All language subtitles for 001 2.1 Introduction to Robotics_en

OK, now we are going to introduce a boat.

What is robotics?

So in this section, we are going to learn some theory parks.

So basically, the robotics means it's a combination of science, engineering and technology.

We combine these three separate things into a single one and then we make some useful project for our

problems.

So the ultimate target is we have to solve a problem that exist in the current world and then we have

to come up with the solution with a project or a machine or a product.

So basically, in this course, we will focus on Arduino Robotics and we will learn about scratch programming,

which is a handy tool that we can easily do the programming without needing to worry about the codes.

So here I'm going to introduce some of the basic electrical theories for you to understand.

We know that water flow from a higher level to a lower level.

So similarly, electricity will flow from a high potential to the lower potential.

So basically, the current the term comes current, it's nothing, but it's a flow of current.

How many electrons are moving in the conductor?

Or an element is called as current.

Basically, the current is measured in impious, but in our case, the current will be in a million

years, maybe 100 million years or 200 million years.

Likewise, the small currents will be built in our courses.

And voltages I told you, the current is the number of electrons flowing through a particular area is

called as current, right?

So similarly, the voltage is.

How much is the force that pushes the electrodes that is called as voltage as an example, if you are

pushing a person?

So how much the force will you apply to push that particular person?

So likewise, here the electrons are considered instead of persons.

And then that particular electrons are pushed by an external force that is called as voltage.

Basically, that particular voltage is measured in volts.

Here in our course, we will discuss voltages in five voltages or 12 voltages, more than 12 voltage.

We are not going to deal with them.

Keep in mind that we have to only focus on below 12 voltage items, right?

And resistance is the restriction of that particular current flow.

That means the resistance is based on how much it is resisting for the electrons to flow through them.

That is called as a resistance.

Basically, the resistance is measured in ohms and we will next learn about types of circuits.

Basically, there are two types of circuits are available here.

Open type circuit and closed circuit.

Let me talk about open circuit.

Open circuit is a circuit that is disconnected.

Somewhere else so that this connection can be done by using a switch or disconnecting the it.

So you can see here in this example here, this one is an open circuit by using a switch.

Right?

So here the second example you can see here, this one is particularly disconnection of the wire.

So if I talk about the closed circuit, you can know is that the circuit is complete with the power

source and the load.

So you can notice that the current has been connected to the bolt.

So then the bulb will be turned on.

In this case, in open circuit, the bulb doesn't.

So I want to tell you something, right?

It's very important we don't have to involve in AC current circuits.

We will just deal on DC current circuits and below 12 voltages.

Just keep in mind that we are only going to focus the robotics in terms of below 12 voltages, right?

More than that, we are not going to do any project in this course, right?

And also, I strongly suggest you don't touch the AC power supply, right?

It's a it's a danger if you touch and then you will be in big trouble, right?

So don't work on AC current or AC power supplies so that we can obtain some kinds of batteries or solar

panels, which provides the voltage is lower than 12 voltages.

Those are the sources that we are going to use in our basic robotics course, right?

So let's talk about the types of currents, right?

So basically, we have two types of currents.

As I told you earlier, we have AC current and DC current, right?

So AC current is a current that flows in both direction.

If I obtain a wire and then the current is an AC current inside the wire, you can notice that you can't

directly see that.

But as a use case, we can think about that one.

Basically, the AC current will be flowing in two directions as an example in our home supply.

The current is flowing in one direction and in a reversed direction.

For a second, the transfer will be 50.

That is what we call at 50 Hertz.

So that is the AC current, but we are not going to focus on AC current projects in basic robotics course.

So let's talk about DC current.

The current is.

Happening only on One Direction, right?

So basically, for an example, we can see that same voltage DC battery and that particular current

is an DC current.

So the current will be flowing in only one direction so we can use that particular current in order

to power up the sensors, power up leading bulbs or power to our controllers or motor controllers,

etc..

We will talk about that later.

So don't work on AC currents, right?

I strongly suggest you don't involved in the AC current if you don't know how to handle it, right?

And arbitrary arrangements, if I talk about the arbitrary arrangements.

It's very simple.

We can arrange if you have more than one Bentley, we can arrange the bakery in two separate ways.

Right.

So one is called Let's see this arrangement, and the other one is a parallel arrangement.

So series arrangement means you can obtain the positive terminal of the wire from the battery and then

you connect it to the negative and then you have to obtain the positive terminal off the battery and

connected to the next negative terminal.

Likewise, it continues.

And then finally, you have to obtain the positive terminal of the last battery and the negative terminal

of the first battery, right?

So if you obtain these two wires and then you can have one positive terminal and one negative terminal

in those terminals, the voltage between them will be an addition of those batteries.

As an example, if I obtain one point five voltage batteries in four numbers and then the voltage final

voltage will be six voltage, adding one point five plus one point five plus one point five plus one

point five.

So altogether, it will be six volts, and then the next arrangement will be a parallel arrangement.

So in here, you have to think about the practical example how we are going to exactly achieve this

one.

Basically, we have to obtain a cable and connect it to the positive terminal of the battery, and then

we have to connect it to the end of the battery's positive terminal right after connecting it.

We have to obtain and then the terminal and then we have to join the wires together like this.

Maybe we have to connect the next wire to this positive terminal of the second.

But this positive terminal?

Right.

So likewise, we have to connect all the positive terminals and obtain a single wire by joining those

wires.

And then we have to connect the negative terminals together, and then we have to join them together

and obtain a final negative terminal cable.

And then if you open these two terminals and then the voltage will be one point five, the world, it's

not going to edit together, but instead of dad.

The current will be added as an example, if I use 1.5 voltage batteries in four numbers and then each,

but it contains one MPX of current.

It can serve up to one and be a current right.

So then all the final terminals that the final terminals can point us for amps.

Right.

That means if we connect any object or motor or anything and then the motor can withstand for a longer

period, that means it can it can be durable one.

Right?

Because the current is much higher.

So then the current will be supplied for that particular motor for a longer period.

So that is why we connect this like this.

But if you want to supply a higher voltage, we have to consider connecting it in this arrangement.

So I hope you get an idea about it rearrangements.

So basically, circuit diagrams are very simple.

You can see that this is a one method of proving circuit diagram.

And this is the next method that the science we.

So there is nothing no need to consider that about these two ways, but you can notice that I prefer

to use the Electronics Bay in order to go these diagrams right way because I use this battery in left

side and then the positive terminal will come over here and then we can connect.

But these switches, etc..

Right.

So an engineering perspective we have to understand about the color coding, right?

So I prefer to use color coding so that my students or any other person can understand my drawings or

the circuit diagrams very easily.

Right.

So basically how we can configure it, it's very simple.

If you are connecting the positive terminal, if you are obtaining the positive terminal and connecting

it, we have to use red colors or green color cables.

In the circuit diagram, right?

In actual case, you may use different ways according to your requirement, according to availability,

but in if you are drawing circuit diagrams, you have to use the color coding side.

So basically, if you are connecting negative terminus, maybe if you are painting the battery's negative

terminal, then you are grounding it.

You have to use black colored cable or blue color cable, right?

So those are the color coding necessary.

But if you are using or connecting any signal pins or other pins, you can.

You may use yellow color or orange color cables for the signal pins.

And that's all about the circuit diagrams.

Right?

Safety first.

So here we have to consider something in terms of safety before we get to know about the connections,

lighting, diagrams and projects, right?

So first of all, never work on a circuit while power is applied.

Right?

So when the power is applied, what you have to do is you have to disconnect the power.

Maybe you can use a switch or you can disconnect the battery from the circuit and then you can work

on the changing or wiring up the circuits tonight.

After that, you can connect the battery and then you can check whether it works or not.

So the next one, the second one, do not connect the power to a circuit until the circuit is finished

and you have carefully checked your work.

Right?

So you have to check whether the circuit is completed or not.

If you are connecting a high voltage sensor, you have to focus on what are the things that our circuit

has?

What are the motors or controllers we have?

And then if you if you connect the voltage battery to that particular five voltage sensor circuit and

then you a sensor will be broken up.

Right.

Right.

Because the sensor can only withstand five voltages.

But if you supply dual voltage to that particular sensor, your sensor will be damaged.

And then this process is irreversible.

If you smell anything burning or if you are hitting any unwanted noises inside the circuit, you have

to immediately disconnect the power and examine your circuit to find out what went wrong.

Right?

So maybe if you are using your circuit for a longer period, maybe the sensors over the controllers

may be heated up and then.

Now that is the case, you have to consider that if you do that, then you can disconnect the power

from that particular circuit and then let it cool down and avoid using any water particles or any.

Maybe sweating is very dangerous for the electronic components that we use, right?

So because that water and our sweat is a good conductor and so.

They are conductors today.

So keep your work area dry, right?

So as I told you earlier, you have to keep your work area.

They always wear safety goggles.

It is far more better if you use safety goggles when you are connecting the circuits and arranging the

components together, right?

So be careful around large capacitors, they can continue to hold voltages long after they are disconnected

from the power.

So, yeah, if you connect the capacitors, maybe the long capacitors, they may help.

Even they may be having lower voltages.

But the problem is they can contain more current inside them.

Right?

So that means.

If you disconnect the power supply, the capacitor will remain its charges for a longer period, so

there may be explosions inside the capacitors, so you mean not going to use any capacitors inside the

circuits, right?

OK, next thing, be especially careful when you solar because a hot, solid iron can easily burn you,

right?

So keep in mind that do not do smoldering work if you are under 18 years old, right?

So you may obtain help from your parents or other relatives to do the soldiering work for you.

Most of the time in basic robotics, according to the availability of the market, you may not need

to do the soldiering work because we may use a jumper, cables and breadboard to connect them without

solidarity.

But if you want, if you are in need of solar, then you may obtain help from others.

If you are more than 18 years old, no problem.

You can do this ordering.

But keep in mind that a hot pain can harm you, right?

So keep in mind that and do this ordering work properly and use the safety equipment while you are doing

your soldiering works, which always work in a well-ventilated space.

Right.

So the area should be ventilated when you are looking have safety equipment such as fire extinguisher,

a first aid kit and a phone nearby.

So it is better if you are having these kinds of equipments nearby, so then you can reach out for help.

So don't work on AC power source home AC supply line, so don't work on your home AC current supply

because it will.

It's dangerous, right?

It can harm you, so don't use them.

But instead of that, we are going to use only five voltages or 12 voltage DC current today.

So then we will be in a secure place to work on that for.

OK, so we are going to learn about circuit boards.

So basically, there are four types of circuit boards available.

One is Red Bull, Dot Boat Lane Boat and printed circuit board PCB boards.

So we are not going to talk about these laws.

They are permanent mounting boards, right?

We are going to use these boards because this is a plug and play.

We can easily connect them and disconnect them with the jumper cables with other components, right?

So that is why I prefer to use this one.

And in the software also, we have the big board, right, so we can use that one in order to do the

connections right?

Basically, the top area and the bottom area, they are connected together, right, so this is the

entire line is connected with and the line is connected like this.

And similarly, on the bottom layer, they are also connected like this.

Right?

So what they how connections like this as an example, if you are going to connect a battery with the

Bridport, right, maybe if you are going to connect the components together, we can use a grid both

here and then we can obtain the positive terminal of the battery and the connected to one point of this

red board here.

And then you can open the negative terminal of the battery and connected to this most top layer of this

bed for the user.

Maybe sensor ladybirds controllers, we may have to power them up, right?

So the power can be obtained from here directly.

Right.

So that is why we use deadbolts, and that is why we have this top layer and bottom layer like that,

right?

And if you consider the middle is middle school.

Yes, you can notice that this is how they are arranged together.

Right.

So basically, the vertical lines are there, and this is the connection of this particular layer and

then the the bottom middle layer, you can notice that they are connected like this.

But this middle layers are not connected together.

They are separate.

Right?

So if you want to connect them or something or switch, we can use these middle layers or middle.

We can use this middle portion to connect them, right?

Types of wires, so in here in robotics, we will use jumper cables, especially they are especially

designed for connection of the big board.

And also we how sensor modules and controllers, right, so the controllers can be connected together

by using this special jumper cables.

Right.

So they are available in three categories maybe male two male keepers and female two female keepers

and female to male cables.

So if I talk about male cable, we have things here.

And if I talk about this female cable, they have.

Holes here.

Right.

So that is the difference between male cable and female cable, according to the special condition that

we have.

Maybe if we have a sensor with a male pin, we have to use a female cable to connect them together.

Right.

So that is how it works.

And we have auto wires we may use or ways in order to connect the motors and the motor controllers to

get them right and sensors.