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(upbeat jazz music playing)
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NARRATOR: The United States, 1947.
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In Texas, Max and Rachel
celebrate the return of their son, Paul,
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discharged from the US Army
after serving two years in Japan.
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He has great memories of his time there.
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(inaudible conversation)
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Children were conceived
during the short time
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the American army
helped rebuild the country,
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after having dropped the atom bomb on it.
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In Nagasaki, the ruins
of the atomic disaster have been erased.
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The grass has grown back,
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but the world has changed forever.
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Scientists have conceived
an imaginary clock,
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the Doomsday Clock,
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which measures the danger
of imminent nuclear war.
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If it hits midnight,
it's the end of the world.
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For the next 50 years,
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Russia, then known
as the Communist Soviet Union,
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will confront the West,
led by the United States.
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This is the Cold War.
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Between the East and West.
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The war of the worlds.
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(theme song playing)
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-(all cheering)
-NARRATOR: Like many Americans,
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Max and Rachel donate food
to help a starving Europe.
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Little Daniel in Paris will be able
to face the harsh winter of 1947,
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one of the coldest of the century,
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even though France has no coal.
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Still the morale of the French
sets an example for the whole world.
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After six years of war,
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they have chosen to live
a carefree existence.
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Meanwhile between East and West,
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the weapons race has begun.
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Are these confrontations
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between the Western democracies
and the Communists in the East,
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like in Indochina or in Korea,
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merely the first steps
in the Escalation of Fear?
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Texas, spring of 1947.
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Max and Rachel move to Fort Bliss,
a small city near a military base.
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Max, an engineer, is hired to participate
in the development of German rockets
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seized at the end of the war.
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Someday, these rockets could launch
other atomic bombs.
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Max works with a group of Germans,
which is upsetting to him.
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The recently revealed horrors
of the Nazi camps
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and the Holocaust have shocked him,
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along with the rest of America.
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(inaudible conversation)
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Many German-born scientists
and technicians
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were captured by the Soviets,
the French and the Americans.
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1500 are now settled in the US.
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Among them is a young prodigy,
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35-year-old Werner Von Braun.
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He invented the V2 rocket for Hitler,
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the rocket that terrified Londoners
at the end of the war.
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Von Braun will perfect
these German V2 units
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recovered by the Americans.
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Over 30 years, he redesigns them
for the conquest of space.
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(inaudible conversation)
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In 1946,
they are the first weapons of dissuasion,
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launched over the New Mexican desert.
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The sound of war is coming closer.
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At the same time,
diplomats try to save world peace
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by organizing a conference
with the Soviet Union.
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On March 9, 1947,
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France's Secretary of State,
Georges Bidault,
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a Christian Democrat,
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leaves for Moscow with his wife.
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At this conference,
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the foreign ministers
of the four great powers
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that brought down Hitler
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try to agree on the fate
of occupied Germany.
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But the context has changed.
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France's minister Bidault wants Saarland,
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an industrial region in Germany
that De Gaulle has already laid claim to.
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From Britain, Bevin,
a leftist, anti-Communist union supporter,
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aligns with the US position...
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a position advocated by General Marshall,
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whose main concerns is America's security.
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The Soviet foreign minister, Mr. Molotov,
who is getting close to the West,
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will be sidelined by Stalin.
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The former "allies"
can't agree on anything.
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Germany will remain split in two.
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A final reception
that Stalin doesn't attend
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marks the end of the wartime alliance
between East and West.
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After the smiles come the farewells.
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The American president,
Democrat Harry Truman,
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presents his doctrine to Congress.
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His policy is one of containment.
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Any aggressive action by Stalin
will be met with retaliation.
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And most importantly,
help Europe recover from poverty,
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a breeding ground for Communism.
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The American Secretary of State,
George Marshall,
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offers Truman a plan
for European reconstruction
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that bears his name:
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the Marshall Plan.
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He says...
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"The people of these countries need to eat
and to survive the winter."
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Back in France, little Daniel marvels
at the convoy of American equipment.
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There are electric transformers
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and all kinds of machine tools.
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Provided by the USA
for European economic recovery
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The offer is generous
for the European populations.
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$12 billion, a fortune at the time.
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But this loan must be partially reimbursed
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and be used, whenever possible,
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to buy American products.
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Stalin refuses.
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He forces the countries he occupies
to turn down the Marshall Plan aid.
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In the other countries, Italy, Belgium,
England, and especially France...
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DOWN WITH THE MARSHALL PLAN
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...he stirs up the local
Communist parties,
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backing violent protests and strikes...
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(all protesting)
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...to denounce "American imperialism."
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But France's ambassador to the US
accepts Washington's checks.
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Mister Ambassador,
It gives me great pleasure
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to be able to hand you these checks
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which total $31,400,000.
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With these checks
and those which we gave you last week,
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the total now is $33,000,000.
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Even this amount represents
only the initial portion
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which eventually will be made available
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under the United States
foreign aid program.
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NARRATOR: France needs money
to fund its war in Indochina...
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(foghorn blares)
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...now entering its third year.
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1948...
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French ownership of Indochina
becomes a stake in the Cold War.
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The Communist insurgents of the Viet Minh
have attempted a bloody coup in Hanoi,
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the capital in the North.
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The French have managed to regain control.
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This is an expensive war.
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500 million French Francs per day,
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and more importantly almost a total
of 100,000 dead on both sides.
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(machine guns rattling)
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In the North,
the men of the French Expeditionary Corps
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are hunting for Ho Chi Minh and Giap,
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the Communist leaders
of the fight for independence.
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They're searching the mountains,
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where the tribes
have stayed out of the war.
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But for how long?
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A French commando
almost captured Ho Chi Minh,
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missing him by a few hours.
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But he disappeared
into the impenetrable jungle.
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Ho Chi Minh has taken refuge
in this region
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near the border of the Republic of China,
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which is still fighting Mao's Communists.
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(plane engine whirring)
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From the sky, the zone looks deserted.
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But within this sanctuary,
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Ho Chi Minh has created
an embryonic government.
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Its bamboo ministries
can quickly be disassembled
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and carried to new hiding places.
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Bamboo serves all purposes.
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It can be used for everything.
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It can be used to survive, and to kill.
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Its sharpened points stick up out
of the clearings to impale paratroopers.
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In the opposing camp,
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the French positions
are also protected by bamboo,
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as dangerous as the barbed wire
used during World War I.
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From his jungle workshops,
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Ho Chi Minh wants to project the image
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of an entire population building
with its own hands
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-the very weapons that will liberate it.
-(clanging)
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A heavy machine-gun
is worth two kilos of opium.
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Ho Chi Minh applies
the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism:
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Hammer home and spread propaganda
and the ideology...
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(printing press rattling)
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...dispense combat instructions,
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inspire the will to fight...
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(inaudible conversation)
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...recruit soldiers and militants,
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and tirelessly cleanse the Party
by killing skeptics and opponents.
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Ho Chi Minh shows his true face,
after years spent in the USSR.
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No more negotiating.
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He is preparing for a long war.
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He declares...
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"It will be the fight
between the tiger and the elephant.
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During the day,
the tiger lies low in the jungle.
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He only comes out at night.
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He jumps on the elephant,
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tearing large chunks of flesh
from his back.
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Then he leaps back into the dark jungle.
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Slowly, the elephant bleeds to death.
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Such will be the war in Indochina."
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(fire roaring, crackling)
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But the French have understood.
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Twenty-one-year-old
Lieutenant Bernard Moinet writes,
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"We must adapt to this type of combat.
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We must cease to be prey
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and become hunters."
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(boat engine whirring)
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(monkeys whooping in distance)
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(gunshots)
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There is no small-scale smuggling,
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nor small-scale prey.
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(insects chirping)
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00:13:18,092 --> 00:13:21,012
(machine gun rattling)
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00:13:22,088 --> 00:13:24,064
(inaudible conversation)
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To reassure and control the peasants,
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the French erect small forts
manned by small, expendable units
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who drink warm beer and cook good food
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before setting off on an ambush.
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(sizzling)
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00:14:01,080 --> 00:14:04,072
Those who make it back
reassure their wives.
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00:14:04,080 --> 00:14:07,012
Like Lt. Moinet, who writes,
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00:14:07,020 --> 00:14:10,036
"My dear Francine, I am a happy man,
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00:14:10,044 --> 00:14:12,072
in love with my career and with you."
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00:14:18,032 --> 00:14:20,068
There they wait,
until the Viet Minh attack.
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00:14:20,076 --> 00:14:22,000
The men are massacred,
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as the forts
are regularly won and lost again.
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00:14:25,032 --> 00:14:28,048
This is the case throughout this war
which is only beginning.
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00:14:38,036 --> 00:14:41,016
High Command tries
to reinforce its garrisons
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00:14:41,024 --> 00:14:44,032
with local back-up troops
whose loyalty can be shaky.
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00:14:46,036 --> 00:14:49,024
Their families may be Viet Minh hostages.
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00:14:49,032 --> 00:14:52,000
The French troops
can barely close their eyes at night.
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00:14:56,024 --> 00:14:57,068
During a commando mission,
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00:14:57,076 --> 00:15:00,048
Moinet discovers
a printing press and flyers.
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00:15:02,064 --> 00:15:04,096
He reads the following text, in French:
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00:15:06,048 --> 00:15:08,020
"Tomorrow, your post will be destroyed
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00:15:08,028 --> 00:15:10,072
by the courageous people's army
of the Viet Minh.
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00:15:11,096 --> 00:15:14,052
The French will be killed and chased
from our lands.
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00:15:15,092 --> 00:15:18,068
Victory will strengthen
our ongoing revolution.
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00:15:19,048 --> 00:15:21,012
Long live Ho Chi Minh!
225
00:15:21,020 --> 00:15:23,056
Long live Communism around the world!"
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00:15:28,052 --> 00:15:31,060
Communism around the world
is making headway in Asia,
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00:15:31,068 --> 00:15:34,044
as Mao prepares to take over
the Republic of China.
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00:15:36,028 --> 00:15:39,000
In the British colonies
of Burma and Malaysia,
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00:15:39,008 --> 00:15:42,040
communist movements rise up
to claim their independence.
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00:15:44,040 --> 00:15:46,084
The Dutch East Indies become Indonesia.
231
00:15:48,068 --> 00:15:52,032
In Europe, the Communists attempt
to seize power from the Greek monarchy,
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00:15:52,040 --> 00:15:55,000
which is backed by the British
and the Americans.
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00:15:59,048 --> 00:16:03,096
But the West does nothing to prevent
the coup in Prague in February 1948,
234
00:16:05,020 --> 00:16:08,020
when the Communists seize power
in Czechoslovakia.
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00:16:08,084 --> 00:16:13,000
Stalin is now one step closer
to bringing Berlin over to his side.
236
00:16:15,032 --> 00:16:16,084
Stalin declares,
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00:16:17,028 --> 00:16:21,032
"All of Germany must be ours,
entirely Soviet and Communist."
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00:16:28,004 --> 00:16:33,044
In 1945, the one-time Allies had divided
Germany into four occupied zones:
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00:16:34,000 --> 00:16:38,020
Soviet, British, American and French.
240
00:16:38,084 --> 00:16:41,092
They did the same in Berlin,
divided into four sectors
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00:16:42,000 --> 00:16:44,024
and landlocked by the Soviet zone.
242
00:16:45,052 --> 00:16:47,036
In order to reach their zones in Berlin,
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00:16:47,044 --> 00:16:50,032
the Westerners have access
to three corridors:
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00:16:58,060 --> 00:17:01,004
Westerners and Berliners
are shocked to discover
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00:17:01,012 --> 00:17:04,044
that Stalin has issued the order
to close the corridors.
246
00:17:09,036 --> 00:17:12,016
He has also barred
all train and river traffic.
247
00:17:12,064 --> 00:17:15,008
Even the electrical plants
in the Soviet zone
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00:17:15,016 --> 00:17:17,024
stop supplying power to the West.
249
00:17:18,024 --> 00:17:20,048
Berlin is now cut off from the world.
250
00:17:21,004 --> 00:17:24,068
Its two million residents
are now hostages of the Cold War.
251
00:17:27,040 --> 00:17:30,048
The Doomsday Clock jumps
to five minutes to midnight!
252
00:17:34,068 --> 00:17:37,024
The threat of nuclear war
is getting closer,
253
00:17:37,032 --> 00:17:39,044
because Stalin just made a risky bet.
254
00:17:41,036 --> 00:17:42,088
What will the Allies do?
255
00:17:44,076 --> 00:17:46,028
What will Truman do?
256
00:17:48,024 --> 00:17:50,032
The Americans have atom bombs,
257
00:17:51,004 --> 00:17:54,024
ready to be carried
by the B-36 strategic bomber,
258
00:17:55,048 --> 00:17:57,068
one of the largest aircraft ever built.
259
00:17:59,084 --> 00:18:02,008
Weighing 150 tons,
260
00:18:02,016 --> 00:18:04,064
with six 3000-horsepower engines,
261
00:18:04,072 --> 00:18:07,068
it has a flying range
of 12,000 kilometers,
262
00:18:07,076 --> 00:18:09,072
more than enough to reach Moscow.
263
00:18:10,036 --> 00:18:11,080
It's the ultimate weapon.
264
00:18:12,020 --> 00:18:14,020
But Truman remains cautious.
265
00:18:18,012 --> 00:18:19,088
In his memoirs, he writes,
266
00:18:20,088 --> 00:18:24,012
"We had to make a show of strength,
without setting off a war.
267
00:18:24,060 --> 00:18:26,040
We had to stay in Berlin.
268
00:18:26,048 --> 00:18:29,040
I ordered the organization
of a full-scale airlift,
269
00:18:29,048 --> 00:18:32,000
using every available
Allied plane in Europe."
270
00:18:33,008 --> 00:18:36,096
Truman breaks through the blockade
with 1000 Allied freight planes,
271
00:18:37,076 --> 00:18:38,072
mostly American,
272
00:18:38,080 --> 00:18:40,060
which fly over the Soviet zone
273
00:18:40,068 --> 00:18:42,020
to bring supplies to Berlin.
274
00:18:46,044 --> 00:18:48,048
This airlift is the only solution,
275
00:18:48,056 --> 00:18:51,020
because Stalin can easily block a road.
276
00:18:51,028 --> 00:18:53,032
But to stop a plane from getting through,
277
00:18:53,040 --> 00:18:55,040
he would have to order it shot down.
278
00:18:57,064 --> 00:18:59,096
Soviet fighter planes are on the prowl.
279
00:19:00,056 --> 00:19:01,060
Truman writes,
280
00:19:01,068 --> 00:19:05,044
"The real danger was that a Russian pilot
might pull the trigger
281
00:19:05,052 --> 00:19:08,032
and create an incident
that would spark a crisis."
282
00:19:15,012 --> 00:19:16,080
Will the airlift be stopped?
283
00:19:20,012 --> 00:19:22,036
On September 9, 1948,
284
00:19:22,044 --> 00:19:25,076
the people of Berlin's Western zones
gather in front of the Reichstag,
285
00:19:25,084 --> 00:19:28,000
the former German parliament.
286
00:19:28,008 --> 00:19:30,084
It is the reminder
of a recent tragic past.
287
00:19:32,092 --> 00:19:34,092
(man speaking German over microphone)
288
00:19:35,068 --> 00:19:39,024
NARRATOR (in English): 300,000 Berliners
have come to show support for their mayor.
289
00:19:39,032 --> 00:19:40,060
Ernst Reuter,
290
00:19:40,068 --> 00:19:43,004
a well-known figure
in the fight against Nazism,
291
00:19:43,012 --> 00:19:44,040
who asks for help.
292
00:19:45,080 --> 00:19:47,040
"People of the world!
293
00:19:47,048 --> 00:19:49,096
People of America,
294
00:19:50,004 --> 00:19:53,016
England, France and Italy!
295
00:19:53,080 --> 00:19:56,028
You cannot, you must not forsake us!"
296
00:20:02,012 --> 00:20:05,096
The noise of the four-engine planes
in constant succession is unbearable.
297
00:20:08,036 --> 00:20:12,028
And yet, Berliners refer to it
as the Symphony of Freedom.
298
00:20:27,012 --> 00:20:30,008
During the winter of 1948-49,
299
00:20:30,016 --> 00:20:33,080
the planes transport close
to one million tons of coal.
300
00:20:34,036 --> 00:20:36,084
The aircraft are
at the limit of their capacity,
301
00:20:36,092 --> 00:20:38,084
and the pilots are exhausted.
302
00:20:38,092 --> 00:20:40,052
(crash, explosion)
303
00:20:40,060 --> 00:20:43,056
The American and British pilots
perish in crashes.
304
00:20:48,032 --> 00:20:52,040
The Soviets concentrate
their armored divisions around Berlin.
305
00:20:57,096 --> 00:21:00,012
The threat of war is so tangible
306
00:21:00,020 --> 00:21:01,020
USSR
307
00:21:01,028 --> 00:21:02,036
that all of Europe turns to the US,
308
00:21:02,044 --> 00:21:03,048
WAR
309
00:21:03,056 --> 00:21:07,028
gearing up for a presidential election
in November 1948.
310
00:21:09,008 --> 00:21:12,000
The Republicans
are historically isolationist.
311
00:21:12,060 --> 00:21:14,092
However, the Democrats' slogan is
312
00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:16,096
"Truman, the world's hope."
313
00:21:17,004 --> 00:21:18,032
(crowd cheering)
314
00:21:18,040 --> 00:21:21,076
Truman was an officer
on the French front in 1918.
315
00:21:21,084 --> 00:21:23,080
He knows France well
316
00:21:23,088 --> 00:21:26,052
and cares about the fate
of the Old Continent.
317
00:21:27,056 --> 00:21:31,004
He is re-elected
and tells the European leaders,
318
00:21:31,012 --> 00:21:34,036
"We will continue to uphold
the peaceful principles of the UN."
319
00:21:40,040 --> 00:21:42,052
On April 4, 1949,
320
00:21:42,060 --> 00:21:46,004
12 countries sign the North Atlantic Pact
in Washington.
321
00:21:48,044 --> 00:21:50,096
France, Luxembourg, Belgium,
322
00:21:51,004 --> 00:21:54,020
the Netherlands, Great Britain, Denmark,
323
00:21:54,028 --> 00:21:57,048
Norway, Italy, Portugal, Iceland,
324
00:21:57,056 --> 00:22:00,056
Canada and the United States
commit to Article 5,
325
00:22:00,064 --> 00:22:02,004
which reads,
326
00:22:02,012 --> 00:22:05,064
"The Parties agree that an armed attack
against any member country
327
00:22:05,072 --> 00:22:08,052
shall be considered an attack
against all members."
328
00:22:12,064 --> 00:22:16,020
Philosopher Raymond Aron writes,
329
00:22:16,028 --> 00:22:20,048
"Without hesitation, the Western Europeans
chose the American protector
330
00:22:20,056 --> 00:22:22,000
over the Soviet empire."
331
00:22:24,056 --> 00:22:28,048
This immediately provokes widespread
Communist protests throughout Europe,
332
00:22:28,056 --> 00:22:30,000
and particularly in France,
333
00:22:30,008 --> 00:22:32,076
which becomes home
to the general staff of NATO,
334
00:22:32,084 --> 00:22:35,016
the North Atlantic Treaty Organization,
335
00:22:36,088 --> 00:22:38,036
and its renowned commanders,
336
00:22:38,044 --> 00:22:42,000
such as General Eisenhower,
the liberator of France.
337
00:22:46,048 --> 00:22:48,068
The NATO forces settle in France,
338
00:22:48,076 --> 00:22:53,056
along with their accommodations,
hospitals, schools and disposable income.
339
00:22:54,084 --> 00:22:56,088
The French actor, Gerard Depardieu,
340
00:22:56,096 --> 00:23:00,040
who grew up near the US Air Force base
in Chateauroux, recalls:
341
00:23:01,016 --> 00:23:02,040
"The city was Americanized.
342
00:23:02,048 --> 00:23:06,080
Popcorn, hamburgers, peanut butter,
jeans and t-shirts, strip clubs,
343
00:23:06,088 --> 00:23:09,044
soldiers in Jeeps and rock 'n' roll."
344
00:23:14,084 --> 00:23:18,068
The US Navy's powerful Sixth Fleet
rules the Mediterranean,
345
00:23:18,076 --> 00:23:21,020
and its sailors invade St. Tropez.
346
00:23:23,080 --> 00:23:26,084
NATO also has bases in Italy, Turkey,
347
00:23:26,092 --> 00:23:30,036
Great Britain, and especially in Germany,
348
00:23:30,044 --> 00:23:32,000
next to the Eastern troops.
349
00:23:35,064 --> 00:23:39,052
On May 12, 1949,
after an 11-month blockade,
350
00:23:39,060 --> 00:23:42,044
Stalin reopens the routes to Berlin.
351
00:23:42,052 --> 00:23:45,032
He has given in
to the West's determination.
352
00:23:45,088 --> 00:23:49,016
Without the atomic bomb,
he cannot risk a war.
353
00:23:50,080 --> 00:23:52,084
(all cheering)
354
00:23:54,076 --> 00:23:58,072
August 29, 1949,
is an important Cold War date.
355
00:23:59,048 --> 00:24:01,020
In the desert of Kazakhstan,
356
00:24:01,028 --> 00:24:03,060
the first Soviet atomic bomb is ready.
357
00:24:03,068 --> 00:24:05,080
It's a duplicate of the American bomb,
358
00:24:05,088 --> 00:24:07,088
made possible by intensive espionage.
359
00:24:11,080 --> 00:24:14,084
This marks the end
of America's nuclear monopoly.
360
00:24:19,000 --> 00:24:22,048
American newspapers are the first
to reveal this nuclear test.
361
00:24:22,056 --> 00:24:23,076
The headlines read,
362
00:24:24,080 --> 00:24:26,072
"Reds exploded atom bomb!"
363
00:24:31,032 --> 00:24:34,024
Stalin had wanted
to keep the public in the dark,
364
00:24:34,032 --> 00:24:37,048
because he still wants to appear
to be fighting for peace.
365
00:24:37,056 --> 00:24:41,072
And he needs to buy time
until his atom bomb is fully operational.
366
00:24:47,096 --> 00:24:51,060
Communism continues to spread
across one-third of the planet.
367
00:24:52,076 --> 00:24:54,036
China joins its ranks.
368
00:24:54,044 --> 00:24:56,044
(playing ceremonial music)
369
00:25:01,028 --> 00:25:04,044
Peking, October 1, 1949.
370
00:25:04,052 --> 00:25:07,068
In the Forbidden City,
China's imperial palace,
371
00:25:07,076 --> 00:25:11,060
Mao Zedong becomes the master
of the world's most populated nation.
372
00:25:11,068 --> 00:25:13,092
With 600 million inhabitants.
373
00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:16,000
(speaking Mandarin)
374
00:25:18,072 --> 00:25:21,076
NARRATOR (in English): Mao establishes
the People's Republic of China.
375
00:25:21,084 --> 00:25:23,036
Over a period of 30 years,
376
00:25:23,044 --> 00:25:27,056
this totalitarian regime
will be responsible for 50 million deaths,
377
00:25:27,064 --> 00:25:29,084
through the application
of Stalinist practices
378
00:25:29,092 --> 00:25:33,004
such as agrarian reform and famine,
379
00:25:33,012 --> 00:25:35,056
peasant revolts, repression
380
00:25:35,064 --> 00:25:38,048
and the gulags, concentration camps.
381
00:25:40,008 --> 00:25:44,004
He has been waging a brutal civil war ever
since the 1920's.
382
00:25:46,092 --> 00:25:49,068
Although he was just a hounded Marxist
at the time...
383
00:25:52,044 --> 00:25:55,008
he is even considered crueler than Stalin.
384
00:25:55,016 --> 00:25:57,000
Violence is the key to his power.
385
00:25:58,068 --> 00:26:01,092
He imposes on his men
what he calls "the blood pact."
386
00:26:03,052 --> 00:26:04,096
"Everyone must participate
387
00:26:05,004 --> 00:26:07,008
in the physical destruction
of class enemies.
388
00:26:08,020 --> 00:26:11,000
Everyone must have blood on their hands."
389
00:26:11,080 --> 00:26:13,000
Mao says...
390
00:26:13,076 --> 00:26:15,096
"Corpses have their use.
391
00:26:16,004 --> 00:26:18,024
They can be used to fertilize the land."
392
00:26:23,032 --> 00:26:27,072
Mao finalizes his conquest by pushing
the last anti-Communist troops
393
00:26:27,080 --> 00:26:30,000
back to the border of French Indochina.
394
00:26:43,020 --> 00:26:45,000
The French disarm them,
395
00:26:45,008 --> 00:26:48,000
in fear of being infiltrated
by Mao's soldiers.
396
00:26:54,032 --> 00:26:56,024
Commander Auriol writes,
397
00:26:57,012 --> 00:26:59,044
"A surprising number of women
are pregnant.
398
00:27:00,076 --> 00:27:04,000
Handing these refugees
over to the People's Republic of China
399
00:27:04,008 --> 00:27:05,036
is out of the question.
400
00:27:05,076 --> 00:27:08,076
The only option is to keep them
in camps in Indochina
401
00:27:08,084 --> 00:27:10,024
until further notice."
402
00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:18,096
The French are also concerned.
403
00:27:19,004 --> 00:27:21,032
The arrival of these 30,000 refugees
404
00:27:21,040 --> 00:27:24,012
raises the question
of Mao's army chasing after them.
405
00:27:24,076 --> 00:27:27,040
His army could join forces
with the Viet Minh
406
00:27:27,048 --> 00:27:29,040
and help it take over Indochina.
407
00:27:38,064 --> 00:27:42,048
On December 21, 1949, Mao is in Moscow,
408
00:27:42,056 --> 00:27:44,056
standing to the right of Stalin,
409
00:27:44,064 --> 00:27:47,000
who is celebrating his 70th birthday.
410
00:27:49,056 --> 00:27:51,032
Stalin is wary of him,
411
00:27:52,056 --> 00:27:55,008
as he is of all Communist leaders,
412
00:27:56,052 --> 00:27:59,076
ever since his altercations
with Yugoslav leader Tito,
413
00:27:59,084 --> 00:28:02,020
who refuses to be a satellite of the USSR.
414
00:28:08,088 --> 00:28:12,092
But Mao needs Soviet assistance
for his industry and his army.
415
00:28:16,076 --> 00:28:20,008
He has Stalin's birthday
religiously observed in China...
416
00:28:20,016 --> 00:28:21,064
(speaks Mandarin)
417
00:28:21,072 --> 00:28:23,084
NARRATOR (in English):
...as it is in all Communist countries.
418
00:28:23,092 --> 00:28:25,052
(all singing in foreign language)
419
00:28:51,028 --> 00:28:53,028
Stalin's personality cult
420
00:28:53,036 --> 00:28:56,012
extends beyond the USSR's borders.
421
00:28:57,000 --> 00:28:59,088
The French Communists
celebrate Comrade Stalin,
422
00:28:59,096 --> 00:29:02,012
a champion of peace, liberty,
423
00:29:02,020 --> 00:29:05,016
the independence of the people,
and human happiness.
424
00:29:05,080 --> 00:29:09,056
The French Communist party remains
the country's first political movement.
425
00:29:09,064 --> 00:29:13,096
Its leader, Maurice Thorez,
is Stalin's tireless champion.
426
00:29:14,076 --> 00:29:16,004
(Thorez speaking French)
Long live Stalin!
427
00:29:16,012 --> 00:29:17,084
A long and glorious life
428
00:29:17,092 --> 00:29:20,028
to the leader of
the international proletariat,
429
00:29:20,036 --> 00:29:22,088
the head of the Socialist revolution,
430
00:29:22,096 --> 00:29:24,064
the liberator of the people,
431
00:29:24,072 --> 00:29:27,040
and the most avid defender
of the freedom and peace.
432
00:29:27,088 --> 00:29:29,056
We Communists,
433
00:29:29,064 --> 00:29:32,000
whom the class enemy and its agents
434
00:29:32,008 --> 00:29:35,052
try to insult by calling us "Stalinists",
435
00:29:35,060 --> 00:29:37,032
we hereby state loud and clear,
436
00:29:37,040 --> 00:29:39,048
like we did 20 years ago,
437
00:29:39,056 --> 00:29:42,092
that we are honored by the glorious title
438
00:29:43,000 --> 00:29:44,084
that we continually strive
to be worthy of.
439
00:29:44,092 --> 00:29:46,068
Yes, with all of our heart,
440
00:29:46,076 --> 00:29:50,012
we declare our fervent love for Stalin
441
00:29:50,020 --> 00:29:53,064
and we place our unwavering trust in him.
442
00:29:53,072 --> 00:29:55,056
Long live Stalin!
443
00:30:01,008 --> 00:30:04,052
May our great Stalin live forever!
444
00:30:04,060 --> 00:30:05,076
Long live Communism!
445
00:30:05,084 --> 00:30:08,048
NARRATOR: Yet, Thorez had deserted in '39
446
00:30:08,056 --> 00:30:11,072
and spent five wartime years
in the Soviet Union.
447
00:30:11,080 --> 00:30:14,072
He knows all about Stalin and the Gulags.
448
00:30:14,080 --> 00:30:16,080
(all singing in French)
449
00:30:26,016 --> 00:30:29,088
NARRATOR: But all the other brave souls
are in the dark, like this militant.
450
00:30:30,032 --> 00:30:33,020
(speaking French) I am convinced that
my children, my husband
451
00:30:33,028 --> 00:30:35,060
peace, and you, Comrade Stalin,
452
00:30:35,068 --> 00:30:38,004
are all one and the same.
453
00:30:38,012 --> 00:30:41,080
Never will the women of France
454
00:30:41,088 --> 00:30:44,052
allow their husbands and children
455
00:30:44,060 --> 00:30:47,020
to go to war against Stalin's country.
456
00:30:49,004 --> 00:30:51,016
NARRATOR (in English):
"No war against Stalin!"
457
00:30:51,024 --> 00:30:52,032
To our Soviet sisters.
Never will the mothers...
458
00:30:52,040 --> 00:30:53,096
is the message the Communists
are to spread.
459
00:30:54,004 --> 00:30:55,044
...of France send their sons
to fight against the Soviet Union.
460
00:30:56,076 --> 00:31:01,068
Along with this comes the creation
of a World Movement of Partisans of Peace,
461
00:31:01,076 --> 00:31:05,004
whose emblem is
a dove designed by Picasso.
462
00:31:06,028 --> 00:31:07,084
This peace movement launches
463
00:31:07,092 --> 00:31:11,008
an international petition
on March 19, 1950,
464
00:31:11,052 --> 00:31:13,092
demanding a ban on nuclear weapons.
465
00:31:14,036 --> 00:31:16,044
It is known as the Stockholm Appeal.
466
00:31:16,052 --> 00:31:17,064
OUTLAW NUCLEAR WEAPONS
467
00:31:18,028 --> 00:31:22,004
250,000 people sign the petition
in just a few weeks,
468
00:31:22,060 --> 00:31:24,064
particularly in the Communist countries.
469
00:31:25,080 --> 00:31:27,044
How could one refuse to sign?
470
00:31:28,012 --> 00:31:31,004
Yet, who can verify
that Stalin upholds his commitment
471
00:31:31,012 --> 00:31:35,000
now that he has the bomb
and is multiplying atomic testing.
472
00:31:38,036 --> 00:31:41,088
But to the Communists,
the supporters and fellow travelers,
473
00:31:41,096 --> 00:31:43,080
the Red Army saved the world,
474
00:31:43,088 --> 00:31:47,000
and Stalin embodies the quest for peace.
475
00:31:48,052 --> 00:31:50,052
(all shouting indistinctly)
476
00:31:52,068 --> 00:31:55,040
In the US,
the hunt for Communist sympathizers
477
00:31:55,048 --> 00:31:57,056
in the government and film industry
478
00:31:57,064 --> 00:32:01,004
is launched by a Republican senator,
Joseph McCarthy.
479
00:32:05,028 --> 00:32:07,084
The FBI succeeds in shutting down
480
00:32:07,092 --> 00:32:10,032
the extensive Soviet espionage network
481
00:32:10,040 --> 00:32:13,016
to which Julius
and Ethel Rosenberg belong.
482
00:32:14,048 --> 00:32:16,080
The couple is sent to the electric chair.
483
00:32:22,052 --> 00:32:25,000
In Europe, abstention is in fashion.
484
00:32:26,008 --> 00:32:28,044
The "good times" party is in the lead.
485
00:32:29,004 --> 00:32:31,000
People want to live their lives.
486
00:32:31,032 --> 00:32:32,080
Ignorance is bliss.
487
00:32:33,048 --> 00:32:34,072
They want to have children
488
00:32:34,080 --> 00:32:37,044
and avoid thinking
about the dangers that lurk.
489
00:32:41,064 --> 00:32:42,088
SOLDIER: Fire!
490
00:32:46,032 --> 00:32:50,032
On June 25, 1950,
war breaks out in Korea.
491
00:32:51,024 --> 00:32:55,004
For the first time, East and West
confront each other directly.
492
00:32:55,064 --> 00:32:58,044
The Korean War claims two million lives,
493
00:32:58,052 --> 00:33:00,076
civilians and soldiers alike.
494
00:33:02,016 --> 00:33:04,016
(distant explosions)
495
00:33:05,012 --> 00:33:07,092
On this day of June 25, 1950,
496
00:33:08,000 --> 00:33:11,056
the Communist troops of North Korea
cross over the 38th parallel,
497
00:33:11,064 --> 00:33:15,064
which has separated Korea
into two countries since 1945.
498
00:33:19,084 --> 00:33:22,004
In the North, the Soviet conquest
499
00:33:22,012 --> 00:33:25,016
has led to the creation
of the People's Republic of Korea,
500
00:33:26,008 --> 00:33:28,088
governed de facto by General Shtykov,
501
00:33:29,092 --> 00:33:32,056
who occupied the country in 1945.
502
00:33:34,060 --> 00:33:38,036
Shtykov put a USSR-trained
Korean Communist in power,
503
00:33:38,092 --> 00:33:41,040
38-year old Kim Il-sung.
504
00:33:42,056 --> 00:33:45,084
He established
a six-year compulsory military service.
505
00:33:46,076 --> 00:33:48,080
The country is ready for war.
506
00:33:55,088 --> 00:33:58,028
Mao Zedong, China's new ruler,
507
00:33:58,036 --> 00:34:02,000
had returned to Moscow to conclude
an alliance with the USSR.
508
00:34:11,092 --> 00:34:16,028
Shtykov convinces Stalin,
who, fearing an international conflict,
509
00:34:16,036 --> 00:34:17,092
tends to be cautious,
510
00:34:18,000 --> 00:34:21,000
to let Kim Il-sung invade South Korea.
511
00:34:25,072 --> 00:34:29,052
South Korea's authoritarian ruler
is Syngman Rhee,
512
00:34:29,060 --> 00:34:32,048
former opposition leader
against the Japanese,
513
00:34:32,056 --> 00:34:35,020
who had colonized Korea for many years.
514
00:34:35,028 --> 00:34:37,012
The US supports him
515
00:34:37,020 --> 00:34:39,072
but doesn't give him
the means to defend himself.
516
00:34:42,060 --> 00:34:43,076
The South Korean army
517
00:34:43,084 --> 00:34:47,000
calls for an emergency mobilization
of troops to defend Seoul.
518
00:34:47,068 --> 00:34:50,008
They are outnumbered
two-to-one by the North,
519
00:34:50,016 --> 00:34:53,012
and are poorly armed,
without armored tanks.
520
00:34:56,076 --> 00:35:00,044
Commander Paik Sun-yup and his unit
are in charge of defending Seoul.
521
00:35:01,028 --> 00:35:02,044
He writes,
522
00:35:03,020 --> 00:35:05,028
"Our soldiers have never seen a tank.
523
00:35:05,036 --> 00:35:09,052
As soon as they hear the word 'tank,'
they fall down in shock."
524
00:35:09,060 --> 00:35:11,064
(rumbling)
525
00:35:15,084 --> 00:35:20,032
The North Korean army,
with its 150 Soviet T-34 tanks,
526
00:35:20,040 --> 00:35:23,000
one of World War II's
best armored vehicles,
527
00:35:23,008 --> 00:35:25,072
and its 100,000 over-equipped troops,
528
00:35:25,080 --> 00:35:27,060
march into the Southern capital,
529
00:35:27,068 --> 00:35:30,024
crushing all resistance on their path.
530
00:35:36,064 --> 00:35:39,016
On June 28, 1950,
531
00:35:39,024 --> 00:35:41,052
on the morning of the third day
of the assault,
532
00:35:41,060 --> 00:35:43,044
the North Koreans enter Seoul.
533
00:35:44,028 --> 00:35:46,024
They rush
into the administrative buildings
534
00:35:46,032 --> 00:35:49,012
to steal
all the confidential US documents.
535
00:35:51,080 --> 00:35:53,092
The Soviet cameramen that accompany them
536
00:35:54,000 --> 00:35:56,008
stage the discovery of this map,
537
00:35:56,016 --> 00:35:58,084
which supposedly reveals a planned attack
538
00:35:58,092 --> 00:36:00,092
on the North by the South.
539
00:36:01,000 --> 00:36:03,068
This allows the Communists
to tell the people of Seoul
540
00:36:03,076 --> 00:36:06,096
who have stayed put
and are immediately mobilized,
541
00:36:07,004 --> 00:36:10,024
that the Northern attack
on their city is a preventive measure
542
00:36:10,032 --> 00:36:12,044
against the "South Korean threat."
543
00:36:17,004 --> 00:36:18,020
June 1950,
544
00:36:18,028 --> 00:36:20,076
at the United Nations in New York,
545
00:36:20,084 --> 00:36:23,052
the Security Council holds
an emergency meeting.
546
00:36:24,092 --> 00:36:27,048
The Soviet delegate
has been absent for months
547
00:36:27,056 --> 00:36:31,056
in protest of America's refusal
to recognize Communist China.
548
00:36:34,004 --> 00:36:38,068
The Council is able to vote a resolution
asking the US to take military action
549
00:36:38,076 --> 00:36:41,008
with their forces still based in Japan.
550
00:36:43,068 --> 00:36:45,088
These young soldiers,
fulfilling their duty,
551
00:36:45,096 --> 00:36:48,080
have no idea of the hell that awaits them.
552
00:36:51,096 --> 00:36:54,008
Their commander, a historical figure,
553
00:36:54,016 --> 00:36:56,088
is the flamboyant general,
Douglas MacArthur,
554
00:36:56,096 --> 00:36:59,004
the man with the corncob pipe.
555
00:36:59,012 --> 00:37:01,016
One of the great Pacific War heroes,
556
00:37:01,024 --> 00:37:03,084
he is still Commander-in-chief in Japan.
557
00:37:05,076 --> 00:37:07,032
He leaves, for Korea.
558
00:37:11,040 --> 00:37:15,064
MacArthur and his limited troops
land in Korea early July 1950,
559
00:37:15,072 --> 00:37:17,068
to block the North Koreans' route.
560
00:37:22,056 --> 00:37:24,016
With such a famous leader,
561
00:37:24,024 --> 00:37:26,072
the US troops are welcomed as saviors
562
00:37:26,080 --> 00:37:28,056
and are full of confidence.
563
00:37:31,080 --> 00:37:35,004
But these young Americans
aren't given the means to fight.
564
00:37:35,044 --> 00:37:37,060
Their few tanks are in poor shape,
565
00:37:37,068 --> 00:37:40,000
and they have little ammunition
for their cannons.
566
00:37:41,092 --> 00:37:43,076
(machine guns rattling)
567
00:37:48,020 --> 00:37:52,020
The US and South Korean troops
backtrack toward the South, to Pusan,
568
00:37:53,040 --> 00:37:55,000
the last available port.
569
00:37:56,060 --> 00:38:00,036
The entire North Korean army
is mobilized to march on Pusan.
570
00:38:01,032 --> 00:38:03,016
The stakes are crucial.
571
00:38:04,008 --> 00:38:08,008
They will win the war if they succeed
in pushing the Americans back to the sea.
572
00:38:12,020 --> 00:38:14,016
The Americans and the South Koreans,
573
00:38:14,024 --> 00:38:17,004
overwhelmed by an enemy
superior in number and arms,
574
00:38:17,048 --> 00:38:19,008
set up a defense perimeter.
575
00:38:21,088 --> 00:38:23,088
(explosions)
576
00:38:25,000 --> 00:38:26,040
(machine guns rattling)
577
00:38:28,084 --> 00:38:30,052
Throughout July 1950,
578
00:38:30,060 --> 00:38:33,032
the soldiers fighting to defend
the Pusan Perimeter
579
00:38:33,040 --> 00:38:35,000
manage to hold out,
580
00:38:35,008 --> 00:38:38,024
thanks to the uninterrupted support
of their air forces.
581
00:38:59,056 --> 00:39:03,020
The B-29's,
the US Air Force's super fortresses,
582
00:39:03,028 --> 00:39:06,048
receive permission to strike
beyond the 38th parallel,
583
00:39:06,056 --> 00:39:09,000
and target North Korea's arms factories.
584
00:39:10,092 --> 00:39:13,020
(bombs whistling)
585
00:39:15,044 --> 00:39:17,044
(explosions)
586
00:39:26,056 --> 00:39:30,036
The civilians, who are collateral victims
of the bomb strikes
587
00:39:30,044 --> 00:39:32,068
and the war unleashed by their regime,
588
00:39:32,076 --> 00:39:34,044
are filmed by the Soviets,
589
00:39:34,052 --> 00:39:36,052
for their anti-American propaganda.
590
00:39:40,048 --> 00:39:42,084
You, the people's army!
Avenge us!
591
00:39:45,004 --> 00:39:49,012
Exterminate the enemy without mercy!
We are approaching Pusan!
592
00:39:52,008 --> 00:39:53,092
The arms factories aren't hit
593
00:39:54,060 --> 00:39:56,076
because most of them are underground.
594
00:39:57,060 --> 00:40:00,068
Working endless shifts
in front of Soviet machinery,
595
00:40:00,076 --> 00:40:03,056
under the portraits
of Stalin and Kim Il-sung,
596
00:40:04,004 --> 00:40:07,020
these poor women
manufacture millions of munitions
597
00:40:07,028 --> 00:40:09,052
until they pass out from exhaustion.
598
00:40:20,000 --> 00:40:21,096
August 1950.
599
00:40:22,004 --> 00:40:25,032
The American forces
in the Pusan Perimeter are in trouble.
600
00:40:28,040 --> 00:40:30,000
They've lost many men.
601
00:40:30,044 --> 00:40:34,056
Almost 4000 are dead
and 2000 are captured,
602
00:40:34,064 --> 00:40:36,096
as filmed here by the Soviets.
603
00:40:39,040 --> 00:40:40,072
On August 14,
604
00:40:41,040 --> 00:40:43,020
on Hill 303,
605
00:40:43,028 --> 00:40:46,048
45 American soldiers
from the 5th Cavalry Regiment
606
00:40:46,056 --> 00:40:51,000
are captured and marched to a ravine
where they are shot point-blank.
607
00:40:54,004 --> 00:40:56,012
One of these men, Corporal Day,
608
00:40:56,092 --> 00:41:01,000
has miraculously survived
and is discovered under the corpses.
609
00:41:04,056 --> 00:41:06,060
("Taps" playing)
610
00:41:11,096 --> 00:41:15,004
NARRATOR:
America calls in 90,000 reservists.
611
00:41:17,020 --> 00:41:20,080
Five years after being discharged
at the end of World War II,
612
00:41:20,088 --> 00:41:24,032
these Americans,
who have started families and found jobs,
613
00:41:24,040 --> 00:41:28,012
aren't so thrilled to don the uniform
and go back to war.
614
00:41:29,048 --> 00:41:31,048
(explosions)
615
00:41:36,052 --> 00:41:38,032
On behalf of the United Nations,
616
00:41:38,040 --> 00:41:41,024
thousands of men
land in the port of Pusan.
617
00:41:41,032 --> 00:41:44,000
Although their numbers
are merely symbolic,
618
00:41:44,008 --> 00:41:45,008
there are Greeks,
619
00:41:45,016 --> 00:41:46,032
Filipinos,
620
00:41:46,040 --> 00:41:49,040
New Zealanders, British, Turks,
621
00:41:49,048 --> 00:41:51,008
and soon, the French.
622
00:41:51,064 --> 00:41:52,092
(explosions)
623
00:41:53,000 --> 00:41:54,092
America's elite, the Marine Corps,
624
00:41:55,000 --> 00:41:58,084
continues to defend Pusan
throughout August 1950.
625
00:41:59,068 --> 00:42:01,032
These Marines' and their planes,
626
00:42:01,072 --> 00:42:03,088
the famous "Black Sheep Squadron,"
627
00:42:04,020 --> 00:42:05,020
are back on the job.
628
00:42:06,032 --> 00:42:09,092
They drop canisters of jellied gasoline,
better known as napalm,
629
00:42:10,000 --> 00:42:12,092
which burns everything
within 100 square meters.
630
00:42:25,072 --> 00:42:28,040
The surviving North Koreans are in shock.
631
00:42:28,084 --> 00:42:30,088
They are captured and humiliated.
632
00:42:42,032 --> 00:42:43,068
But the pressure is on.
633
00:42:43,076 --> 00:42:45,060
(machine guns rattling)
634
00:42:45,068 --> 00:42:47,044
Will the Americans hold out?
635
00:42:50,064 --> 00:42:55,012
What will General MacArthur do,
now that he commands the UN forces?
636
00:43:04,000 --> 00:43:06,056
The President of South Korea,
Syngman Rhee,
637
00:43:06,064 --> 00:43:08,084
calls upon those defending Pusan.
638
00:43:12,016 --> 00:43:13,012
He urges,
639
00:43:13,072 --> 00:43:17,032
"We will dig huge trenches
and fill them with Communists.
640
00:43:17,040 --> 00:43:18,092
Then cover them over."
641
00:43:19,000 --> 00:43:20,016
(inaudible)
642
00:43:21,084 --> 00:43:23,036
True to his word,
643
00:43:23,044 --> 00:43:25,088
he executes 100,000 suspects.
644
00:43:32,016 --> 00:43:33,080
Hatred breeds hatred...
645
00:43:35,080 --> 00:43:38,000
and strengthens Kim-Il sung
646
00:43:38,008 --> 00:43:41,000
and especially
Soviet General Shtykov's determination
647
00:43:41,008 --> 00:43:42,016
to pursue the war.
648
00:43:47,048 --> 00:43:50,048
Nothing can stop the wave
of worldwide protests
649
00:43:50,056 --> 00:43:52,012
orchestrated by Stalin
650
00:43:52,020 --> 00:43:54,088
to denounce the American attack on Korea.
651
00:43:55,080 --> 00:43:58,004
Will the fear continue to escalate?
652
00:43:58,088 --> 00:44:02,036
Will China get involved
in Korea or Indochina?
653
00:44:02,096 --> 00:44:04,096
Napolean once said,
654
00:44:05,004 --> 00:44:07,052
"When China wakes,
the world will tremble."
655
00:44:07,060 --> 00:44:08,096
Captioned by
Visual Data Media Services
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