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Mhm.

Okay okay wow.

Yeah.

From space it's hard to
see any evidence of mankind

on earth.

All the effects were having
on our planet's finite resources

from up here it looks
perfect.

It's only when we look
more closely that we start

to see some of the
results of our consumption.

Thanks particularly the one that's
rarely talked about waste.

Mhm.

I've always enjoyed beachcombing and
as a child I would

search for sea glass.

It's a wood.

But in the 50 years
since then things have changed

The treasure I used to
find in the sand has

been replaced by trash.

I want to know why
No one knows exactly how

much rubbish we produce.

What we do know Is
that the seven billion of

us were making more garbage
now any other time in

history but does anyone know
what happens to it all

How it's affecting the land
the air the seas and

ultimately us historically we've always
buried our track but it

seems that now we sometimes
don't dig.

We just dump Since 1975
waste from the ancient Lebanese

City of Cider now a
suburb of Beirut has been

brought here to an uncontrolled
dump on the edge of

the city Over 80 tons
of it every day.

What was a sandy beach
has been replaced by a

trash mountain Well over 40
m in height as the

rubbish decomposes chemicals leach into
the ground While methane.

A pernicious greenhouse gas regularly
blows over the city's nearly

200,000 inhabitants and the tumbling
trash and liquid runoff flows

directly into the sea affecting
the local fishermen and their

livelihood this is not just
a local problem because over

there is italy up there
is Cyprus.

Syria's next door and north
of Syria is the Turkish

coast.

And there have been complaints
from all those countries about

the garbage that floats up
onto their beaches much of

which comes from this garbage
mountain here rubbish pickers arrived

for the day shift looking
for ways to sell for

recycling and the putrid mounds.

No one was willing to
talk to me about working

here except one a refugee
from Palestine.

When you started here 35
years ago this rubbish mountain

didn't exist.

You've seen it grow.

He thought it could have
been toxic waste.

Efforts have been made to
clean up this dump Including

a $5 million prince.

I struggled to see much
result but it's not just

about these extreme situations.

Waste is everywhere at ever
increasing levels.

We produce too much waste.

We've become profligate by nature.

We've learned that it's ok
to waste.

We don't think about the
consequences when we throw stuff

away.

We're seeing an effect on
pollution possibly effect on global

warming.

You don't have to be
a rocket scientist to know

that you cannot have infinite
growth against finite resources every

year we throw away 200
billion plastic bottle 58 billion

disposable cups and billions of
plastic bags.

The okay this is appalling
mm here in Britain where

I live we have the
most landfill sites in europe

80% of the population live
within two km of one

And although government policy say
they should be used as

the last resort for most
waste This one in Yorkshire

is expanding.

There is the Welbeck toxic
tip.

If you look slightly to
the right you can see

the school that's built just
one field away from the

edge of the tip.

In between.

Believe it or not They
are now going to place

3000 houses.

So with a school and
hospital in the city center

all within that close proximity
to one of England's largest

toxic tips standing at an
incredible 62 m in height

it looks set to become
one of the tallest piles

of trash in the world
landfills in europe.

Unlike many other places in
the world are controlled and

must be checked regularly to
ensure they don't breach their

licenses and permits this one.

However breeches with monotonous regularity
four a former miner turned

campaigner initially became concerned about
this landfill in order to

stop it being built on
an area of historic interest

but it was to be
the first of many battles

The stench is horrendous.

You could not put a
baby outside on the lawn

flies flies phenomenal.

We actually mounted a private
prosecution against the firm for

the flyers because the environment
agency wouldn't in our conservatory

we've had as many as
3 to 4000 flies paul

feels the british authorities and
government agencies are complacent and

don't do enough to safeguard
the health of the community

only once as the environment
agency prosecuted.

And those site owners have
never ever once taking this

company to court over the
breaches of their lease documentation

paul however has been taken
to court on numerous occasions

earning him two lifetime injunctions
for his efforts.

The judge said to me
I will take every penny

you've got I will take
your house away from you

and you will go directly
to jail if you show

any documentation or go on
that tip again the waste

industry in this country are
so rich that they can

afford to employ universities to
prove that things and common

sense.

An official from the environment
agency who investigated this particular

landfill wrote that monitoring left
much to be desired.

His report concluded Accepting the
EA's views that this is

one of the better regulated
of some 2500 active landfill

sites in England and Wales.

What does that say for
the rest all over the

world landfills are filling up
fast in some places like

Beijing space for waste to
simply run out.

Over the past decade 14
dumps around New York have

reached capacity.

Society produces lots of waste.

We're all part of the
problem.

If you went back 150
years you'd find that the

waste stream consisted mainly of
natural products.

So it would be paper
wood products animal products wool

the fibers cotton wool were
all naturally produced.

What's happened in that intervening
time 150 years is that

the the waste stream has
become progressively more toxic.

So we've seen increasing levels
of heavy metals radioactive substances

synthetic plastics.

So 150 years ago you
could have taken away stream

you could have stuck it
in the hole in the

ground and it would have
rotted and there would not

have really been many long
term consequences.

Now if you want to
go looking at a modern

waste tip you need to
be very careful.

They're actually quite poisonous but
even when they're closed down

they still cause problems Although
most new sites have a

layer of clay spread beneath
the liner which both act

as a barrier to stop
chemicals leaching into the groundwater

It seems this method is
flawed and that all barriers

will ultimately fail.

Making dumps a potential threat
for hundreds of years.

In 2008 a major land
slip unearthed an old landfill

on Dorsett's World Heritage Jurassic
coastline spewing rubbish down the

cliff face and onto the
beach below.

But with no definitive landfill
maps no one can predict

where or how coastal erosion
and rising tides will affect

old sites wherever in the
world they are.

Nature functions by building up
and breaking down building up

and breaking down anything that
goes out into the environment

which is made by nature
is built up and broken

down.

built up and broken down.

And we've had hiccups with
our civilization because we keep

putting things into the environment
that don't break down.

Even the best managed and
closely monitored landfills still cause

problems.

This one in Gloucestershire in
the heart of the Cotswnolds

is no exception.

Licensed to take 150,000 tons
of hazardous waste a year

It's one of the most
toxic dumps in europe.

This is the only way
you can get to see

it.

It is really without trespassing
yep and there we have

it in all its glory
it's enormous.

This is Brandon's hazardous waste
landfill and what's he going

to be filled with?

It's going to be filled
with a mixture fairly innocuous

things like paints and varnishes
solvents but the ones that

were ears are things that
have been produced by combustion

particularly municipal waste.

What is shocking is the
quantities that are coming here

And the location because 15,000
people live within three km

of that whole and the
wind most commonly blows across

the site in that direction
towards the village you can

see the spire in the
village of Bishop's Cleeve there

and the method that is
used is incredibly primitive.

The waste material is mixed
with liquid in these silos

before being spread on the
landfill so as to prevent

toxic dust from escaping and
being blown onto nearby land

and houses mix it up
with from the landfill that

is all of the liquid
that drains off at the

bottom of the landfill everything
rots down and lead.

It's the substance that comes
down and we know That

there is chromium six.

We know that there is
cadmium and a whole load

of other heavy metals in
there which are really dangerous

to human health.

It's outrageous.

The local residents were so
worried by the toxic dust

clouds clouds.

The operators of the site
have maintained neither drifted nor

even existed that they started
an investigation along with the

residents findings.

Government agencies also discovered the
dust outside the landfill but

came to the conclusion it
was unlikely to be associated

with a significant risk to
health.

The owner of the field
next to the landfill gave

me permission to take a
sample of soil and tested

for toxins.

Mark spots Into a square
at 10 m by 10

m right?

2 3 4 5 6.

It was important to do
this in a scientific way

four samples from the century
Accumulate The eight sub samples

It's the middle of that.

Where's the stick?

I've lost my stick.

See what's impossible.

I have to put the
sticks up where I mean

a flag would have been
more useful.

Others must be over here.

I've done that one.

We are free of as
much as we can.

There's a bit of rooted
in there.

But their reality that I
think back to my time

at school I was hopeless
except for growing mold on

old food.

I was very good at
that.

The samples I took revealed
elevated levels of 17 toxic

chemicals in the soil.

When the Health Protection Agency
analyzed their own dust samples

they too found toxins present.

But once again concluded they
were unlikely to be associated

with a significant risk to
health.

Yet other independent soil analysis
found levels of toxins many

1000 times higher.

Yet a major study of
21 hazardous waste landfill sites

in five countries found that
living within three km of

any of them was associated
with a significantly raised risk

of congenital anomalies.

birth defects to you and
me.

But like almost every report
on the health effects of

landfills including those that found
increased cases of cancer.

This one also ends by
calling for nothing but further

research no matter who you
believe there's no doubt landfills

are damaging to the environment.

And although all the studies
say there's not enough evidence

to prove conclusively that they
damage health it's obvious to

me that the land filling
of rubbish needs to be

reduced.

Significa the question is what
do we do instead with

the need to reduce the
amount of waste dumped in

the ground burning?

What we no longer need
seems like the perfect solution

Although incineration is generally more
expensive than land filling.

It's the most widely used
alternative.

There are no records of
the exact number of municipal

incinerators in the world.

But there are thought to
be about 800.

Some reports say there could
be as many as 469

in Japan alone and in
the UK We do know

that there are 30 with
planning applications to build over

90 more incinerators are designed
to burn rubbish at very

high temperatures converting it into
gas ash heat and electricity

The newer ones are being
promoted as a potential green

energy solution and indeed are
no longer called incinerators.

They're now known as waste
to energy plants.

But as with landfill there
are hazards associated with incineration

toxic chemicals escaping into the
environment.

In developed countries.

They are subject to strict
monitoring to ensure the design

operation and maintenance of these
facilities provide maximum safety reducing

the risk to the surrounding
environ.

However some scientists have been
campaigning actively against incineration One

of them for over 20
years.

I first got involved when
the librarian asked me to

look at the issue of
incineration because they were building

or wanted to build an
incinerator in our county.

And at first I thought
it was a good idea

You get rid of all
the terrible landfills you make

energy at the same time
you get rid of.

You only got one facility
to monitor.

It looked like a good
idea.

She says well you better
read these and it was

papers from barry commoner that
talked about the dioxin issue

and it didn't take me
long to realize that this

was a crazy idea.

I've come to Iceland to
the remote town of capital

of the west fjords to
meet residents concerned about emissions

from the incinerator used to
burn their rubbish Built in

1994 at Great Expense to
the local community.

This incinerator called funny meaning
fire in Icelandic was recently

shut down after its chemical
emissions were found to be

too high incinerators at the
bottom of a fjord and

the weather here is very
still so it doesn't go

anywhere the smoke goes up
and it falls down.

What we know is that
there are certain generic problems

with incineration.

The level of safety that
is offered is totally dependent

on the engineering and totally
dependent on it working perfectly

all the time.

And it's a very very
challenging environment inside and incinerated

very high temperature very hot
acidic gasses experience tells us

that they don't work perfectly
all the time.

Tons of waste went through
this every week.

The dioxin levels were found
to be way too high

and nobody wants to be
contaminated basically because it's it's

a it causes all sorts
of diseases like cancer and

if it builds up in
the body.

Although dioxins and other chemicals
are already to be found

in our environment created by
combustion manufacturing processes forest fires

and volcanoes which Iceland isn't
short of.

It's the manmade halogen ated
ones produced by burning certain

types of rubbish which caused
concern.

Dioxins are compounds that are
made from carbon like we

are but they've got some
extra bits stuck on.

These are chlorine or bromine
molecules and they do not

occur naturally in mainstream chemistry
of life.

Now the problem with these
compounds is that a they

tend to persist.

I we don't have life
does not have the enzymes

and things to be able
to break them down.

But if you set fire
to them you start to

produce a set of compounds
which are very toxic.

The dioxins are one example
there are many many others

but the most toxic of
them are the dioxins which

is why they get so
much attention.

In 1997 all European incinerators
were required to have strict

pollution controls.

But the sophisticated filters needed
to capture the pollutants aren't

cheap.

These are the new ones
added to funny in order

to make it comply.

So here we are around
the side there's a chimney

obviously they bought this huge
great filter which was hugely

expensive and it worked very
well for about a few

months and then it stopped
working and to buy new

filters enormously expensive but eventually
they did and that worked

again brilliantly and then stopped
working.

It's a bit like the
bags costing more than the

vacuum cleaner.

And then finally four years
after they originally invested in

this they stopped using it
because they couldn't afford to

use it.

But regardless of how effective
the filters are at capturing

these toxins.

The fact remains all incinerators
produce ash which still has

to be disposed of basically
there's two ashes that were

concerned about.

There's the bottom ash which
is the ash which falls

through the grates just like
in the fireplace.

That's the ash from the
furnace.

And then we have the
fly ash which is essentially

the tiny particles which we
capture in the air pollution

control devices very fine materials.

The bottom ash is about
90% in the fly ash

is about 10%.

The bottom ash is toxic
and the fly Ash is

extremely toxic.

It has toxic metals dioxins
furans and so on.

It's been estimated that between
50 and 80% of the

total dioxin contamination of the
planet has been caused by

the incineration of waste B
A.

Clinical waste or municipal waste.

So now they claim of
course that well we've modified

these machines but they only
ever talk about what goes

out to air and there's
loads being produced in the

ash and that's being used
to make breeze blocks for

your house and sweep it
under the carpet.

Get rid of it.

But the basic problem has
not gone away.

This small incinerator was emitting
unacceptably high levels of dioxins

which were found to be
entering the food chain if

you build an incinerator in
the area then the farmers

are going to be the
big recipients of the toxics

particularly dioxins a cow by
eating the grass puts into

its body What it would
take you 14 years To

breathe.

In other words if you
stood next to the couch

and I don't advise it
would be very boring 14

years of your life.

But if you did it
would literally have to breathe

the air next to that
cow for 14 years to

get the same amount of
dioxin into your body that

that cow is getting in
one day I went to

visit the farmer affected by
the incinerator.

He was initially reluctant to
talk to me.

His family had been farming
here for over 150 years

and the stress of their
problems had taken its toll

on his elderly father who
just suffered a stroke.

Hello I'm jeremy and I'm
very sorry to hear about

your about your situation and
I was wondering if we

could maybe go and look
at the cars.

He also told me a
calf born recently had died

at birth of liver damage.

He felt as a direct
result of the incinerator instructed

to keep his animals confined
for the past two months

His only certainty was that
at some point all of

them would have to be
put down the unacceptably high

levels of dioxins found in
this herd's milk were only

discovered after his neighbor asked
the dairy distributor to test

it.

He wanted to show me
where he'd been pouring the

milk away.

He said he was puzzled
by a strange residue from

the rejected milk.

Just the credit his land.

Now as a farmer is
worthless and the government have

offered no compensation.

Still.

She's thinking I could take
you this must have affected

your family dreadful.

Uh You have it may
now get them in with

his livelihood gone and no
word of compensation.

The future for him and
his family looked bleak.

I wanted to find someone
to shed some official light

on what was happening.

You take decision last november
to close it and to

recycle the carpets.

And a few weeks after
we took that decision we

had these problems with the
what will happen to Mr

johnson Willie a conversation for
his farm.

I hope so.

I hope at least it
won't be he who has

to pay for it.

And then then it's either
us or the government that's

responsible in my opinion.

The last time the Icelandic
Environmental Agency tested Funny was

in 2007.

And although those results showed
the emissions were 21 times

above the safe limit.

The incinerator wasn't closed down
until December 2009.

I wanted to know why
I was hoping to meet

the Minister for the environment
but she's got the flu

today.

So I'm gonna meet her
second in command and see

what he's got to say
our experts that we're dealing

with those those matters there.

The the environment Agency felt
that there was not this

this threat of of of
any danger to the to

the to the environment or
to the health of the

people.

And yet you feel that
we should try not to

have any dioxins in the.

Well that's that's my personal
that's my personal view that

we should we should make
all the efforts and we

need to have a look
at the practical options practical

solutions that we do have.

Mm But at the time
you didn't make any efforts

to close the incinerators.

Well I think the the
the the the the signals

from the the environmental agency
came to us much later

It was not until early
this year.

So it was it was
when you discovered the land

around it was actually polluted
because the operators I think

said that that there would
be no problem with pollutants

near the incinerator and yet
1500 yards away we have

this land which is apparently
now unusable.

So the operators it seems
of people who supply the

equipment should maybe be held
to account.

But Iceland with its defective
incinerators isn't alone all over

the world incinerator operators regularly
violate their emission limits.

And it's not just the
old ones.

The new state of the
art facility which opened in

Scotland in 2009 breached its
emission limits 172 times and

these things aren't cheap.

The town of Harrisburg's in
the USA was forced to

file for bankruptcy due in
part to a $310 million

dollar debt for their incinerator.

While Detroit taxpayers went $1.2
billion dollars into the red

building and upgrading.

There's one of the world's
largest But communities could be

made to pay in more
ways than one.

For over nine years residents
in this idyllic town in

France have been fighting for
justice with the authorities and

the owners of their local
incinerator now demolished.

It had been releasing dioxins
13,000 times above permitted limits

But here once again the
incinerator continued to operate.

It was only when local
cancer cases increased significantly that

it was closed down The
street behind the facility became

known in the news as
Cancer Road.

When 24 out of the
80 residents contracted the disease

only One small incinerator wrecked
350 farms.

3000 animals were called 7000
tons of hay was destroyed

And 13,000 liters of milk
were poured away.

The court case involving 165
residents was dismissed on the

basis that the cancer cluster
in the area was not

statistically significant and that there
was no proven link between

exposure to dioxin and cancer.

The precautionary principle says that
in the absence of scientific

certainty the burden of proof
should show the action isn't

harmful.

So in this case shouldn't
it have been up to

the authorities to prove the
incinerator was safe as opposed

to the local residents having
to prove it wasn't.

We're pretty sure that with
humans you can't get absolute

proof.

So that's why governments have
to be prepared to act

with precaution on the balance
of evidence.

I mean the manufacturers usually
demand that you give them

proof beyond all reasonable doubt
but they know that that's

asking for the moon.

You can't have it.

So some people when they
see the stack of an

incinerator the chimney I think
oh dilution dispersion and forget

that nature.

Re concentrates re concentrates in
fish particularly mercury and re

concentrates with any grazing animal
sheep pigs goats cows chickens

and so we get all
this back to us and

and now just to finish
that story the huge problem

here is that once we
get dioxins into our body

we can't get rid of
them.

The man can't give him
a woman has a way

of getting rid of them.

It's called having a baby.

So she's getting the dioxin
from her food every day

She can't get rid of
it.

It accumulates in her body
fat.

And when she's pregnant The
dioxin that she's accumulated for

25 years or so in
her body now moves to

the fotis.

And so the effective concentration
of that stuff is hugely

increased in the fotis potential
to interfere with the baby's

mental development.

The baby's immune system and
the babies are sexual development

It's not a wise thing
to do but to really

understand the power of manmade
dioxins I felt I needed

to see them at their
worst.

During the Vietnam war agent
orange a herbicide contaminated with

T.

C.

D.

D.

The most deadly of the
dioxins was repeatedly sprayed over

the jungle to kill the
foliage and cut off the

Vietcong supply lines.

However No one predicted that
nearly 40 years later Children

would still be born suffering
from what many scientists believe

are the effects of this
dioxin contamination.

Yeah.

Dioxins interfere with hormones affect
development damage the immune system

with fetuses and breastfeeding infants
at particular risk.

Mhm.

Mhm.

Mhm.

Mhm.

We received many thousands.

The form change man abandoned.

Oh their parents want to
send them here because we

can take care of them
quite well.

Since about 1966 67.

I saw many cases of
birth defects but I didn't

know why.

I found a book Population
in 1974 by the National

Academy of Science the U.

S.

A.

About a Spraying Mission in
Vietnam since 1961.

I realized that maybe the
birth defects I have seen

may be caused by toxic
chemicals but the U.

S.

Air force stretched during the
war time.

People have done calculations to
say okay if by magic

we could stop darks in
appearing in our diet.

How long would it be?

How many generations would it
be before the level diluted

to an extent that you
couldn't detect it.

Six generations Children here at
the tu du hospital were

considered to be the lucky
ones receiving full time care

and attention from the hospital
staff.

But many others are not
so lucky.

The mother of this little
two year old girl was

devastated when her daughter was
born without arms or legs

Right until then she'd been
unaware that dioxins sprayed during

the war could have any
effect on her own family

I look back that's what
you're doing your little ball

Yeah.

Mhm.

Seeing these Children here in
Vietnam leaves me in no

doubt about the dangers caused
by exposure to high levels

of dioxins.

But what effects do they
have at low levels in

our bodies?

Everyone in the population today
has these chemicals in their

bodies.

We can't find a dose
below which nothing has happened

when we look at levels
in our experimental animals where

we've seen effects we see
by chemical effects occurring at

levels that are present in
essentially most of our population

talking about a chemical that
has effects at very low

concentrations in the body.

I would say there's absolutely
no safe dosage.

Dioxins are the most toxic
chemicals that we know of

And even at the minute
amounts that we that we

exposed to.

We're still seeing toxic effects
on babies on Children.

If you start to look
at development as the period

on which to concentrate for
toxic effects you find that

a there are many many
substances that seem to have

effects and B they occur
at doses 100 to 1000

times lower than you need
to produce an effect in

an adult because developments are
kind of one way trip

And if you're pushed off
course you you don't necessarily

get back In June 2008
33,000 doctors wrote to the

European Parliament concerned by the
lack of monitoring of the

ultra fine particles incinerators.

Also emit these nanoparticles are
so small.

Not only are they impossible
to see they're impossible to

capture and escape regulation and
monitoring by any government bodies

There are two basic questions
with nanoparticles is one where

do they get to in
the body?

And two if they get
there does it matter?

We're already quite a long
way down the line looking

at the first question I
mean the scientific community is

by a number of different
methods.

The findings so far indicate
that if they get into

your body then they travel
and they get around by

the same sorts of mechanisms
that viruses do.

If you inhale some particles
they've been shown that they

get to the liver the
spleen bone marrow the brain

you can get across the
blood brain barrier.

There's another process called global
distillation going on whereby these

compounds like PCBs and dioxins
things are being wafted around

the planet very very low
concentrations but they get to

the colder part of the
planet and then they condense

right whether it be by
dioxins or toxic heavy metals

The arctic which seems so
clean on the surface has

become one of the most
contaminated places on earth as

the climate warns toxins deposited
in the arctic ice have

begun to be re released
back into our environment.

If you take the inuits
their natural diet has been

and they've had to change
because it's it's become too

toxic.

So so what we're doing
in this part of the

world is having an effect
on a global basis.

We can argue about how
much dioxin comes out of

modern incinerators.

We can argue about what
the health effects are but

what we can't argue about
in my view is we've

got too much out there
already.

We have too much in
the environment we have too

much in our food we
have too much in our

bodies.

We have too much in
our babies.

We don't need any more
and we should be cutting

back on sources for which
there are clear alternatives.

But what becomes of the
billion tons of rubbish we

make that never actually makes
it into landfills or incinerators

each year that disappear into
the environment washed away through

storm drains rivers and ultimately
into our oceans.

The evidence lies on beaches
all over the world.

2.7 million kg of track
was cleared from global shorelines

in a single day.

You see this is so
nice to wrap your rubbish

and leave it on the
beach in a plastic bag

I mean isn't that thoughtful?

A staggering amount was from
smokers.

I'm feeling rather holier than
now because at the moment

I'm not smoking I don't
know how long it will

last but I do notice
a lot of cigarette butts

Yes there will be a
lot of cigarettes.

Now they're biodegradable are they
know they're not unfortunately they're

made of cellulose acetate acetate
kind of type of plastic

basically.

Obviously inside they've also got
all the toxins that we're

not going down into people's
lungs.

So once in the water
that will leach out into

the water and that's because
the cigarette butt is so

small and the water is
so big does that matter

But it does actually because
I have done experiments with

the little water fleas and
it can actually poison them

Just one cigarette and a
few liters of water.

That's why I'm not smoking
it because I'm worried about

the effect it has on
water.

So this will never degrade.

It will break down into
smaller and smaller pieces but

essentially it just kind of
hang around for several years

It's not just the water
fleas who are affected in

water.

Each cigarette butt becomes a
time release capsule of chemicals

which are also toxic to
fish but scientists are only

just beginning to piece together
the amount of rubbish in

the world's water.

There's a range of concerns
there's the environmental impacts of

debris in the marine environment
problem to tourism problems to

shipping but actually my biggest
concern is that annually we're

using 260 million tons of
plastic and we're using 8%

of world oil production in
order to do that.

And yet over 30% of
that material we throw away

within a year.

Most of the rubbish from
the 11 million inhabitants of

Indonesia's rapidly developing.

Jakarta ends up here in
the waters of the chile

wang river.

For the city's 1.4 million
poor many of whom live

along its banks.

There's no organized waste collection
garbage of all types even

dead animals decays in its
waters leaving it so contaminated

That it will take 20
years to clean it.

Mhm.

Yet millions of people depend
on the river not just

for their daily activities such
as laundry and bathing but

as their major source of
drinking water.

Think right.

For much of this rubbish
it's just the beginning of

a long journey out into
the sea.

Once there The larger items
can harm at least 267

different species of sea life.

Mhm.

And although we've been dumping
our waste into the world's

oceans for thousands of years
it's this new litter the

trash from the last few
decades which many scientists fear

poses the biggest threat yet.

Yeah.

Yeah.

No.

Mhm.

Mhm.

Yeah.

Mhm.

One of the worst cases
ever recorded was this gray

whale beached in Seattle.

Yeah Scientists found 20 plastic
bags small towels duct tape

surgical gloves and a golf
ball.

Mhm.

No understanding the scale of
the problem began in august

1997 when returning from a
trans pacific voyage Charles moore

took a shortcut home through
an area in the north

pacific ocean known as the
Golden.

We couldn't come on deck
without seeing some form of

trash after just looking for
a few minutes.

So got me thinking we
need to measure how much

is out here.

And I came back two
years later and found there

was six times as much
plastic as the zooplankton we

catch in this net by
weight and that was explosive

The idea that somehow in
the deep ocean we've got

more trash than life ignited
the whole controversy about allowing

our throw away society to
become part of the ocean

bio.

What is it?

I mean when I envision
it I think of just

like a landfill floating in
the ocean.

Is that what it is?

No it's it's not like
it has that quantity of

trash in it but it's
dispersed.

It's an enormous area and
the trash is about the

same density as the water
itself.

So it lazily floats just
below the surface.

And you can't see it
from a satellite.

More study shocked the scientific
world.

He revealed there were six
times as much plastic as

ocean microorganisms known as Zooplankton.

The starting point in the
marine food chain.

What's recently become known as
the great pacific garbage patch

is situated in an ocean
gyre.

In the north pacific covering
an area of 20 million

square kilometers where the rotation
of currents draws in waste

material from surrounding areas which
in this case includes north

America and Japan.

It takes an average of
six years for a piece

of rubbish to reach the
center of the giant by

which time it will have
been eroded into tiny fragments

which is why it's so
difficult to measure the true

extent of the problem estimates
range from the size of

Quebec to twice the size
of texas.

Let's talk trash.

You know we had to
be taught to renounce the

powerful conservation ethic we had
developed during the Great Depression

in World War two.

After the war we needed
to direct our enormous production

capacity toward creation of products
for peacetime throwaway.

Plastics take a lot of
space and don't biodegrade only

we humans make waste.

That nature can't digest.

There are very few areas
of the world ocean Which

are plastic free.

The United Nations itself estimates
46,000 pieces per km2 on

average in the world ocean.

It's rare to find a
trawl that has no plastic

in it.

In fact we've never had
one in all the trawling

we've done throughout the North
Pacific that's been plastic free

We documented come from this
river here and the river

over here the san Gabriel
in Los Angeles in three

days one rainy day one
light rain day and one

dry day 2.3 billion pieces
of plastic weighing 30 tons

now for a major urban
area that's actually trying to

catch some of that stuff
that has street sweeping and

gutter baskets.

If one area like that
is still putting in 2.3

billion pieces of plastic in
three days weighing 30 tons

Imagine how much is coming
in from China and Indonesia

Let's see what we've got
here.

How many miles did we
troll?

I think you could say
we traveled a mile.

Got some packaging thin plastic
film.

This is the most common
identifiable type of plastic we

find even out in the
deep ocean in the past

every material that defines the
age that we live in

whether it was steel or
copper decayed at some rate

by natural forces.

That rate is much slowed
with plastic and that's great

if you want to have
long term usage for your

products.

But if you've got a
throwaway society it's a bad

thing.

But there are four other
ocean gyres and two of

Moore's colleagues have traveled over
20,000 miles to see if

like the North Pacific gyre.

They too are polluted.

You hear just about one
the North Pacific jar.

The Captain Moore had had
studied 15 years ago But

there was no one going
to the other four.

The northern hemisphere has to
then there are three in

the south and no one
had been in those jars

and see what was happening.

There's been this myth in
the media about an island

of garbage the size of
texas and then twice the

size of texas.

It isn't like that at
all.

And in fact it's more
like like this a thin

plastic soup and this is
actually a very concentrated sample

This is right off the
coast of California but you'll

see it's small broken down
fragments of plastic that shares

space with zooplankton.

There's no place that we
have gone but we didn't

find at least some particles
of plastic small confetti in

our surface samples.

It's everywhere.

See if it were an
island that might be better

in a sense you can
go get it you can

go harvest this island of
trash bring it back to

land and deal with it.

But what the reality is
is this thin diffuse soup

that we have discovered covers
the entire planet.

Other scientists were equally disturbed
by the increasing amounts of

plastic they were finding in
our oceans here in Plymouth

Professor Richard Thompson and his
team found microplastics present all

over the world curious to
see exactly how plastic degraded

in the environment.

He carried out a number
of experiments which included leaving

plastic bags tied to moorings
in the harbor.

A year later the bags
were still strong enough to

carry shopping Here for example
I've got what was heralded

as the world's first degradable
plastic bag.

This one's been in this
box since 2004.

You can see I mean
okay it has degraded in

terms of it being a
plastic bag.

It no longer is one
but it's fragments of plastic

that aren't inherently anymore biodegradable.

This one's been in here
since 2004.

We see the same sort
of thing.

You can still see the
printing on the bag.

But all that's happening is
it's fragmenting into smaller and

smaller bases.

So the next pressing question
was really well to what

extent does that matter?

Is this material causing any
harm to the environment or

to marine life?

We looked at the log
worm our Nicola marina which

lives in the marine sediments
itself.

And that work showed that
all of those organisms would

quite readily ingest microscopic fragments
of plastic.

So we ran some longer
term experiments with the common

muscle might have a schedule.

And what that showed was
that after a single pulse

exposure to small fragments of
plastic in the laboratory Over

48 days later having been
in clean water for 47

of those days the muscles
had still got small quantities

of plastic inside them that
had been retained.

Yeah here off the remote
isle of in Scotland dr

Phil Coe and his team
suspect the shellfish they are

about to catch in the
deep water found in the

Clyde estuary will have plastic
in their stomachs.

So this is a deepwater
trawl from about 65 m

And so we have here
this is the Dublin bay

prawn or focus is its
scientific name.

We would know as longest
steam.

So normally if you go
to a restaurant you can

have these prawns whole well
you would just end up

the tail and that's what
we call scampi.

So these are big healthy
specimens and we're looking at

them because they live in
a muddy and sandy environments

and deeper water net rocks
live in burrows typically live

in burrows in the seabed
and the generalist scavenger predators

So they will pick up
dead fish than anything really

And because of their burrowing
habitat and the way they

eat there's a potential that
they'll take in plastic through

either their prey or from
the actual borrowing activities in

the mud.

We conducted a trial and
we looked 100 20 prawns

and we found that 83%
of those contained plastic filaments

or pieces of plastic bag.

I think what we have
to do as a society

is realize that we are
potentially having an ecological impact

in our environment as a
whole.

That we're only just beginning
to understand what those impacts

are.

That was but there's a
second more troubling problem.

Scientists are currently looking at
not only does plastic leach

chemicals but once in water
it also attracts chemicals potentially

making plastic even more dangerous
to marine life because these

chemicals are hydrophobic in nature.

What will happen is they
will latch onto the surface

of solids like plastics and
to give you an example

in common terms it's a
little bit like if you

were washing up after a
curry or a spaghetti bolognese

and you've got all those
red food red and yellow

food coloring in the bowl
they latch onto the side

of your washing up bowl
rather than necessarily being washed

away in your face with
cleaning them off.

You could get orders of
magnitude so thousands tens of

1000 times greater concentration on
the surface of plastic debris

that was in the surrounding
seawater.

So that begs the question.

Well what what happens to
those chemicals in a different

environment perhaps in the guts
of a marine organisms?

Are they released?

So when a fish eats
plastic what what does it

in jest?

I mean if we were
to eat that fish would

it be would we just
cut out the plastic from

its stomach?

Well we've all grown up
with this idea since it's

part of our food delivery
system that plastic is a

nerd.

We think of plastic as
not transferring anything to the

food because we get our
milk and plastic we get

our yogurt and plastic we
get our meat in plastic

and we really wouldn't like
it if we had some

concept that plastic was bio
actively transferring chemicals to the

food that were a problem
for our body turns out

that's actually what's occurring and
in the ocean it's not

only the compounds that have
been mixed into the plastic

at the time of manufacturer
but it's the compounds that

have been absorbed by the
plastic as they float in

the ocean.

Many of these are capable
of disrupting our hormones.

There are so many chemicals
that are being used that

have hormone like activities.

So it's different from toxicants
that kill you.

Just out of being toxicants
here they are mimicking uh

hormones that exist in our
bodies in very small amounts

and that they play very
important roles in the way

our organs form and function.

Many have also been shown
to suppress our immune system

and even decreased reproductive rates.

There is a very interesting
danish study whereby the show

that contrary to what you
would think younger couples are

more seeking hill.

When this happens you have
to think whether or not

it's this exposure to hormone
like chemicals during development that

is causing this shift eating
a lot of small fish

A large fish becomes more
polluted than each one of

the small fish because each
one of the small fish

transfers a persistent pollutant to
the large fish which it

stores in its fatty tissue
and then when we eat

that we store the accumulated
pollutants in our fatty tissue

That's bio magnification.

That's why killer whales the
top predators in the ocean

are the most polluted.

They're having very difficult time
reproducing at the zoological Society

in London veterinary pathologist paul
Jepson has been documenting strandings

of whales dolphins porpoises marine
turtles and basking sharks.

He's one of only a
few scientists in the world

who's been studying the effects
of pollution in marine mammals

for over 20 years.

And it's not good news
pollutants accumulate at every level

in the food chain.

So in every level in
that change you get an

order of magnitude increase in
the concentration of the pollutants

When you get up to
bottom those dolphins and killer

whales then the levels are
very very high and probably

unsustainably high.

And that's why these species
are most affected.

And so you get this
big transfer from the mother

to the firstborn particularly the
first born calf.

This big offloading of pollutants.

But the worry is that
the population declines could be

absolutely massive.

And actually we don't know
whether these populations will actually

recover most of the marine
mammals.

Paul has autopsied particularly killer
whales have very high levels

of toxins.

Some of the levels we
found in the animals.

When we've done a postmortem
say on a killer whale

or dolphin they will be
classed as toxic waste.

You know you have to
dispose of them as as

hazardous waste.

And this has been found
in other parts of the

world like innocent Lawrence Seaway
with the belugas where they

have these very highly contaminated
animals releasing bad chemicals into

the atmosphere doesn't mean they
stay up in the atmosphere

They condense into the ocean
creatures in the ocean and

then take them into their
bodies.

That starts the bio magnification
process.

This is why the whales
are having difficulty reproducing.

They're the sentinel.

There are the canaries in
the coal mine there the

harbingers of what's going to
happen to us.

There may only be a
few generations before human beings

won't be able to reproduce.

And plastic floating on the
ocean is nature's way of

telling us to get after
a problem.

No.

Yeah.

Yeah.

Yeah.

Yeah.

This is not about what
might happen in some distant

future.

The ground beneath our feet
is already full of rubbish

The air is tainted with
manmade chemicals and our oceans

are turning into toxic soup
of floating debris.

The issue of sustainability is
the single biggest challenge to

our civilization.

The best place to start
that change is with waste

Professional packaging.

People would have us believe
that life would be impossible

without their services.

Yeah.

Mhm.

When I speak to packaging
industry they say they're mainly

interested in getting goods safely
to the market.

I have no objection with
that except perhaps where it

comes into conflict with dealing
with the waste at the

end of the lifetime.

And if this one's easy
to recycle and that one

isn't then why do we
need to go down this

route per millimeter of liquid
getting to you?

This one is using more
or less twice as much

plastic for a meal of
drink that you consume as

this one.

So that's costing more to
transport.

It's more petrol that's being
petrochemical that's being used in

its manufacture its will waste
to dispose of and it's

hard to dispose of?

So I really query what
we're doing in some cases

and I think that to
fully tackle this problem we

need to work with industry
to move towards designing the

end of life recycling bility.

I met a woman who's
already taken up the challenge

We're going and declared her
own personal war on waste

feels fair.

The organic store rights.

We saw a picture of
the turtle with the carrier

bag in its mouth and
of an albatross who had

like pounds of plastic in
its stomach and it consisted

of bottle caps cigarette lighter
touch brush plastic toys stuff

that we were using on
a daily basis.

And my husband saw that
picture of the turtle and

he said we are never
taking another carrier bag ever

again.

How much waste do you
generate a year?

Have you ever worked it
out last year?

We created a carrier bag
of waste carrier bag.

I mean this yes.

Waste of landfill waste in
a year.

How many are you And
a rabbit?

three of you had a
rabbit and the rabbit I

suppose.

But anyway that's extraordinary.

What about your newspapers?

They get recycled?

True waste that cannot be
recycled for a whole year

That's absolutely amazing.

I would love to by
purely by how you choose

to shop or are there
other ways it starts before

you get to the checkout
You have to make a

conscious decision before you hit
the checkout.

So basically you pick something
that looks nice you have

to ask yourself what am
I going to do with

either this product or this
packaging when I have finished

using it.

And so whereas most people
perhaps turn it over to

look at the price we
turn it over to look

at the recycling information.

This is something that lots
of parents buy for their

kids that comes in this
laminated pouch with a plastic

juice.

It's orange juice.

So instead of buying it
in a carton that can

be recycled or a glass
bottle.

This the green dots symbol.

You're familiar with that?

No I'm not.

I get confused in all
these symbols.

Right Well this symbol here
lots of people think that's

a recycling symbol but it's
not a recycling symbol.

It means that this company
has paid a certain amount

to to have their products
recycled but the consumer cannot

do anything with that.

It's not hard to learn
on a packet of cigarettes

that they kill you.

It's very clearly why isn't
it clearly written on these

Is it just me or
do other people struggle to

understand what they all really
mean?

What does that mean?

Recycle?

It means that it can
be recycled.

You think you all do
a bit of shopping don't

you?

Right.

So I want to know
what that is.

Do you know recyclable.

Don't know recyclable retractable.

You're all wrong but I've
often wondered if it were

possible to do without packaging
altogether.

Our aim is to help
customers refill their own containers

instead of creating more packaging
waste.

So I bring my containers
here for for everything.

You bring your container.

If it's dry goods that
you want you can either

bring a bag or if
you bring a tupperware we

just wear it first then
you just fill it up

It means you can buy
exactly the amount you want

as well which means you
don't waste any food.

If I'm a bloke and
I'm sort of just didn't

plan to do some shopping
then I would have one

of these would I?

Exactly.

That's exactly what I would
have a little bag in

my pocket or in my
I do actually carry a

bag normally and this this
is just the next step

on.

Lots of people are used
to going to the supermarket

and carrying a reusable bag
to put things in.

So this is just the
replacing the packaging to go

in your reusable bag is
amazing.

When we first started we
started on a market stall

we were given a small
grant to test the idea

out to see if anybody
was really into the refilling

idea.

And what we found.

And it's still true today
is it takes people two

or three goes to remember
to bring their own packaging

First time they forget second
time they forget third time

they remember one thing after
that it just becomes a

new habit.

Ultimately it's a good business
model.

It's cheaper for the supplier
to put something in one

bulk container than put it
in lots of different bits

of packaging.

It's cheaper for me.

I should get a good
margin on it and we

should be able to pass
it on at an affordable

price to our customers.

So everybody wins and there's
no environmental impact in my

lifetime.

We've become accustomed to throwing
away products even food While

people starve and farmers are
told to grow GM crops

to increase food production.

In the UK alone we
throw away over £11 billion

pounds worth of food every
year.

The global waste of your
food is around about 1.3

billion tons a year.

Food is energy.

But instead of all this
wasted food going into landfill

Couldn't we be making better
use of it?

We built to digest in
a prison in the UK

Guys Marsh prison.

And it was designed to
treat the food waste that

was produced within the prison
itself from the kitchens.

And it's an absolutely first
rate example of a small

scale digester.

I don't understand the difference
between anaerobic digestion and composting

So I've come to see
it in action.

Hello.

So good afternoon.

I'm just going to give
you a pat down search

Do you have any objections
to a female doing that

to you?

It will be a pleasure.

My name is Lynn.

Thank you.

Just hold your hands up
like that.

Thank you very much.

Mhm.

This digester the first to
be installed in a british

prison is a prototype.

Record the weights of what
we're recycling all the food

gets processed through the process
of there.

So it breaks down a
little bit quicker.

You're recreating what occurs naturally
in us human beings and

animals who use bacteria in
their guts and their stomachs

to digest food and turn
it into energy.

And anaerobic digestion commercially is
exactly the same.

Only the anaerobic digester is
not flesh and bones.

It is concrete tanks and
metal tanks and it is

a pump system.

What comes out is exactly
the same.

Its energy its energy in
the form of a methane

rich biogas and it is
a solid and a liquid

fertilizer which can be used
on the land to replace

Inorganic fertilizers.

What does this save you
a year to save.

And just for the food
waste it's about £18,000 a

year.

And the cost of running
this is fairly minimal.

It's minimal.

Yeah.

Once you've set it up
there's no charge at all

really.

So that's saving the taxpayer.

Mhm.

Because backwards we'll let you
go first jeremy in another

case Jeremy nice to meet
you.

Thanks very much.

So this is the compost.

How long has this been
here?

This compost has been here
about 10 days.

Maturing days and it's covered
in.

Look at the flies and
how much longer will it

stay here.

This will stay here about
another 20 days and being

constantly turned so that the
heat is generated stream coming

up and feel the heat
to make sure everything is

working fantastic stuff and it's
beginning to smell good.

Yes it smells better than
that smelled in those tanks

Do the prisoners work on
this?

Yes the prisoners work within
the area and they work

within the tunnels.

Obviously some of them have
never done this before.

We try to teach them
you know where their food

is coming from.

I've never understood why we
don't do this in this

country why we import stuff
why we don't grow under

in these tunnels all the
year round.

We could grow up so
much more.

Yes we could perhaps times
will change and we will

thank you very much.

It's been a great pleasure.

Wouldn't it be wonderful if
this could be put into

practice on a large scale?

I'm told that managing resources
more efficiently could save the

UK economy £6..

pounds every year.

If we put our minds
to it 17 million tons

of waste could be diverted
from landfills and incinerators potentially

saving us millions more in
raw materials.

Imagine if that happened on
a global scale.

The city of SAN Francisco
has been leading the way

in recycling for years 75%
of its homes and businesses

participating in the city's zero
waste initiative San Francisco established

a zero waste goal back
in 2002 because land filling

waste is a total waste
of resources and we really

kind of piggybacked on an
emerging international movement for Zero

Waste we can't just keep
extracting resources from the earth

We have to utilize the
limited resources that we have

we have a three stream
collection system that we have

provided to all residents whether
they're in single family or

an apartment buildings all types
of businesses not just restaurants

but high rise office buildings
retail.

And that's the foundation of
our program.

We have now made it
mandatory in SAN Francisco for

everyone to participate in the
program from single family residence

to apartment dwellers to all
types of businesses and even

visitors.

So technically as a visitor
SAN Francisco you are legally

obligated to participate in our
source separation as part of

its radical approach the city
believes in working closely with

its businesses This is recycled
central and it's a 200,000

square foot building where all
of the recyclables from San

Francisco come to get sorted.

The bulldozers put it up
on those conveyors conveyors go

up 30 ft onto the
conveyor belt where our ecologies

employees are there to either
hand sort it or there's

machines like there's a magnet
that pulls out the metal

and then our employees also
hand sort the glass we

only hire folks from the
local communities all of our

employees that work here are
union employees and they're paid

very well and we have
full benefits full benefits and

a pension.

That's fantastic.

So you've got people queuing
up to work here actually

we do and we had
our last open call for

jobs alignment around the block.

People get bored with working
here they work here for

a long time.

People work here for a
long time.

I've been here for 11
years and I'm still considered

a new timer.

We have we have guys
that have worked here for

30 years 2030 years.

It's a really good job.

Tell me about about what
are you doing here?

What's this stuff?

Bridget and what happened voters
the bill into bells and

then we ship it over.

Where is this perspective?

This will probably go to
china and they'll make it

into new products that we
in turn buy back Right

So a lot of the
materials that come from china

in the shipping containers come
over here those containers we're

going back empty now they're
going back with material as

well as using anaerobic digestion
here in san Francisco.

They make compost on a
truly industrial scale.

Farmers are sharp when they
look and see that the

crops look better where we've
used compost.

Then they start to use
compost it's quite affordable and

it gives them back a
higher quality of produce and

better yields and less soil
erosion all adding up to

a return to the farm
in stopping the waste of

organic matter.

We stopped that organic matter
from going into the dumps

and by doing this we
stop the production of methane

out of the dump.

We also stop the filling
up of the of the

landfill by materials that are
valuable for us on the

farm.

So there's a dual benefit.

There are hundreds of businesses
and farms using san Francisco's

compost.

I just happened to have
chosen to visit a vineyard

in the napa valley.

You know we're adding what
we think is the right

amount maintain the integrity of
the soils soils are like

a bang and your crop
is like taking when you

take your crop off.

It's like taking withdrawal from
a bank where you have

to make deposits.

And so the compost for
us is a deposit.

We're replenishing what we're taking
out of the soil.

You know everything we do
is geared towards maintaining the

health of our soils.

That's the most important thing.

It might cost a little
bit more but it's so

worth it in the long
run.

You know the last thing
I want is chateau Montelena

wines to change for the
worst.

Under my watch that wouldn't
be good.

I think we've got to
taste something.

I think we should Ananda
lee town is part of

a global movement of hundreds
of grassroots organizations all advocating

the benefits of Zero waste.

The story that we try
to tell is that it's

really grassroots communities that have
been winning this battle have

been protecting the planet for
future generations and often with

very few resources.

The importance of getting broader
public support is is not

only about shutting these toxic
facilities but really about creating

more democratic governance over industry.

That's really out to destroy
both public health and the

planet.

And and how can we
help facilitate that so that

communities can also empower themselves
to organize and force their

local governments to change.

It's wrong to both bury
and burn waste when we

can recycle over 90% of
the waste that is generated

in this country recycling conserves
3 to 5 times the

amount of energy that incineration
projects or even latin for

gas to energy projects generates.

What's more important perhaps is
the amount of climate pollution

associated with that energy that
we reduce.

If we recycled everything that
is currently being buried or

burned in the US it
would be like taking half

the cars of US roads
that's the amount of climate

pollution we would reduce.

If we actually reach those
very achievable targets jobs are

obviously created by incinerators.

How do the amount of
jobs compare with those in

recycling?

So here in the US
studies have shown that 10

times the number of jobs
can be created by recycling

and composting the same amount
of waste or tonnage of

waste that is buried or
burnt in incinerators and landfills

for example here in the
US there are currently about

800,000 jobs within the recycling
industry.

However in the US we
only recycle 33% of our

waste even if we were
to achieve 75% and get

to where San Francisco has
gotten across this country we

would be creating 1.5 million
new jobs in recycling.

Einstein once said a clever
man solves a problem A

wise man avoids it.

The engineer is trying to
address a problem given the

amount of waste what we
have to do is to

stop making that amount of
waste.

We have to find other
ways.

Well we continue to attack
the problem by just saying

okay we've got a solution
here.

It is we burn everything
we're not going to make

progress.

We did it with smoking
a smoking ban and there

were the naysayers you know
it'll never work it'll be

a real problem but it
was clearly understood what the

goals were.

The timetable was set there
was a methodology to get

through that process and then
the date came and off

we went and we had
to stop we did it

with seat belts and wearing
seatbelts.

We did it with drink
driving actually when that became

unacceptable because the consequences were
made plane we need to

do this with waste.

I'm not saying that zero
waste is easy but the

problems that you have to
overcome with land filling and

the problems that you overcome
with incineration when you've overcome

them you've still gone in
the wrong direction 25 years

from now you will need
no closer to sustainability.

Whereas all the problems that
we have to overcome with

zero waste it's worth doing
because we know we're going

in the right direction we're
saving resources for our Children

and we're reducing the contamination
and we're moving towards sustainable

When I get the feeling
we're at a tipping point

all over the world I've
met small pockets of people

who have already changed but
now it's up to all

of us.

Look at that how can
you shut down the work

that not just you and
me with our plastic bags

and I'll throw away cups
lighters pen lids and our

take away toys not just
the corporation shipping food back

and forth across the planet
piling it high covering it

in plastic and throwing it
away at the end of

and not just the packaging
people and the pr promoters

telling everyone including themselves that
if it looks good it

must be good.

And not just the politicians
with their lack of political

courage their inability to stand
up and say this surely

must end But all of
Mhm.

Mhm.

Mhm.

Mhm.

Mhm.

Mhm.

Yeah.

Yeah.

No because we are trashing
our planet and it's time

to stop.

Yeah.

Mhm.

Mhm.

Mhm.

Okay.

Yeah.

Mhm.

Okay.

Yeah.

Mhm.

Thank you.

Yeah.

Right.

Uh No.

Yeah.

Mhm.

Mhm.

Yeah