We are standing,
458
00:45:20,737 --> 00:45:27,377
looking at climate change actually
killing off these Adelie penguins,
459
00:45:27,378 --> 00:45:28,738
one at a time.
460
00:45:47,859 --> 00:45:52,379
Before he leaves Antarctica
for the last time, Bill is visiting
461
00:45:52,379 --> 00:45:55,499
an island that was once
an Adelie paradise.
462
00:45:59,179 --> 00:46:02,219
When we used to walk onto
this island,
463
00:46:02,219 --> 00:46:05,099
you could immediately hear
the Adelies.
464
00:46:06,700 --> 00:46:08,460
They were everywhere.
465
00:46:10,460 --> 00:46:16,260
In 1974, the populations here
were somewhere in the order
466
00:46:16,260 --> 00:46:17,940
of over 1,000 breeding pairs.
467
00:46:19,180 --> 00:46:24,580
All that remains are these little
pebbles scattered throughout
468
00:46:24,581 --> 00:46:29,381
the area, stones that were used
in former nest sites.
469
00:46:30,461 --> 00:46:32,621
The pebbles are still visible.
470
00:46:32,621 --> 00:46:34,541
They're very abundant.
471
00:46:34,541 --> 00:46:36,701
But the birds are gone.
472
00:46:39,862 --> 00:46:44,782
This is where we recorded
the first island-wide extinction
473
00:46:44,782 --> 00:46:46,222
of Adelie penguins.
474
00:46:48,342 --> 00:46:54,262
And now the silence that exists here
is pretty overbearing.
475
00:47:12,383 --> 00:47:13,703
Um...
476
00:47:15,223 --> 00:47:21,143
There's no... There's no words
that can really describe
477
00:47:21,144 --> 00:47:24,224
what I'm feeling at the moment.
478
00:47:31,504 --> 00:47:35,594
We're working with canaries
in the coal mine.
479
00:47:35,585 --> 00:47:40,505
Adelie penguins are without a doubt
indicator species that are telling
480
00:47:40,505 --> 00:47:45,985
us that the globe is changing,
the globe is getting warmer.
481
00:47:45,985 --> 00:47:47,905
It's happening.
482
00:47:47,905 --> 00:47:50,705
And we need to do something
about it.
483
00:47:58,346 --> 00:48:03,186
The disappearance of Adelie penguins
along the Antarctic Peninsula
484
00:48:03,186 --> 00:48:07,386
is just one example of how
record-warming temperatures are
485
00:48:07,386 --> 00:48:09,306
affecting life here.
486
00:48:12,747 --> 00:48:19,147
But warming temperatures are also
affecting the very coastline itself
487
00:48:19,147 --> 00:48:22,947
with serious implications
for global sea levels.
488
00:48:28,348 --> 00:48:33,788
Across the glaciological community,
we've identified that sea level rise
489
00:48:33,788 --> 00:48:36,628
from Antarctica is the most
pressing question for
490
00:48:36,628 --> 00:48:38,628
the next 50 to 100 years.
491
00:48:39,788 --> 00:48:42,468
And we as a collaborative group
492
00:48:42,468 --> 00:48:45,148
have come together
to try and understand it,
493
00:48:45,148 --> 00:48:48,828
and governments have come together
to try and understand it
494
00:48:48,829 --> 00:48:51,189
because it's important.
495
00:48:52,789 --> 00:48:57,189
Professor Sridhar Anandakrishnan
has been working in the polar
496
00:48:57,189 --> 00:48:59,149
regions for over three decades.
497
00:49:01,029 --> 00:49:05,629
He's part of a team of scientists
undertaking the largest Antarctic
498
00:49:05,630 --> 00:49:08,110
expedition for more than 70 years.
499
00:49:10,710 --> 00:49:15,110
Their destination is a remote part
of western Antarctica called
500
00:49:15,110 --> 00:49:16,790
the Thwaites Ice Shelf.
501
00:49:20,870 --> 00:49:24,550
Without getting out on the ice,
you can't measure things
502
00:49:24,551 --> 00:49:26,151
underneath the ice.
503
00:49:27,471 --> 00:49:28,831
Going to take-off.
504
00:49:31,071 --> 00:49:34,311
Those kinds of things can't be
done from space.
505
00:49:34,311 --> 00:49:38,351
They can't be done by drones or
aircraft flying over it.
506
00:49:38,351 --> 00:49:42,671
You actually have to go and put
your instruments on the ice.
507
00:49:48,752 --> 00:49:53,472
The interior of Antarctica is
covered in a giant sheet of ice.
508
00:49:56,512 --> 00:50:00,872
Which for millennia has been slowly
flowing to the coast.
509
00:50:06,073 --> 00:50:11,193
But because it's so cold here,
rather than carve into the sea
510
00:50:11,193 --> 00:50:16,153
the ice continues to flow out
into the ocean, forming a floating
511
00:50:16,153 --> 00:50:18,393
platform known as an ice shelf.
512
00:50:24,154 --> 00:50:30,594
As an ice shelf grows, it begins
to act as a dam, preventing
513
00:50:30,594 --> 00:50:34,844
more of the ice sheet behind it
from slipping into the sea.
514
00:50:36,515 --> 00:50:41,075
And the Thwaites Ice Shelf
holds back a body of ice
515
00:50:41,075 --> 00:50:43,035
the size of Florida.
516
00:50:45,235 --> 00:50:49,315
But scientists are concerned that
the ice shelf itself is now
517
00:50:49,315 --> 00:50:51,075
at risk of melting.
518
00:50:52,836 --> 00:50:56,396
We're going down through
600 metres of ice.
519
00:50:56,396 --> 00:50:58,516
And once we drill the hole,
520
00:50:58,516 --> 00:51:01,596
I'm going to put
the explosive charge down.
521
00:51:04,436 --> 00:51:06,236
Small seismic surveys...
522
00:51:06,236 --> 00:51:08,396
OK, fire in the hole.
523
00:51:10,877 --> 00:51:15,917
...help establish exactly where to
sink their robotic underwater probe,
524
00:51:15,917 --> 00:51:20,397
which the team hope will record
the temperature of the sea water
525
00:51:20,397 --> 00:51:22,597
directly beneath the ice shelf.
526
00:51:22,597 --> 00:51:25,477
OK, Andy, ready to descend.
527
00:51:25,477 --> 00:51:27,957
Try to go a little slower.
528
00:51:27,957 --> 00:51:29,077
OK.
529
00:51:29,078 --> 00:51:32,278
Coming up on 75 metres.
75 metres now.
530
00:51:41,278 --> 00:51:43,198
425 metres.
531
00:51:45,198 --> 00:51:48,158
We've arrived at
the ice-ocean interface.
532
00:51:50,839 --> 00:51:54,479
Early results are not encouraging.
533
00:51:54,479 --> 00:51:57,479
Have we noticed a huge change
in the temperature?
534
00:51:57,479 --> 00:51:58,719
Ah, yeah.
535
00:51:58,719 --> 00:52:00,239
It is warm water.
536
00:52:00,239 --> 00:52:03,079
Can you see it melt? Yes.
Like, what's going on there?
537
00:52:06,000 --> 00:52:08,280
Because of climate change,
538
00:52:08,280 --> 00:52:13,240
warmer seas directly beneath the
ice shelf are melting it from below.
539
00:52:15,600 --> 00:52:20,520
So it's no longer a question of
IF this giant dam will disappear,
540
00:52:20,520 --> 00:52:21,880
but when.
541
00:52:24,001 --> 00:52:28,321
When the vast ice sheet
behind it spills into the ocean,
542
00:52:28,321 --> 00:52:32,641
it could have catastrophic
consequences for global sea levels
543
00:52:32,641 --> 00:52:34,521
over the coming centuries.
544
00:52:38,561 --> 00:52:42,361
The amount of water that
Antarctica contains that could
545
00:52:42,362 --> 00:52:44,522
go into the ocean is so huge.
546
00:52:48,402 --> 00:52:50,962
This is a global problem.
547
00:52:50,962 --> 00:52:53,802
The oceans are all connected
together,
548
00:52:53,802 --> 00:52:58,962
so as soon as a glacier puts
water into the ocean
549
00:52:58,962 --> 00:53:01,202
it rises all over the world.
550
00:53:04,563 --> 00:53:11,363
If sea levels rise, as predicted,
by the year 2050 150 million people
551
00:53:11,363 --> 00:53:14,683
could be displaced from
coastal areas.
552
00:53:18,644 --> 00:53:25,844
And by 2070 cities, including
Miami, New York, Shanghai and Mumbai
553
00:53:25,844 --> 00:53:28,684
will be at risk of serious flooding.
554
00:53:33,044 --> 00:53:36,934
How much water will Antarctica
contribute to sea level rise?
555
00:53:36,925 --> 00:53:41,845
The biggest wild card in
all of that is how we as humans
556
00:53:41,845 --> 00:53:44,605
affect climate.
557
00:54:09,286 --> 00:54:16,526
Recently, at COP26, 120 nations came
together in an effort to limit
558
00:54:16,527 --> 00:54:18,967
global warming to 1.5 degrees.
559
00:54:22,487 --> 00:54:26,527
Well, a 1.5 degree rise
will still bring significant
560
00:54:26,527 --> 00:54:28,407
changes with it.
561
00:54:28,407 --> 00:54:31,887
To stand any chance of saving
what remains of our frozen planet
562
00:54:31,888 --> 00:54:35,328
and saving ourselves from
the devastating consequences
563
00:54:35,328 --> 00:54:40,528
of its loss, we must stick
to this commitment and honour it
564
00:54:40,528 --> 00:54:43,168
no matter how challenging
it might be.
565
00:54:44,928 --> 00:54:48,608
We know that climate change
is happening.
566
00:54:48,609 --> 00:54:51,409
We know the main driver
of climate change
567
00:54:51,409 --> 00:54:53,009
is human activities.
568
00:54:53,009 --> 00:54:54,569
It's human emissions.
569
00:54:56,289 --> 00:54:58,209
As a whole human species,
570
00:54:58,209 --> 00:55:01,569
we are not recognising the impact
that we're having and the fact
571
00:55:01,569 --> 00:55:03,769
that we do need to do something.
572
00:55:03,769 --> 00:55:07,089
But the important thing
is that I believe
573
00:55:07,090 --> 00:55:09,970
all of these processes
are reversible.
574
00:55:11,250 --> 00:55:14,490
If everybody can make the effort
of doing just one thing,
575
00:55:14,490 --> 00:55:16,570
reducing their carbon footprint.
576
00:55:16,570 --> 00:55:20,970
Consume less. Think about what
we need, what we really want.
577
00:55:20,970 --> 00:55:23,810
Think more sensibly about
the journeys we take,
578
00:55:23,811 --> 00:55:26,051
about the food we eat,
579
00:55:26,051 --> 00:55:27,891
how that's produced.
580
00:55:27,891 --> 00:55:31,131
Figure out a lifestyle
that is sustainable.
581
00:55:35,131 --> 00:55:39,291
And we're right at the point
where we can
582
00:55:39,291 --> 00:55:45,411
generate all the power that
we need from renewable sources
583
00:55:45,412 --> 00:55:47,652
like solar and wind.
584
00:55:49,532 --> 00:55:54,012
To do that, you need to really
transform society as a whole.
585
00:55:56,652 --> 00:55:58,892
We can speak to our
representatives to try and
586
00:55:58,892 --> 00:56:00,612
reconsider energy policies.
587
00:56:02,533 --> 00:56:08,613
If enough of us are educated
about the effects of carbon in
588
00:56:08,613 --> 00:56:13,173
the atmosphere, even the most
poorly educated politician
589
00:56:13,173 --> 00:56:16,253
will respond to what
their citizenry wants.
590
00:56:18,054 --> 00:56:22,774
The awareness and the concern is
greater now than it ever has been.
591
00:56:22,774 --> 00:56:25,454
So that gives us some hope.
592
00:56:25,454 --> 00:56:26,934
It won't be easy.
593
00:56:28,334 --> 00:56:30,414
But it's doable.
594
00:56:30,414 --> 00:56:34,774
If you can do something about it
then do it,
595
00:56:34,774 --> 00:56:37,304
instead of just thinking about it.
596
00:56:37,295 --> 00:56:40,375
If you can do something
about it, then do it.
597
00:56:48,175 --> 00:56:49,455
We can do it.
598
00:56:50,615 --> 00:56:54,215
It's within our power to do it.
599
00:56:54,216 --> 00:56:56,856
We can do it.
600
00:56:58,416 --> 00:57:00,496
We must do it.
601
00:57:07,336 --> 00:57:10,656
Then there will be a future
for the planet.
602
00:57:31,458 --> 00:57:35,418
The Open University has produced
a poster exploring how animals adapt
603
00:57:35,418 --> 00:57:38,138
to life in the world's
coldest environments.
604
00:57:38,138 --> 00:57:44,098
To order your free copy,
please call 0300 303 0553
605
00:57:44,098 --> 00:57:48,698
or go to bbc.co.uk/frozenplanet2
606
00:57:48,699 --> 00:57:51,979
and follow the links to
the Open University.
48620
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