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Hello, everyone.
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I'm a doctor with a blood, and we are going to learn about the school before starting with a school,
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it is necessary that we understand some basics of databases and pre-selection is going to be an overview
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for the same for today's lecture.
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We have learned.
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What is your plan to learn what is a database, the purpose of database, different types that are available
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in databases so that different databases are used in different domains, so we will learn more about
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it.
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Things you can do with RDBMS know RDBMS is a relational database management system.
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You will learn more about this in the later part of the course.
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We learn about the data models that are available and some basic terminologies before we start with
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Esquibel.
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So what is a database?
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Database is a collection of organized data information and records.
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It contains information about one enterprise.
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It maintains any information that may be necessary to the decision making process involved in the management
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of that organization.
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Now, what does that mean is.
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Relate database with an office office is just similar to a database office is a storage, an office
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contains various files, records, information of different lines.
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Similarly, a database also is a collection of data which is organized, which, in case of an office,
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might not be an organized.
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And information and records, the only difference between both of them is the structural way of storing
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data, and that office is a structural storage when databases are software.
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Now, there are a few advantages of DBMS or basic ones are the advantages that are provided by reduced
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redundancy.
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Now, what do you mean by reduced redundancy?
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It simply means that database redundancy is just duplication of data, known database systems maintain
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separate copy of data for each application.
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So what happens in an office is that when you have a record of Buntline in one file support, if that
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particular client has recorded some something else.
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So you need to maintain another record for that same client with all the details.
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Again, this is simply duplication of data.
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That is what we are referring to reduced that would get into a redundancy in database.
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What happens is that we are keeping a collection of all the tables together.
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But one table is particularly dedicated to storing the information of clients under the table will be
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storing the information of audit.
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This way, the database helps to reduce the redundancy.
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That means it avoids duplication of data giving a better user experience.
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Now, our second advantage, that is data inconsistency.
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What exactly does this mean is that when the redundancy is not controlled, there may be occasions on
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which to embrace about the same.
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Not that is one of them stool's updated information and the other does not.
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At such times, the database is set to be inconsistent.
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Not very good example for this would be in an office.
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Let's say for one client.
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We have two different files.
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Suppose the address of that particular client has been updated.
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The user, the official.
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Has abated only one file for the client, while the other file still shows the old address.
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Now, beyond that is clearly a mismatch of address of that one client.
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So this is what is inconsistency, which is taken care of in a database because there is something called
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this cascading.
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So when you are updating one record of that one client everywhere, it is reflected at the very same
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thing.
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There are some rules to do it, which we will learn more later in the course.
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But for now, this is how we can calculate that inconsistency if you are using a database.
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Next advantage of a database is a sharing of data that is shared data.
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What does this mean?
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Is that individual piece of data in the database may be shared among several different uses in the sense
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that each of those users may have access to the same piece of data and each of them may use it for different
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purposes.
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So now what happens here is that suppose I have suppose of yet in looking at a bank organization now,
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if I am updating somebody going from one branch of the bank that this particular user has deposited
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X amount.
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Now this has to be updated in all my branches of that same bank because my account for that one particular
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customer is just one.
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And so data should also be a given.
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That's where share data comes into the scenario.
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When I'm sharing some data, I'm getting some data at one location, but the same is being reflected
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everywhere because it is accessible from anywhere.
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That really does not happen in case of office storage, because what happens in storage is that if I
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want to share some data, if I have updated some data, I'm not sure whether it is consistent or not.
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Again, this will cost data inconsistency.
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So that is a very big advantage.
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Up next, what we have is standardized data.
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Now, the DBM is going to ensure that all the data that distorts and really follow the applicable standards,
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there may be certain standards laid by the company or the organization using that particular database.
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Similarly, then maybe be national or international standards.
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Standardizing store the data formats is particularly desired as an aid to data or migration between
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systems.
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Now, what exactly the standardized data mean that there is some there are some rules that we need to
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follow in storing data.
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That is not the case while we are storing data in an office.
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When we are physically storing some data, the company itself approves of some particular format.
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There could be a possibility that one plane having two different orders have two different forms of
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storage of data.
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Both of them are inconsistent, but they both have different formats of storage.
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But that generally is not the case with database.
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There was only one form, there is one rule that is one standard followed you to which it becomes very
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easy for the other user to read data.
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And hence, standardization is very important.
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Next, we are talking about is the second security, not when we're talking about security and then
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we're talking about data, it is more important that we concentrate on security as well, because when
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it comes to organization, let's say a company and some MNC, they have some data stored.
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Obviously, that data should not be labeled.
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So it is very much important that we take care of the security for that.
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We definitely have some authorization or access which which can be controlled by the admin for database.
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But that is not the case with an office.
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If your office is a storage of data.
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In that case, there is a possibility that there might be some data, there might be some fire theft
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or some issues with that.
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So security is comparatively less in that area.
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But when you are talking about the database management system, it ensures data security and privacy
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by ensuring that the only means of access is through proper channels and also by getting authorization
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checks, which might not happen in an office whenever access to sensitive data is attempted.
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So whenever you see that there is some access to sensitive data, there will always be some authorization
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checks being performed.
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Now, what does this data security detail exactly, the first data security refers to protection of
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data against accidental or intentional disclosure to unauthorized persons or unauthorized modifications
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or destructions.
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Definitely when I am running an organization or if I'm running a company I would not want, my data
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should be shared accidentally or intentionally to any other party, to any other unauthorized IP.
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And for that, we need to go to.
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Next is privacy of data, not security and privacy at very different times, so that security was all
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about securing our data against unauthorized access or modification or destructions in case of privacy.
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It refers to the rights of individuals and organizations to determine for themselves then how and what
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extent information about them is to be transmitted to the others.
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Your privacy means that suppose if I want to share my data with some unauthorized person, then there
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is a limit to it that only this part can be shared with them about that.
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That limit is once that limit is breached, we cannot share any more data because then that actually
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breaches the papacy and the confidentiality of data.
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So security is a very good advantage of it, because we have different softwares, we have different
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methods to secure it over there, which may not be the case in case of an office or a physical storage.
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Next, we are talking about integration.
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So what exactly does integrated data means?
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So when our database contains data employed by many different users, it is important that association
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between data should not be destroyed.
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Hardware failures and various types of accidents will occur occasionally.
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The storage of data, its application insertion procedures defined by the database are such that the
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system can easily recover from these circumstances without harm to come to the data.
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Not this is the most important point.
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The integrated data support, for example, in your office.
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There is some leakage, some ceiling leakage data, which some firefighters were destroyed.
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Now some information is lost, which is not possible to recover because those files were pen and paper
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written.
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Or maybe in Britain or in Britain, but in both cases, the data will be lost, reprising or recovering
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from that piece becomes very difficult.
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But in case of database's, suppose there is some hardware failure or there is some software failure,
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there are or will be responsible.
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So let's say you're working in a bank organization.
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I started with a transaction, but you do hydrophilic.
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I could not completely know what that system was.
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It will roll back my transaction.
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That is, if I was supposed to deposit two hundred rupees, I was in the middle of the transaction,
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but in my two hundred rupees was getting added to my previous balance.
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But due to hydrophilic that was not possible.
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So what exactly the system did was it called back.
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And now my account balance is the same as it was before.
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Or probably it might come after that failure is recovered, but there is no way that I have lost some
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data.
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There is always a fallback strategy available in case of database, which is very much a necessity in
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the current phase of life.
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Now that we are going to talk about is the purpose of database now, I guess Advantageous has already
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covered that.
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Why exactly do we need to use a database so database on the information that a person needs in his personal
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business social?
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The power and purpose of information is not only in collecting and finding them, but more importantly,
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using them.
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So consider a company which has a lot of data.
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Any gaming company.
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It has a lot of data.
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To improve more on their game.
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They will have to check the historical data.
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And also they have collected the data.
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They have found the data.
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Now, how can they make use of it for which we need past records to be available within one view.
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But in case of file structure, you must have seen if you want to know, if you want to analyze the
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data, it becomes very tedious.
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You have to really have to write your research manually, update the records, create a view so that
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everything is available in one section itself, which is a very difficult and very tedious review.
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But in case of database, there are simple queries that which we can use and probably manipulate our
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data and create a view of that.
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Due to which the reading becomes easy, analyzing becomes easy.
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So that is the main purpose of databases, even in growth of organization or database is very useful.
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Moving to next, there are two different kinds of database that we have.
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One is the structured database, the one is the free form database.
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Now, what exactly is a structured database?
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It is called the structured data in which a record or file of information is arranged in uniform format.
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Now, let's see if I have.
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No, you're not talking about database or if I is just talking about the structure, how structurally
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your data is being stored.
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Let's say in an office there are some random files with some random records.
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And this is a very unstructured way because I don't know when I want to search for a client which files
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to exactly search for, but my every file has a name on it that this file is dedicated to disclosing.
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I exactly know how to search for it.
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That's where the structural part comes into the picture.
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Now, these databases are usually storage of information with similar entry, such as a list of persons
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born in a country or medical database of patients data, an inventory database of a company and many
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others.
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So while I was explaining you that what is a database, I mentioned that it is generally created for
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one enterprise.
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That is what we're talking about.
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So when I talk about a company, a database is completely indicated to the data of that company.
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You will never see that one database is storing data for two different companies.
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That will never happen.
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That's where the router structure starts so that this structure database now coming to free from database.
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Now, this is a loose collection of information such as those you will find on Google or on your worldwide
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web.
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Whatever a collection of your documents in the computer made from several programs can be considered
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as being from databases.
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So you can refer to the database as more of unstructured.
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But in this case, we are not very much concerned about finding that because there is always an option
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of searching, which is much better and much faster than the normal database.
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So in case of Google as well, if you search for basics of database, you'll get 10 links available.
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But what is the reason behind this?
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That you get the links to Germany, which are relevant to your search engine?
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That exactly is free form database.
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And those feelings can be from any different companies or any different websites are any different,
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but that does not matter.
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So this is all scattered but still structured so that it's free from the MS.
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Now, in terms of the damage now, we just learned about kinds of databases, now we are going to learn
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about types of databases that are two different types of databases.
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One is operational.
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The other one is analytical.
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What is happening in operational is that it is a dynamic database that is used by any organization in
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its day to day operation that used to collect data, maintain, modify and delete that also known as
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transactional database.
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Now, if we give you an example, consider a bank organization as an example for this particular state,
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your operation.
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This is an operational database because what we are doing exactly that is every day, whoever is creating
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an account, we are getting our database.
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We are collecting data.
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Let's say someone is depositing some amount into his own account.
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We have more defined some data.
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Let's say someone has closed his account with the bank.
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Then he's trying to delete the data.
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So this becomes operational database where your day to day activities are being tracked, not coming
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to the other part that is analytical database you have what you're looking for is it is a static database
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is really more different and need the database.
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Generally, you will see in big data to me that there is a huge data available.
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You will never see that that data is being modified or that data is never being updated.
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Because what happens is that it is just historical storage of all your data, and it is generally used
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for making long term projections and analysis.
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So what is happening is that considered the gaming gaming company examples that you are just storing
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every day's data.
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And now the databases become static.
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You have some old order that you you cannot modify because those are like records and you have a job
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from other uses.
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You cannot modify their data.
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But definitely you can learn the behavior of the users, which we have kind of an analytical database.
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And based on that, you can predict the future.
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This is the analysis part.
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So that becomes an analytical database.
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You can any day transform your operational database to another vehicle database, but there comes some
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certain negative aspect to it because there are some restrictions to the storage of data.
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The data, if it becomes more heavy than operational database, might not be able to fetch results in
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a faster manner for which you would need some other types of tools for analytics.
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So in analytical, you would see that we have as we have high we have EMR that you can analyze the data,
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huge data.
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But in case of operational databases, you can use my secret, some secret that some Secret Service,
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because they're really concerned about maintaining the day to day operations.
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Moving to next is the idea.
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So right now, we all talked about databases, databases, nothing but part of it is what is RDBMS relational
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database management system?
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Then relational data is being managed by a system.
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That's what is an RDBMS.
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So basically what it does is create a database.
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It stores some information, whatever information is being stored within the drive, that now they have
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to manage that information so that none of them lead or they probably have secured other information.
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So that part is covered in information management.
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Next, as information analysis, that is whatever data we have, you probably want to do a little analysis
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on that for future prediction and make sure what we have is printing and sharing of information.
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Obviously, once you have created over you the need to share our information with the other levels of
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organization.
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So that's where it comes from.
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Next, we are going to talk about the basic flu now, what exactly happens is that relational databases
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is the root.
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So there is one database that is dedicated to one enterprise, not in that one database.
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You will have a number of schemas based on a number of users, what, having access to the database.
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So you will have individual schemas.
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So let's say an employee A is part of that particular organization and wants to have an access to that
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relational database so that one schema will be created in his name.
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Similarly, there would be many others.
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No papers and nothing but the information, the actual data that is being stored inside a scheme.
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So this will always be the floor and similar structure we will be following.
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What about a school?
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Its basic queries and on.
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Moving to next now we have talked a lot about database, but it is really important that you know your
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data and to know your data, it is important to understand what is doing.
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So basically, it is a number or value found and stored in the database.
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Data is static because it remains the same until it is modified by a process.
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So just as to inform.
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So A is what information it is one data.
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Whatever applied is offering as a course to you, that is data.
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Now you're the data for a pledge is not static because a pledge is just improving day by day, by updating
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more information, adding more courses available to you.
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So this data is dynamic.
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It is being modified every day for better use, experience, experience.
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But there are a few cases where the data is static and that is static because it has never changed.
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Let's say there was some X, Y, Z company which has started long back and now there are more operations
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being performed on that.
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So my data will remain untouched by data unchanged.
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So that is a demand data becomes a static.
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Coming to information, it is a data that has been processed there by making it relevant and meaningful
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to the person viewing it.
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Information is dynamic because it changes relative to the data stored in the database and could be processed
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in many ways, not this one little complex.
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I would simplify the definition for you.
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Data was basically some raw kind of information that we had.
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Suppose this is tell me the name of forced by customers.
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This is information.
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The name of that customer is ABC, this is data.
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So that is a very thin line between data and information.
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Data is the exact value, information is the meaning of that value.
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Next is Nell handling these are some common terminologies that you will come across when you are using
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Esquibel.
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But before we start, generally there is a perception that values are generally referred to as zettl
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in the database.
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But that is not the case.
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None means we don't know.
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So whenever you see that there is some value against that particular flight, so it does not mean that
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it goes on.
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It is some language that we don't know.
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So what happened is considered an example for bank in that if you see that the mobile number against
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one particular client is not, that does not mean that it is zero or that does not mean that the user
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does not have a mobile number.
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It just means that we don't know.
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The mobile number probably is just not being updated in our database.
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That's the basic interpretation of man and why money is very much important to understand is whenever
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you come across some goodies, some if you try to run them.
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We have to understand the equality of values.
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None compared with men, first of all, cannot be compared with anything and anything is.
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So they cannot be compared to anything.
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Now, next, we'll talk about people so we are told about relational databases, we talked about Gmod.
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We also had David David is the main source where all your data is going to be stored.
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Now, that is a small example that I have attached in the slide.
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You can refer to that.
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To make it more familiar with the jargons of a school table is also called acetylation.
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OK, I think we will understand more in the next lecture and we will talk about in Relationship Dayglo,
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that's where you'll understand the right discolouration.
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Next, we have, as you can see, this is one table with three columns, customer and customer name
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status.
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OK, now, when I say that these are columns, that is a very limited language.
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But in terms of a school, those are also referred to as features or attributes.
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So customer ID is a customer name is a field status as a field.
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Or you can say these are attributes.
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No, similarly, we are defining columns.
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We also have rules in our degrees, as in this custom that I do one with the customer name Goulbourn
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and Active Status.
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This is one group now in database we do not refer to as Azrael.
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There are two different terminology.
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One is double and the other one is the record.
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So basically, more often in school, you will hear any number of taboos or records or rules.
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With any number fees or columns or attributes.
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And how to find a degree of a David degree of a table is basically the number of columns, so degree
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of this particular table is three.
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Now, to define it in a very memorandum, it is the main structure in the relational database able defines
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the structure of the database.
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It is composed of attributes that the features, columns and domain domain that means that calls rules
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to fill a table must almost always represent a subject that can be an object person, place or thing
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on an even.
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Similarly good in this example, we can see that this table is dedicated to customers, so it has all
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customers data.
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Similarly, we will have a number of tables that is also related to customers.
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But you're distorting some of that information on the customer.
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So these are tables.
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Next, as I already explained to you, what is it, a court record is nothing but a couple.
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Nothing but a law or just.
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It is basically referring to a specific person place thing or an event.
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So as we are seen in our previous example or even here, this particular rule, this law is dedicated
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to Google.
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This rule is dedicated to Amazon or for a customer.
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This is always dedicated to Apple as and as our custom.
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So it is referring to some specific person place thing or an event.
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Now, this is particularly referring to a person.
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It is referring to a company, one single company.
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And there is some status here, which we are not sure.
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It is probably showing that this company is going to be active with us or not.
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Now it pertains to structuring the database, representing a unique instance of a subject.
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Moving to next, we have news.
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Now, we learned about people, but there is something which I was also using very consistently that
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was used, that we need to create some views on our people to understand that what exactly our database
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is holding.
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This view is also referred to as a virtual table by virtual, because what is happening is that it is
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not holding data on its own in case of people it was holding the lead on its own.
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This table is like a house that records the data is like the family members living in that house.
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While case of view, this is.
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Simply, we can refer to it as a virtual table when the data is being retrieved from the base table
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just for display purposes.
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It is only used for display purposes, you will never see that whenever you have updated some information
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in your base, but the view has to be redone so that the details are being used.
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What happens is that if you are deleting or modifying a record, that particular table will be updated.
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But to update the view, you have to read in that part of the query to a bit of us with.
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So to give a formal definition for this, it is known as the words were, David, just as we discussed
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it is called a virtual table, since it does not will be done on its own.
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Rather, it gets the data from the table, which it is based on, and since it comes from other table,
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it is composed of several feeds coming from one or more data.
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So what is happening here in the View is that what is the purpose of you know, let's say there are
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two tables.
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One is the customer table and the other one is decidedly different.
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Look, these are two different tables.
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Now, if I want to see a common view of all the salary of all the customers, of all our employees,
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let's say, OK, now this is possible only when I join these two tables and create a.
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So that's where Bill comes into the picture, where we're able to see data at one place from different
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sources, from different data sources.
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Not a relationship.
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Now, what is this that it is basically, just as I told you, for example, that there was customer
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table and then there was this side of your table.
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I want to see a view of what customers offer the customers having what number of salaries.
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So for this, there has to be some joining condition or there has to be some connection between these
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two bills, as in how will I understand that?
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Which salary exactly?
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They will be the first to which employee in table eight.
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So that has to be some connection medium between them.
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That's where we are talking about relationship.
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And that is the end.
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Next lecture, we will also discuss about the basics of school.
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