All language subtitles for MyText_3

oh

the main job of the lungs is gas exchange

pulling oxygen into the body and getting rid of carbon dioxide

normally

during an inhale

the diaphragm contracts to pull downward and the chest muscles

contract to pull open the chest

which both helps suck in air like a vacuum

and then during an exhale

the muscles relax

allowing the lungs to spring back to their normal size

which pushes out

when you breathe in

air flows to the nostrils and enters the nasal cavity

which is lined by cells that release mucus

that mucus is salty sticky and has license image

which are enzymes that help kill bacteria

no shares at the entrance of the nasal cavity get coated with

that mucus and are able to trap large particles of dust and pollen

as well as bacteria forming tiny clumps of boogers

the nasal cavities connected to four sinuses which are air

filled spaces inside the bones that surround the nose

called the paranasal sinuses there's the frontal

ethmoid

sphenoid

and maxillary sinuses

those sinuses helped the inspired air to circulate for a bit

so it has time to get warm and moist

they also act like tiny echo chambers that help amplify the

sound of your voice and this is why you sound so different when

you plug your nose or if they clogged with bucharest during a

cold

so that relatively clean

warm and moist air goes from the nasal cavity into the ferrings

or throat

the region connecting the two is called the nasa ferrings and

the part connecting the ferrings to the oral cavity is called

the oral fairings to the

the soft palette which is the softer portion of the roof of

your mouth behind the hard palate which is the part you can

feel with your tongue and the pendulum like you villa hanging

at its end

move together to form a flap or valve that closes the nasal

ferrings off when you eat to prevent food from going up into

the nasal ferrings

finally

there's the liege ingo ferrings

the part of the ferrings that's continuous with the lyrics

or the voice

up to this point

food and air share a common path but at the top of the learning

since a spoon shaped flap of cartilage called the epiglottis

which acts like a lid that seals off the airway when you're

eating so that food can only go one way down the east africa

systemic

if anything

other than air gets into the lyrics

then you have a cough reflex that kicks it right back

now once air makes its way into the lyrics

it then continues down the trachea or wind pipe

which splits into two mainstream brand

the point at which they split is called the corona

it then enters the lungs and the right long has three loaves

the upper lobe middle lobe and lower lobe the left lung just

has two lobes

the upper lobe and lower lobe

the right mainstream broadcast is wider and more vertical than

the left

which is why if you accidentally inhale something big

that can't get coughed up like a peanut

it's more likely to go into the right long than the left

the mainstream bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller

bronk

the trachea and the first three generations of bronchi are all

pretty wide and use cartilage rings for support

now taking a look at a cross sectional chunk of this trachea

there is also a layer of smooth muscle

which has nerved

the autonomic nervous system

the autonomic nervous systems made up of two basic types of

nerves sympathetic nerves which are involved in fighter flight

mode like running from a turkey and parasympathetic nerves

which are involved in the rest and digest mode like eating

ice cream on the

smooth muscle along the trachea and the first few branches of

bronchitis have beta two agonist receptors

going back to that turkey

when you're running

the sympathetic nerves stimulate those beta to adjourn energic

receptors and this increases the diameter of the airways

allowing more air to get in

but those same airways also have masquerade receptors

which can get stimulated by parasympathetic nerves causing

a decrease in the diameter of the airwaves

the large airways are lined mostly by accelerated columnar cells

and a handful of goblet cells

which get their name from looking like a wine goblet

and these guys to create mucus

that mucus helps trap particles

and then the silhouette column ourselves beat rhythmically

to move the mucus and any trap particles from the air towards

the fairings where they can either be spit out or swallowed

this mechanism is known as the mucociliary escalator

after the first three generations of bronchitis the airways

getting more narrow

called bronchioles

meaning little bronchial

and these can stay open without the need for cartilage

air is conducted through smaller and smaller bronchials for

about fifteen to twenty generations

and collectively these are known as conducting bronchials

these conducting bronchials receive oxygenated blood from the

bronchial arteries yeah

the walls of those conducting broccoli are also lined by ciliated

columnar cells in mucus secreting goblet cells

as well as a new type of cell called a club cell

these clubs sells to create glycosaminoglycans

which protect the bronchial or epithelium

these guys can also transform and distillate columnar cells

so they help regenerate and replace damage cells if needed

now all these cells

the bronchials

receive oxygenated blood from the bronchial arteries of the

systemic circulation

which is important to keep in mind for a later

the last part of the conducting bronchials are the terminal

bronchials and then after that air gets the respiratory bronchials

which are unique because they have tiny outpouching that butt

off from their walls

these out-poaching are called l v a i and there are about five

hundred million of them in the lungs

eventually

the respiratory bronchials end when there's nothing but i'll

be alive

and at that point

the airways called an lvl or duct rather than a respiratory

bronchiole

and this is the final destination of the inhaled air

the ovular wall has a completely different structured than the

bronchials

there are no silly or smooth muscle and instead the walls lined

by thin epithelial cells called nemo sites

most are a regular numerous sites called type one neuroscience

but some called type two numerous sites have the ability to

secrete a substance called so

so in fact it helps decrease the surface tension within the

l voi and therefore helps keep them open

just like the club cells

the type two nemo sites are capable of transforming into type

one numerous sites so they can also help regenerate and replace

damaged sales

finally

if a tiny particle ever makes a deep end of the lungs

there are a video or macrophages that can gobble it up and

then physically move up to the conducting bronchials

where they can ride the mucociliary escalator all the way up

to the ferrings to be either coughed up or swallowed down

free from particles the inhaled air is now in the l v a list

surrounded by mostly type one nemo

on the other side of the numerous sites are endothelial cells

that line the capillary walls

which is what holds the blood

this time

no that blood comes from the pulmonary arteries and is deoxygenated

the numerous sites in the capillaries are glued together with

a protein layer called the basement membrane

so the l viewer wall

the basement membrane

and the capillary wall is really all that separates the air

from the blood and this is called the blood gas barrier

at this point carbon dioxide diffuses out from the devastated

blood and into the air of the l v i

which then gets breathed

and with each breath in

oxygen enters the lvli and freely diffuses into the blood

that freshly oxygenated blood then heads off to the pulmonary

veins the heart

and then to the body's tissues

all right

as a quick recap

the respiratory system facilitates gas exchange

oxygen in the air

is inhaled and makes its way through the fairings

layerings

trachea

large upper airways conducting bronchials respiratory bronchials

the l v i

and finally the capillary to be sent to the body's tissue

then carbon dioxide makes the reverse journey to eventually

be exhaled into the

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physiology

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