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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:33,626 --> 00:00:36,042 (Narrator) In March 1933, 2 00:00:36,167 --> 00:00:44,417 17,264,296 Germans voted for the National Socialist Party. 3 00:00:45,459 --> 00:00:50,709 20,680,000 others cast their vote for Democrats, 4 00:00:50,834 --> 00:00:55,834 Communists, Christian Socialists, People's Party, etc. etc. 5 00:00:57,001 --> 00:01:02,001 Lack of unity among these parties opposing the Nazis proved fatal. 6 00:01:02,126 --> 00:01:04,751 The National Socialist Party was in power. 7 00:01:48,459 --> 00:01:51,376 They made many claims and many promises. 8 00:01:52,626 --> 00:01:55,334 'The German people rejoice 9 00:01:55,459 --> 00:01:59,834 'in the knowledge that chaos and cowardice 10 00:01:59,959 --> 00:02:05,626 'have been replaced by a calm, steadfast leader.' 11 00:02:07,376 --> 00:02:11,667 (Narrator) The German people had embarked on that long, incredible journey 12 00:02:11,792 --> 00:02:16,167 that led seemingly out of chaos to unprecedented triumph. 13 00:02:21,084 --> 00:02:23,959 Promise after promise had been fulfilled. 14 00:02:24,667 --> 00:02:27,667 Austria and Czechoslovakia 1938, 15 00:02:27,792 --> 00:02:30,167 Poland 1939, 16 00:02:30,292 --> 00:02:33,542 Norway, Denmark and France in quick succession. 17 00:02:34,542 --> 00:02:37,167 A place in the sun at last. 18 00:02:38,251 --> 00:02:41,959 True, they had lost their Trade Unions and a lot of books had been burned, 19 00:02:42,584 --> 00:02:44,792 but it seemed a good sort of bargain, 20 00:02:44,917 --> 00:02:48,084 and one got to like being told what to do, 21 00:02:48,209 --> 00:02:51,042 having one's views prescribed, 22 00:02:51,167 --> 00:02:53,584 especially if it meant a vista bright 23 00:02:53,709 --> 00:02:57,334 with the promise of grandeur and conquest. 24 00:03:57,542 --> 00:04:02,501 In the spring of 1945, the Allies, advancing into the heart of Germany, 25 00:04:02,626 --> 00:04:04,501 came to Bergen-Base“. 26 00:04:05,459 --> 00:04:07,667 Neat and tidy orchards. 27 00:04:09,251 --> 00:04:12,292 Well-stocked farms lined the wayside. 28 00:04:13,917 --> 00:04:18,834 And the British soldier did not fail to admire the place and its inhabitants. 29 00:04:19,834 --> 00:04:23,834 At least until he began to feel a smell. 30 00:04:25,376 --> 00:04:28,209 It came from a concentration camp, 31 00:04:28,334 --> 00:04:31,251 a waste ringed with barbed wire 32 00:04:31,376 --> 00:04:33,334 and overlooked by watchtowers. 33 00:04:38,584 --> 00:04:43,001 Coming in from the flowering countryside, in spite of the frightful smell, 34 00:04:43,126 --> 00:04:45,626 things didn't seem so bad at first. 35 00:04:45,751 --> 00:04:48,167 Children smiled through the barbed wire 36 00:04:48,292 --> 00:04:51,126 and women laughed and waved their hands. 37 00:05:01,376 --> 00:05:05,417 But Belsen camp was vast and inside was a different story. 38 00:05:06,459 --> 00:05:08,042 They had not eaten for six days, 39 00:05:08,167 --> 00:05:12,042 and every soldier's stock of food was called into use. 40 00:05:12,167 --> 00:05:13,792 Water too had been cut off 41 00:05:13,917 --> 00:05:17,584 and so the water cart was the most important thing to arrive. 42 00:05:32,209 --> 00:05:34,876 Most of the people seemed to be listless, 43 00:05:35,001 --> 00:05:37,501 beyond hope and astonishment. 44 00:05:38,126 --> 00:05:41,126 Hunger had probably affected them that way. 45 00:05:41,251 --> 00:05:43,792 We discovered that among this stench of disease and decay 46 00:05:43,917 --> 00:05:46,209 was something a bit worse than hunger. 47 00:05:47,334 --> 00:05:50,834 Moving vaguely on rickety skeleton legs, 48 00:05:50,959 --> 00:05:52,626 they were too ill to eat. 49 00:05:53,751 --> 00:05:57,209 How grateful they were for a kindly word or gesture! 50 00:06:04,792 --> 00:06:08,792 What misery, to live amongst such unmentionable filth 51 00:06:08,917 --> 00:06:11,251 with scarcely the strength to pick the lice 52 00:06:11,376 --> 00:06:14,084 which inevitably swarmed over them. 53 00:06:14,209 --> 00:06:17,001 They seemed accustomed to the smell and the horror. 54 00:06:17,126 --> 00:06:20,042 They had seen all there was to see. 55 00:06:20,792 --> 00:06:23,126 This man had died by violence. 56 00:06:24,167 --> 00:06:26,917 Huts were almost impossible to go near- 57 00:06:27,042 --> 00:06:29,459 they were full of tangled masses of people 58 00:06:29,584 --> 00:06:33,542 who had died slowly and painfully of starvation and disease, 59 00:06:33,667 --> 00:06:35,167 writhing in agony, 60 00:06:35,292 --> 00:06:37,501 helpless in puddles of excrement. 61 00:06:39,042 --> 00:06:42,126 It was difficult to imagine these orchards now, 62 00:06:42,251 --> 00:06:47,084 those rich fields where the stolid cattle cropped the juicy grass, 63 00:06:47,209 --> 00:06:51,084 for here, a few minutes away inside the barbed wire, 64 00:06:51,209 --> 00:06:53,667 was nothing but filth and death. 65 00:07:07,542 --> 00:07:11,376 Dead prisoners hurled out and stacked in twisted heaps. 66 00:07:15,459 --> 00:07:18,876 Dead women like marble statues in the mire. 67 00:07:25,459 --> 00:07:29,584 This was what these inmates had to live among - 68 00:07:29,709 --> 00:07:31,834 and die among. 69 00:07:51,084 --> 00:07:55,209 The dead which lay there were not numbered in hundreds, 70 00:07:55,334 --> 00:07:56,959 but in thousands. 71 00:07:57,626 --> 00:07:59,834 Not one or two thousands, 72 00:08:00,667 --> 00:08:02,376 but 30,000. 73 00:08:06,584 --> 00:08:10,917 Here is a pit where the inmates, in order to earn food, 74 00:08:11,042 --> 00:08:13,709 had to drag the bodies of their comrades, 75 00:08:14,209 --> 00:08:18,292 but they were too weak to keep up with the rate at which they were dying, 76 00:08:18,417 --> 00:08:21,751 so the pit remains only half-filled. 77 00:08:34,959 --> 00:08:37,542 The SS Guards in charge of the camp 78 00:08:37,667 --> 00:08:40,459 were captured and lined up for examination. 79 00:08:41,126 --> 00:08:44,459 Their papers were gone through to confirm their status, 80 00:08:44,584 --> 00:08:46,084 their authority. 81 00:08:46,209 --> 00:08:49,084 Each with his death's head badge. 82 00:08:49,209 --> 00:08:51,709 Each justified by German law. 83 00:08:52,459 --> 00:08:56,334 They were unashamed, well-fed, well-dressed and cheerful. 84 00:09:05,126 --> 00:09:08,042 There were women also on guard in Belsen. 85 00:09:08,167 --> 00:09:10,959 Volunteers who came of their own free will, 86 00:09:11,084 --> 00:09:12,959 to do their bit. 87 00:09:13,792 --> 00:09:16,542 Not sickly pale with hollow faces, and hungry eyes, 88 00:09:17,292 --> 00:09:21,292 but well-fed and well-kept with a strutting arrogance. 89 00:09:25,959 --> 00:09:27,834 The commandant of the camp, Josef Kramer, 90 00:09:27,959 --> 00:09:32,209 was removed for trial as a war criminal by an Allied Military Court. 91 00:09:33,542 --> 00:09:34,751 There was an urgent need 92 00:09:34,876 --> 00:09:38,001 to get rid of as many bodies as possible as quickly as possible, 93 00:09:38,126 --> 00:09:39,917 so all the S.S. were set to work. 94 00:09:49,251 --> 00:09:51,876 500 Hungarian troops captured with the S.S. 95 00:09:52,001 --> 00:09:54,834 were started on a grave-digging operation. 96 00:10:14,084 --> 00:10:16,959 The 8.8. themselves were made to do the unpleasant job 97 00:10:17,084 --> 00:10:19,292 they had forced the inmates to do. 98 00:10:20,167 --> 00:10:23,501 This after all was nothing to these men - 99 00:10:23,626 --> 00:10:27,209 they, the Master Race, had been taught to be hard. 100 00:10:27,334 --> 00:10:29,501 They could kill in cold blood, 101 00:10:29,626 --> 00:10:32,667 and it seemed to the British soldier fit and proper that the killers 102 00:10:32,792 --> 00:10:35,667 should bury the nameless, hopeless creatures 103 00:10:35,792 --> 00:10:38,334 they had starved to death. 104 00:11:03,084 --> 00:11:06,667 The faces of the bystanders showed just a little of the hate 105 00:11:06,792 --> 00:11:09,167 that Germany has inspired. 106 00:11:14,126 --> 00:11:16,126 And some of the anguish, too. 107 00:14:25,959 --> 00:14:27,459 Meanwhile, back at the camp, 108 00:14:27,584 --> 00:14:30,709 those who were still living were being attended to. 109 00:14:30,834 --> 00:14:32,917 Supplies of hot soup were prepared, 110 00:14:33,042 --> 00:14:37,001 and those who could eat unaided were fed as quickly as possible. 111 00:14:53,667 --> 00:14:56,792 There had been no water supply for six days. 112 00:14:56,917 --> 00:14:59,792 The Germans pleaded it had been cut. 113 00:14:59,917 --> 00:15:03,417 We laid on water in a few hours and before 12 hours had passed 114 00:15:03,542 --> 00:15:06,209 had sufficient to enable them to wash. 115 00:15:09,876 --> 00:15:13,542 Soap was provided, the first they had seen for months, 116 00:15:13,667 --> 00:15:16,209 and an orgy of washing ensued. 117 00:15:25,542 --> 00:15:30,376 A mobile bath unit was set up and provided hot water for baths. 118 00:15:34,626 --> 00:15:36,834 Inmates thought there was a snag at first - 119 00:15:36,959 --> 00:15:40,126 expected to be beaten for going near it probably, 120 00:15:40,251 --> 00:15:42,501 but when they learned that the dream was true - 121 00:15:43,542 --> 00:15:45,209 hot water! 122 00:16:37,042 --> 00:16:41,626 And these are the people the Nazis said delighted in being dirty. 123 00:17:07,751 --> 00:17:10,667 But the job of clearing up Belsen was a big one. 124 00:17:10,792 --> 00:17:14,376 After seven dreadful days, the funerals still go on. 125 00:17:14,501 --> 00:17:16,084 There seems to be no end. 126 00:17:16,209 --> 00:17:19,167 The S.S. men are not so spick and span now. 127 00:17:19,292 --> 00:17:21,542 Seven days of being shouted and cursed at 128 00:17:21,667 --> 00:17:24,667 and handling corpses by the hundred are beginning to tell. 129 00:17:26,084 --> 00:17:30,001 'Wait! You'll pay for the lost years of our youth. 130 00:17:30,126 --> 00:17:31,626 'Just wait.' 131 00:17:36,334 --> 00:17:39,251 (Narrator) The Bürgermeisters and Civil Officials of the neighbourhood 132 00:17:39,376 --> 00:17:41,917 were brought to witness the scenes that had been caused 133 00:17:42,042 --> 00:17:44,292 as part of the Nazi scheme of things. 134 00:17:45,084 --> 00:17:47,626 This was not what they expected. 135 00:18:12,751 --> 00:18:15,126 It had been happening for years, 136 00:18:15,251 --> 00:18:17,417 but they shrugged their shoulders and beat their brows 137 00:18:17,542 --> 00:18:20,417 and tried to say it had been none of their business. 138 00:18:21,542 --> 00:18:23,876 But they were mostly silent. 139 00:20:16,584 --> 00:20:19,917 'My name is Dr Fritz Klein. I'm a medical doctor. 140 00:20:20,042 --> 00:20:24,084 'I've been in concentration camps for one and a half years. 141 00:20:24,209 --> 00:20:28,501 'I was born on 24th November 1888. 142 00:20:28,626 --> 00:20:30,917 'I'm 58 years old. 143 00:20:31,667 --> 00:20:33,709 'A German from Romania. 144 00:20:35,334 --> 00:20:40,751 'I'm speaking today, 24th April 1945.' 145 00:20:42,001 --> 00:20:44,292 (Narrator) They were given an address by a British officer 146 00:20:44,417 --> 00:20:46,334 through a loudspeaker van. 147 00:20:48,459 --> 00:20:52,834 'You, the fathers and brothers of German youth, 148 00:20:53,834 --> 00:20:59,751 'see before your eyes a few of the sons and daughters 149 00:21:00,667 --> 00:21:07,792 'who bear a small part of the direct responsibility for these crimes. 150 00:21:09,667 --> 00:21:11,959 'A small part, 151 00:21:12,084 --> 00:21:17,834 'but heavier than the human soul can bear. 152 00:21:19,709 --> 00:21:22,542 'But who bears the real responsibility? 153 00:21:23,501 --> 00:21:28,042 'You! You, who have allowed your Fuhrer 154 00:21:28,167 --> 00:21:33,001 'to carry out his insane plans. 155 00:21:33,876 --> 00:21:40,792 'You, who rejoiced in his degenerate triumphs. 156 00:21:42,584 --> 00:21:47,501 'You, who had heard of these camps, 157 00:21:47,626 --> 00:21:54,417 'and so had a vague idea of what was happening in these camps. 158 00:21:55,501 --> 00:22:01,001 'You, who did not rise spontaneously 159 00:22:01,126 --> 00:22:04,709 'to defend the German name, 160 00:22:04,834 --> 00:22:09,167 'regardless of the personal consequences. 161 00:22:11,251 --> 00:22:17,292 'You stand condemned by what you are about to see here. 162 00:22:18,792 --> 00:22:23,501 'You will have to atone by toil and sweat 163 00:22:23,626 --> 00:22:27,667 'for the deeds of your sons and daughters, 164 00:22:27,792 --> 00:22:31,209 'for having reared your children to be capable of doing these things, 165 00:22:31,334 --> 00:22:34,959 'and for what you have failed to prevent. 166 00:22:36,501 --> 00:22:39,126 'Whatever you suffer...' 167 00:22:39,251 --> 00:22:41,834 (Narrator) One might ask why all the inmates surviving 168 00:22:41,959 --> 00:22:46,417 were not removed out of the camp altogether to a large town for example, 169 00:22:46,542 --> 00:22:49,501 where there would be feeding and housing facilities. 170 00:22:49,626 --> 00:22:51,959 The answer is simply the dread word - 171 00:22:52,084 --> 00:22:53,376 typhus. 172 00:22:56,417 --> 00:23:00,459 A mobile Bacteriological Unit and all medical aid possible 173 00:23:00,584 --> 00:23:03,376 together with 90 medical students from London hospitals 174 00:23:03,501 --> 00:23:06,084 were rushed to the spot to deal with it. 175 00:23:06,709 --> 00:23:09,792 Lack of soap and water brought lice to the inmates, 176 00:23:09,917 --> 00:23:11,417 and lice carry typhus. 177 00:23:38,626 --> 00:23:42,626 To get rid of typhus, one must first get rid of lice, 178 00:23:42,751 --> 00:23:45,876 so contaminated patients were removed from their huts 179 00:23:46,001 --> 00:23:48,584 and put through a 'laundry' process. 180 00:23:49,876 --> 00:23:52,042 D.D.T. was dusted over them, 181 00:23:52,167 --> 00:23:55,292 and they were washed clean, wrapped in blankets 182 00:23:55,417 --> 00:23:59,042 and removed in clean ambulances by teams working in relays 183 00:23:59,167 --> 00:24:01,334 in a miracle of relief work. 184 00:25:06,417 --> 00:25:08,042 Two miles away from the camp 185 00:25:08,167 --> 00:25:12,251 was found a large S.S. Panzer training school and hospital 186 00:25:12,376 --> 00:25:14,917 well-stocked with medical supplies. 187 00:25:15,626 --> 00:25:18,834 Strange that these should not have been used by the Germans 188 00:25:18,959 --> 00:25:21,001 for the inmates. 189 00:25:21,126 --> 00:25:23,959 Scores still died every day. 190 00:25:24,084 --> 00:25:26,876 They were too far gone, many of them, to digest any food, 191 00:25:27,584 --> 00:25:30,501 and there was a desperate shortage of nursing staff. 192 00:25:30,626 --> 00:25:32,042 Still, one could be thankful 193 00:25:32,167 --> 00:25:35,376 that they were not simply being left to rot away with neglect 194 00:25:35,501 --> 00:25:38,126 among a purulent mass of corpses. 195 00:25:39,459 --> 00:25:41,834 There were children, too, in Belsen camp, 196 00:25:41,959 --> 00:25:44,667 though what crime they had committed was difficult to imagine. 197 00:25:45,751 --> 00:25:48,709 Most of them had been saved by the women inmates 198 00:25:48,834 --> 00:25:52,834 who gave up what little food they could get to the children. 199 00:26:10,834 --> 00:26:14,709 Meals for these children had always been few and far between, 200 00:26:14,834 --> 00:26:18,292 so they ate what food we gave them with infinite care - 201 00:26:18,417 --> 00:26:19,876 nothing could be more dreadful now 202 00:26:20,001 --> 00:26:23,584 than to lose a piece of potato or a drop of soup. 203 00:26:31,626 --> 00:26:36,917 Clothes was another urgent problem, so an outfitting department was set up, 204 00:26:37,042 --> 00:26:40,084 and clothes gathered from shops in the surrounding towns 205 00:26:40,209 --> 00:26:43,459 were soon being tried on and gossiped over, 206 00:26:43,584 --> 00:26:45,084 as women love to do. 207 00:27:11,459 --> 00:27:14,709 There was something symbolic about new clothes. 208 00:27:14,834 --> 00:27:17,459 New clothes meant renewed hope. 209 00:27:17,584 --> 00:27:19,959 They donned them with pride. 210 00:27:20,376 --> 00:27:24,001 Now he can look forward to growing up to useful manhood. 211 00:27:28,501 --> 00:27:31,667 There were more than 200 children under 12 years old 212 00:27:31,792 --> 00:27:34,167 found still alive in Belsen camp. 213 00:27:37,751 --> 00:27:42,209 To these children, clean dry clothes and kind words from a stranger 214 00:27:42,334 --> 00:27:45,584 were strange, undreamed of, mysterious things. 215 00:27:47,167 --> 00:27:50,584 Some had been born behind the barbed wire - 216 00:27:50,709 --> 00:27:54,709 in what circumstances, one dare not try to imagine. 217 00:28:09,667 --> 00:28:11,834 Where are their parents? 218 00:28:14,751 --> 00:28:16,626 Here perhaps? 219 00:28:31,001 --> 00:28:32,459 Or here? 220 00:28:48,126 --> 00:28:50,626 Or down here in this pit? 221 00:29:05,251 --> 00:29:08,459 'Today is the 24th April, 1945. 222 00:29:08,584 --> 00:29:11,126 'My name is Gunner Illingworth and I live at Cheshire. 223 00:29:11,251 --> 00:29:15,167 'I'm at present in Belsen camp, doing guard duty over the S.S. men. 224 00:29:15,292 --> 00:29:18,917 'The things in this camp are beyond describing. 225 00:29:19,042 --> 00:29:22,709 'When you actually see them for yourself, you know what you are fighting for here. 226 00:29:22,834 --> 00:29:26,376 'Pictures in the papers cannot describe it at all. 227 00:29:26,501 --> 00:29:29,042 'The things they have committed, well, 228 00:29:29,167 --> 00:29:31,792 'nobody would think they were human at all. 229 00:29:33,126 --> 00:29:35,459 'We actually know now 230 00:29:35,584 --> 00:29:38,084 'what has been going on in these camps. 231 00:29:38,209 --> 00:29:41,834 'And I know, personally, what I am fighting for.' 232 00:29:43,084 --> 00:29:45,792 'I am the Reverend T.J. Stretch. 233 00:29:45,917 --> 00:29:50,917 'Attached as Padre to the formation controlling this camp. 234 00:29:51,042 --> 00:29:52,876 'My home is at Fishguard. 235 00:29:53,001 --> 00:29:56,042 'My parish is at Holy Trinity Church, Aberystwyth. 236 00:29:57,376 --> 00:29:59,417 'I've been here eight days, 237 00:29:59,542 --> 00:30:02,876 'and never in my life have I seen such damnable ghastliness. 238 00:30:04,001 --> 00:30:06,417 'This morning we buried over 5,000 bodies. 239 00:30:06,542 --> 00:30:08,626 'We don't know who they are. 240 00:30:08,751 --> 00:30:12,876 'Behind me you can see a pit, which will contain another 5,000. 241 00:30:13,001 --> 00:30:15,751 'There are two others like it in preparation. 242 00:30:16,667 --> 00:30:20,042 'All these deaths have been caused by systematic starvation 243 00:30:20,167 --> 00:30:22,209 'and typhus and disease, 244 00:30:22,334 --> 00:30:24,084 'which have been spread 245 00:30:24,209 --> 00:30:27,584 'because of the treatment meted out to these poor people 246 00:30:27,709 --> 00:30:30,792 'by their S.S. guards and their S.S. chief.' 247 00:30:33,834 --> 00:30:37,126 (Narrator) We shall never know who they were or from what homes they were torn. 248 00:30:38,542 --> 00:30:41,584 Whether they were Catholics, Lutherans, or Jews. 249 00:30:42,542 --> 00:30:44,417 We only know they were born, 250 00:30:44,542 --> 00:30:48,167 they suffered and died in agony in Belsen camp. 251 00:31:18,334 --> 00:31:23,376 And so they lie, Jews, Lutherans and Catholics - 252 00:31:23,501 --> 00:31:27,917 indistinguishable, cheek to cheek, in a common grave. 253 00:31:36,209 --> 00:31:39,042 The living have been taken to a cleaner place. 254 00:31:57,167 --> 00:31:59,876 The typhus infected huts are set afire. 255 00:33:09,751 --> 00:33:11,959 The barbed wire goes down. 256 00:33:16,667 --> 00:33:19,209 The striped livery goes with it. 257 00:33:25,709 --> 00:33:29,876 Soon the fire will die, the smoke and ashes will drift away, 258 00:33:30,001 --> 00:33:32,334 and grass will cover the place. 259 00:33:55,626 --> 00:33:58,084 Do not imagine this was the only black spot 260 00:33:58,209 --> 00:34:00,542 that was uncovered in Germany. 261 00:34:06,667 --> 00:34:09,042 There were over 300 others. 262 00:34:26,834 --> 00:34:30,167 No German can say he did not know about them. 263 00:34:30,292 --> 00:34:32,751 The whole world had heard of Dachau, 264 00:34:32,876 --> 00:34:35,834 for it was publicised by the Nazis as a model camp 265 00:34:35,959 --> 00:34:39,167 even since its inception way back in 1933. 266 00:34:40,167 --> 00:34:44,001 On 28th February of that year, the Presidential Emergency Decree 267 00:34:44,126 --> 00:34:47,292 suspended the basic civil rights of the German people 268 00:34:47,417 --> 00:34:49,501 for an indeterminate period 269 00:34:49,626 --> 00:34:54,042 and so eliminated legal safeguards against arbitrary imprisonment. 270 00:35:03,834 --> 00:35:06,584 WORK SETS YOU FREE 271 00:35:16,209 --> 00:35:21,334 Here were 32,000 men of every European nationality, 272 00:35:21,459 --> 00:35:25,417 including 5,660 Germans. 273 00:35:52,876 --> 00:35:55,459 From the outside, one might at a casual glance 274 00:35:55,584 --> 00:35:58,667 have seen nothing remarkable or horrifying, 275 00:35:58,792 --> 00:36:01,584 but Dachau was crammed with three or four times 276 00:36:01,709 --> 00:36:04,084 the number it was designed for. 277 00:37:09,834 --> 00:37:13,584 Here, as at Belsen, men knew hunger, 278 00:37:13,709 --> 00:37:16,959 men became weak, men fell sick, 279 00:37:17,084 --> 00:37:19,292 until they died where they lay on the floor. 280 00:37:41,459 --> 00:37:45,251 In Hut 30 alone, there is recorded, for example, 281 00:37:45,376 --> 00:37:48,292 72 deaths within 24 hours. 282 00:37:57,584 --> 00:38:00,751 Every day, the dead were taken from the huts. 283 00:38:32,459 --> 00:38:36,376 Here, as at Belsen, there were many who were too weak to be saved, 284 00:38:36,501 --> 00:38:38,334 too sick to eat. 285 00:38:38,459 --> 00:38:41,959 Typhus was taking its toll and truckloads of wretchedness 286 00:38:42,084 --> 00:38:46,417 had to be somehow dealt with in the already overflowing hospitals. 287 00:39:28,709 --> 00:39:33,501 Dachau had its own brothel for the use of guards and favoured prisoners. 288 00:39:33,626 --> 00:39:37,001 As the women died, they were replaced by a fresh contingent 289 00:39:37,126 --> 00:39:39,834 from the women's camp at Ravensbrück. 290 00:39:55,917 --> 00:39:59,626 This was not used as a bath house, but as a death chamber. 291 00:40:08,667 --> 00:40:11,751 Batches of prisoners were marched in here to die. 292 00:40:27,501 --> 00:40:31,626 When the chamber was full, the doors were shut and sealed. 293 00:40:32,334 --> 00:40:35,751 A man at the controls let in the poison gas, 294 00:40:35,876 --> 00:40:38,084 and another batch of helpless victims 295 00:40:38,209 --> 00:40:41,209 screamed their lives out beyond the grill. 296 00:40:47,834 --> 00:40:51,709 The gas chamber was conveniently placed next to the mortuary, 297 00:40:51,834 --> 00:40:54,626 and next to that was the Crematorium. 298 00:40:57,334 --> 00:41:00,417 CLEANLINESS IS A DUTY HERE 299 00:41:00,542 --> 00:41:05,126 THEREFORE DO NOT FORGET TO WASH YOUR HANDS 300 00:41:06,209 --> 00:41:09,167 These great ovens were constructed exclusively 301 00:41:09,292 --> 00:41:11,459 for the burning of large numbers of corpses. 302 00:41:24,709 --> 00:41:26,126 In the last three months, 303 00:41:26,251 --> 00:41:32,751 official records show that 10,615 people were disposed of here. 304 00:41:32,876 --> 00:41:34,292 Their clothes were turned over 305 00:41:34,417 --> 00:41:37,876 to the Deutsche Textil- und Bekleidungswerke GmbH, 306 00:41:38,001 --> 00:41:41,626 a private corporation whose stockholders were S.S. officials, 307 00:41:41,751 --> 00:41:43,876 which reclaimed and repaired the garments 308 00:41:44,001 --> 00:41:46,501 with the use of unpaid prison labour, 309 00:41:46,626 --> 00:41:49,417 and then re-sold them to the camp clothing depot 310 00:41:49,542 --> 00:41:51,542 for the use of new prisoners. 311 00:41:58,751 --> 00:42:05,709 DANGER! GAS! HAZARDOUS! DO NOT OPEN! 312 00:42:07,126 --> 00:42:10,626 The prisoners arrived often in railway trucks. 313 00:42:10,751 --> 00:42:13,292 But there had been no hurry to unload this one. 314 00:42:14,084 --> 00:42:16,667 They went away leaving the prisoners to die of hunger, 315 00:42:16,792 --> 00:42:19,459 and cold, and typhus. 316 00:42:23,959 --> 00:42:25,542 We found them like this, 317 00:42:25,667 --> 00:42:29,792 frozen stiff in the snow alongside a public road. 318 00:42:29,917 --> 00:42:33,042 By some miracle, 17 men were still alive. 319 00:42:34,084 --> 00:42:37,376 All the rest - about 3,000 - were dead. 320 00:42:43,167 --> 00:42:46,834 Germans knew about Dachau, but did not care. 321 00:42:55,251 --> 00:42:57,834 In Buchenwald, there were about 80,000 322 00:42:57,959 --> 00:43:03,084 of whom 34,000 were employed outside the camp in an armaments factory. 323 00:43:03,209 --> 00:43:04,501 TO EACH HIS OWN 324 00:43:04,626 --> 00:43:06,167 During the first week of April, 325 00:43:06,292 --> 00:43:09,042 25,000 were removed by the Germans to other camps 326 00:43:09,167 --> 00:43:11,792 because of the approach of the Allied forces. 327 00:43:11,917 --> 00:43:14,501 When the camp was liberated on April 13th, 328 00:43:14,626 --> 00:43:16,876 20,000 inmates remained. 329 00:43:17,001 --> 00:43:20,584 African Negroes, Albanians, Austrians, 330 00:43:20,709 --> 00:43:25,917 Belgians, Brazilians, Bulgarians, Canadians, Chinese, 331 00:43:26,042 --> 00:43:31,251 Croats, Czechs, Danes, Egyptians, Estonians, 332 00:43:31,376 --> 00:43:36,667 French, Germans, British, Greeks, Dutch, Italians, 333 00:43:37,209 --> 00:43:41,292 Yugoslavs, Latvians, Letts, Luxembourgers, 334 00:43:41,417 --> 00:43:44,459 Norwegians, Mexicans, Poles, 335 00:43:44,584 --> 00:43:50,209 Romanians, Spaniards, Swiss, Americans and Russians. 336 00:43:50,334 --> 00:43:53,876 55,000 of them died because of this place. 337 00:43:54,001 --> 00:43:56,917 Here Schoker, the camp commandant, said, 338 00:43:57,042 --> 00:44:02,501 "I want at least 600 Jewish deaths reported in the camp office every day." 339 00:44:02,626 --> 00:44:05,792 Thugs were appointed as overseers or block leaders. 340 00:44:05,917 --> 00:44:08,751 People were tattooed across the belly with slave numbers 341 00:44:08,876 --> 00:44:12,001 and forced to work on starvation diet. 342 00:44:34,584 --> 00:44:38,167 People were coldly and systematically tortured. 343 00:44:48,251 --> 00:44:51,459 There was no efficient distribution of food. 344 00:44:51,584 --> 00:44:55,709 One prisoner collected the rations for ten or fifteen men. 345 00:44:55,834 --> 00:44:59,917 Hunger and hopelessness turned some of them into beasts. 346 00:45:00,042 --> 00:45:02,376 Sometimes a prisoner carrying rations back to the hut 347 00:45:02,501 --> 00:45:05,001 was waylaid and robbed by other prisoners. 348 00:45:06,084 --> 00:45:09,376 Sometimes he ate the best part of the food himself. 349 00:45:10,209 --> 00:45:12,042 Sometimes he sold it. 350 00:45:13,667 --> 00:45:17,959 Corruption was fostered, for it gave another excuse for killing. 351 00:45:36,292 --> 00:45:39,751 All this seemed so remote from humanity, 352 00:45:39,876 --> 00:45:43,001 so far beyond the behaviour of man. 353 00:46:23,084 --> 00:46:26,667 British Members of Parliament came and saw, 354 00:46:26,792 --> 00:46:29,501 and were sick at heart. 355 00:46:29,626 --> 00:46:32,042 It had to be seen to be believed. 356 00:46:45,626 --> 00:46:48,542 German citizens were brought in from Weimar. 357 00:46:48,667 --> 00:46:53,376 They had to see, too - to see what they had been fighting for, 358 00:46:53,501 --> 00:46:55,209 and we had been fighting against. 359 00:46:58,001 --> 00:47:02,042 They came cheerfully, like sightseers, to a chamber of horrors, 360 00:47:02,167 --> 00:47:05,417 for here indeed were some real horrors. 361 00:47:12,084 --> 00:47:15,001 If a prisoner had a curiously tattooed skin, 362 00:47:15,126 --> 00:47:17,501 it was taken from him. 363 00:47:17,626 --> 00:47:20,917 We can only hope he was dead when it was done. 364 00:47:21,042 --> 00:47:25,042 The skin was tanned and made into lampshades, etc. 365 00:47:28,667 --> 00:47:32,042 These shrunken heads belonged to two Polish prisoners 366 00:47:32,167 --> 00:47:34,792 who had escaped and been recaptured. 367 00:47:42,584 --> 00:47:45,126 Some of the visitors did not care for the sight 368 00:47:45,251 --> 00:47:47,251 and were assisted by ex-prisoners. 369 00:47:47,376 --> 00:47:48,709 They had been aware of the camp 370 00:47:48,834 --> 00:47:52,084 and had been willing to make use of the cheap labour it provided - 371 00:47:52,209 --> 00:47:55,126 as long as they were beyond smelling range of it. 372 00:48:01,834 --> 00:48:05,834 Ebensee is a holiday resort in the mountains. 373 00:48:06,376 --> 00:48:08,292 The air is clean and pure. 374 00:48:09,251 --> 00:48:11,084 It cures sickness, 375 00:48:11,209 --> 00:48:13,209 and there is a sweetness about the place. 376 00:48:14,001 --> 00:48:15,792 A gentle peace. 377 00:48:29,876 --> 00:48:35,834 In this place, the Luftwaffe or S.S. Panzer officer on leave relaxes, 378 00:48:35,959 --> 00:48:39,001 eats well, breathes deeply, 379 00:48:39,126 --> 00:48:41,376 finds romance. 380 00:48:41,501 --> 00:48:45,001 Everything is charming and picturesque. 381 00:48:49,209 --> 00:48:52,126 But the concentration camp had become an integral part 382 00:48:52,251 --> 00:48:54,376 of the German economic system, 383 00:48:54,501 --> 00:48:56,542 so it was here, too. 384 00:48:57,417 --> 00:49:01,542 Able to see the mountains, but what use are mountains without food? 385 00:49:17,584 --> 00:49:21,917 ENTERING THE CREMATORIUM IS PROHIBITED WITHOUT EXCEPTION! 386 00:49:22,834 --> 00:49:26,959 Prisoners at Dachau and Buchenwald dreaded being sent here. 387 00:49:27,834 --> 00:49:30,792 To them, this place did not mean recuperation, 388 00:49:30,917 --> 00:49:32,334 only starvation, 389 00:49:32,459 --> 00:49:36,042 tuberculosis through slavery in an underground factory, 390 00:49:36,167 --> 00:49:38,292 and finally left to cough one's life out 391 00:49:38,417 --> 00:49:43,917 unaided and crowded in the filth and stench of a hut unfit for dogs, 392 00:49:44,042 --> 00:49:46,667 but for some reason called a hospital. 393 00:50:13,167 --> 00:50:17,584 The daily collection of corpses was disposed of through this chimney. 394 00:50:31,667 --> 00:50:33,876 First used in 1938, 395 00:50:34,001 --> 00:50:36,834 this camp was the centre of a group of subsidiary camps. 396 00:50:38,834 --> 00:50:42,792 40,000 people had died here since the beginning of the year. 397 00:50:44,459 --> 00:50:47,917 Here, the gas chamber held 200 at a time 398 00:50:48,042 --> 00:50:52,542 and the crematorium dealt with 300 per day - every day. 399 00:51:09,542 --> 00:51:12,709 In the north of Germany, it was the same story. 400 00:51:12,834 --> 00:51:16,876 The few who remained alive were staggering on the verge of death. 401 00:51:25,251 --> 00:51:27,001 They were the survivors. 402 00:51:28,417 --> 00:51:30,751 And these were the rest- 403 00:51:30,876 --> 00:51:35,626 hurriedly murdered lest they be set free to live a normal life. 404 00:52:01,542 --> 00:52:05,042 The authorities in the camps took special measures 405 00:52:05,167 --> 00:52:09,501 to make sure that a man would neither live normally nor die normally. 406 00:52:10,834 --> 00:52:13,042 Neither should he sleep normally. 407 00:52:15,959 --> 00:52:18,459 He was surrounded by barbed wire, 408 00:52:19,876 --> 00:52:23,209 and he had to sleep on barbed wire. 409 00:52:46,834 --> 00:52:49,501 Here was carnage and desolation. 410 00:52:52,209 --> 00:52:54,876 Prisoners had been dragged from the sacks of straw 411 00:52:55,001 --> 00:52:57,459 in the hovels called hospitals, 412 00:52:57,584 --> 00:53:02,417 shot and hastily disposed of by the first means to hand. 413 00:53:09,209 --> 00:53:11,709 There must have been some feeling of guilt 414 00:53:11,834 --> 00:53:15,792 or presumably there would not have been an attempt to destroy the evidence. 415 00:53:34,667 --> 00:53:36,292 In the outskirts of Leipzig, 416 00:53:36,417 --> 00:53:39,834 an effort was made to prevent 300 forced workers in a factory 417 00:53:39,959 --> 00:53:43,542 from being set free by advancing Allied troops. 418 00:53:43,667 --> 00:53:46,417 300 were locked in a mess hut and burned. 419 00:53:46,542 --> 00:53:47,959 This is where it stood. 420 00:53:49,042 --> 00:53:51,584 Some of the desperate, screaming prisoners broke out. 421 00:53:52,167 --> 00:53:55,501 Flame throwers and machine guns were waiting to receive them. 422 00:54:12,917 --> 00:54:14,501 This was a woman. 423 00:54:16,167 --> 00:54:18,876 Some almost reached the barbed wire. 424 00:54:19,001 --> 00:54:22,667 Some got there and stayed there, for it was electrified. 425 00:54:31,376 --> 00:54:33,292 This was a Polish engineer. 426 00:55:08,001 --> 00:55:11,542 American troops advancing did not know that in this barn 427 00:55:11,667 --> 00:55:15,084 the Germans had locked 1,800 prisoners 428 00:55:15,209 --> 00:55:18,417 and set burning straw alight to suffocate them. 429 00:55:19,834 --> 00:55:21,542 In the morning, before retreating, 430 00:55:21,667 --> 00:55:26,584 they had poured petrol on the bodies in an attempt to burn what remained. 431 00:55:37,001 --> 00:55:41,001 It still smouldered when the American troops arrived. 432 00:56:05,417 --> 00:56:09,042 This man was shot because he gasped for air, trying to escape 433 00:56:09,167 --> 00:56:12,084 while the rest of him burned in the barn. 434 00:56:35,501 --> 00:56:40,042 The most up-to-date institution was better equipped for killing. 435 00:56:41,959 --> 00:56:44,917 Transports of prisoners from all over occupied Europe 436 00:56:45,042 --> 00:56:49,334 were sent for extermination in one of the special Vernichtungslager. 437 00:56:56,209 --> 00:56:59,626 Here, four million peopled were murdered. 438 00:57:00,542 --> 00:57:05,376 As many men, women and children as you could pack into a great city. 439 00:57:37,792 --> 00:57:40,959 Old women were regarded as a danger to the state. 440 00:57:44,501 --> 00:57:46,542 Women torn from their homes, 441 00:57:46,667 --> 00:57:50,084 perhaps for the misdeeds of a distant relative 442 00:57:50,209 --> 00:57:55,459 and packed cheek to cheek like cattle for the slaughter. 443 00:58:17,209 --> 00:58:19,667 These children are twins. 444 00:58:19,792 --> 00:58:23,251 When identical twins were born to non-German parents, 445 00:58:23,376 --> 00:58:27,209 they were confiscated and handed over to an Experimental Station. 446 00:58:28,292 --> 00:58:31,959 German doctors injected them with diseases and attempted cures. 447 00:58:32,876 --> 00:58:37,084 Success in the cure was not important as these children were written off, 448 00:58:37,209 --> 00:58:42,501 unknown, they had no names - only numbers tattooed on their arms. 449 00:59:07,584 --> 00:59:12,417 This camp was scientifically planned with a view to mass murder. 450 00:59:13,001 --> 00:59:16,292 Vast extensions were still being built- 451 00:59:16,417 --> 00:59:20,459 arrangements of gas chambers, mortuaries and incinerators. 452 00:59:21,334 --> 00:59:26,334 The normal extermination rate was 10,000 to 12,000 per day. 453 00:59:32,876 --> 00:59:35,876 An attempt had been made to destroy the installations, 454 00:59:36,001 --> 00:59:39,334 but Russian troops were able to uncover most of it. 455 00:59:40,626 --> 00:59:45,501 Five crematoria with a capacity of 279,000 per month. 456 00:59:45,626 --> 00:59:48,834 Germans had watched them die, they had wanted to watch them die, 457 00:59:48,959 --> 00:59:52,626 for they constructed special peepholes in the doorways of the gas chambers 458 00:59:52,751 --> 00:59:55,959 where they could observe the effects of the poison gas Zyklon. 459 00:59:56,751 --> 00:59:58,709 Here are some of the containers, 460 00:59:58,834 --> 01:00:01,501 the mask worn by the operator 461 01:00:01,626 --> 01:00:04,501 and the poisons used for injections. 462 01:00:10,792 --> 01:00:15,959 Not only at Auschwitz was extermination carried out on a large scale. 463 01:00:17,001 --> 01:00:21,084 Entire populations of villages were moved suddenly overnight 464 01:00:21,209 --> 01:00:23,667 believing themselves to being evacuated 465 01:00:23,792 --> 01:00:26,626 and finding themselves behind barbed wire in the morning. 466 01:00:26,751 --> 01:00:29,001 CAMP GROUNDS! STOP! SHOTS WILL BE FIRED WITHOUT WARNING! 467 01:00:33,834 --> 01:00:37,876 2,800,000 people were gassed to death here. 468 01:00:38,709 --> 01:00:42,876 Invariably the gas chamber was labelled 'Bath and Disinfection'. 469 01:00:58,542 --> 01:01:00,376 Here one took one's last breath 470 01:01:00,501 --> 01:01:04,459 and disappeared in oily smoke up the crematorium chimney 471 01:01:05,251 --> 01:01:08,626 The firm that built this was not ashamed to sign its work. 472 01:01:10,792 --> 01:01:13,209 Again the ovens, again the bones. 473 01:01:15,751 --> 01:01:18,959 These bones were sold to the Strem Company 474 01:01:19,084 --> 01:01:21,292 for the manufacture of fertiliser. 475 01:01:27,251 --> 01:01:29,542 How many hundreds of thousands of people are contained 476 01:01:29,667 --> 01:01:32,292 in these heaps of human bones? 477 01:01:32,417 --> 01:01:35,501 You see where they went, to the cabbage fields. 478 01:01:35,626 --> 01:01:38,667 No doubt some Germans today can taste what they have eaten 479 01:01:38,792 --> 01:01:40,667 fertilised by their comrades. 480 01:01:48,959 --> 01:01:52,959 This had been going on for a long time before we came. 481 01:01:53,084 --> 01:01:57,626 Here were found 820,000 pairs of boots and shoes. 482 01:02:09,001 --> 01:02:12,001 Prisoners paid their own fares to Majdanek. 483 01:02:13,126 --> 01:02:15,334 They thought they were going to new homes, 484 01:02:15,459 --> 01:02:19,042 and so they brought their most precious portable possessions. 485 01:02:29,251 --> 01:02:31,376 They say dead men's boots bring bad luck - 486 01:02:32,459 --> 01:02:34,959 what of dead children's toys? 487 01:02:36,667 --> 01:02:38,959 Their mothers carried scissors perhaps? 488 01:02:39,959 --> 01:02:43,001 The scissors are here - the mothers, no. 489 01:02:43,126 --> 01:02:45,834 But here in this room is part of them. 490 01:02:45,959 --> 01:02:48,376 Nothing material could be wasted. 491 01:02:48,501 --> 01:02:52,751 These packages contain human hair carefully sorted and weighed. 492 01:03:19,417 --> 01:03:23,459 Nothing was wasted - even the teeth were taken out of their mouths. 493 01:03:24,042 --> 01:03:26,126 By-products of the system. 494 01:03:37,376 --> 01:03:39,834 Tooth brushes. Nail brushes. 495 01:03:41,459 --> 01:03:42,959 Shoe brushes. 496 01:03:46,751 --> 01:03:48,459 Shaving brushes. 497 01:03:51,417 --> 01:03:56,417 If one man in ten wears spectacles, how many does this heap represent? 498 01:04:01,876 --> 01:04:07,167 All these things belonged to men and women and children like ourselves, 499 01:04:07,292 --> 01:04:11,376 quite ordinary people from all parts of the world. 500 01:05:07,626 --> 01:05:09,501 The dead have been buried. 501 01:05:13,501 --> 01:05:16,959 It remains for us to care for these, the living. 502 01:05:58,834 --> 01:06:01,292 TO THE AIR-RAID PROTECTION EMERGENCY ROOM 503 01:06:01,417 --> 01:06:06,626 It remains for us to hope that Germans may help to mend what they have broken, 504 01:06:06,751 --> 01:06:09,209 and cleanse what they have befouled. 505 01:06:27,376 --> 01:06:31,376 Thousands of German people were made to see for themselves. 506 01:06:32,917 --> 01:06:34,209 To bury the dead. 507 01:06:34,876 --> 01:06:36,917 To file past the victims. 508 01:06:45,834 --> 01:06:51,417 This was the end of the journey they had so confidently begun in 1933. 509 01:06:56,542 --> 01:06:58,167 Twelve years? 510 01:06:59,459 --> 01:07:00,751 No. 511 01:07:00,876 --> 01:07:03,459 In terms of barbarity and brutality, 512 01:07:03,584 --> 01:07:07,209 they had travelled backwards for twelve thousand years. 513 01:07:38,709 --> 01:07:42,959 Unless the world learns the lesson these pictures teach, 514 01:07:43,084 --> 01:07:45,126 night will fall. 515 01:07:48,376 --> 01:07:52,542 But by God's grace, we who live will learn. 43411

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