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The illegal timber trade
is worth up to 100 billion dollars a year,
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double the annual revenue
of all of Macau's casinos put together.
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It has funded warlords
and genocidal regimes,
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and has powerful allies
in very high places.
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Cambodia is one of the centres
of illegal timber production,
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where unlawful timber barons
have created their own private kingdoms,
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making millions in the process.
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It's an absolutely massive amount
of money,
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and who can turn it down,
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especially in a poverty stricken country
like this.
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A growing group of activists are fighting
against the illegal loggers.
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But with millions of dollars at stake,
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the logging cartels are willing to bribe,
bully and even kill!
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Cut off from the world
during the 1970s and '80s...
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...because of civil war,
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Cambodia's rainforests lourished...
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...while those of neigbouring countries
succumbed to the chainsaw.
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But the '90s changed all that.
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The government gave out
basically all the forest...
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...to foreign companies...
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...and it was all a gigantic mess.
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Companies running all over the place,
no control, no law,
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military involved,
government forced logging.
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Cambodia was on a downward
environmental spiral,
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and the government was forced
to step in and step up.
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Cambodia has very good,
very strong laws on forestry.
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Both under the constitution,
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which there are laws
which protects resin trees...
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...and the forest products,
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things that indigenous
in forest community rely on.
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Unfortunately, this is not being followed,
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if the law is being followed,
there wouldn't be any problem here.
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Today, Cambodia,
once rich with lush tropical forest,
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has only 3 percent
of its primary forest remaining.
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Despite the strict laws,
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Cambodia has a mighty battle on its hands.
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Unfortunately since 2008,
we are going backwards,
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we are going back
into the old ways rapidly.
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We have high level organized
illegal logging...
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...and I am not talking
about some villagers...
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...cutting down some trees here and there.
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It's a gigantic timber grab.
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With the average wage of a Cambodian
being 20 dollars a day,
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illegal logging is an easy way
to earn good money,
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not just for the loggers,
but for everyone involved.
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Illegal loggers often work in small teams,
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with just two drivers and two lookouts
accompanying the tree fellers.
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Such teams work
surprisingly efficiently...
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...as long as they remember
to spread the wealth around.
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With so many people taking a cut
from the lucrative logging pie,
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protecting the business soars
to new levels.
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And it is the bigger companies
that have more to lose.
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On government-leased land,
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clearing forest to develop agriculture
is actually legal.
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The resulting timber can even be sold.
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But when the legal timber runs out,
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loggers turn
to Cambodia's protected forests...
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...to make their money,
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often under the guise of another project.
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We have one example with the dam permit...
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...that was given out
in the cardamom mountains.
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But the company
was basically collecting rosewood...
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...from all over the mountain,
which are protected area.
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And conservative estimates saying
that action alone netted them...
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...around 200 to 250
million dollars.
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With more money to lose
if they get found out,
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the larger illegal logging cartels go
that extra mile...
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...to protect their assets.
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In fighting this,
you are actually dealing with people...
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...who's willing
to commit illegal activities.
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When it become gangs
or a groups of gangs...
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...willing to arm themselves,
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willing to corrupt the judges,
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willing to corrupt the police,
willing to corrupt the military.
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You are actually dealing
with a dangerous group.
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Those who get in their way
are harassed, intimidated,
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threatened or worse.
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In September 2012,
a journalist who had often reported...
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...on illegal logging activity was killed.
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Hang Serei Oudum had written
a string of exposes about forest crimes...
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...involving the social elite
and powerful officials.
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His last story accused
a military police commander's son...
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...of smuggling logs
in military plated vehicles...
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00:07:01,962 --> 00:07:06,082
...and extorting money from others
who were illegally transporting wood.
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Hang Serais body was found
in the trunk of his own car...
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...with two axe wounds to the head.
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Well, here is the problem
with deforestation.
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It's actually an illegal activity...
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...and because
it is an illegal lucrative activity,
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many of these people responsible...
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...for clearing the forest
and selling timbers,
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are actually behaving like drug cartels.
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Others who have taken
on the illegal logging industry...
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...have also died
under mysterious circumstances.
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Uncovering the truth behind their deaths
involves going deep...
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...into the country's shadowy network
of corrupt officials,
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powerful timber barons
and dangerous criminals.
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Koh Kong Province, Cambodia.
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April 2012.
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48-year-old conservation environmentalist
Chut Wutty...
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...is found dead in his car.
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A few feet away,
a military police officer...
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00:08:06,807 --> 00:08:10,087
...by the name of In Rattana
lies in a pool of blood.
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00:08:11,119 --> 00:08:13,399
It is clearly not the scene
of an accident.
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With no witnesses, investigators turn
to the dead man for clues.
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Chut Wutty was a well-known activist.
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He had fearlessly taken on...
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00:09:04,894 --> 00:09:07,784
...some of Cambodia's
biggest logging warlords.
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Over the course of 15 years,
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this young Khmer environmentalist
had made some powerful enemies.
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He was the only person that was prepared
to stand up and speak his mind...
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...and speak the truth,
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educating villagers who knew nothing
about their rights under the law.
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00:09:28,531 --> 00:09:30,221
Chut Wutty had been investigating...
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...the 100 billion dollar-illegal
timber industry...
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...for 15 years...
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...and he didn't like what he found.
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Powerless to take on the logging warlords
directly,
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Wutty encouraged local villagers
to stand up for what was theirs,
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the forests.
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The forests were a lifeline for thousands
of villagers across Cambodia,
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giving them products
like honey, resin and rattan.
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With the forests disappearing
in front of their eyes,
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so was their livelihood.
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00:10:00,408 --> 00:10:02,948
The villagers at that time,
they are getting no compensation,
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absolutely zero.
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00:10:04,021 --> 00:10:07,481
They get a tiny poor land
that some of them have, for growing rice,
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00:10:07,569 --> 00:10:09,009
and they don't know what to do.
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00:10:09,094 --> 00:10:10,514
These people don't have any education.
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00:10:10,586 --> 00:10:13,816
This was something that I heard
from villager after villager.
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00:10:13,898 --> 00:10:15,718
I just don't know what to do.
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I'm terrified.
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We have lost everything.
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00:10:20,121 --> 00:10:23,301
Chut Wutty helped
such desperate villagers fight back.
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00:10:23,643 --> 00:10:26,223
He would lead them
in patrolling their local forests...
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...in search of illegal timber dumps.
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When they came across one,
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it would be set ablaze
in front of a ravenous media...
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...looking for news.
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00:10:37,447 --> 00:10:40,017
Not only did this
hit the loggers' profits,
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00:10:40,100 --> 00:10:43,030
it put the offending companies right
in the spot light,
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and publicity
was the last thing they wanted.
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00:10:46,298 --> 00:10:48,848
Chut Wutty knew he was playing with fire.
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00:10:50,368 --> 00:10:53,838
He was fearless for sure,
because he knew the rest,
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00:10:53,923 --> 00:10:56,733
he knew the people get killed
over these things here,
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enormous amount of money involved
in illegal logging...
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...and very well-connected,
people involved in it.
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00:11:09,851 --> 00:11:13,851
Chut Wutty had already clashed
with the timber barons several times,
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but he didn't back down.
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00:11:18,012 --> 00:11:20,332
On April 12th 2013,
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00:11:20,414 --> 00:11:23,214
he was investigating
suspected illegal logging...
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...in a forest in western Cambodia
when he was ambushed.
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00:12:11,339 --> 00:12:13,259
Police investigating the crime said
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00:12:13,344 --> 00:12:16,734
that Wutty had taken photos
that could prove illegal logging.
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They say that the police officer
on the ground at the time, In Rattana,
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had demanded Wutty hand over
his camera's memory stick.
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When Wutty refused, Rattana shot him.
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Police went on to say
that plagued with guilt,
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Rattana then fatally shot himself...
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...twice.
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00:12:37,308 --> 00:12:39,528
Friend and activist Chhim Savuth,
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baffled by this inexplicable suicide
of Chut Wutty's killer,
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decided to carry out
his own investigation.
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00:13:13,655 --> 00:13:16,695
Chhim Savuth's theory
was that Chut Wutty had been shot,
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00:13:16,780 --> 00:13:20,890
not by Rattana, as the police claimed,
but by a third man.
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Rattana was simply a witness
who needed to be silenced.
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00:13:26,371 --> 00:13:29,241
Well, the official explanation
certainly doesn't hold water.
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It's a joke.
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00:13:30,491 --> 00:13:32,761
Government came up
with four different explanations,
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one after another,
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including one guy shot Wutty,
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and then immediately out of remorse,
he shot himself.
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It's just nonsense.
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When police reopened the investigation,
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they maintained
that Rattana had killed Chut Wutty.
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But they arrested a man
for the killing of In Rattana.
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Two weeks after his conviction,
Rattana's supposed killer walked free.
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Chun Wutty's son
is still waiting for justice...
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...for his father.
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00:14:30,944 --> 00:14:33,774
Chut Wutty's murder
made international headlines,
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00:14:33,854 --> 00:14:34,944
and was a heavy blow...
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...to those fighting
the ubiquitous illegal logging cartels.
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Wutty achieved a lot.
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How are you gonna replace this guy?
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I mean, it takes three or four people
to do what he can do on his own.
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Following the death of Chut Wutty,
villagers continue to fight back .
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But when the enemy
is a multi-million dollar industry,
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it's not always clear what they can do.
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00:15:06,383 --> 00:15:09,743
Cambodia's illegal timber
mostly goes to Vietnam...
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00:15:09,822 --> 00:15:12,022
...and, increasingly, China.
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From source to destination,
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the value of timber can multiply
by over 10 times.
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00:15:18,516 --> 00:15:21,786
The grand prize of illegal logging
is rosewood,
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00:15:21,879 --> 00:15:24,439
a commodity more valuable than oil.
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00:15:25,834 --> 00:15:30,294
A cabinet made from rosewoood
can sell for over 20,000 dollars.
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00:15:31,703 --> 00:15:34,823
With Cambodia's supplies of rosewood
drying up,
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poor Cambodian villagers cross the border,
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00:15:37,731 --> 00:15:40,261
and hunt for it in Thailand's forests.
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00:15:43,000 --> 00:15:46,050
Illegal timber dealers will pay them
a hundred dollars...
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00:15:46,128 --> 00:15:48,358
...for just the stump
of a rosewood tree,
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00:15:48,556 --> 00:15:51,746
nearly half of what they earn
as farmers in a year.
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00:15:52,426 --> 00:15:56,126
But to collect that money,
they have to make it back alive.
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Thailand is determined
to protect its forests.
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00:16:04,268 --> 00:16:06,958
In the first half of 2012 alone,
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00:16:07,040 --> 00:16:11,260
nearly 40 Cambodian loggers were killed
by Thai border patrols.
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00:16:12,653 --> 00:16:15,353
I mean, there are real wars going on
at the Thai side,
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00:16:15,448 --> 00:16:16,888
at the Thai side of the border,
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where Cambodian loggers,
organized Cambodian loggers...
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00:16:19,821 --> 00:16:23,151
...crossed into Thailand
and logged the last rose wood trees...
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...in the national parks.
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00:16:25,360 --> 00:16:29,040
And there are regular shootouts
with the Thai border patrols...
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...and the Thai rangers.
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Sometimes like 20 against 30.
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00:16:34,729 --> 00:16:37,739
It's really large scale stuff right now.
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00:16:38,419 --> 00:16:41,579
Because the rosewood is just the...
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00:16:41,690 --> 00:16:45,510
Like rhino horns, ivory,
it's really high value stuff.
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00:16:46,306 --> 00:16:49,866
While illegal loggers risk their lives
trying to smuggle logs...
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00:16:49,952 --> 00:16:51,492
...from across the border,
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00:16:51,570 --> 00:16:53,970
innocent villagers
are risking their own lives...
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00:16:54,047 --> 00:16:56,697
...to protect the forests
in their own back yards.
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00:16:58,127 --> 00:17:01,737
About a third of rural income comes
from forest products,
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00:17:01,849 --> 00:17:06,579
income that is lost to illegal loggers
clearing wide swathes of forest.
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00:17:07,283 --> 00:17:11,163
Fed up with the situation,
villagers are taking a stand.
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Action by villagers is having some effect.
225
00:17:37,687 --> 00:17:41,137
But it's nowhere near enough
to stop the illegal loggers.
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00:17:42,707 --> 00:17:45,367
Meanwhile, local
and international pressure...
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00:17:45,446 --> 00:17:48,666
has resulted in the making
of new laws and regulations,
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00:17:48,750 --> 00:17:51,500
designed to preserve Cambodia's forests.
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00:18:26,317 --> 00:18:28,827
As with all crime, the stakes are high.
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00:18:29,673 --> 00:18:32,943
Increasingly aware of the consequences
of getting caught,
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00:18:33,236 --> 00:18:38,216
illegal logger Chheang Vuthy
decided to get out before it was too late.
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00:19:09,835 --> 00:19:12,565
Chheang Vuthy
has now turned his life around...
233
00:19:12,655 --> 00:19:15,055
...and is working
to destroy the very industry...
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00:19:15,138 --> 00:19:17,448
...that he invested most of his life in.
235
00:19:38,056 --> 00:19:41,586
But with such deep pockets
and contacts in high places,
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00:19:41,764 --> 00:19:44,544
captured illegal loggers
are often able to play...
237
00:19:44,623 --> 00:19:47,013
...their get out of jail free card.
238
00:19:48,592 --> 00:19:50,942
That the money involved...
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00:19:51,179 --> 00:19:54,889
...is so large and large enough
that probably you can buy,
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00:19:54,970 --> 00:19:58,110
just about anybody in Cambodia.
241
00:19:58,262 --> 00:20:02,522
With that amount of money
you can buy judges,
242
00:20:02,599 --> 00:20:04,759
you can buy the protection
of the military police,
243
00:20:04,840 --> 00:20:08,920
you can buy quite significant amount...
244
00:20:09,016 --> 00:20:11,016
Quite significant amount of influence.
245
00:20:11,435 --> 00:20:14,175
Seeing the logging world
stuck in a vicious circle...
246
00:20:14,257 --> 00:20:16,287
...of money, power and corruption,
247
00:20:16,644 --> 00:20:18,784
it is the hope of many campaigners...
248
00:20:18,879 --> 00:20:21,989
...that people will simply come
to their senses.
249
00:20:23,906 --> 00:20:25,516
Can we return to the good old days?
250
00:20:25,604 --> 00:20:26,904
The answer is probably not.
251
00:20:27,098 --> 00:20:29,348
Can we protect what's remaining there?
252
00:20:29,872 --> 00:20:31,592
I'm, I'm hopeful, I'm optimistic.
253
00:20:31,670 --> 00:20:32,650
I think...
254
00:20:32,729 --> 00:20:37,169
I think that as long as we continue
to, to support them,
255
00:20:37,254 --> 00:20:39,874
as long as the community themselves
continue to fight,
256
00:20:40,343 --> 00:20:45,833
I believe eventually, they can protect
what remains a Prey Lang.
257
00:20:45,883 --> 00:20:50,433
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