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For the past century,
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Russian history has also been the history
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of its security services.
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They were used by the Soviet state to crush dissent.
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Millions suffered at their hands.
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But while many things may have changed in today's Russia,
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its security network is arguably stronger than ever,
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and the reason behind that is the rise
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of a lowly Lieutenant Colonel to president
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of this vast country.
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I know the KGB better than anyone else,
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because I was part of the inside circle.
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This is the story of the KGB,
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told by its veterans and its victims.
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(eerie music)
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In the summer of 1991,
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secret orders were sent out from KGB headquarters
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to field offices throughout the Soviet Union.
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My colleagues and I saw
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preparations for repression.
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We saw work taking place on case files,
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handcuffs ordered,
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prison capacity expanded.
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We were involved in the process.
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Some officers wanted nothing to do with it.
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I was among them,
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so I resigned.
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The chairman of the KGB, Vladimir Kryuchkov,
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had ordered a quarter of a million pairs of handcuffs
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and 300,000 arrest warrants, and canceled all KGB leave.
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Citizens of Moscow knew nothing of all this
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until the tanks were on the streets.
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(speaking foreign language).
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The announcement didn't reveal
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that President Gorbachev was under house arrest
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in his Dacha, in the Crimea.
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He managed to record a brief message to the Soviet people
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and aids smuggled it out.
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(speaking foreign language).
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KGB hardliners believed that Gorbachev
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brought it all on himself, introducing Western style reform.
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With Perestroika, which was introduced
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by Mikhail Gorbachev,
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there should have been a concrete plan.
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When there's no plan, it's chaos.
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And that's what Gorbachev created.
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The KGB was committed to saving the Soviet Union.
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Indeed, that's one of the reasons why the head of the KGB
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was part of a coup against Gorbachev in August, 1991.
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As tanks closed in around the White House,
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Russia's Parliament, the people realized
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that their government was under threat
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and thousands came out onto the streets.
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In the early morning, I rushed to the White House.
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I was thinking that they would arrest me.
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Then I approached the White House
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and saw a crowd there.
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Extraordinary.
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Crowd's put their bodies in the way of tanks and trucks,
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determined to stop the putsch.
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Tank crews were reluctant to hurt the protestors.
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They had to choose, fire on your own people or switch sides.
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The standoff continued through the night.
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No one knew which way it was going to go.
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The following morning, when Boris Yeltsin
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stepped onto a tank, the crowd cheered.
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A simple handshake effectively determined the coup was over.
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President Gorbachev returned to Moscow,
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having steadfastly refused to negotiate
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with the coup leaders who'd held him and his family captive.
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The leaders of the KGB didn't understand
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the mindset of their own officers.
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They didn't understand that most KGB officers
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wouldn't support the putsch.
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The cadre of coup leaders became known
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as the August Kings.
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They were all arrested except Boris Pugo,
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who killed himself to avoid capture.
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The putsch in 1991 failed because the people preparing it
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were incompetent.
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They hadn't made contact with the army.
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They didn't have a clear plan.
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And also I think they failed to account for the fact
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that by 1991, quite a lot of Russians
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weren't willing to go back to the old Soviet times.
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And the putsch seemed really like yesterday's men,
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you know, they just wanted to dial back the clock.
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The leaders of the coup were, in large part,
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the old guard of the Soviet Union
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who'd watched with despair, the reforms,
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but they had no new ideas to offer.
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They had no new policies and had their coup succeeded,
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I think it would have been a recipe for disaster.
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The last gasp of the old guard was symbolized
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by the toppling of Felix Dzerzhinsky
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from his place of honor in Lubyanka Square.
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The founder of Lennon's security service was carted away
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face down to the delight of a celebrating crowd.
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But President Mikhail Gorbachev was no longer
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the man of the moment either.
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Boris Yeltsin had taken the initiative
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and captured the public imagination.
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(speaking foreign language)
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(speaking foreign language)
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(speaking foreign language)
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(crowd clapping)
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The dissolution of the Soviet Union
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was the end of Gorbachev's empire.
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And Boris Yeltsin, President of Russia,
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was ruthless in dispatching him.
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Having dissolved the old KGB
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and split it into several parts,
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Yeltsin now had control of the security apparatus.
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His idea of reform was superficial.
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The idea was just to split the edges.
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So you have a monster,
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you just split it into different parts,
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and that gives you some sort of a control.
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He can't forget that this is a great threat
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to his position, so he breaks it up
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into its component parts,
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foreign intelligence, domestic intelligence, border guard,
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signals intelligence, communications, and so forth.
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He also sacks large numbers of its staff,
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weeding out people who are probably hostile towards him.
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Yeltsin turned his attention
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to the domestic agenda.
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He saw the need to raise living standards.
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And from January, 1992, he came up with a big idea.
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He announced that state owned industries
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would be handed back to the people.
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Everyone would be given shares.
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Large scale privatization was intended to give citizens
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a personal stake in the Russian economy.
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But the public had no experience of a private economy,
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so many of these shares were snapped up for pennies
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by a few entrepreneurs.
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Lots of people saying, everything's falling apart.
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No one knows what's going on.
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This is a great opportunity to basically embezzle
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huge amounts of money from official funds,
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stick them in secret accounts
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that no one else has access to,
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and so when the system does fall apart,
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me and my friends are gonna be rich.
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Soon, Moscow had almost a hundred billionaires
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while most Russians struggled to survive.
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There's not many people who are making large amounts
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of money in the mid 90s who want in some way or other
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involved in organized crime.
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The Yeltsin years were marked
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by a dramatic rise in violence and corruption.
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Russia became notorious as the wild east.
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Mafias of every description took control of business.
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Those they didn't own outright,
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were forced to pay protection money.
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Inevitably, the people cried out for an end to the chaos.
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The internal security service, rebranded under Yeltsin
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as the Federal Service of the Russian Federation,
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the FSB, now stepped into the breach.
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Former KGB officers start taking over businesses
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in the mid 1990s.
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It's a means of employing the security apparatus
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to restore law and order they would say.
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But at the same time, it means that they themselves
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move into the business of organized crime.
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Everyone had a family
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and had to provide for that family.
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People left the service
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and founded private security organizations
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running security services for big corporations.
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They needed experienced people who knew
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how security systems could be organized.
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And by the way, they paid big money.
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In the 1990s there's a booming industry of security.
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Former KGB officials flourish in this sphere.
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They go into banking security, body guards,
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high level oligarchs
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working out their own security apparatus,
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and so a lot of KGB officers make
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a great deal of success of the 1990s.
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The difference between the FSB and the KGB
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is the ideological motivation.
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The KGB officer is someone who represents the interests
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of their class within the state.
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The FSB officer represents, I believe,
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the interests of the state,
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but tries to incorporate his own interests at the same time.
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The end of the Soviet Union,
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when there was a realization in the KGB
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that they were the only people with access
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to foreign currency, effective networks,
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means of getting things done,
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and this was the time to leverage this into personal fortune
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because all of the vast reserves of foreign currency
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that were at the KGB's disposal overseas,
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could now be turned into making money.
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One Lieutenant Colonel from the former KGB
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was well-placed to capitalize on these recent developments.
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Vladimir Putin returned to his home city of Leningrad
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and landed a job in city hall.
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He was kept on what's called the active reserve,
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where you sort of stay within the service,
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but you actually get a job outside.
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And in short order, he ended up at the mayor's office
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where because he spoke foreign languages and so forth,
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he became an advisor in international affairs.
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And in some ways that was the making of him,
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because he caught the eye of the mayor, Sobchak.
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Anatoly Sobchak was a rising star.
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A man many saw as a future president.
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I think Putin recognized,
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if I go with Sobchak, then there will be loads
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of new possibilities.
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There you can shape the new Russia
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more in your own interests
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or in the interest of your own progress.
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And he basically became Sobchak's fixer.
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Fixer, bagman, he was the guy who liaised
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with the powerful, local organized crime syndicates.
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He was the guy who basically kept things working.
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Putin was typical of a whole generation of KGB officers
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who use their power in the past to become very rich.
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And they were then in a position by the late 1990s
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and early 2000s to retake a political role as well.
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Later in what was now St. Petersburg,
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Putin became friends with Boris Berezovsky,
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one of a number of oligarchs who'd made vast fortunes
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when the Soviet Union collapsed.
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Russia at that time was in a really bad situation
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in terms of food supplies.
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And people would stand in lines to buy bread
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and everyday stuff, but in St. Petersburg things were okay.
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And Yeltsin called Sobchak,
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who was the mayor of St. Petersburg at the time
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and said, how come you have everything
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and we have problems around the country?
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And Sobchak said, well, you know, we are on the Baltic Sea,
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Bay of Finland, I mean, and look
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we have a very good nice guy who handles all this stuff.
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What's his name?
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Well Putin.
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Well, let him come to Moscow.
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And when he came to Moscow, again, you know,
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he ended up working for some of the most corrupt figures
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within the Russian government as their loyal henchman.
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And that's how he rose.
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Putin's friend Berezovsky
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was highly influential in Moscow.
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He funded Yeltsin's re-election and later claimed
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that it was he who suggested that Putin might be effective
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as head of the FSB.
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Yeltsin duly appointed him in July, 1998.
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Putin's command of Russia's security service,
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marks the return of intolerance.
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Internal critics were again viewed as enemies,
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plotting with the west to bring down the state.
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Prominent among those critics was Galina Starovoytova.
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An outspoken Russian MP,
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she tried twice to pass a bill that would exclude
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communist party officials and, crucially, former employees
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of the security services from taking political office.
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0:15:0,429 --> 0:15:1,468
[Female Interpreter] She was often asked,
264
0:15:1,468 --> 0:15:3,241
aren't you afraid?
265
0:15:3,241 --> 0:15:6,823
She would answer, yes, but I've taken this path
266
0:15:6,823 --> 0:15:8,676
and there's no turning back.
267
0:15:9,813 --> 0:15:13,646
(speaking foreign language)
268
0:15:17,493 --> 0:15:21,783
Galina Starovoytova was one of the first Russian MPS
269
0:15:21,783 --> 0:15:23,973
to act differently from other politicians.
270
0:15:23,973 --> 0:15:24,806
She was human.
271
0:15:24,806 --> 0:15:26,143
She talked like other Russians.
272
0:15:26,143 --> 0:15:27,902
She wasn't seeking to make money for herself
273
0:15:27,902 --> 0:15:30,883
and she was mysteriously murdered in the stairway
274
0:15:30,883 --> 0:15:33,496
of her St. Petersburg apartment building.
275
0:15:39,479 --> 0:15:42,673
[Female Interpreter] They were professional hit-men.
276
0:15:42,673 --> 0:15:46,306
The ringleader who ran the gang of killers, is now in jail.
277
0:15:50,893 --> 0:15:54,29
The people who order serious political assassinations
278
0:15:54,29 --> 0:15:56,823
are never caught in our country.
279
0:15:56,823 --> 0:15:58,806
They don't investigate themselves.
280
0:16:2,93 --> 0:16:4,803
It's a very usual way, I would say kind of traditional
281
0:16:4,803 --> 0:16:7,897
for the Russian law enforcement to investigate only
282
0:16:7,897 --> 0:16:9,723
the low level.
283
0:16:9,723 --> 0:16:12,493
Like you have a high-profile killer,
284
0:16:12,493 --> 0:16:14,63
you just investigate the people
285
0:16:14,63 --> 0:16:16,53
who actually physically did that,
286
0:16:16,53 --> 0:16:18,963
but you never try to investigate the whole chain
287
0:16:18,963 --> 0:16:20,246
to find masterminds.
288
0:16:21,183 --> 0:16:22,313
There is nothing to connect
289
0:16:22,313 --> 0:16:25,236
Starovoytova's murder with Vladimir Putin,
290
0:16:26,383 --> 0:16:29,243
but if her legislation had become law,
291
0:16:29,243 --> 0:16:32,222
he could never have migrated from the security services
292
0:16:32,222 --> 0:16:34,146
into political office.
293
0:16:35,563 --> 0:16:39,481
This impediment removed, Putin used his security service
294
0:16:39,481 --> 0:16:42,796
to get president Yeltsin out of a tight spot.
295
0:16:44,263 --> 0:16:46,763
The Attorney General Yuri Schiratov
296
0:16:46,763 --> 0:16:48,493
was preparing a corruption case
297
0:16:48,493 --> 0:16:51,96
against the very highest state officials.
298
0:16:52,843 --> 0:16:57,293
Putin used FSB surveillance to catch Skaratov having sex
299
0:16:57,293 --> 0:17:0,233
with two prostitutes and broadcast the footage
300
0:17:0,233 --> 0:17:1,666
on national television.
301
0:17:3,764 --> 0:17:6,393
Schiratov tearfully resigned,
302
0:17:6,393 --> 0:17:10,436
and his allegations about corrupt politicians were silenced.
303
0:17:12,273 --> 0:17:14,208
It would not be long before Putin
304
0:17:14,208 --> 0:17:16,596
was promoted to Prime Minister.
305
0:17:19,743 --> 0:17:23,473
From the beginning, Prime Minister Putin painted a picture
306
0:17:23,473 --> 0:17:25,822
of Russia under siege,
307
0:17:25,822 --> 0:17:28,53
both from external enemies
308
0:17:28,53 --> 0:17:30,416
and from separatist extremists within.
309
0:17:31,364 --> 0:17:35,197
(speaking foreign language)
310
0:17:47,753 --> 0:17:50,483
Just one month after he took office,
311
0:17:50,483 --> 0:17:54,96
four apartment blocks in major Russian cities were bombed.
312
0:17:55,13 --> 0:17:57,866
The outrage was attributed to Chechen rebels.
313
0:18:1,573 --> 0:18:5,203
But former KGB investigator Mikhail Trepashkin
314
0:18:5,203 --> 0:18:8,546
believes Putin was well-placed to take advantage.
315
0:18:11,38 --> 0:18:13,323
These apartment bombings may have happened
316
0:18:13,323 --> 0:18:17,223
as a specific provocation to start a war in the caucuses
317
0:18:17,223 --> 0:18:20,253
and to win dividends for an upcoming election.
318
0:18:20,253 --> 0:18:22,183
Only I can fight terrorism.
319
0:18:22,183 --> 0:18:24,113
Just look at what's happening here.
320
0:18:24,113 --> 0:18:26,613
The Chechens are becoming too audacious,
321
0:18:26,613 --> 0:18:28,863
bombing here in the center of Moscow.
322
0:18:28,863 --> 0:18:31,153
That's why we should bomb them.
323
0:18:31,153 --> 0:18:33,723
Of course, anyone who would fight terrorism
324
0:18:33,723 --> 0:18:35,623
was immediately a hero.
325
0:18:35,623 --> 0:18:36,883
And I think it was a factor
326
0:18:36,883 --> 0:18:39,886
in Putin's high popularity rating for years.
327
0:18:41,443 --> 0:18:44,417
No rigorous investigation has been undertaken
328
0:18:44,417 --> 0:18:47,641
into these bombings, so all kinds of accusations
329
0:18:47,641 --> 0:18:49,173
have floated around.
330
0:18:49,173 --> 0:18:50,623
It's got a lot of people killed
331
0:18:50,623 --> 0:18:52,713
who've made these accusations too,
332
0:18:52,713 --> 0:18:55,863
but we haven't got to the bottom of that mystery.
333
0:18:55,863 --> 0:18:57,771
Whoever was behind these atrocities,
334
0:18:57,771 --> 0:19:0,803
they convinced the Russian people once again,
335
0:19:0,803 --> 0:19:3,73
that their country was under siege
336
0:19:3,73 --> 0:19:5,96
and they needed a strong leader.
337
0:19:8,763 --> 0:19:11,53
Within three months of these bombings,
338
0:19:11,53 --> 0:19:14,103
Boris Yeltsin conferred the office of President
339
0:19:14,103 --> 0:19:15,496
on Vladimir Putin.
340
0:19:20,513 --> 0:19:23,533
In the eight years between the collapse of the Soviet Union
341
0:19:23,533 --> 0:19:26,247
and Putin taking the highest public office,
342
0:19:26,247 --> 0:19:31,186
a new class of political figure had arisen, the siloviki.
343
0:19:32,543 --> 0:19:36,423
It was peopled by well-connected former KGB officers
344
0:19:36,423 --> 0:19:40,96
who had climbed over the old guard and assumed authority.
345
0:19:41,423 --> 0:19:43,333
With Putin in the top job,
346
0:19:43,333 --> 0:19:46,223
and these like-minded figures in support,
347
0:19:46,223 --> 0:19:49,983
the siloviki had become a formidable force.
348
0:19:49,983 --> 0:19:52,433
With Putin in charge,
349
0:19:52,433 --> 0:19:55,163
well actually the KGB took over.
350
0:19:55,163 --> 0:19:57,66
This is really a unique situation.
351
0:19:58,173 --> 0:20:0,453
Well in the old Soviet days,
352
0:20:0,453 --> 0:20:3,884
the Soviet system was built on three pillars,
353
0:20:3,884 --> 0:20:7,406
communist party, the security service,
354
0:20:8,293 --> 0:20:12,3
and the military industrial complex.
355
0:20:12,3 --> 0:20:14,13
With the collapse of the USSR,
356
0:20:14,13 --> 0:20:18,773
number one now is KGB with the president of the country,
357
0:20:18,773 --> 0:20:21,243
former KGB officer from St. Petersburg.
358
0:20:21,243 --> 0:20:22,186
I mean, Mr. Putin.
359
0:20:23,563 --> 0:20:26,273
When he found out that he was going to be made president
360
0:20:26,273 --> 0:20:28,234
just in the December of 99,
361
0:20:28,234 --> 0:20:30,773
he gave a speech at the Lubyanka
362
0:20:30,773 --> 0:20:33,494
to the gathered KGB officers.
363
0:20:33,494 --> 0:20:37,327
(speaking foreign language)
364
0:20:43,637 --> 0:20:46,773
There's a round of applause and laughter afterwards
365
0:20:46,773 --> 0:20:48,833
in the room, but it's not entirely clear
366
0:20:48,833 --> 0:20:52,73
whether he was joking or not.
367
0:20:52,73 --> 0:20:54,722
As an early demonstration of his authority,
368
0:20:54,722 --> 0:20:57,466
Putin set about crushing Chechnya.
369
0:20:58,703 --> 0:21:1,83
The west had been urging restraint,
370
0:21:1,83 --> 0:21:4,406
but after the apartment bombings, the gloves were off.
371
0:21:7,503 --> 0:21:10,493
This new offensive was much better planned and executed
372
0:21:10,493 --> 0:21:12,536
than Yeltsin's previous campaigns.
373
0:21:14,713 --> 0:21:17,503
The enemy was no longer the Chechens.
374
0:21:17,503 --> 0:21:20,326
This was the beginning of a war on terror.
375
0:21:21,323 --> 0:21:25,16
Putin had boots on the ground there for the next 10 years.
376
0:21:28,203 --> 0:21:30,880
Officially the second Chechen war was not a war.
377
0:21:30,880 --> 0:21:32,730
It was a counter-terrorism operation.
378
0:21:34,163 --> 0:21:36,293
The thing is that when you have
379
0:21:36,293 --> 0:21:38,133
a counter-terrorism operation,
380
0:21:38,133 --> 0:21:40,753
the primary role is by definition
381
0:21:40,753 --> 0:21:43,976
given to the security services, not to the military.
382
0:21:46,223 --> 0:21:47,813
Colonel Evgeny Petrushin
383
0:21:47,813 --> 0:21:50,443
served in the second Chechen war.
384
0:21:50,443 --> 0:21:54,603
He led an alpha unit of spetsnaz or special forces.
385
0:21:54,603 --> 0:21:56,623
They were established under the KGB
386
0:21:56,623 --> 0:21:59,536
specifically for counter-terrorism operations.
387
0:22:1,723 --> 0:22:3,693
We had a new president and he ordered
388
0:22:3,693 --> 0:22:6,967
the liquidation of terrorism on Chechen territory
389
0:22:6,967 --> 0:22:9,873
because it had become a center for the elites
390
0:22:9,873 --> 0:22:12,73
of world terrorism.
391
0:22:12,73 --> 0:22:13,606
They were all in Chechnya.
392
0:22:19,393 --> 0:22:21,263
Chechen fighters were no match
393
0:22:21,263 --> 0:22:22,606
for the Russian military.
394
0:22:23,473 --> 0:22:26,46
Grozny was virtually raised to the ground.
395
0:22:29,83 --> 0:22:31,663
But in October, 2002,
396
0:22:31,663 --> 0:22:34,296
the militants took the fight to Moscow.
397
0:22:42,793 --> 0:22:46,393
They attacked a theater taking the cast, orchestra,
398
0:22:46,393 --> 0:22:48,546
and the entire audience hostage.
399
0:22:56,573 --> 0:22:59,661
The gunmen demanded an end to the Chechen war,
400
0:22:59,661 --> 0:23:2,293
which had been triggered by the apartment bombings
401
0:23:2,293 --> 0:23:3,243
three years before.
402
0:23:4,372 --> 0:23:8,205
(speaking foreign language)
403
0:23:9,156 --> 0:23:12,989
(speaking foreign language)
404
0:23:22,993 --> 0:23:25,253
They threatened to blow up the theater
405
0:23:25,253 --> 0:23:27,906
with 850 hostages inside.
406
0:23:28,833 --> 0:23:31,523
A Russian journalist, Anna Politkovskaya,
407
0:23:31,523 --> 0:23:34,96
was allowed in to try and negotiate terms.
408
0:23:35,653 --> 0:23:39,486
(speaking foreign language)
409
0:23:45,943 --> 0:23:47,913
Day and night, live images
410
0:23:47,913 --> 0:23:49,496
were beamed around the world.
411
0:23:51,63 --> 0:23:54,679
Hostages made brief calls on their cell phones.
412
0:23:54,679 --> 0:23:58,379
(speaking foreign language)
413
0:23:58,379 --> 0:24:2,317
(speaking foreign language)
414
0:24:2,317 --> 0:24:6,817
(speaking foreign language)
415
0:24:10,913 --> 0:24:13,453
When two captives were executed,
416
0:24:13,453 --> 0:24:17,386
the FSB was standing by ready to mount an assault.
417
0:24:19,493 --> 0:24:21,890
We woke at 5:55 AM.
418
0:24:21,890 --> 0:24:24,75
We went on full alert.
419
0:24:24,75 --> 0:24:27,703
And you know, I noticed a strange smell
420
0:24:27,703 --> 0:24:31,66
and I'd left my gas mask on a shelf in my quarters.
421
0:24:31,953 --> 0:24:34,293
I quickly ran to get it.
422
0:24:34,293 --> 0:24:36,663
I grabbed it, put it on.
423
0:24:36,663 --> 0:24:39,86
As soon as I got there, we blew off the door.
424
0:24:45,43 --> 0:24:46,973
The terrorists had laid explosives
425
0:24:46,973 --> 0:24:49,262
around the theater, and the women among them
426
0:24:49,262 --> 0:24:51,106
wore suicide vests.
427
0:24:53,883 --> 0:24:56,323
The security forces had devised a strategy
428
0:24:56,323 --> 0:24:58,6
to minimize loss of life.
429
0:24:59,73 --> 0:25:2,863
Before Colonel Petrushin and his FSB special forces crew
430
0:25:2,863 --> 0:25:7,343
went in, anesthetic gas a thousand times more potent
431
0:25:7,343 --> 0:25:10,6
than morphine had been piped into the building.
432
0:25:11,893 --> 0:25:15,166
The idea was to subdue everyone inside.
433
0:25:18,752 --> 0:25:21,576
We quickly moved through the first row.
434
0:25:21,576 --> 0:25:22,894
Right in front of me,
435
0:25:22,894 --> 0:25:25,806
a terrorist was reaching for his machine gun.
436
0:25:27,4 --> 0:25:29,36
I saw his eyes widening.
437
0:25:30,398 --> 0:25:32,736
He must have known his time was up.
438
0:25:35,973 --> 0:25:38,103
After a brief firefight.
439
0:25:38,103 --> 0:25:41,223
All the terrorists were reported dead,
440
0:25:41,223 --> 0:25:45,306
but evacuating and reviving the hostages proved difficult.
441
0:25:46,303 --> 0:25:48,793
A medical specialist from MEC
442
0:25:48,793 --> 0:25:49,723
was walking around
443
0:25:49,723 --> 0:25:52,13
with plenty of gold braid on his shoulders.
444
0:25:52,13 --> 0:25:54,763
He was saying, this one's dead, that one and that one.
445
0:25:54,763 --> 0:25:57,743
Then the first person coughed and opened his eyes.
446
0:25:57,743 --> 0:25:59,943
You know, that describes the professional level
447
0:25:59,943 --> 0:26:1,673
of our doctors.
448
0:26:1,673 --> 0:26:3,273
It was made even more challenging
449
0:26:3,273 --> 0:26:5,503
for the medics because no one would tell them
450
0:26:5,503 --> 0:26:7,623
which gas had been used.
451
0:26:7,623 --> 0:26:11,372
The government says 130 hostages died,
452
0:26:11,372 --> 0:26:15,806
but a public investigation set the figure at 174.
453
0:26:16,795 --> 0:26:19,173
Regarding all the fuss about the gas,
454
0:26:19,173 --> 0:26:20,83
I will say again,
455
0:26:20,83 --> 0:26:21,386
we are soldiers.
456
0:26:22,323 --> 0:26:24,143
We are at war.
457
0:26:24,143 --> 0:26:26,443
As he had promised in 1999,
458
0:26:26,443 --> 0:26:30,123
Putin now had justification to crush the Chechen resistance
459
0:26:30,123 --> 0:26:31,989
for a generation.
460
0:26:31,989 --> 0:26:35,822
(speaking foreign language)
461
0:26:43,469 --> 0:26:46,326
He sent in his elite forces.
462
0:26:47,333 --> 0:26:50,423
Special operation forces of the FSB,
463
0:26:50,423 --> 0:26:53,3
they played a much more important role
464
0:26:53,3 --> 0:26:54,926
because they got better trained.
465
0:27:0,634 --> 0:27:2,563
Colonel Petrushin was dispatched
466
0:27:2,563 --> 0:27:4,476
for a second tour in Chechnya.
467
0:27:7,170 --> 0:27:8,670
I'm a soldier.
468
0:27:10,85 --> 0:27:12,896
A soldier is not a murderer.
469
0:27:12,896 --> 0:27:15,936
He has God's permission to protect his country.
470
0:27:17,603 --> 0:27:19,643
But just like the apartment bombings,
471
0:27:19,643 --> 0:27:21,913
the trigger for the new onslaught in Grozny,
472
0:27:21,913 --> 0:27:25,386
the theater siege, may not have been quite as it seemed.
473
0:27:26,643 --> 0:27:27,713
There was intelligence.
474
0:27:27,713 --> 0:27:30,453
A lot of people knew that fighters had arrived in Moscow,
475
0:27:30,453 --> 0:27:33,943
something was brewing, but no one took action to stop it.
476
0:27:33,943 --> 0:27:35,763
Colonel Mikhail Trepahskin
477
0:27:35,763 --> 0:27:37,419
also finds it suspicious
478
0:27:37,419 --> 0:27:40,466
that all the hostage takers were shot dead.
479
0:27:41,893 --> 0:27:42,726
It's understandable
480
0:27:42,726 --> 0:27:44,323
if they're armed and dangerous,
481
0:27:44,323 --> 0:27:46,53
but an unarmed man on his knees
482
0:27:46,53 --> 0:27:48,133
was shot in the back of his head.
483
0:27:48,133 --> 0:27:50,300
It would have been better to fully investigate someone
484
0:27:50,300 --> 0:27:52,426
than to have killed every one.
485
0:27:54,703 --> 0:27:57,403
What could they gain from keeping any of them alive?
486
0:27:58,387 --> 0:28:1,583
A complicated trial, more chance for propaganda
487
0:28:1,583 --> 0:28:3,383
from the Chechen cause.
488
0:28:3,383 --> 0:28:6,240
It's very inconvenient to have celebrity terrorists
489
0:28:6,240 --> 0:28:8,386
and that's the last thing they want.
490
0:28:9,703 --> 0:28:11,983
An independent inquiry was launched
491
0:28:11,983 --> 0:28:13,963
into the theater siege.
492
0:28:13,963 --> 0:28:16,513
Of the six investigators involved,
493
0:28:16,513 --> 0:28:19,673
one died in a hail of bullets in Moscow,
494
0:28:19,673 --> 0:28:23,323
a second was poisoned, and a third was murdered
495
0:28:23,323 --> 0:28:24,756
in her apartment building.
496
0:28:25,853 --> 0:28:29,593
Mikhail Trepashkin was also one of the six.
497
0:28:29,593 --> 0:28:33,146
He served four years in prison on trumped up charges.
498
0:28:34,153 --> 0:28:36,843
Still the most vocal of the surviving three,
499
0:28:36,843 --> 0:28:39,196
he may be living on borrowed time.
500
0:28:42,253 --> 0:28:45,543
In Putin's Russia, anyone who raises their head
501
0:28:45,543 --> 0:28:48,366
above the parapet is in grave danger.
502
0:28:49,653 --> 0:28:53,333
In 2003, the billionaire oligarchs who had underwritten
503
0:28:53,333 --> 0:28:55,143
his ascent to the presidency
504
0:28:55,143 --> 0:28:57,763
were summoned to St. Catherine's Hall in the Kremlin
505
0:29:1,163 --> 0:29:4,633
Mikhail Khodorkovsky, the wealthiest of all the oligarchs,
506
0:29:4,633 --> 0:29:6,517
took the opportunity to raise concerns
507
0:29:6,517 --> 0:29:8,156
about state corruption.
508
0:29:10,468 --> 0:29:14,301
(speaking foreign language)
509
0:29:21,643 --> 0:29:24,83
Putin was visibly angry
510
0:29:24,83 --> 0:29:28,128
and criticized Khodorkovsky's oil empire, Yucos.
511
0:29:28,128 --> 0:29:31,961
(speaking foreign language)
512
0:29:44,783 --> 0:29:47,403
Khodorkovsky was arrested soon after
513
0:29:47,403 --> 0:29:50,303
and served a total of 10 years,
514
0:29:50,303 --> 0:29:53,313
mostly in a Siberian prison camp.
515
0:29:53,313 --> 0:29:56,413
His business was seized and the oligarchs were left
516
0:29:56,413 --> 0:29:58,646
in no doubt who runs the country.
517
0:29:59,833 --> 0:30:3,113
Journalists have also tried to hold the state to account.
518
0:30:3,113 --> 0:30:6,623
Between the criminal world and the security services,
519
0:30:6,623 --> 0:30:8,386
they stand little chance.
520
0:30:9,293 --> 0:30:10,791
They warn them before,
521
0:30:10,791 --> 0:30:14,563
then when those warnings aren't headed, they kill them.
522
0:30:14,563 --> 0:30:17,237
And the murders are not there just to remove them,
523
0:30:17,237 --> 0:30:18,713
though that is a factor.
524
0:30:18,713 --> 0:30:22,703
It's there to send a message to the less bold journalists
525
0:30:22,703 --> 0:30:26,114
that this is what faces you if you are as brave as that.
526
0:30:26,114 --> 0:30:29,947
(speaking foreign language)
527
0:30:34,953 --> 0:30:36,523
Yuri Schchekochikhin,
528
0:30:36,523 --> 0:30:40,43
who exposed KGB corruption and vigorously opposed
529
0:30:40,43 --> 0:30:43,52
the Chechen war, died in what can only be described
530
0:30:43,52 --> 0:30:45,456
as suspicious circumstances.
531
0:30:47,653 --> 0:30:48,953
According to the law,
532
0:30:48,953 --> 0:30:51,303
Schchekochikhin died naturally.
533
0:30:51,303 --> 0:30:54,203
Of course, that's if you can call it a natural death
534
0:30:54,203 --> 0:30:58,103
when a person starts losing his hair, his skin peels away,
535
0:30:58,103 --> 0:31:0,333
he suddenly gets 20 years older,
536
0:31:0,333 --> 0:31:1,903
and all his organs stop working
537
0:31:1,903 --> 0:31:4,133
and he dies within four days.
538
0:31:4,133 --> 0:31:6,383
If that's supposed to be a natural death,
539
0:31:6,383 --> 0:31:8,6
I find it suspicious.
540
0:31:11,433 --> 0:31:15,793
In Russia, to be a real free journalist
541
0:31:15,793 --> 0:31:18,103
is a very risky business.
542
0:31:18,103 --> 0:31:20,96
It's a really risky life.
543
0:31:22,163 --> 0:31:24,623
Another journalist, Anna Politkovskaya,
544
0:31:24,623 --> 0:31:26,663
who had tried to negotiate a resolution
545
0:31:26,663 --> 0:31:29,386
to the theater siege, ignored warnings.
546
0:31:32,413 --> 0:31:35,313
She championed human rights for minorities
547
0:31:35,313 --> 0:31:37,566
and campaigned against the Chechen war.
548
0:31:39,203 --> 0:31:42,66
She too was silenced brutally.
549
0:31:43,673 --> 0:31:47,483
She died on Vladimir Putin's birthday.
550
0:31:47,483 --> 0:31:50,106
No one can say who ordered her execution.
551
0:31:53,573 --> 0:31:55,543
The fact that the Politkovskaya case
552
0:31:55,543 --> 0:31:58,30
has never been solved, yet no further investigations
553
0:31:58,30 --> 0:32:1,33
are underway, leads me to believe that the people
554
0:32:1,33 --> 0:32:3,176
who ordered the hit are still in power.
555
0:32:4,723 --> 0:32:7,443
Schchekochikhin and Politkovskaya both worked
556
0:32:7,443 --> 0:32:9,393
for Novaya Gazeta.
557
0:32:9,393 --> 0:32:13,383
It's one of the last major independent newspapers in Russia.
558
0:32:13,383 --> 0:32:16,736
Most of the media is owned or controlled by the state.
559
0:32:17,663 --> 0:32:20,823
Six of Novaya Gazeta's correspondence have met
560
0:32:20,823 --> 0:32:23,756
untimely deaths in the era of the FSB.
561
0:32:24,843 --> 0:32:27,3
Yet no one can say with certainty
562
0:32:27,3 --> 0:32:28,676
who was behind their deaths.
563
0:32:34,383 --> 0:32:37,173
Everyone from common criminals to oligarchs
564
0:32:37,173 --> 0:32:38,783
has the impression that it's okay
565
0:32:38,783 --> 0:32:42,76
to kill or maim journalists because nothing will happen.
566
0:32:45,403 --> 0:32:47,953
Mikhail Trepashkin is still alive,
567
0:32:47,953 --> 0:32:51,266
but some inside the FSB wished otherwise.
568
0:32:52,573 --> 0:32:55,353
He left the organization in 1997
569
0:32:55,353 --> 0:32:56,833
and has been a constant critic
570
0:32:56,833 --> 0:32:59,779
of corruption in the service ever since.
571
0:32:59,779 --> 0:33:2,923
Some of his former colleagues still serving,
572
0:33:2,923 --> 0:33:7,233
secretly admire his stance and they've stayed his execution
573
0:33:7,233 --> 0:33:8,266
more than once.
574
0:33:9,333 --> 0:33:14,333
In 1998, Colonel Alexander Litvinenko dropped by uninvited.
575
0:33:16,128 --> 0:33:21,128
He said, hello Misha, I'm your killer, Sasha Litvinenko.
576
0:33:21,483 --> 0:33:24,853
Litvinenko had been ordered to kill Trepashkin,
577
0:33:24,853 --> 0:33:27,973
but instead he too rebelled.
578
0:33:27,973 --> 0:33:30,273
Together with other FSB rebels,
579
0:33:30,273 --> 0:33:32,276
they held a press conference.
580
0:33:32,276 --> 0:33:36,109
(speaking foreign language)
581
0:33:48,41 --> 0:33:49,923
Litvinenko exposed the actions
582
0:33:49,923 --> 0:33:53,786
of some senior officers engaged in illegal activity,
583
0:33:54,703 --> 0:33:57,396
thus tarnishing the reputation of the service.
584
0:34:2,909 --> 0:34:6,742
(speaking foreign language)
585
0:34:15,95 --> 0:34:17,873
He also announced that there is a department
586
0:34:17,873 --> 0:34:20,76
for extra judicial execution.
587
0:34:21,283 --> 0:34:22,903
To no one's surprise,
588
0:34:22,903 --> 0:34:25,763
the authorities moved against the rebels.
589
0:34:25,763 --> 0:34:28,426
First arresting the spokesman, Litvinenko.
590
0:34:30,601 --> 0:34:32,923
He was taken into custody.
591
0:34:32,923 --> 0:34:35,236
I worked alongside his defense counsel.
592
0:34:39,893 --> 0:34:41,546
The first charge was thrown out.
593
0:34:42,453 --> 0:34:46,243
But on a second charge, I think he might've been acquitted,
594
0:34:46,243 --> 0:34:47,996
but Sasha suddenly disappeared.
595
0:34:49,787 --> 0:34:51,636
He then reappeared in London.
596
0:34:59,615 --> 0:35:3,403
He'd been reliably informed that on his way to court,
597
0:35:3,403 --> 0:35:5,123
he would be snatched.
598
0:35:5,123 --> 0:35:7,783
He'd never have a chance of getting an acquittal.
599
0:35:7,783 --> 0:35:9,6
He'd be eliminated.
600
0:35:10,973 --> 0:35:14,583
They'd either fake a car crash or just shoot him,
601
0:35:14,583 --> 0:35:16,966
so he decided to save himself.
602
0:35:18,843 --> 0:35:21,923
The runaway Colonel was denounced as a traitor
603
0:35:21,923 --> 0:35:25,266
and quite literally became a target of special forces.
604
0:35:26,714 --> 0:35:29,663
Why was it necessary after he left
605
0:35:29,663 --> 0:35:31,583
to pin his photo onto targets
606
0:35:31,583 --> 0:35:33,906
at the special forces firing range.
607
0:35:41,663 --> 0:35:43,463
He had no secrets to trade.
608
0:35:43,463 --> 0:35:45,46
He wasn't a secret keeper.
609
0:35:47,693 --> 0:35:50,434
Even now there's no evidence that he betrayed anyone
610
0:35:50,434 --> 0:35:52,516
or gave away secrets.
611
0:35:53,893 --> 0:35:56,63
He simply didn't have that kind of information.
612
0:35:56,63 --> 0:35:59,96
He was only involved in fighting organized crime.
613
0:36:1,60 --> 0:36:3,913
Litvinenko's fatal error may have been
614
0:36:3,913 --> 0:36:7,279
writing about Vladimir Putin's personal life.
615
0:36:7,279 --> 0:36:9,877
He raised the issue of homosexuality
616
0:36:9,877 --> 0:36:11,893
among FSB leaders.
617
0:36:11,893 --> 0:36:15,536
This kind of thing, he even told some personal stories.
618
0:36:16,613 --> 0:36:20,693
Putin and Litvinenko both were graduates over at KGB.
619
0:36:20,693 --> 0:36:22,313
Guys that knew each other,
620
0:36:22,313 --> 0:36:26,923
and Litvinenko knew some parts of Putin's private life.
621
0:36:26,923 --> 0:36:30,583
He would, he would, he made it public.
622
0:36:30,583 --> 0:36:34,53
And I warned him over the phone calling from Washington,
623
0:36:34,53 --> 0:36:36,903
I said, Alexander you should not talk about
624
0:36:36,903 --> 0:36:40,183
Putin's private life because you may be in trouble.
625
0:36:40,183 --> 0:36:42,493
You do not understand who you're dealing with.
626
0:36:42,493 --> 0:36:45,303
Six months later Litvinenko was dead,
627
0:36:45,303 --> 0:36:46,636
poisoned by polonium.
628
0:36:47,593 --> 0:36:50,264
The poison attack was a warning to others.
629
0:36:50,264 --> 0:36:54,286
If you step out of line, there is no safe refuge.
630
0:36:58,553 --> 0:37:2,93
Radioactive polonium destroyed Alexander Litvinenko
631
0:37:3,23 --> 0:37:5,696
over 22 agonizing days.
632
0:37:7,863 --> 0:37:9,223
It's always supposed to have been part
633
0:37:9,223 --> 0:37:11,353
of the popular folklore of the Soviet
634
0:37:11,353 --> 0:37:13,113
and ex Soviet intelligence agencies,
635
0:37:13,113 --> 0:37:15,513
that defectors are dealt with in the most painful
636
0:37:15,513 --> 0:37:17,803
and ruthless manner possible.
637
0:37:17,803 --> 0:37:20,583
We hear the stories from the defectors during the 1980s
638
0:37:20,583 --> 0:37:23,83
of how they would be shown videos of traitors
639
0:37:23,83 --> 0:37:26,403
being fed feet first into a furnace while still alive,
640
0:37:26,403 --> 0:37:29,633
in order to teach a lesson to everybody else.
641
0:37:29,633 --> 0:37:32,133
No one can be certain of those stories,
642
0:37:32,133 --> 0:37:34,793
but the British public inquiry concluded
643
0:37:34,793 --> 0:37:37,453
that Litvinenko's murder was probably approved by
644
0:37:37,453 --> 0:37:41,203
Nikolai Patrushev and also President Putin.
645
0:37:41,203 --> 0:37:46,53
It named the killers, Andrei Lugovoi and Dmitry Kovtun,
646
0:37:46,53 --> 0:37:48,876
but Russia has always refused their extradition.
647
0:37:57,803 --> 0:38:0,433
Viktor Yushchenko is one of the few who drank
648
0:38:0,433 --> 0:38:3,756
from the poisoned chalice, but lived to tell the tale.
649
0:38:7,473 --> 0:38:9,423
In the autumn of 2004,
650
0:38:9,423 --> 0:38:12,193
these streets were thronging with his supporters
651
0:38:12,193 --> 0:38:14,396
as he ran for President of Ukraine.
652
0:38:15,323 --> 0:38:18,896
He hoped he might lead his country into NATO and the EU.
653
0:38:25,43 --> 0:38:26,843
Late one Sunday in September,
654
0:38:26,843 --> 0:38:28,893
he was summoned to the deputy head
655
0:38:28,893 --> 0:38:32,616
of the Ukraine security service, formerly the KGB.
656
0:38:34,813 --> 0:38:37,443
After a short and rather frosty meeting,
657
0:38:37,443 --> 0:38:39,536
they sat down for a meal together.
658
0:38:43,873 --> 0:38:46,509
They served salads, rice,
659
0:38:46,509 --> 0:38:48,296
and some sort of meat.
660
0:38:50,713 --> 0:38:54,356
I told them I wanted to go because I was feeling unwell,
661
0:38:56,613 --> 0:39:0,346
but they pressed me to stay for some fruit dessert.
662
0:39:1,703 --> 0:39:2,646
Watermelon.
663
0:39:6,993 --> 0:39:10,656
We were in the house for another 15 minutes or so.
664
0:39:14,163 --> 0:39:16,416
A group photograph was taken,
665
0:39:19,143 --> 0:39:22,406
then the catering staff came out to wave us off.
666
0:39:31,203 --> 0:39:32,813
Then I felt a pain
667
0:39:35,73 --> 0:39:37,556
worse than anything in my life.
668
0:39:41,713 --> 0:39:43,133
Yushchenko was driven home
669
0:39:43,133 --> 0:39:45,113
with a searing headache.
670
0:39:45,113 --> 0:39:47,106
His wife was immediately alarmed.
671
0:39:52,383 --> 0:39:54,586
She kissed me and said,
672
0:39:56,773 --> 0:40:0,306
she could taste something metallic on my lips.
673
0:40:2,523 --> 0:40:5,153
Hours later, racked with pain,
674
0:40:5,153 --> 0:40:7,356
Yushchenko was rushed to a local clinic,
675
0:40:8,443 --> 0:40:10,483
but after exhaustive tests,
676
0:40:10,483 --> 0:40:12,536
doctors still didn't know what was wrong.
677
0:40:13,983 --> 0:40:16,923
Gravely concerned, the senior consultant advised him
678
0:40:16,923 --> 0:40:19,776
to urgently seek specialist treatment abroad.
679
0:40:22,93 --> 0:40:25,443
He warned, if you don't go now
680
0:40:25,443 --> 0:40:27,13
you're a dead man.
681
0:40:27,13 --> 0:40:28,73
Yushchenko was flown
682
0:40:28,73 --> 0:40:29,826
by air ambulance to Austria.
683
0:40:33,903 --> 0:40:35,463
They sent tissue samples
684
0:40:35,463 --> 0:40:38,506
to four foreign laboratories for analysis,
685
0:40:39,783 --> 0:40:42,566
each conducting specialist tests.
686
0:40:45,753 --> 0:40:48,543
Only then they were able to determine
687
0:40:48,543 --> 0:40:51,6
that I'd been poisoned with dioxin.
688
0:40:52,583 --> 0:40:55,183
The dioxin concentration in his body
689
0:40:55,183 --> 0:40:58,146
was 50,000 times higher than normal.
690
0:40:58,993 --> 0:41:1,813
That last supper was obviously suspect,
691
0:41:1,813 --> 0:41:4,756
but the entire catering crew evaded questioning.
692
0:41:8,333 --> 0:41:10,213
The whole team that cooked and served
693
0:41:10,213 --> 0:41:13,373
the food that night are in Moscow.
694
0:41:13,373 --> 0:41:16,773
Viktor Yushchenko is lucky to be alive.
695
0:41:16,773 --> 0:41:19,176
He went on to be president of Ukraine,
696
0:41:20,23 --> 0:41:23,463
but his west leaning policies were stymied.
697
0:41:23,463 --> 0:41:25,973
Putin would never accept the NATO alliance
698
0:41:25,973 --> 0:41:30,466
on his doorstep, not least because he had his eye on Crimea.
699
0:41:33,513 --> 0:41:36,213
Crimea was strategically valuable.
700
0:41:36,213 --> 0:41:40,123
It had a Black Sea coastline, and until 1991,
701
0:41:40,123 --> 0:41:41,986
had been part of the Soviet Union.
702
0:41:46,153 --> 0:41:48,353
Of course the breakdown of the Soviet empire
703
0:41:48,353 --> 0:41:52,753
and the communist regime seemed like a tragedy
704
0:41:52,753 --> 0:41:55,766
to those who had been brainwashed by Soviet propaganda.
705
0:42:0,31 --> 0:42:3,830
But for Crimean Tatars it was a cause for celebration.
706
0:42:6,433 --> 0:42:8,773
The Tatars had enjoyed nation status
707
0:42:8,773 --> 0:42:10,446
under the government of Ukraine,
708
0:42:11,283 --> 0:42:15,114
but in 2014 heavily armed men in combat fatigues,
709
0:42:15,114 --> 0:42:18,266
but without insignia, appeared on the streets.
710
0:42:22,513 --> 0:42:25,133
These were Russian security service units
711
0:42:25,133 --> 0:42:28,63
together with Russians who'd settled in Ukraine,
712
0:42:28,63 --> 0:42:30,66
asserting Russian authority.
713
0:42:34,223 --> 0:42:36,586
Putin had annexed Crimea.
714
0:42:40,623 --> 0:42:42,3
Before the occupation,
715
0:42:42,3 --> 0:42:44,153
I had a long phone conversation with Putin.
716
0:42:46,603 --> 0:42:49,333
He spent 40 minutes telling me how good life would be
717
0:42:49,333 --> 0:42:51,906
for Crimean Tatars under Russian occupation.
718
0:42:52,957 --> 0:42:56,753
I told him, if you want to make us happy,
719
0:42:56,753 --> 0:42:58,503
take your troops off our territory.
720
0:43:2,423 --> 0:43:5,433
Now the FSB chases everyone who expresses disagreement
721
0:43:5,433 --> 0:43:6,433
with the occupation,
722
0:43:9,183 --> 0:43:11,666
anyone who shows disloyalty to the occupiers.
723
0:43:13,833 --> 0:43:16,903
Today in Crimea, they've established a worse regime
724
0:43:16,903 --> 0:43:18,373
than the Soviet one.
725
0:43:18,373 --> 0:43:19,576
It's a bandit regime.
726
0:43:22,783 --> 0:43:25,486
Recently we uncovered a secret FSB document.
727
0:43:31,473 --> 0:43:33,566
There is one very important sentence.
728
0:43:35,703 --> 0:43:40,193
It says, "In order to force the Crimean Tatar people
729
0:43:40,193 --> 0:43:41,956
to cooperate with the occupation,
730
0:43:43,970 --> 0:43:47,41
we must encourage patriotic organizations
731
0:43:47,41 --> 0:43:49,380
which have anti-Tatar attitudes."
732
0:43:55,633 --> 0:43:57,303
I don't know of any country in the world
733
0:43:57,303 --> 0:44:0,713
that would encourage national or religious conflict
734
0:44:1,673 --> 0:44:3,926
on a territory they consider their own.
735
0:44:7,553 --> 0:44:11,763
But to say, I made a mistake and to withdraw from Crimea
736
0:44:11,763 --> 0:44:13,286
would be political suicide.
737
0:44:17,153 --> 0:44:20,223
The Chechens have a song and the lyrics say,
738
0:44:20,223 --> 0:44:23,100
everyone makes mistakes, but only real men
739
0:44:23,100 --> 0:44:24,616
can admit they're wrong.
740
0:44:26,383 --> 0:44:29,136
It seems to me, there are no such men in the Kremlin.
741
0:44:30,453 --> 0:44:33,263
One year after the annexation of Crimea,
742
0:44:33,263 --> 0:44:35,853
a protest march was organized in Moscow
743
0:44:35,853 --> 0:44:38,246
by opposition leader, Boris Nemtsov.
744
0:44:39,103 --> 0:44:41,603
On the Eve of the March, Nemtsov was murdered
745
0:44:41,603 --> 0:44:43,506
within sight of the Kremlin.
746
0:44:45,113 --> 0:44:48,583
He was shot four times in the head, heart,
747
0:44:48,583 --> 0:44:50,126
liver, and stomach.
748
0:44:51,673 --> 0:44:54,263
All the CCTV cameras in the area
749
0:44:54,263 --> 0:44:57,223
were switched off for maintenance.
750
0:44:57,223 --> 0:45:0,353
The killers would need very high security clearance
751
0:45:0,353 --> 0:45:3,846
to contrive a blackout so close to the Kremlin walls.
752
0:45:8,133 --> 0:45:10,183
Russia is no longer concerned
753
0:45:10,183 --> 0:45:12,483
about its denials being plausible.
754
0:45:12,483 --> 0:45:15,583
Russia no longer cares whether it is believed.
755
0:45:15,583 --> 0:45:17,733
The Novichok poisoning of the Skripals
756
0:45:17,733 --> 0:45:20,626
in Salisbury, England is a striking example.
757
0:45:21,963 --> 0:45:26,963
In 2018, two men quickly identified as officers in the GRU,
758
0:45:27,443 --> 0:45:30,353
a military branch of Russian security services,
759
0:45:30,353 --> 0:45:33,53
were captured repeatedly on CCTV
760
0:45:33,53 --> 0:45:35,676
in the vicinity of Sergei Skripal's home.
761
0:45:37,603 --> 0:45:39,323
When named as suspects,
762
0:45:39,323 --> 0:45:42,376
they claimed to have an interest in Salisbury Cathedral.
763
0:45:43,693 --> 0:45:46,573
There doesn't seem to have been any effort put into
764
0:45:46,573 --> 0:45:50,103
making these two individuals cover story plausible.
765
0:45:50,103 --> 0:45:51,793
In fact, if you look at what they're saying
766
0:45:51,793 --> 0:45:53,303
about their movements in Salisbury,
767
0:45:53,303 --> 0:45:55,439
it's almost as though they haven't been shown
768
0:45:55,439 --> 0:45:58,520
the CCTV photographs and their movements
769
0:45:58,520 --> 0:46:1,203
during that day that have already been established,
770
0:46:1,203 --> 0:46:2,113
because they're saying things
771
0:46:2,113 --> 0:46:5,833
that are completely incompatible with what's already known.
772
0:46:5,833 --> 0:46:8,373
Russian security services seem to operate
773
0:46:8,373 --> 0:46:13,373
with impunity at home and abroad, but there are limits.
774
0:46:13,403 --> 0:46:17,43
A Lubyanka conversation was recounted to Oleg Kalugin
775
0:46:17,43 --> 0:46:18,526
about his own survival.
776
0:46:20,443 --> 0:46:23,683
And he asked him how come Kalugin is still alive?
777
0:46:23,683 --> 0:46:25,293
And that Russian guy,
778
0:46:25,293 --> 0:46:29,169
a top official, number three man in the Soviet KGB
779
0:46:29,169 --> 0:46:32,133
in the old days, he said and I quote,
780
0:46:32,133 --> 0:46:34,609
had he lived in Europe, in Asia or elsewhere
781
0:46:34,609 --> 0:46:37,883
he would have been dead long time ago,
782
0:46:37,883 --> 0:46:40,206
but he lives in America, sorry.
783
0:46:41,413 --> 0:46:45,373
FSB assassins don't set foot on American soil,
784
0:46:45,373 --> 0:46:49,498
and Russia is no match for America in economic terms.
785
0:46:49,498 --> 0:46:52,973
But they do compete aggressively in other ways,
786
0:46:52,973 --> 0:46:56,763
and they can do real damage in the virtual world.
787
0:46:56,763 --> 0:46:59,443
A lot of people think that having a GDP the size of Spain
788
0:46:59,443 --> 0:47:2,203
is a huge disadvantage, but this is one of those cases
789
0:47:2,203 --> 0:47:3,743
where it doesn't matter how big it is,
790
0:47:3,743 --> 0:47:5,203
it's what you do with it.
791
0:47:5,203 --> 0:47:8,803
If Russia is determined to use its national resources
792
0:47:8,803 --> 0:47:11,553
to confront what it sees as its adversaries,
793
0:47:11,553 --> 0:47:13,752
whether those adversaries are aware of it or not,
794
0:47:13,752 --> 0:47:17,53
then it can do, it can exercise power.
795
0:47:17,53 --> 0:47:19,803
It can create headaches for those countries
796
0:47:19,803 --> 0:47:20,803
that it's targeting.
797
0:47:24,193 --> 0:47:26,777
The internet is an inexpensive weapon
798
0:47:26,777 --> 0:47:29,46
with global penetration.
799
0:47:30,43 --> 0:47:31,833
Russia has found that it can exploit
800
0:47:31,833 --> 0:47:33,553
the hyper-connectivity of the internet
801
0:47:33,553 --> 0:47:36,443
and the speed at which conspiracy theories flourish
802
0:47:36,443 --> 0:47:40,556
to set societies and target countries against each other.
803
0:47:42,593 --> 0:47:44,903
The use of hackers, the use of the internet
804
0:47:44,903 --> 0:47:48,432
as a weapon, weaponizing social media,
805
0:47:48,432 --> 0:47:52,363
all of these things are carried out by the FSB,
806
0:47:52,363 --> 0:47:54,33
but through very informal networks
807
0:47:54,33 --> 0:47:58,13
because these informal networks are completely decentralized
808
0:47:58,13 --> 0:47:59,873
and completely deniable.
809
0:47:59,873 --> 0:48:3,93
Names including cozy bear, office monkey,
810
0:48:3,93 --> 0:48:6,963
and fancy bear have emerged as persistent cyber threats
811
0:48:6,963 --> 0:48:9,593
to U.S. national security.
812
0:48:9,593 --> 0:48:12,929
They have penetrated major institutions in the EU,
813
0:48:12,929 --> 0:48:17,253
installing malware in banks, hospitals, power stations,
814
0:48:17,253 --> 0:48:18,973
and military facilities,
815
0:48:18,973 --> 0:48:22,953
as well as diplomatic organizations and governments.
816
0:48:22,953 --> 0:48:25,966
All have been associated with Russian intelligence.
817
0:48:27,273 --> 0:48:30,13
There is no direct link back to who provided the orders
818
0:48:30,13 --> 0:48:33,343
because that is simply not how the Russian system works.
819
0:48:33,343 --> 0:48:36,643
You will not be able to find a piece of paper that says,
820
0:48:36,643 --> 0:48:38,986
yes, go and hack the U.S. election.
821
0:48:39,903 --> 0:48:42,653
Interference in the Brexit debate in Britain
822
0:48:42,653 --> 0:48:46,984
and the U.S. election process are still under investigation.
823
0:48:46,984 --> 0:48:50,773
No obtainable evidence can prove that Russian interference
824
0:48:50,773 --> 0:48:52,863
changed any votes.
825
0:48:52,863 --> 0:48:55,323
But James clapper, the former director
826
0:48:55,323 --> 0:48:57,783
of U.S. National Intelligence said,
827
0:48:57,783 --> 0:49:0,773
it stretches credulity to think that the Russians
828
0:49:0,773 --> 0:49:2,296
didn't turn the election.
829
0:49:5,813 --> 0:49:8,213
Russia was sewing social discord by pushing
830
0:49:8,213 --> 0:49:10,833
the extremist narratives at both ends,
831
0:49:10,833 --> 0:49:13,333
setting off disputes and seeing what would happen.
832
0:49:15,393 --> 0:49:17,80
If you conduct an operation
833
0:49:17,80 --> 0:49:21,183
with some very ambitious targets, such as regime change,
834
0:49:21,183 --> 0:49:24,133
but you fail at that and instead just stir the pot a little
835
0:49:24,133 --> 0:49:27,263
and weaken your adversary, disrupted social cohesion,
836
0:49:27,263 --> 0:49:30,193
weaken its societal resilience, weaken its government,
837
0:49:30,193 --> 0:49:31,813
trust in authority, et cetera.
838
0:49:31,813 --> 0:49:34,612
Then that is still a bonus as far as Russia is concerned,
839
0:49:34,612 --> 0:49:38,253
because in their zero sum view of security,
840
0:49:38,253 --> 0:49:40,653
if you weaken your adversary, even by a little,
841
0:49:40,653 --> 0:49:43,536
that makes yourself, in relative terms, stronger.
842
0:49:46,263 --> 0:49:48,613
This thinking, espoused long ago
843
0:49:48,613 --> 0:49:51,193
by the founder of Lennon's security service,
844
0:49:51,193 --> 0:49:53,170
Iron Felix Dzerzhinsky,
845
0:49:53,170 --> 0:49:56,303
has had a resurgence under Putin
846
0:49:56,303 --> 0:49:58,629
and his statue has been quietly restored
847
0:49:58,629 --> 0:50:1,996
and now stands in a Moscow sculpture park.
848
0:50:4,73 --> 0:50:5,693
In order to understand today's Russia,
849
0:50:5,693 --> 0:50:9,13
very important to understand the KGB mentality,
850
0:50:9,13 --> 0:50:11,343
because Putin and the people around him really,
851
0:50:11,343 --> 0:50:13,923
a whole class of people who rule Russia,
852
0:50:13,923 --> 0:50:15,536
still have that mentality.
853
0:50:16,763 --> 0:50:21,53
Any threat, any challenge can never be considered
854
0:50:21,53 --> 0:50:24,643
loyal opposition, you know, loyal criticism,
855
0:50:24,643 --> 0:50:26,143
people who want to make Russia better.
856
0:50:26,143 --> 0:50:28,606
Any challenge is by definition treason.
857
0:50:29,933 --> 0:50:32,863
Under Vladimir Putin, the KGB,
858
0:50:32,863 --> 0:50:37,523
or FSB as it's now called, rules Russia with an iron rod
859
0:50:37,523 --> 0:50:39,276
directly from the Kremlin.
860
0:50:40,193 --> 0:50:42,293
To challenge it's authority,
861
0:50:42,293 --> 0:50:44,723
even from apparent safety abroad,
862
0:50:44,723 --> 0:50:47,363
means risking your life.
863
0:50:47,363 --> 0:50:50,343
Over a century has passed since Lennon established
864
0:50:50,343 --> 0:50:52,673
the organization as a temporary measure
865
0:50:52,673 --> 0:50:54,868
to defend the revolution,
866
0:50:54,868 --> 0:50:59,466
but the KGB has even managed to outlive communism itself.
867
0:51:1,621 --> 0:51:6,621
Today Russia is no longer a state with a security service.
868
0:51:6,913 --> 0:51:10,676
Instead, the security service has a state.
869
0:51:11,717 --> 0:51:14,717
(suspenseful music)
62517
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