All language subtitles for Python Full Course 【】 (1080p_30fps_H264-128kbit_AAC).inglese

hey what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to help you

get started with python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

if you wouldn't mind please like comment

and subscribe

one like equals one prayer for the

youtube algorithm

i'm gonna tell you why you need to learn

python it's the easiest programming

language to learn as well as being the

most popular in the world right now

and according to glassdoor the salary

for new python developers in the united

states is

64 000 if any of this sounds good to you

well then

let's get started if you need to

download python go to

python.org downloads and click this

yellow download python

button open when done check add

python 3.9 or another version to path

install now and then give it a little

bit it states here that setup was

successful so let's close out of this

our next step is to download an ide

that's an acronym for

integrated development environment think

of it as

software that helps us write other

software one ide that i recommend

is pycharm you can find it at

jetbrains.com

pycharm go to download if you would like

to pay for a professional version you

can click

this download button but since i don't

like to pay for things i'm going to use

the free community version at this point

we just have to follow the standard

installation procedure

click next you can pick a destination

folder but i'll keep the default

next if you would like a desktop

shortcut

then check this i would also recommend

updating the

path variable next

install and then give it a minute or two

then after finishing i have a desktop

shortcut so i can just click on this to

run pycharm

let's create a new project name this

project whatever you like i'm going to

name this project

hello world and i recommend not creating

a

main dot pi welcome script right now

i'll show you how to do that manually

and let's create

if you need a python file to work with

this is how to create one go to

file new python file and i'm going to

name

this main and then click python file

all right ladies and gentlemen we now

have an empty python script that we can

use to begin coding

now if you checked this box create a

main.pi welcome script and then created

a new project

then your main python file will probably

look a little something like this but

that's completely fine we can just

delete this

i don't know about you guys but the font

is very small for me

so let's change that we can change that

by going to file

settings editor font and you can

increase the font size

let's say 25 you can also change the

font too

what's a good one uh how about

that then click apply and

okay much better we can actually see

something

to run a python script just click the

screen play button in the corner

alternatively you can go to the run tab

and then go to run

okay so this box that appeared at the

bottom this is referred to as a terminal

window this will display

any output that your program has and

this line at the end

process finished with exit code zero

that just means that there were no

errors in this program

so currently this program doesn't do

anything but let's change that let's

print something

let's print a message so to print a

message to the terminal window

type print and then add a set of

parentheses

and then you can type a message but it

has to be within quotes

either double quotes or single quotes it

doesn't matter

so let's think of a message i don't know

i

love pizza then let me run this

and in my terminal window it says i love

pizza

to print another line just add another

print statement

print and then your message within

quotes

it's really good

and well what do you know it printed i

love pizza

it's really good so ladies and gentlemen

you just wrote your first python program

by the way you can change the font as

well as the font color of your terminal

window by going to

file settings then go to editor

color scheme console font and console

colors

let's change the font let's say i would

like

whatever this font is then click apply

let's change the font color too by going

to console colors

for any output you can click number two

and select a color let's say i would

like

bright green that should be decent

and for anything else let's say this

will be a dark color so i can barely see

it

so then let's click apply and okay

oh yeah that's much better well

everybody that was your very first

python program i'll post

any useful links and timestamps for this

video in the comments section down below

but yeah welcome to coding with python

hey you yeah i'm talking to you if you

learned something new

then help me help you in three easy

steps

by smashing that like button drop a

comment down below

and subscribe if you'd like to become a

fellow bro

[Music]

hey what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well and in this video

i'm going to explain how

variables work in python so sit back

relax

and enjoy the show

if you find this video helpful please

remember to like

comment and subscribe your support will

help keep this channel running

all right let's do this a variable is a

container for a value it behaves as the

value that it contains

it's much like in algebra lessons back

in the day where we had to solve for

whatever value

x was and then we can reuse x and it

behaved exactly as that value

well with programming we can do that

plus we can assign variables of

different data types

so they are not limited to just numbers

we can assign whole words

numbers and even these things called

booleans which are either true or false

but i'll get more in depth into data

types a little bit later on in this

video

so let's create a variable and this is

how to do so we need a unique name for

this variable

let's say name name equals some value

now the first data type that we'll cover

is strings a string

is a series of characters so to create a

string

we can either use single quotes or

double quotes in python

and we can assign this a value of

whatever your own name is

so i will assign this variable name a

value of bro

now this variable will behave exactly as

if it was

this value this name and then we can

reuse this variable for something

so let's print whatever our name is

print

name and this will print whatever your

name is to the console window

now when you print your variable make

sure you don't put it within quotes

because what we're doing then is

literally printing

the word name as you can see here so

if you need to use your variable for

something make sure it's not within

quotes

now we can combine our string variable

with another string so within our print

statement let's print

a string literal such as hello space

plus name so we are combining strings

and then we're printing the results to

the console window so this will print

hello bro now you can actually check the

data type of a variable

so i'm going to turn this line into a

comment so what you'll do

is take the name of the variable

surround this with a set of parentheses

and then precede the set of parentheses

with the type

function and this will print the data

type of this variable to the console

window

and you can see that it says class str

short for string

a string is a series of characters a

name is a good example of a string

a series of characters so that is how to

check the data type

of a variable just use the type function

now you can actually combine variables

together as long as they're of the same

data type so let's change our name to

maybe first name and we'll create a

second variable called lastname

now a common naming convention with

variables if it has

two words separate each word with an

underscore

it's not necessary but it's common

practice for python and honestly i

sometimes forget about that but don't

tell anybody

so let's create another variable called

last name last

name equals whatever your last name is

and then let's create a third variable

called full name

full underscore name and let's combine

first name plus last

name and let us display full name

along with hello plus full name

now these two names were combined

together to create a whole

new variable actually what i think i'll

do is add a space

within my variable so i'm doing a bunch

of string concatenation i'm combining

the variable first name plus a space

character plus

last name so the result is hello

whatever your first name and last name

is

so that is a variable of the string data

type it is a series of characters

now with strings we cannot normally use

these for any sort of math

that's where the next data type comes in

for the time being i just turned all of

these lines into comments and we are

going to move on to the int

data type short for integer this time

let's create a variable called

age and we will assign this a value of

whatever your age is

let's just say that i'm 21 now when you

assign

a value of the int data type make sure

that it is

not within quotes because then

technically it would be a string then

and you can see that the color scheme

for this number actually changed

so if this was a string we would treat

it different

than an int data type because with

strings we cannot normally use them for

any sort of math

so we now have a variable called edge

and we can actually

increase or decrease or do whatever we

want with the edge

let's increase our age by one let's say

it's our birthday to do so we would say

age

equals age plus one and then let's print

our edge to the console window

print edge and you can see that it says

i am 22.

now there's a shorthand way of writing

this what you'll do is type

age plus equals one so that's kind of

like a shortcut and this would work the

same too

now let's print the data type of our

inch variable because we can within a

print statement i will print the edge

and add my edge variable to this type

function and this will print the data

type of my edge variable to the console

window

and i will turn this line into a comment

just so that it doesn't get in the way

now if i were to print the data type of

my age variable

as you can see it is of the int data

type short for integer

it only stores a whole integer number

now what if this was a string so what

i'm going to do

is surround my value within a set of

quotes

and i will turn this line into a comment

so that it does not get in the way

you can see that the data type of my age

variable is now

a string and with strings we cannot

normally use them for any sort of math

so let's attempt to increase our age

variable by one

and we ran into an error a type air can

only concatenate string

to string not end now the point being is

that

it's important to use the appropriate

data type because

with strings we cannot normally use them

for any sort of math you'll want to use

a data type of a numeric value

an int or a float which we'll discuss a

little bit later now here's a situation

to consider

what if we would like to display our

edge variable along with a string

literal much like what we did with this

line involving a string literal such as

hello

plus the user's full name so let's

attempt to do so and this is not going

to work and i'll explain why

so within our print statement let's say

something such as

your age is plus

edge now we're going to run into a type

error

that's because we attempted to use

string concatenation with a string

literal

and a variable of a different data type

a variable of the

int data type in order to display our

edge along with the string we would need

to convert our edge variable to the

string

data type and one way in which we can do

that is by type casting

and we'll cover this more in the next

video so we're going to surround

our age variable that is of the in data

type with a set of parentheses

and precede this with str short for

string and this will convert our

variable

to a string that will allow us to

display it with another string

now if we were to run this program this

way this will now display

your age is and in this case 22 so if

you need to display a variable of a

different data type

along with the string you would just

need to use a stringcast to convert that

data type to a string

but we'll cover this more in the next

video on typecasting

so that is the int data type it stores a

whole integer number and the next data

type is the

float data type and i'm going to turn

these lines into comments and we can

move on

now the float data type is a numeric

value that can store

a number that includes a decimal portion

an int data type cannot store a decimal

portion that's why it's in

short for integer it only stores a whole

number this time let's say we have a

height

and i will assign this a perfectly

normal height of maybe 250.5

centimeters so this decimal portion is

important

that's indicating that this is a

floating point number a float for short

so let's print our height to the console

window print

height and this will print whatever my

height is and now

let's check the type of our height using

the type function

so within a print statement i'm going to

add my height

surround this with another set of

parentheses and precede this

with the type function and the data type

of my variable height is a float short

for a floating point number

a numeric value that contains a decimal

portion

and now for practice let's print our

height along with a string

literal so let's create a string literal

such as

your height is

plus height but guess what we're going

to do some type casting

so surround height with a set of

parentheses and precede this with

str so that we convert height to a

string so that we can use

string concatenation within this print

statement and this will print the

message

your height is 250.5 actually let's add

centimeters to the end so

plus cm

and there we go and that is what a

floating point number is

float for short it is a numeric value

that contains a decimal portion

now the last data type that we're going

to cover is the boolean

data type it is a variable that can only

store true

or false let's say we have a variable

called human

if we were to assign this a boolean

value this would be either true or

false and we can print whatever this

value is let's print whatever

human is and this will display false now

the reason that you may want to use

booleans instead of strings even though

you can still store

a string representation of the word

false or true

is that these are very useful when we

get to if statements

we can check to see if some statement is

true so that is a good use of

boolean values now let's check the data

type of

my human variable so let's print

type human and this will print to the

console window

bool short for boolean now make sure

you're not putting this within quotes

because then it's technically a string

and they behave differently

now the data type is a string and you

may have noticed as well that the font

color has changed between

strings and boolean values so that's

another good indicator

now what if you need to display your

value along with a string using string

concatenation

well guess what we're going to typecast

again so let's print something

r u a human

so we need to use string concatenation

so i will convert

my boolean variable of human to a string

and i have been programmed to inform you

that

yes i am in fact a human that is true

well everyone

that is the basics of variables it is a

container for a value and they behave

as the value that they contain there are

four basic data types

strings which store a series of

characters inc

which store a whole integer floats which

are floating point numbers a numeric

value with a decimal

and booleans which only store true or

false

and they're very useful with if

statements so that is it for variables

if you would like a copy of all this

code i will copy and paste all of this

to the comments section down below

but yeah that is how variables work in

python

hey people what's going on it's bro hope

you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to explain

multiple assignment in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

well then since you clicked on this

video i should probably explain what

multiple assignment is

now multiple assignment allows us to

assign multiple variables

at the same time using one line of code

here's an example of us

using standard assignment let's say we

have a variable

name and i will set this to a value of

my name but you can use your name for

this example

let's say edge equals 21 and how about a

variable called

attractive i think i'm going to set this

to true

okay so we have a bunch of variables and

then we can print

the value of these variables with some

print statements

so let's print name age and attractive

so we have name age attractive

and as you would expect this prints bro

21 and true

now another way in which we could write

the same code is to use

multiple assignment and this allows us

to assign multiple variables

at the same time using one line of code

so i'm going to turn

all of these lines into comments and

this time

we will only use one line of code but to

do this we're going to list all of our

variables

separated with a comma so that would be

name

comma edge comma attractive

and we will set them equal to those

values

but in the same order separated by

commas so that would be

bro comma 21 comma true

and this would do the same thing only

using one line of code

here's another example let's say we have

four variables

spongebob patrick sandy and squidward

and

let's pretend that they're all around

maybe 30 years old

at least it seems like they're around 30

years old but i could be wrong

i'm not too familiar with spongebob lore

so let's set them all equal to 30.

now we could write this using four lines

of code or

we could use multiple assignment to

write the same thing

using one line of code so if all of

these variables

are all equal to the same value there's

a little bit of different syntax here

so let's begin with the first variable

of spongebob

equals patrick

equals sandy equals

squidward then we're going to set them

all equal to 30 and

this should work just fine using only

one line of code

well everybody that's pretty much it for

multiple assignment it allows us to

assign

multiple variables at the same time

using one line of code

i will post all of this code in the

comments section down below

and well yeah that's how multiple

assignment works in python

hey what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to

demonstrate some useful string methods

in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

all right let's do this in this video

i'm going to be explaining and

demonstrating

a few useful methods available to us for

strings

now let's create a variable called name

for this example and you can use your

own name if you want

so we now have a variable called name

and for my first example

let's print the length of our name

variable

so to do that we can surround our name

variable with the length method and this

will print

and return how long the length of our

string is

and for me the length of my name

variable is three

for three characters if i were to

increase the size of my name

well then that's going to change to a so

that is

the length method and i'm just going to

turn this line into a comment

and let's move on so next we have the

find method

i just copy and pasted print name so i

can reuse it

name dot and actually if you have

intellisense setup

if you add dot after your variable

you'll get a suggestion or a few

suggestions of

different methods and other features

that you have access to so

let's find find which is

uh screw this i'll just type find find

then we can find the first index of

where this character is

let's say i would like to find where

capital b is

well that is at index zero because

computers always start with zero

so this first character would be zero

then r

would be one and then o would be

two for this example all right so that

is how to find a character

within a string moving on so let's

capitalize our name and i should

probably make this lowercase

so name dot capitalize

and this will make my name capitalized

but if there's any spaces

and then additional words it's not going

to capitalize that

only the first letter and your string

next we have upper this will make your

string all uppercase

name upper and now

it is uppercase guess what's next

lower name dot lower

and i should probably make this capital

again

and everything is lowercase

we're making some good progress today

next we have

is digit this will return true or false

depending on if our string is a digit

which it's not so this will print false

if i changed my string to a bunch of

numbers like 1 2

3 then this will return true let's

change that back

and move on next we have

is alpha

are these alphabetical characters

oh make sure you add the parentheses

afterwards my bad

false because we added a space within

here

now it's true so you can use is alpha to

check to see

if your string contains only letters

alphabetical letters

next we have count

we can count how many characters are

within our string

i would like to count how many o's are

in here and this should return

two that's right okay we're almost at

the end

we can replace characters within our

string

so we use the replace method

and we pass in two arguments the

character we would like to

replace and the character we would like

to replace our character with

i would like to change all o's to a's

and now

my name is brock hod oh you guys are

gonna like this next one

this isn't technically a method but it's

a really neat feature

so one thing that we can do that's

available to us with python is that we

can display a string

multiple times by multiplying that

string by a given number

so let's say i would like to display my

name three times i can just take my

string variable

then add times three and this will print

my name

three times bro bro bro like i said not

technically

a method but it's a useful feature that

you might be interested in that's

related

all right everybody so that is a few

useful methods available to us for

strings if you would like a copy of all

this code

i will post this in the comments section

down below but yeah those are

a few useful methods available to us for

strings

hey what's going on everybody it's you

bro hope you're doing well and in this

video i'm going to teach you guys all

about typecasting in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

all right welcome back everybody i have

a super quick video for you guys today

on the subject of typecasting now

typecasting is the ability to convert

the data type of a value to another data

type

here's an example that i've written

already i'm just going to paste it

i have three variables for this example

x y

and z x contains one this is a whole

integer

into for short y contains two point zero

this is a floating point number

float four short you can tell it's a

float because it ends with a decimal

portion

and z contains a string of three a

string

is a series of characters and you can

tell it's a string because it's

surrounded with a set of quotes

and remember with strings we cannot

normally perform math on strings

so i have three print statements for x y

and z and as you would expect they

contain the values of

one two point zero and three now let's

begin by converting both y

and z to the integer data type via

typecasting in order to perform

typecasting

on a value or variable type that value

or variable and surround this with a set

of parentheses whoops i missed and then

pre-save this

with the data type you'd like to convert

this value or variable to

i would like to convert y to an integer

and then you can use this for whatever

you need

so i'm going to replace y within my

print statement

with y after we typecast it as

an integer and this will display 1 2

not 2.0 it's the whole integer

of 2 and then 3. so this is not a

permanent change

if you need to make this as a permanent

change to y

you'd have to reassign it so let's say y

equals y and then we're going to

typecast y

so let's round this with a set of

parentheses and precede this with the

data type we'd like to convert

y2 so now y is a whole

integer and then we will print y without

typecast this time and our result is

one two three now z z is storing a

string and with strings we cannot

normally perform any math on strings

for example within my print statement i

will state z

times three you would think that the

result would be nine right

well you're wrong it's going to print

three three times

if you need to convert a string to a int

or a float you would just have to

typecast it so this time let's type cast

z as an integer z

int and we will type cast z as an

integer so then if we have z times three

the result is now 9 instead of 333

so that's the basic formula for type

casting now let's convert these to

floating point numbers but let's include

x as well because

x is feeling left out so let's convert x

to

a floating point number so float

parenthesis and we will surround

this with x and display x

and actually let's convert y and z to

floats as well because why not

the results are now 1.0 2.0 and 9.0

remember that we multiplied z times

three

and then if we need to convert these

values to a string

we would use the string cast

so the results now are 1 2.0

and 333 now you might be thinking to

yourself

when would you need to convert an

integer or a float to a string

here's a situation let's say within our

print statements we need to print

these variables along with another

string so within our print statement

let's say x is plus

x we would like to display these

together

and let me copy this and do the same

thing for y

we'll say y is plus y

you cannot normally display a string

along with an integer

or a float because we're using some

string concatenation

so this will result in a compilation

error can only concatenate

string not int to string so that's a

situation

in which you might need to use

typecasting to convert an

integer or float to a string so let's

display

x and y as strings via typecasting

so we'll surround x and y with a set of

parentheses and precede this with the

data type we'd like to convert these

values to

we would like to convert x and y to both

strings and now this will compile and

run

just fine well everybody that's the

basics of typecasting

if you would like a copy of all my code

i will post everything in the comments

down below

if you found this video helpful don't be

afraid to help me out by smashing that

like button

drop a comment down below and subscribe

if you'd like to become a fellow bro

hey what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to teach you

guys how we can accept some user input

in python so sit

back relax and enjoy the show

ladies and gentlemen this is where the

fun begins in this video i'm going to

explain how we can accept some user

input in python

and we do so by using the input function

and then we type in our input to the

console window

but it would probably be good practice

to let the user know what we want them

to type in exactly

so let's ask for somebody's name within

quotes inside the input function i'm

going to type

what is your name and now

our program will wait for us to enter in

some user input

so you can use your own name for this

example i'm going to type bro

now to submit some user input you just

type or press

enter now you can see that my process

finished with exit code zero that means

the program is done running

so we should probably do something with

this value we can actually assign it to

a variable so we can use it elsewhere in

our program

so to do so we precede input with

a variable like name works name equals

input

and when we accept some user input we

will assign it to this variable that we

called them

and now we can do something with it so

let's print a message

involving our name variable that we have

so how about

hello plus name

now when i run this program we can

accept some user input

and then do something with that input

such as display message that says

hello bro and then you can type in

whatever you want for your name

let's say i'm dude what is your name

dude hello dude

now this next part is very important

when we accept user input it is always

of the string

data type a series of characters what if

we need to accept a number

well you can but you can't normally

perform any math on it because it's of

the string data type

we would need to cast it as either of

the integer data type

or of the float data type so here's an

example of why we can't perform any math

on a string let's say we have a variable

called

edge age equals input and let's

ask how old somebody is how old

are you now i will add one to somebody's

age let's pretend it's their birthday

age equals age plus one this will add

one to their age

now let's try and run this what is your

name bro

how old are you let's say that i'm 21.

okay we ran into an error a type error

can only concatenate string to string

with what i mentioned previously we

cannot normally use

strings for any sort of mathematical

equation or operation

we'll want to cast it to the integer or

the float

data type so let's cast our user input

to the integer data type and we will

surround our user input with a cast

surround your input with a set of

parenthesis and precede this with

int and now we can use this user input

in a mathematical operation

so let's try it even though this won't

display age yet so

what is your name bro 21 and our program

finished with

an x a code of zero there were no

problems now let's attempt to display

this edge

so i will print

u r plus

age plus years

old we're doing some string

concatenation here

what is your name bro how old are you 21

all right we ran into a type error again

can only concatenate string to string

you cannot normally display a variable

of the integer data type

along with strings because we're doing

string concatenation we're adding

strings together

we would need to convert this variable

back to the string

data type so we can cast it we'll

surround

our edge variable with a cast now this

is what's going to happen we will accept

some user input it will be of the string

data type and then we will

immediately cast it to be of the integer

data type so that we can treat it

as a number instead of a character and

then if we need to display this

edge we will need to convert it back to

a string so that we can use

some string concatenation and display

all of these strings together

and now let's try this theory so what is

your name bro

how old are you let's say i'm 21 hello

bro you

are 22 years old here's a situation what

if we enter

a number that contains a decimal portion

so let's try this again

let's say i'm 21.5 years old

well now we ran into a different issue a

value error

invalid literal for int with base 10

that means if we cast a string as an

integer

it can only be a whole number a portion

that does not contain

a decimal and that is where the float

data type would come in

it is a data type that can contain a

decimal portion

for this example let's create a third

variable called height and we will ask

for somebody's height

input we'll create a prompt that says

how tall are you

and we will cast this to be of the float

data type

so that our string our user input

can contain a decimal portion and then

we can treat it as a number instead of a

series of characters

and i think i will delete this line we

won't really need it anymore

and then let's print their height along

with a message

u r plus then

height but we need to cast this back to

being a string

so we'll surround our height with a cast

plus let's say cm

tall all right let's test this

what is your name bro how old are you

let's say i'm 21 how tall are you let's

pretend that i'm 250.5 centimeters tall

i'm adding the 0.5 just to test to see

if this will accept a floating point

number

hello bro you are 21 years old you are

250.5 centimeters tall

not really all right everybody so that

is the basics of

user input in python normally with user

input it will give you

a value of the string data type if you

need to use that value for any sort of

math

you'll probably need to cast it to be of

the integer or the float data

type so if you would like a copy of this

code i will post this in the comment

section down below

but yeah that's how to accept user input

in python

hey what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well and in this video

i'm going to demonstrate a few useful

functions related to numbers in python

so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

okay let's begin in this video i'm going

to be demonstrating a bunch of useful

functions related to numbers

and a bunch of these functions are

located within the math

module now let's create a variable for

this example let's say

pi equals 3.14 just the first few digits

of pi is fine for this example

and now here's a bunch of useful

functions that you guys would probably

be interested in

the first is round round is a built-in

function and all we do is type round

then add a set of parenthesis and then

we can pass in

a value or a variable as an argument and

the round function

will round that number for us so pi

rounded to the nearest whole integer

is you guessed it three now we can round

a number up

by using the seal function of the math

class seal

short for ceiling so let's print

our result and in order to access this

function within the math module

we would type the name of the module dot

and here's a bunch of functions that we

have access to

so we are looking for seal and it's

actually at the top here for me

and at seal we'll round a number up to

the nearest whole integer

so pi rounded up is four

then on the flip side we can round a

number down by using

floor and that is also located within

the math module

so let's type math dot floor and

pi rounded down would be three

up next i have the absolute value

function but it's abs

for short abs will give you the absolute

value of a number

so the absolute value of pi actually

let's make this negative 3.14

the absolute value will tell you how far

a number

is away from zero so if you pass in a

negative number

it will give you a positive number so

that is

abs short for absolute value next we

have

the pow function pow will raise

a base number to a power let's raise

pi to the power of two so we pass in

two arguments a base and an exponent

pi to the power of two is nine point

eight

and some change so that is the pow

function

next we have square root

so this is located within the math

module we'll type

math dot s q r

t short for square root and the square

root of pi

is let's find out oh i guess we can't

pass in pi

uh let's round a different number like

420

oh i guess that's because i made pi

negative okay so the square root of 420

is

20.4 and some change so that is the

square

root function all right we have two left

we have the max function

the max function will find the largest

of a varying amount

of values so let's create three

variables for this example

let's say x equals one y equals two

and z equals three we can use the max

function to find

the largest of these values so within a

print statement

let's use the max function and pass in

all of the different values or variables

that you would like to compare

so i would like to find the largest

value between

x y and z and the result in this example

is three now the min function will find

the lowest

so min and then pass in your values or

variables

so i would like to find the minimum

value between x

y and z and in this case it is one

well everybody those are a few useful

functions that you guys might be

interested in

if you guys would like a copy of this

code i will post this in the comments

section down below

but yeah those are a few useful

functions related to numbers

in python hey what's going on everybody

it's bro hope you're doing well and in

this video i'm going to explain string

slicing in python so sit back

relax and enjoy the show

all right then let's talk about slicing

slicing can be used to create a

substring by extracting elements from

another string

the same principle can also be applied

to different collections as well

but in this video we're going to be

focusing on slicing strings

now to slice a string we can either use

the indexing operator

which is a set of square brackets or by

use of the slice function

to create a slice object this is a

little more complex

we'll discuss the slice function near

the end of this video

so with slicing there are three optional

arguments

three fields that we can fill in

depending on where

and how we want to slice our string a

starting index

a stopping index and a step let's begin

with the starting index

now for this example let's say we have a

string

variable called name and this will store

a value of whatever your

own full name is yes i legally change my

name to bro code you can use your own

name for this if you want

so what i would like to do is to create

a substring

based off a sliced portion of my full

name

so what i would like to do is create a

substring based off of just the first

part of my name just bro

so let's begin by creating a substring

maybe i'll call this first

name equals now to slice a string

type in a string or the name of a

variable that contains your string

and follow this with the indexing

operator and like i said we'll discuss

the slice function a little bit later so

we need

a starting index and a stopping index

but we'll begin with the starting index

where do we want to begin

our slice so computers they always start

with zero

so the first character in your string

will have an index

of zero i would like my slice to begin

at index 0

so i'll list that for the starting

position the starting index

so let's test this just to be sure it

works i'll just print

first name and let's see if this prints

capital b

which it does so following that same

pattern the next character

within my string would have an index of

one that would be

r then the next index two would be

o and three should be an empty space

all right so that is the starting index

within string slicing if we would like

to slice an entire portion of our string

not just one letter we need a stopping

index as well

and both of these fields are separated

with a colon

so let's say i would like to slice the

first three characters of my string

so this would have an index of zero one

two and this isn't going to work as you

would imagine and i'll explain

why so you would think that indexes

0 through 2 would give us three letters

right but it only gives us two

so this first index is inclusive

the stopping index is exclusive so if i

want the first

three characters the first three letters

in the string

i would need the starting index to be

zero

and the stopping index to be three and

now this should print

my first name and not anything else

there is a shorthand way of writing this

too

so if you were to leave this first index

blank

for start well python is going to assume

that this is zero

the beginning of your string so this

would be

no different than what we had previously

just having colon

three now let's try and create a

separate substring

for a last name so last

name name now we need a

starting index and a stopping index so

we need the starting index at least so

this would be

zero one two three four

four colon and where do we want this to

stop

zero one two three four five

six seven and remember that this is

exclusive

so we're going to place eight here and

now i would like to display

last name and this should just display

code

and a shortcut is that if you were to

leave

stop blank but you still have that colon

this is a shorthand way of writing

i would like every character starting at

index four

and everything after until the end so

there would be no change to this

as well you can write it either way okay

so we still have to discuss

step step is an optional field that we

can set a value to

so step is how much we're increasing our

index by

between starting and stopping so it is

entirely possible

to create a substring that will count

only

every second character after the first

normally step is one by default

but if we were to set that to two we're

going to count only

every second character so let's try this

maybe i'll create a new

variable called funky name because i

really don't know what else to call this

for this example

let's say funky name equals name and i'm

going to count

only every second character including

the first

so the indexes would be zero colon

eight for my example but if you're using

your own name that's probably going to

be something different

so the default first step is one and if

i were to display funky name as it

is currently this will just display my

full name

but if we set step to two this will only

display

every second character including the

first so funky name is now

for me at least b o c d now if step

was three this will print only every

third character including the first

where it's b space d a shorthand way of

writing this

is that you could leave start and stop

empty but the important thing is to have

these two colons

python is going to assume that if you

leave your starting index

empty you're referring to index 0 the

beginning

if your second index your stopping index

is empty

python will assume this will be the very

end of your string

so just having two colons and then step

three would be

no different than what we had previously

or this next part i'm going to explain

how we can reverse a string in python so

let's create a new substring variable

called

reversed name equals name i would like

to use the entire string

so i can just use two colons python will

fill in the rest

so for the step this is going to be

negative one

it's kind of like we're counting

backwards and we're going to create

a new sub string based off my name but

in reverse

so if i were to print my reversed name

this is now

edok orb i think that's how you

pronounce it

so that's how to reverse a string in

python using slicing

now let's move on to part two of this

video i'm going to be explaining the

slice function and we can use the slice

function to create a slice

object which is actually reusable so

that's somewhat convenient

let's take a different scenario this

time let's say we have a website url

website equals http colon2forwardslashes

google.com but use whatever website you

want what i would like to do for this

program

is remove and create a substring based

off the website name

and not anything else i would like to

exclude the http portion as well as the

dot-com portion

of this website url so let's break it

down step by step

our first step is to create a slice

object so i will name the slice object

as slice

slice equals and i will invoke the slice

function

so within the parentheses of the slice

function we can add up to

three values a start a stop and a step

exactly the same as what we did with

indexing however with the slice function

we separate each of these values with a

comma

instead of a colon but it works the same

way so we would like

our substring to begin where the name of

the website begins

so we would like our start to be zero

one two three four five six seven

so i will pass in seven for where my

substring will begin

and now each value within the slice

function will be separated with

a comma instead of a colon like what we

did with the indexing operator

now for the stop index that's going to

be a little bit tricky

and let me explain why one issue that

we're going to run into

is that not all website names are

consistent with their length they can

really vary

so it is not possible for us to use the

same stopping index

for each of these website urls so one

way in which we can account for that

is to use what is called a negative

index each character within a string

has a positive index as well as a

negative index

and a negative index works almost

exactly the same way

except the character most on the right

begins with a negative index

of minus one and the character on the

left

of that would be negative two negative

three and negative four

it's as if you're counting backwards so

with indexing we can use some

combination of

positive and negative indexing so i

would like

my substring to end where this dot is so

this would have

a index of minus one minus two

minus three minus four and remember that

this is exclusive

so i would like my slice to begin at

index seven

and a negative index of four for the

stopping position

so that will give me just the website

name and remove

the http portion as well as the dot com

portion of my website url

and now we have a slice object and we

can reuse this

so to apply your slice object type in

the name your string

index operator and place your slice

right within here

and let's print this so print

our website and apply the slice to it

and now this should give us

just the website name and now let's test

this with maybe another website

i'll rename this as website one and

let's create website2

and let's try a different website name

for goodmeasure

so let's try wikipedia so we can reuse

our slice object

and we will apply our slice to website

two this time

and this should remove the url portions

http as well as

com all right everybody so that is

slicing strings

in python you can either use the

indexing operator

or the slice function to create a slice

object

if you would like a copy of all this

code i will post all of this in the

comments section down below

but yeah that is how string slicing

works in python

hey what's going on people it's you bro

hope you're doing well and in this video

i'm going to explain

if statements else if statements and

else statements and python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

all right people let's talk about if

statements an if statement is a block of

code

that will execute only if its condition

is true

it's a very basic form of decision

making with programming

for this example let's create a prompt

where we will ask a user

for their age and depending on what

their age is we will print a response

so let's say age equals input and then

we will add a prompt

how old are you now this will return a

string

so we should probably cast this as an

integer data type

so we now have a variable called age

where we will accept some user input

let's check somebody's age with a

variety of if statements

so let's check to see if somebody's age

is greater than or equal to 18

so to create an if statement type if and

then some sort of condition

if age is greater than or equal to 18

to finish this if statement add a colon

at the end

now pay attention to this if i move down

to the next line you'll notice that my

cursor is now

indented any indented code underneath an

if statement is the block of code for

that if statement

so if this condition is true we will

execute some

block of code if it's false we'll skip

over it so if somebody's age is greater

than or equal to 18

let's print you are an

adult and let's try this program how old

are you

let's say i'm 21 so my condition when we

get to the if statement

is going to check to see if this

condition is true if it is true we're

going to

execute this block of code if it's not

we skip over it

so how old are you let's say i'm 21 i'm

going to hit enter

and my if statement is true so we

execute this block of code which prints

you are an adult so what if this

condition is false

let's say i'm 12. well then we're just

going to skip over this block of code

and continue on with the rest of the

program

if you would like your program to take

some other course of action

if this condition is false we can add an

else

statement so after the if statement add

else

make sure you get the indentation right

you don't want this within the block of

code for the if statement

so if this condition is false we can

take

some other course of action so if

somebody's age

is less than 18 let's print

you are a child

so let's try this again i'm going to

enter that i

am 12 years old not really but let's

just pretend i am

so this will now print you are a child

if

this condition is false perform this

block of code for the else statement

so with if statements we can check more

than one condition before reaching the

else statement by using an

else if statement and we add that after

an if statement so it's shortened to e l

i f for else if so let's check to see if

somebody's age

is less than zero for some reason

so let's print

you haven't been born yet

so with if statements we start at the

top we first check

the if statement if this is false we

move down to the next

statement to check then we check our

else if statement

if this is also false then we resort to

the else statement

the else statement is sort of like a

last resort if all conditions

evaluate to be false then we execute the

else statement

so let's try this how old are you let's

say i'm negative

1 years old you haven't been born yet

so with if statements we always begin

with an if statement and we check

that condition if that condition

evaluates to be false

then we will skip this block of code and

move down to the else if statement

if there is one it's optional if this

condition

is also false then we will use our else

statement as a last resort

if there is one if there is no else

statement then we just skip over all of

this then and continue on with the rest

of the program

so you can add more than one else if

statement so let's check something else

let's check to see else if age

is equal to 100 so if you need to check

to see

if a value is equal to a particular

value

make sure you use double equal signs

this is the comparison

operator for equality if you use just

one equal sign that's the assignment

operator and

python thinks you're attempting to set

age equal to 100

so if you want to check to see if age is

equal to 100

then use double equals so let's check to

see if somebody's age is

equal to 100 so let's print

you are a century

old now pay attention to this if i were

to run this program

how old are you let's say i'm 100. so

this is printing you are an adult that's

because we first check

our if statement and well we're 100

years old and 100

is greater than or equal to 18. so we

print

this block of code we execute this block

of code and then we skip

everything else even though age is equal

to 100 within

our else if statement so the order of

your if statements

does matter so let's change this around

let's add this

to the very beginning and this will be

our

if statement and we will set age

is greater than or equal to 18 to be an

else if statement

so we're first going to check to see if

age is equal to 100

if not we will check to see if age is

greater than or equal to 18

and we just follow that order so let's

try this again how old are you

i am 100 years old you are

a century old so we first check our if

statement

if this condition is true we will

execute this block of code

if it's false we just go down the order

till we reach our else statement

well everybody that is the basics of if

statements we have if statements

else if statements and else statements

so if you would like a copy of this code

i will post this in the comments down

below

but yeah that is how if statements work

in python

hey what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well in this video i'm

going to explain

logical operators in python so sit back

relax

and enjoy the show

all right everybody let's talk about

logical operators

these are used to check if two or more

conditional statements

are true so we'll be discussing the and

as well as the or

logical operators there's also a third

one called

not but that works a little bit

different and i'll explain why

so let's create a program to demonstrate

this let's create a program

where we will ask somebody for the

temperature outside and then depending

on the temperature if it falls within a

certain range

we will print a message so we'll need to

use and as well as or logical operators

to do this

so here i have a prompt temp for

temperature equals input what is the

temperature outside

so i'm going to cast this as an integer

data type

so what if we want to check to see if

our temperature is within a certain

range

we can use the and logical operator to

check

two or more conditional statements this

is how we might do that

let's check if temp

is greater than or equal to zero zero

degrees celsius

and we can check another condition too

if temp

is less than or equal to 30 degrees

celsius

so we need to add a colon at the end to

finish this if statement

and let me just fix some of the spacing

okay so

with the and logical operator in order

for this entire condition to be true

both conditions must be true this needs

to be true

and this needs to be true so if our

temperature

is equal to or above 0 as well

as being less than or equal to 30 that

means our temperature

falls within a certain range so let's

print a message

such as the temperature

is good today

print go

outside all right let's try it

so what is the temperature outside let's

say it's 20 degrees celsius

well the temperature is good today go

outside

this condition is true 20 is greater

than or equal to zero

and temperature is less than or equal to

30.

let's try a different temperature like

negative 20 degrees celsius so it's

really freaking cold outside right now

as you can see nothing happened because

our first condition

was false our temperature is not greater

than or equal to zero

but our temperature is less than or

equal to 30 so

our second condition is true but our

first condition was false

and in order for this entire statement

to be true since we're using the and

logical operator

both conditions must be true in order

for this statement

to be true now let's discuss the or

logical operator

we can check to see if our temperature

is below

or above a certain range so let's write

else if

temp is less than zero or

temp is greater than 30. so that means

it's going to be either

very cold outside or very hot outside so

let's print a message

the temperature

is bad today

print stay

inside all right let's try this again

what is the temperature outside it is

negative 20 degrees outside

the temperature is bad today stay inside

so with the

orological operator as long as one of

these conditions

is true then the entire statement is

true it doesn't matter if one of them is

false as long as one of them is true

then the entire statement

is true last but not least we have the

not logical operator this works a little

bit different from the

and as well as the or logical operator

because we can check

one or more conditional statements

instead of two or more conditional

statements

so what the not logical operator will do

is that it'll take

a conditional statement if it's true

it's going to flip it to false

if it's normally false it's going to

flip it to true so for this example we

have another way in which we could write

this

although it's a little more complex so

if our statement

is true what we can do is that we can

flip it to false using the

not logical operator if it's normally

false we can change it to true

so what we'll do is surround one or more

conditional statements with a set of

parentheses

and precede everything within the

parentheses with the not

logical operator so if the statement is

normally true

it's going to become false using the not

logical operator

if it's normally false it's going to be

true then let's do the same with the

else if statement

so surround one or more conditional

statements with the not

logical operator so now these roles are

going to be kind of reversed so let's

try this again what is the temperature

outside it is negative 20 degrees

outside

the temperature is good today go outside

so what we should probably do

is kind of reverse these rolls so i'm

just going to swap

everything within these if statements

with each other

and now this should work the same as it

did before but we just wrote it a little

bit different

what is the temperature outside it is 15

degrees outside

15 degrees celsius the temperature is

good today go outside

so with the not logical operator you can

surround one

or more conditional statements with the

not logical operator and what this will

do

is flip it from being false to true or

from true to false

well everybody that's the basics of

logical operators in python if you would

like a copy of all this code i will post

this in the comments

down below but yeah that's the basics of

logical operators

in python hey what's going on everybody

it's bro hope you're doing well and in

this video i'm going to explain while

loops in python so sit back

relax and enjoy the show

so while loops a while loop is a

statement that will execute its block of

code

as long as its condition remains true

later on in this video for this example

we're going to create

a program where we will prompt a user to

enter their name

if they attempt to skip that prompt then

we will continually ask the user to

enter their name

and they can't continue on with the rest

of the program until they do so the key

thing to keep in mind with while loops

is that you'll want some way to

eventually escape the while loop if you

don't have any way to escape the while

loop that's referred to as an

infinite loop so let's create an example

of an infinite loop because it's fun

so to create a while loop type while and

then some sort of condition

so for our condition let's say while one

is equal to one

so this will always be true now what do

we want to do

when we execute this block of code let's

print something

print help i'm

stuck in a loop all right so let's try

this

while one is equal to one print this

statement

and we will just continue on and on

within this while loop because we have

no way to escape this while loop

so now let's use this concept and write

a program where we will prompt a user to

type in their name

if they don't type in anything then we

will continue to prompt them to type in

at least something

so let's say name is equal to

and then to just keep this blank we'll

just set this to a set of quotes

and then let's write a while loop here

while name

and let's check the length of name if

the length

of our name is equal

to zero then we will ask the user to

type in their name

name equals input

enter your name

so then once we escape the while loop

let's print something

print hello plus

name whoops hello plus name

alright so when i run this we are giving

the user a way to escape the while loop

they have to type in something for their

name

as long as the length of my name is

equal to zero

keep on printing this prompt enter your

name

so i'm just going to hit enter a bunch

of times enter your name

no enter your name no enter your name no

so we are stuck within this loop until

we enter something for our name

so this time let me type in a name then

hit enter

so therefore our condition is now false

the length

of my name is now one two three so

three is not equal to zero therefore our

while statement our while loop is false

and we continue on with the rest of the

program there are a few variations in

which you could write the same program

so

let's write this a different way what we

could do is say

name is equal to none while

not name and this will pretty much do

the same thing it's just another way of

writing this

well everybody that's the basics of

while loops a while loop is a statement

that will execute

its block of code as long as its

condition remains true

for our example we asked the user to

type in their name

if they were to leave it empty or blank

we would keep on asking the user to type

in their name

so if you would like a copy of this code

i will post this in the comments section

down below

but yeah that's the basics of while

loops in python

hey what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well and in this video

i'm going to explain for loops in python

and at the end of this video we're going

to create a countdown timer so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

all right guys and gals let's talk about

for loops a for loop is a statement that

will execute its block of code a

limited amount of times it's similar but

different from a while loop because a

while loop

could iterate an unlimited or infinite

amount of times depending on the

condition a for loop

will only iterate a limited amount of

times and before we start executing

its block of code we already know how

many times we're going to repeat this

block of code

so for this example let's create a for

loop that will simply count it to 10

and then we'll create a few more

sophisticated examples

so to create a for loop that will count

up to 10 this is what we'll type

four and then we need some sort of

counter people usually either write

index or they shorten it to just i i for

index

four i in and we can set a range range

ten so we will execute this for loop ten

times

and to finish this for loop just add a

colon at the end

so the next line or lines will be

indented so that's the block of code for

the for loop

what do we want to do during each

iteration let's just print what

i is and let's take a look to see what

would happen

so we executed this for loop ten times

except with computers computers always

start with zero

so when we said four i in range ten

we're counting numbers

zero through nine so it's as if this

number

is exclusive so there's two ways we can

change this we could say range ten

plus one or what i would do is say print

i

plus one so this will give us numbers

one

through ten so that's a for loop it will

execute a limited amount of times

this time let's count a range between

two numbers

not necessarily 0 to 10 but something

else so let's say 4i

in range maybe the numbers 50 through

100

so within my range function i will pass

in two numbers

the first number will be the starting

point and the second number is the

ending point

this first number is inclusive and the

second number is exclusive

so let's print this print whatever i is

so this will count

50 through 99 actually if you wanted to

include this last number since it's

exclusive what we could do is just add

one to the end so this would give

us 50 through 100 except that

this will iterate 51 times since we're

counting 50.

so you just have to pay attention to

your range and the numbers that it's

counting now one thing that you can do

with the range function is that you can

add a third argument and this will

function as the step

how much you want to count up or down by

so this time let's count up by two

so i'll add comma two we're passing in a

third argument this time

so this program will now count up by two

starting at fifty and go all the way

to one hundred a benefit of for loops is

that we can iterate through anything

that is considered

iterable this could include a string the

letters in a string

or any sort of collection so this time

let's create a for loop that will

iterate

once through each letter in maybe a name

so for

i in and let's type a name here type in

whatever your first name and last name

is

and then we will print whatever i is

for i in whatever your name is print

each letter

in the string so when i run this each

letter

within my name will be printed to a new

line

all right people for my last trick we're

going to create a program

where we will simulate a countdown

starting at 10 and count down to zero

and then maybe once we reach zero we can

print something such as

happy new year so to create this program

we'll need an import so at the top

we're going to import the time module

because we'll be waiting

one second after each iteration of this

for loop

so to create this program let's say four

you could say i but you can really write

anything here and

to demonstrate that let's say four

seconds four seconds

in range so the starting point is going

to be ten

the ending point will be zero and we'll

add a step

what do we want to count up or down by

let's set this to negative one so this

will be a countdown

starting at ten and ending at zero so

after each iteration

let's print whatever i is or in this

case

seconds and then we can sleep have our

thread sleep

for a number of seconds too so after we

print seconds

type time dot sleep and pass in

how long you want to sleep for i would

like to sleep for one second

and then at the end let's print happy

new year make sure this isn't within the

for loop

print happy new year and well

that's it let's test this so we'll begin

at 10 and count down to zero and you can

see that my thread that is running this

program

is sleeping for one second after each

iteration of this for loop

then once we reach zero it will display

happy new year

well everybody that's the basics of for

loops a for loop is a statement

that will execute its block of code a

limited amount of times

it's different from a while loop because

a while loop could execute

an infinite or unlimited amount of times

with for loops they execute limited

amounts of times

and before we enter the for loop we

already know how many times we're going

to iterate this for loop

if you'd like a copy of all this code i

will post this in the comments down

below

but yeah that's how for loops work in

python

hey what's going on everybody it's you

bro hope you're doing well and in this

video i'm going to explain nested loops

in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

hey all you people let's talk about

nested loops a nested loop is a general

concept of having

one loop inside of another loop and

that's really it it doesn't matter if

it's a for loop or a while loop

so the inner loop will finish all of its

iterations

before we finish one iteration of the

outer loop

and to best demonstrate this we're going

to create a program where we will draw a

rectangle made out of a certain symbol

that we choose

we need to set a width and a height and

to best do this we'll need to use a

nested loop we'll create a few prompts

one for rows

columns and a symbol that we want to

make a rectangle of

so let's begin with rows rows equals

input how many

rows and we'll need to cast this as an

integer data type

because we're working with numbers okay

let's do the same thing for columns

so replace rows with columns for this

next line

input how many columns

and we'll create a symbol variable

symbol

equals input and this we don't have to

cast

enter a symbol to

use now it's time for the nested loops

we're going to create an outer for loop

as well as an inner for loop

the outer for loop will be in charge of

the rows the inner for loop will be in

charge of the columns

so let's begin by creating our outer

loop so

we'll write 4 i in range

rows we would like our outer for loop to

iterate as many times

as we have rows and we're going to

create an inner for loop that will

iterate as many times as we have columns

so within the block of code for the

outer for loop we're going to create

another for loop

this time it'll be four and a common

convention

for inner loops is to write j as an

index because

j comes after i i guess so for j

in range columns

so our inner for loop will iterate for

as many times

as we have columns all we'll do within

the

inner for loop is print our symbol that

we have

except we'll have one issue using a

print statement

after we use the print statement we will

enter a new line character and move down

to the next line

we can actually prevent that by adding

comma

and equals quotes so after using a print

statement

this will prevent our cursor from moving

down to the next line

so pay attention to the indentation too

so there's kind of two levels of

indentation

we're currently within the inner for

loop so that's pretty much it for the

inner for loop now we're going to

print a new line once we exit the inner

for loop

and you can see that the indentation is

on

this line right here we're within the

outer for loop now

and that's pretty much it so let's try

this program

how many rows let's say five rows how

many columns perhaps six

what symbol do we want to use let's say

the dollar sign

and let's try it there we go there's our

rectangle

so we have let's see six columns one

two three four five six and five rows

one

two three four five in summary

a nested loop is really just this

concept of having

one loop inside of another loop it

doesn't matter if it's a while loop or a

for a loop it's really situational

the inner loop will finish all of its

iterations before finishing

one iteration of the outer loop so what

we did to demonstrate that is that we

had

the outer loop in charge the rows and an

inner loop in charge of the columns for

our rectangle program

so if you would like a copy of this

program i will post this in the comment

section down below

but yeah that's the basics of nested

loops in python

hey what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to explain

loop control statements in python

so sit back relax and enjoy the show

all right ladies and gentlemen let's

talk about loop control statements

these are used to change a loop's

execution from its normal sequence

and there are three we're going to

discuss break continue

and pass let's begin with break break is

used to terminate the loop entirely

now here's a good example of where a

break would be useful

let's say while true we're going to

continually ask

for somebody's name if they don't type

in anything then we'll continue the

while loop over and over again

so let's say name equals input

enter your name now

if name does not equal

a set of quotes that means they don't

type in anything then

we will break and break out of this

while loop and let's test it

enter your name nah i don't think so i'm

too lazy to enter my name

all right i can see that i'm not going

to escape this while loop so i'm going

to type in my name because i give up

and hit enter therefore i will break and

exit out of this while loop

so a break is used to terminate the loop

entirely when it's encountered

next we have continue continue skips to

the next iteration of the loop

now let's say we have a phone number

phone

underscore number and i will set the

sequel to

let's say a random phone number

including dashes 123-456-7890

what i would like to do is to display

this number within the console window

without these dashes

this is how to do that using a continue

control statement

for i in phone number

so for each character within our string

of phone number

what we'll do is check to see if we

encounter a dash character

if i i is our index is

equal to a dash then we want to

continue and skip over this iteration of

the loop

so continue

then i would like to print

whatever our indexes whatever character

we're working on

so if i were to run this as it is it's

going to print each digit

on a new line so with print statements

they will add a new line character to

the end of your string

and you can actually change that by

adding to the end comma

end equals and then a set of quotes so

this will print my phone number without

any dashes

one two three four five six seven eight

nine zero so that's a use of

the continue control statement it skips

to the next iteration of the loop

last but not least we have pass pass

does nothing

it acts as a placeholder let's say that

i would like to print the numbers

1 through 20 using a for loop for i

in range 1 through 21 and remember that

the second digit is

exclusive so this will iterate once

through the digits of 1

through 20. let's pretend that i'm

highly superstitious and i don't want to

print

the number 13 because 13 is considered

an unlucky number

if i is equal to 13

what we'll do is pass and pass acts as a

placeholder and it won't do anything

else print

i that's one i there we go

this will print the numbers 1 through 20

and skip 13 because we used

the past control statement which does

nothing it acts as a placeholder

so everybody those are loop control

statements they change

a loop's execution from its normal

sequence we have break

continue and pass so if you would like a

copy of all this code

i will post all of this in the comments

section down below but yeah those are a

few

loop control statements in python what's

going on everybody

it's bro hope you're doing well and in

this video i'm going to explain

lists in python so sit back relax

and enjoy the show

all right ladies and gentlemen let's get

down to business i got to explain

lists to you all now a list is used to

store

multiple items within a single variable

for example let's say we have a variable

called food

and i will store a string value of pizza

because i like pizza

what we could do is that we can store

multiple items within this

variable by turning this variable into a

list

and in order to do so we're going to

surround all of the values that we would

like to add

to our list with a set of square

brackets

and boom there you have it we now have a

list called food it is no longer

a variable so what we could do is add

multiple items to this list of food so

let's add some other food items that we

might like

let's see i also like maybe some

hamburgers

and a hot dog

and maybe some spaghetti i think i

smelled spaghetti right

okay so we now have a list called food

now what happens if we attempt to print

this list of food

so print food so this will

print all of the elements found in this

list

each item in a list is referred to as an

element

if we need to access a certain element

of

this list we have to list the index so

next to our list we'll add a set of

square brackets again

and we need to list the numbered index

of the element that we're trying to

access

now computers they always start with

zero so the first

element in our list would be element

number zero

the next one would be one two and three

so if we need to access element zero

which is in the first position we would

say food square brackets

and then within here list the index so

the first position

is zero and this will now print the

first element of our list

which is pizza let's attempt to access

some of these other elements

so the element at index one would be

you guessed it hamburger two

would be hot dog and three would be

spaghetti

now what happens if we attempt to access

the element at index four

well currently that's out of range

because we did not assign

a value so we're experiencing an error

an index

out of range error but if i were to add

another element

let's say pudding alright well then

the element at index 4 would be putting

then

one important concept with lists is that

you can always

update and change the elements found

within a list

later on in the program after you

declare one so let's say we would like

to

immediately change one of these elements

let's say

food at index zero i want to

replace with maybe sushi because sushi

is great

so if i were to print the element at

index

0 this would no longer be pizza because

we updated element 0 to be

sushi then and this prints sushi now if

you need to display

all of the elements found within a list

you can easily do so with a standard for

loop

what we'll do is say for x in

the name of our list which is food

print x and let me turn this line into a

comment

all right so this for loop will print

all of the elements found within our

list

of food and the results are sushi

hamburger hot dog spaghetti and pudding

all right people for this next portion

i'm going to demonstrate a few useful

functions of

lists and to access some of these

functions type the name of your list

dot and there's a bunch to choose from

here let's begin with

event we can add an element to this list

let's say at the end i would like to add

ice cream so then if i were to display

my list we now have ice cream at the end

because we appended

this value to my list of food so let's

go over a few others

so we can also remove a value food

dot remove let's say i would like to

remove

hotdog so i'm going to type that within

my function and this will remove hotdog

and that is no longer here

next we can pop food.pop

pop will remove the last element so this

will remove

pudding

we can insert a value at a given index

food dot insert we need to list an index

let's say zero that would be the first

position technically that's where pizza

is currently

and i would like to add cake

and at index 0 we now have cake

so next up we have sort

food dot sort this will sort a list

alphabetically

so in the first position we have

hamburger hot dog pudding spaghetti

then sushi we can also clear a list

food dot clear and this will remove

all of the elements of a list so this

will not print anything because we

cleared the list

well everyone in conclusion a list is

really just a variable that can store

multiple values think of it that way so

if you would like a copy

of all the code that we have written

here today i will post all of this in

the comments down below

but yeah that's how lists work in python

how's it going everybody it's bro hope

you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to explain

2d lists in python so sit back

relax and enjoy the show

i have a super quick video for you all

today on

2d lists also referred to as

multi-dimensional lists

all it is is a list of separate lists

so let's begin by creating a few

separate lists let's say we have a list

called drinks and let's assign a few

values

let's say we have coffee as well

as soda and maybe some tea

all right so we currently have one list

let's make maybe two more let's make a

list called

dinner and maybe in here we'll place

pizza then hamburger

and hot dog okay

then let's create one more for this

example let's say dessert

and maybe we'll add two items

they all don't need the same amount of

items or elements so we have cake

and ice cream

all right so we have three lists one

called drinks

dinner and dessert so what we can do is

add

all of these lists to one list

and let's create a list called food food

equals and for each of these elements

we're going to place

our lists so we have drinks dinner

and dessert check this out what if i

were to

print my 2d list of food

so what ends up happening is that this

will print all of the elements

found within each individual list and

they're all grouped together

so this first portion is my drinks list

which contains coffee soda tea this next

element

is my dinner list which contains pizza

hamburger hot dog and the last element

dessert contains cake and ice cream if i

need to access

just one of these lists i will add an

index

after my food 2d list and

set an index number so index zero is

referring to my first

list of drinks and this will display all

of the elements found within my first

list

and if i need just one of these elements

i will add

a second set of square brackets and list

the index of the item that i'm trying to

access

so this very first item coffee would be

index zero and then index zero again so

we need

two sets of square brackets and if i

were to print this

this will display coffee so if i go down

the list

the next element would be soda

and then t if i were to change the index

within

this first set of square brackets well

now we're working with

a different list this time we're working

with our dinner list

so the element at index 1

index 2 that would be our dinner list

and this will display the element of hot

dog

if i change this to the next list which

would be dessert

well we're going to receive an index out

of range error because

we only have two values within this list

cake and ice cream there is no element

at index 2 because we only added two

elements

to this list of dessert all right

everybody so that

is 2d lists also referred to as

multi-dimensional lists

it's a list of separate lists if you

need to access

one of the elements within your 2d list

you need

two sets of square brackets so if you

would like a copy of this code

i will post this in the comments down

below but yeah that's how

2d lists work in python hey what's going

on people

it's you bro hope you're doing well and

in this video i'm going to explain

tuples in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

so tuples they are collections which are

ordered

and unchangeable they're very similar to

lists but they're ordered

and we can't change them they're useful

for grouping together related data

let's say we would like to create some

sort of student record

so we can create a tuple to take care of

that for us so let's say we would like

to create a tuple called student

the process of creating a tuple is very

similar to lists

but instead of using a set of square

brackets to place all of the values

within

we're going to use a set of parentheses

and now we can add a bunch of values

related to this collection of student

so let's add some student information

let's say that this student's name is

bro

let's give him an age as well as a

gender

all right so there you have it we now

have a tuple called student

and let's take a look at some of the

functions related to tuples

and you can access them by typing

student dot

and then there are a few here not as

many as lists we have count and we have

index

so we can find the count of how many

times a value appears

let's count how many times the value of

bro appears

so we'll need to put this within a print

statement so we can actually see it

so bro appears

one time within this tuple there is also

an index method as well

so type the name of your tuple dot

and we will use the index method we can

find the index of a certain value

let's say we would like to find the

index of mail

and then i will just print this to the

console window

so the index of the value mail would be

at two zero one

two that's it for the methods available

to tuples

a few tricks that you can do with tuples

is that you can display

all of the contents within a tuple using

a for loop

let's say 4x in student

we will print x so

this will iterate once through all the

values found within our tuple

of student and we can also check to see

if a certain value

exists within our tuple using an if

statement let's say if

bro in student

if this is true then what do we want to

do let's say

print bro is here

all right so since bro is within here

this will be true and this will print

our

statement of bro is here all right

everybody like i said this is a super

quick video on tuples

they're very similar to lists except

they are ordered and unchangeable if

you'd like a copy of all this code i

will post all of this in the comments

down below

and don't forget to smash that like

button drop a comment down below

and subscribe if you'd like to become a

fellow bro

hey what's going on everybody it's you

bro hope you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to explain

what a set is in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

a set is a collection which is unordered

as well as being

unindexed they do not allow any

duplicate values

for example let's create a set of

silverware

so in order to create a set we need a

name for this set

let's call it utensils equals

and in order to create a set we need to

surround all values with a set

of curly braces now let's add a few

utensils

to the set called utensils let's add a

fork

a spoon and maybe a knife and that

should be good

and let's display all of the values for

x in utensils

print x now with sets

they're different from lists because

they're unordered as well as being

unindexed

if i were to print all of the elements

in utensils

they might not necessarily be in the

same order in which we placed them

for example when we printed all of the

elements found within utensils

first we had a knife a fork and then a

spoon if i were to run this again

they might be in a different order kind

of like that

so a set is actually faster than a list

if you need to check to see if something

is within a set compared to a list and

they do not allow any duplicate values

let me add a bunch of knives and let's

see what happens

so i'll have a total of three knives but

when we print all of the elements

of the set only one knife appears so

here's a few useful methods of sets

the first method is that we can add an

item to our set

so type in the name of the set in this

case it's utensils dot and here's a

bunch of methods that you can use

i am looking for add and we can add an

element to the set

i would like to add a napkin

and then if we were to print the set we

do have a napkin

within the set we can also remove an

element

utensils dot remove

and i would like to remove the fork

and now our fork is gone we can also

clear

utensils dot clear

and all the elements within our set

should be gone

so let me turn these lines into a

comment

all right for this next example we'll

need a second set

let's create a second set called dishes

and then we need a set of curly braces

and

let's add a bowl

a plate and a cup

our next method is that we're going to

add one set to another by using the

update method

let's say we would like to add our

dishes set to our utensil set

so let's type utensils dot and use the

update method

and within this method we will pass in

the set that we would like to add

so utensils update dishes this will add

all of the elements found within dishes

to our utensil set and you can see that

when we print our utensils

we have a bowl a plate and a cup in here

as well

and then if i were to switch these

around let's say dishes

update utensils and then i will

print everything found within dishes now

there's a fork a spoon

and a knife in here as well we can also

join

two sets together and create a new set

entirely

so let's create a set called dinner

table like we're setting up a dinner

table and we need a fork a spoon a knife

a bowl a plate and a cup

so we have a dinner table set

we're going to set the sequel to either

utensils

dot union

dishes or we could do dishes

union utensils either way would work and

let's display all the elements found

within dinner table

and we should now have elements from

both sets utensils

and dishes as well there are also some

methods in which we can compare

the similarities as well as the

differences between

the elements found within two sets let's

say i would like to check to see

what utensils has that dishes doesn't

and for this example i think i'll add a

knife

to my dishes set just so that they have

at least one thing in common

so i would like to see what utensils has

that dishes doesn't so we can do so

using the

difference method and i will print the

results with a print statement

so i'm going to compare utensils against

dishes utensils

dishes and this will print what utensils

has

that dishes doesn't which is a fork as

well as a spoon

and we can reverse the rolls too we

could say dishes difference

utensils what do dishes have that

utensils doesn't

and dishes has a cup a bowl and a plate

they both have knives so that's why

knife isn't appearing

we can also check to see if there's

anything that they have in common

using the intersection method so i'll

turn this line into a comment

we'll print utensils

dot intersection

dishes and this will return whatever

element that they have in common

which is a knife all right everybody in

conclusion a set

is a collection which is unordered as

well as being

unindexed they do not allow any

duplicate values

and you can do things like compare two

sets see if there's anything that they

have in common any differences

and we can add or remove elements to a

set if you'd like a copy of all this

code i will post all of this in the

comments down below

don't be afraid to smash that like

button drop a comment down below

and subscribe if you'd like to become a

fellow bro hey what's going on everybody

it's you bro hope you're doing well and

in this video i'm going to explain

how dictionaries work in python so sit

back

relax and enjoy the show

all right let's get down to business a

dictionary is a

changeable unordered collection of

unique key value pairs they're fast

because they use hashing

and they allow us to access a value

quickly

now to create a dictionary it's very

similar to creating a

set based on the last video except we're

going to store

unique key value pairs let's create a

dictionary

of countries and their capitals we can

store those

as key value pairs so let's call this

dictionary

capitals capitals equals then we need a

set of curly braces much like what we

use

with sets now we need a key

and a value let's say we have the usa as

a key

and the capital of the usa would be

washington dc

so in order to associate a value with

the key we'll follow the key with a

colon

and then add some value and the data

type really doesn't matter but

in this case we're just using strings so

the capital of the usa

would be washington dc

and to add another key value pair we'll

separate each with a comma

and let's add a few others for good

measure so let's say we have india next

as a key and the value would be

new delhi and we'll add two more

let's say we have china

and the capital of china is beijing

and lastly let's add russia

and the capital of russia is moscow

and there you have it ladies and

gentlemen we now have a dictionary

called capitals

that has unique key value pairs so

remember with

dictionaries they are unordered in order

to access one of these values

instead of using a numbered index we're

going to use the associated key with

that value

here's an example let's say i would like

to print the capital

of russia so i need to use this key of

russia

so in order to do this type in the name

of the dictionary

followed by a set of straight brackets

and then instead of an

index number like 0 or 1 2 3

i'm going to use the key so i would like

to print

the value that's stored or associated

with the key

of russia so when i run this this will

print

that value which is moscow so this isn't

always safe

let's say we have a key that doesn't

exist like germany

germany is not currently within my

dictionary so if i were to run this

well then my program is going to

encounter an error

and this will interrupt the normal flow

of my program

a much safer way to access a key

to check to see if it's there or not is

to use the get method

of dictionaries so i'm going to turn

this line into a comment and let's try

this again but this time we'll use the

get method

so type in the name of the dictionary

dot get

and list the key that you want to use

so i would like to see if germany

is within my dictionary currently there

isn't so this will return

none and we will not encounter an error

so this is a much

safer way of checking to see if there is

a key within your dictionary

here's a few other useful methods there

is a method to print only the keys

so we type in the name of the dictionary

capitals

and here's a listing of all of the

methods that we have access to

i'm looking for the keys method and this

will print

only the keys and not the values we can

also print

just the values and not the keys so type

in the name of the dictionary again

capitals dot values

and this will print only the values or

you could print everything

both the keys and the values and you do

so by using

the items method capitals

dot items

and this will print your entire

dictionary one other way in which we can

display

all of the key value pairs in a

dictionary is to use a for loop

so at the end let's create a for loop

for

key comma value in

capitals dot items

this is going to iterate once for each

key value pair

in my dictionary for each key value in

capitals

dot items print

key comma value

and this will print my entire dictionary

a feature of dictionaries

is that they are mutable that means we

can change them or alter them

after the program is already running so

one way in which we can do that

is to use the update method of

dictionaries

so let's add germany as a key and give

it a value

of berlin so type in the name of the

dictionary capitals

and we'll use the update method and

within the parentheses of this method

we'll add a set of curly braces and now

we can add a new

key value pair so let's add germany

and a value of berlin so if i were to

run this and display

all of the key value pairs found within

my dictionary we now have

germany as a key and berlin as its value

not only can you use the update method

to add a new

key value pair but you can update an

existing one let's say we would like to

change the

capital of usa so capitals

dot update parentheses curly braces

list the key usa colon

and then we can give the usa a new value

let's pretend that the united states

government has decided to relocate

their capital to las vegas

so this will now update our key of usa

with a new value and if i were to print

all of the key value pairs found within

my dictionary of capitals the usa has a

new value

of las vegas so the last two methods i'm

going to cover are both pop

and clear you can use the pop method to

remove

a key value pair so capitals

dot pop parentheses and list the key

of the key value pair that you would

like to remove so let's say we would

like to remove china

so we'll list that key and then when we

use the pop method

that will remove this key value pair

from my dictionary

and then of course we have clear as well

which will just remove everything

capitals dot clear

and this will clear my dictionary all

right everybody

so in conclusion a dictionary is a

changeable

unordered collection of unique key value

pairs

they're fast because they use hashing

and they allow us to access a value

quickly

well that's the basics of dictionaries

in python

if you would like a copy of all this

code i will post all of this in the

comments down below

but yeah that's how dictionaries work in

python

hey what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well and in this video

i'm going to teach you guys all about

the index

operator in python so sit back relax

and enjoy the show

all right people let's begin i'm going

to be explaining the index operator

which is represented by

a set of square brackets now they give

access

to a sequences elements they include but

are not limited to

strings lists and tuples for this

example we're going to be working with

strings because strings are easy to work

with

let's say we have a name and name equals

whatever your first

and last name is we can use the index

operator to access

an element of the sequence our string

so let's check to see if the first

letter in our name

is lowercase and i should probably

change that to lowercase for this

example

so within an if statement if name and we

can add a set

of square brackets after our sequence

which is a string and we can check

a given element of our sequence let's

check to see

if the first letter is lowercase

now with computers they always start at

zero if you need to access the first

element

in a sequence that would be index zero

and then the next sequence well the next

element in the sequence would be one

then two then you followed that pattern

so i would like to check to see if

name at index zero that would be the

first character

is lowercase so there is a method to

check that

dot is lower this will return

true or false if the first letter is

lowercase

then our if statement is going to be

resolved to true

and what i could do is that i can

perhaps change it

to uppercase then so let's reassign

name to equal name dot

and there is a capitalize function here

and then let's print our name print

name so when we run this

the first letter in my name is now

capitalized

so if you need to access an element

within a sequence a string or

list or a tuple you would add a set

of square brackets afterwards and then

you list an integer

of the element that you're trying to

access so here's a few other examples

i'm going to turn

this as well as this into a comment

and let's say we would like to create

some substrings and we can do so

using our index operator so i would like

to

create a substring from the first part

of my name

so what i'll do is create a new variable

first

name equals name index operator

so you can specify a range for an index

operator

so you would set the starting position

on the left hand side followed by a

colon and then your ending position

so i would like the substring to begin

at index 0 and

end at 3 so that would be 0 colon

then three all right and then i would

like to make this all

uppercase for some reason and then let's

print my first name

so with the index operator we specified

a range

we would like to access elements 0

through

3. turn them up your case and assign

them to a new

variable of first name here's a shortcut

that you might find useful

if the index for your range begins with

zero you can actually delete that you

don't even necessarily need that zero

now we just have a colon three and this

would work the same as it did before

so that's a useful shortcut and we're

going to bring it up later if we need to

access the last element in a sequence

this time let's create a

substring of last name so last

name equals name index operator

this time i would like to access the

element at index let's see 0 1

2 3 4. all right so i'm going to say

for colon and we're not really sure

where our name our last name is going to

end

so what you could do is just say colon

and then leave

the next index blank so that will be

the index beginning at four and

everything afterwards

and let's say two lower to make this all

lowercase for some reason

so let's print our last name print

last name so this should

take everything starting at index 4

and after that and turn it into its own

substring of last name

now you can access the last element in a

sequence by using what's called

negative indexing so let's add

a exclamation point to the end of our

name so let's say

we have a new variable called last

character and i would like to store

the last character in my name to this

new

variable this new substring so to access

the last

element in a sequence within the index

operator we can use

negative indexing so the last element

would be

negative one all right and then let's

print

whatever our last character is so this

should print an exclamation point

yep which did so then if this was

negative 2

that would be the second to last element

in a sequence

so now that would be e because e is in

the second to last

element in my sequence all right

everybody so that's the basics of the

index operator

you can add a set of square brackets

after a string

a list or a tuple and then list an

integer or a range

of the elements that you're trying to

access so if you would like a copy of

all this code i will post everything in

the comments down below

don't be afraid to help me out and smash

that like button drop a comment down

below

and subscribe if you'd like to become a

fellow bro

hey what's going on everybody it's you

bro hope you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to explain

how functions work in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

if you find this video helpful please

remember to like

comment and subscribe your support will

help keep this channel running

okay let's do this thing a function

is a block of code which is executed

only when it is called

this process is also known as invoking a

function

with programming we try not to repeat

code if we don't have to

that's why functions are useful because

our function can perform

some specific task for us some block of

code for us

whenever it is called so we only need to

write that block of code

once and if we need to repeat it we just

call this function one more time

so let's define and create a function

we'll create a function called hello

and in order to define a function we'll

type def

and then a unique function name so let's

call this function hello

and with functions they always end with

a set of parentheses

and lastly to finish defining this

function we'll add

a colon at the end so if you go down to

the next line

take notice that my cursor is now

indented

any code underneath a function that is

indented

belongs to that specific function and

will only execute

whenever that function is called so for

now we need to type in something

if you don't know what you want your

function to do you can always type pass

for now

but let's print something print the word

hello and in order to call this function

all we need to do within our program is

type the name of the function which is

hello

and then add a set of parentheses

because functions always end with a set

of parentheses

so what this will do is execute my

function

once and perform this block of code

whenever it is called

if i were to remove this well our

program currently isn't going to do

anything

because functions only execute their

block of code

only when it is called so this time

let's print the word

hello three times so i will call this

function

three separate times hello hello hello

so when i run this our hello function

will be called

three separate times now with functions

they are not limited to just one line

this is an entire block of code so maybe

we can do something else too

let's print have a nice

day now if i were to run this my hello

function is going to execute

this entire block of code three separate

times hello

have a nice day now an important feature

of functions

is that we can send our function some

information

and our function can do something with

that information that it receives

let's say this time i would like to

print hello plus somebody's name

currently name is an unresolved

reference what we can do

when we call this function is send our

function some information

this can be a value a variable a

collection

all sorts of different things so if you

need to send your function some

information

within the parentheses when you call

that function just list the data that

you want to send your function

so let's say i would like to send my

function a string

value of bro whatever your first name is

when you send information

to a function these are called arguments

they are the information that you're

sending to a function

and when you define that function you

need a matching

set of what is known as parameters

so our hello function is going to

receive one argument a string value

we need a matching number of parameters

currently this isn't going to work you

can see here that hello

takes zero positional arguments but one

was given

our function needs a matching number of

parameters

so think of it this way when we receive

this value

we're going to give a nickname to this

value

so when we receive the string value what

do we want to call it

well let's call it name so in order to

add parameters

to your function just list the

parameters within

the parentheses of that function and

well this should work now

we have a matching set of arguments and

parameters when we call the hello

function this time we are sending

one argument over and when our hello

function

receives this argument we're going to

give it a temporary nickname of

name or you can call this whatever you

want to and then we can use

this value for whatever we want within

our function

now if we were to run this this will

print hello bro

have a nice day now i can send maybe a

different value

let's say hello and then i will send a

string value of dude

hello dude have a nice day so this isn't

limited to

just values we can send variables to

let's say we have a

variable called name equals

bro and this time i'm going to send

this variable over hello and then send

name so these don't need to be the

exact same let's say this is

my name and i'm going to send

my name over and i will temporarily give

this value a nickname of just name

and then i can use this variable for

something hello bro

have a nice day now with arguments you

can send

more than one value over let's say this

time i would like to send

two values over so let's send pro

maybe for a first name and code for a

second name but

you can use your first name and last

name so this isn't going to work because

we do not have a matching set

of arguments and parameters we're

sending

two arguments over but our function is

only designed

to accept one argument because we have

one parameter so let's rename

name as first name and we need

two parameters this time so what are we

going to call

this value when we receive it let's call

this last name

so this time we are going to receive two

values

they will be nicknamed first name and

last name so this time

let's print hello first name

maybe i'll add a space plus

last name and this is now valid

hello bro code have a nice day with

arguments

you can mix and match the data types

that you're sending

as arguments so currently we're sending

two

string values as arguments this time

let's send an integer value

let's say we would like to send an edge

over to our hello function

so i'll just send maybe the value of 21.

so currently this isn't going to work

because the hello function takes two

positional arguments

but three were given when we call this

hello function we're sending

this argument over but our function

doesn't know what to do with this

argument

so we need a matching parameter for this

value that it receives

so let's call this value maybe edge as a

temporary nickname

and then we can do something with this

value when we receive it

so let's print an additional message

perhaps u r plus

age plus years

old so if you need to display an

integer or number along with the string

you do need to convert it to a string

so let's just cast our edge as a string

when we display this

so this should work now we now have a

matching number

of arguments and parameters so this will

display

hello bro code you are 21 years old have

a nice day

so ladies and gentlemen in conclusion a

function

is a block of code which is executed

only when it is called

if i were to remove this function call

well then

our program is just going to completely

ignore this function and

this block of code would not be executed

when we call this function we can pass

information known as arguments but we

need a

matching number of parameters set up to

receive

these arguments there are a few advanced

features of parameters but

i'll hopefully get to that in future

videos we'll just stick with the basics

for now of functions

so that's the basics of functions if you

would like a copy of this code

i will post this in the comments down

below but yeah that is how functions

work in python hey what's going on

everybody it's you bro hope you're doing

well

and in this video i'm going to explain

the return statement in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

all right people let's begin the return

statement is used within functions

to send python values or objects back to

the caller

these values or objects are known as the

function's

return value so do you know how with

functions we can pass

arguments to a function and then our

function can do something with those

arguments

well not only that but our function can

pass some value or

object back to the caller so what we'll

do for this example is create

a function that will simply multiply two

numbers together

and return the result back to the caller

so let's define

a function called multiply and we'll set

up two parameters for this function

let's say number one and number two

and what we'll do is say result

equals number one times number two

and then at the end we can return

something what do we want to return

let's return whatever the result is now

when we call this function we will pass

in two values as arguments let's say we

would like to multiply

six times eight so when we run this well

we can't actually see anything

when we return the result after

multiplying numbers

one and two it's going to return the

result back to the caller

in order to see the value that is

returned back to the caller

one way in which we can do this is to

print

the value that is returned within a

print statement

so what we'll do is print the value that

is returned after calling the multiply

function

so 6 times 8 is really great 6 times 8

is 48

now one other thing that we can do is

store the returned value within a

variable

so let's say x equals multiply

6 times 8 and then we will print

whatever x is

so the result is still the same of 48

now with the return value there is

another way in which we could write this

that uses

less lines of code so we'll delete this

first line and instead of returning

a variable called result what we'll do

is just return

number one times number two and this

would work the same as it does before

but it's written in less lines of code

so that's another way in which you could

write this

all right everybody so that is the

return statement functions can send

python values or objects back to the

caller

these values or objects are known as the

functions return

value you can either print this value

directly to the console window

or you can store it within a variable or

some other location

and well ladies and gentlemen that is

how the return statement works in python

what's going on everybody it's bro hope

you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to explain

keyword arguments in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

all right everybody let's discuss

keyword arguments

these are arguments that are preceded by

an identifier when we pass them to a

function

the order of the arguments doesn't

matter unlike positional arguments

which do matter and we've been working

with positional arguments already

and python knows the names of the

arguments that our function receives

when we use keyword arguments here's an

example of us

using positional arguments and then i'll

demonstrate the benefits of

keyword arguments let's say we have a

function called hello

that accepts three arguments a first

name a middle name and a last name

and the output will be hello first name

middle name last name

so if i were to run this this will

display hello bro

dude code so we're using positional

arguments

the order of the arguments does matter

what do you think's gonna happen if i

were to replace some of these values

let's say i will swap the first argument

with the

third argument so let's try it again

hello code dude bro so obviously the

order of the arguments matters

and now if we were to use keyword

arguments then the order of the

arguments

doesn't matter but with each argument we

need to precede each argument with

a unique identifier and that identifier

is the name of the parameter we want to

associate each argument with

so for my intended last name i will use

an identifier of

last to match this parameter so

dude will be middle middle equals dude

and bro

will be first even though they're not in

the correct order so let's try this

again

and my output is hello bro dude code

so that's all about keyword arguments

they are arguments

preceded with an identifier when we pass

them to a function

the order of the arguments doesn't

matter unlike positional arguments

which do matter and then python knows

the names of the arguments

that our function receives when we use

keyword arguments

so that's it for keyword arguments if

you would like a copy of this code

i will post this in the comment section

down below but yeah that's how keyword

arguments

work in python hey what's going on

everybody it's you bro hope you're doing

well and in this video i'm going to

explain

nested function calls in python so sit

back

relax and enjoy the show

all right people nested function calls

these are function calls

inside of other function calls and this

is possible because

certain functions will return a value

and we can immediately use that value as

an argument for the next function

so here's an example let's say that we

have the small program

where we will ask a user to type in a

whole positive number

and let's say i don't let's say i type

in negative 3.14

and then i'm storing that value within a

variable

named num what i'm going to do is

convert that number

to a floating point number because

currently it's a string when you accept

user input

i will find the absolute value of num

and then round it to the nearest whole

number

and then print the value so we can

actually do this using less lines of

code with nested function calls

so let's start with the first function

which will be accepting some user input

the input function so this will be in

the very center

of our nested function calls and then

the next function we would like to apply

to

the variable that is returned the value

that is returned

we will pass in as an argument to our

next function of casting

this data type to a float so we'll

surround

our function with another function and

use

the float function and then we'll just

keep on adding layers to this

so we have the absolute value function

next

so we'll add another layer and we have

the round function

so we'll add a layer to that and

lastly we're going to print and that'll

be the outermost layer

so this program will do the exact same

thing

let's say negative 3.14 except we've

written this with

one line of code so basically we start

with the innermost function and resolve

that first

whatever value is returned we use as an

argument to the next outermost function

and in this case it would be float then

we resolve that then move on to absolute

value then round and then print

so it's just another way of writing code

that takes up less

lines but this is more of an extreme

example you probably won't see

like four or five nested functions well

everybody those are nested function

calls

if you would like a copy of this code i

will post all of this to the comment

section down below

but yeah those are nested function calls

in python

hey what's going on people it's your bro

hope you're doing well and in this video

i'm going to show you how variable scope

works in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

all right let's do a thing people let's

discuss the scope of a variable

now the scope of a variable is the

region that a variable

is recognized a variable is only

available from inside the region

that it is created let's say that we

have a function and i just gave this

function a name of display name

i created a variable inside of this

function named name

and you can assign this a value of

whatever your name is

preferably a last name for this example

and what i'll do is just print

whatever my name is so this variable is

known to have

a local scope because it's declared

inside of a function

and a variable is only recognized inside

of the region

that it is created this variable of name

since it's created inside

of this function it is known as a local

variable

that has a local scope it's only

available

inside of this function that it's

created now let's attempt to access this

variable from

outside of our function so i'm going to

print my

name variable but we'll have an issue

though

so name name is not defined so

local variables are declared inside of a

function

and they have a local scope they are

only

available inside of this function in

which they're created

on the other hand a global variable is a

variable that is declared

outside of any function but within your

module that you're working with

a global variable is known to have a

global scope

they are available inside and outside of

any functions

now if i was to print my name variable

this is going to print

bro or whatever your first name is and

it is entirely possible to have both

a global and local version of the same

named variable

so we have both a global version of name

as well as a local version of name

if i was to print my name variable from

outside of this function

it's going to print my global version

however if i print

my version of name inside of that

function in which it's created

we're going to first use the local

version before the

global version of name and let's try

that so i'm going to call

my display name function

and this will print my last name

code and then my first name of bro so it

is possible to have a global

and local version of the same named

variable

now if i was to remove this line where

we declare a local version

of name well then the next best

available name to us would be

the global version of name so if you use

a variable inside of a function

you'll first use a local version of that

variable

if it's available if not you'll use a

global version instead

and python will follow this rule known

as the legb

rule you use any local variables first

then

enclosed variables then global and then

any built-in variables in that order

so that's the main difference between

local scope and

global scope the scope of a variable is

the region in which it's available

and it's limited to the region in which

it's created a local scope

is available only inside of the function

in which that variable is created

a global scoped variable is a variable

that is available

inside and outside of any functions but

within your module that you're working

with

so that's variable scope in python if

you would like a copy of this code i

will post this code to the comment

section down below

and well yeah that's how variable scope

works in python

hey what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to explain

the arcs parameter in python so sit back

relax and enjoy the show

all right guys and gals let's talk about

args

now args is a parameter that will pack

all arguments into a tuple

it's useful so that a function can

accept a varying amount of arguments

here's an example of why it would be

useful let's say we have a function

called add that will accept two numbers

as arguments

and add them together and return the sum

so this works as intended right as long

as we pass in

only two numbers but what if we need to

pass in three numbers as arguments

well we can no longer use this add

function because we have two parameters

set up

but we're passing in three arguments you

can see here within my console window

that we have a type error

add takes two positional arguments but

three were given

and one way in which we can solve this

issue is to use this

args parameter so what we're going to do

is replace all of our parameters

with asterisk args and actually

the args portion isn't as important as

the asterisk

args is short for arguments and you can

really name this whatever you want just

be sure that you have this asterisk

because with this asterisk we're doing a

form of packing

what we're doing is passing all of these

arguments and packing them

into a tuple so let's rewrite this

program so let's say maybe sum

equals zero and then we will need to

iterate through all of the items within

our tuple because

tuples are iterable so let's say for i

in args what we'll do is say sum

plus equals whatever i is and at the end

when we escape the for loop we will

return

our sum so let's try it again and see if

it works

well would you look at that it works

let's pass in a few other arguments for

good measure

let's pass in six arguments this time

all right look at that

this does in fact work so you can

actually name this whatever you want the

important thing is to have this asterisk

so let's rename this as i don't know

stuff

and let's try this again yep

it still works with tuples they are

ordered

and unchangeable let's attempt to edit

one of these values

so let's say stuff at

index zero is equal to

zero and let's try and change it so you

can see that tuple object does not

support

item assignment if you need to change

one of the values

within your tuple after you pack all of

these arguments

you might need to convert this to a

different collection one way in which we

can do that is to cast it

let's say stuff equals and we'll cast

our tuple as a list because a list

can be changeable it's mutable so let's

attempt this again we'll cast

our tuple as a list and then edit one of

the values

and then add all the values together so

to change one of the values

say the name your collection stuff in

this case let's say at index zero

this now equals zero so now if we were

to add all these items together

they should equal 20. there we go so

yeah that's basically the args parameter

the name isn't as important as the

asterisk because you can really name it

whatever you want

a common convention is to just name this

args it's a parameter that will pack

all arguments into a tuple it's useful

so that a function can accept

a varying amount of arguments well that

is all about args

if you would like a copy of this code i

will post this in the comments section

down below

but yeah that is how the args parameter

works in python

hey what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well and in this video

i'm going to be explaining quarks

in python so sit back relax

and enjoy the show

all right everybody let's talk about

quarkx now this is a parameter that will

pack

all arguments into a dictionary it's

useful so that a function can accept a

varying amount of keyword arguments it's

identical

to args except with args args will

accept a varying amount of positional

arguments

and pack them into a tuple with quarks

this will accept a varying amount of

keyword arguments

and pack them into a dictionary so

here's an example of why this would be

useful

let's say we have a function called

hello that accepts two keyword arguments

a first name

and a last name all this will do is

output hello

your first name and last name but what

if somebody has more than two names

let's say somebody has a middle name

and for this example i'll just say my

middle name is dude

so if i were to run this well this hello

function is no longer going to work

as you can see in the console window we

have a type error

the hello function got an unexpected

keyword argument middle

one way in which we can solve this we

can use this quark's

parameter so we can accept a varying

amount

of keyword arguments so what we'll do is

replace

our parameters with two asterisks then

quarks now if i would like the same

output as i had before i'm going to need

to change a few things around

in order to access a value within a

dictionary you type the name of the

dictionary

square brackets and then within quotes

list your key

so i would like to access the value at

this key of first

and let's repeat the process for last

name

so the key is going to be last we'll

access this value

at this key and this should work the

same as it did before

now let's take this a step further let's

say we would like to display

somebody's full name based on the amount

of keyword arguments that they pass into

this function

well there's a few different ways in

which we could do this one easy way is

that we could write our program like

this

let's print the word hello

and we will need to iterate once through

each key value pair within this

dictionary

and we can use a for loop to do that so

to iterate

once through each key value pair in your

dictionary

we'll type for key value

in the name of our dictionary quarks in

this case

dot items and then we will print

each value

so there's one more thing that we need

to do this kind of works as intended but

it's going to

print each value including our word

hello

on a new line so with a standard print

statement

this will print a new line character

after each print statement as if we're

hitting enter

we can actually change that so after

your string

add and equals and we can replace that

new line character with something else

maybe a space

and let's do the same thing for our for

loop so value

comma end and then just add space now

this will print

all of your names on the same line hello

bro

dude code and now we can pass in a

varying amount of keyword arguments

based on how long our name is

perhaps we have like a title title

equals

mr and we can print that as well

hello mr bro dude code here's a fun

fact of the day you don't necessarily

need to name this parameter as quarks

the important thing is to have

these double asterisks that precede it

quarks is just a

common naming convention it's short for

keyword arguments

you could name this as something else

perhaps something more descriptive like

names since we're passing in a bunch of

names so the name of our dictionary

is now names and this would work the

same as it did before

the important thing is to have these

double asterisks that precede the name

of your dictionary

but quarks is the common naming

convention

well everybody that's all about quarkx

it's a parameter that will pack

a varying amount of keyword arguments

into a

dictionary if you would like a copy of

all this code i will post

this in the comments section down below

but yeah that is how quarkx

works in python hey what's going on

everybody

it's your bro hope you're doing well and

in this video i'm going to teach you

guys all about the format method

in python so sit back relax and enjoy

the show

okay ladies and gentlemen let's begin

the format method

is a method available to strings it's

optional and it gives users

more control when displaying output to

best demonstrate this i'm going to use a

line

from a popular nursery rhyme titled hey

diddle diddle because well

you know i'm a mature adult like that

i'll be printing

this line to my console window the cow

jumped over

the moon let's do so using a standard

print statement

and then i'll show you the benefits of

using the format method later

for this example i have two variables a

variable called animal and i'm going to

store

a string of cow and item and i'll be

storing an item name

which is moon when we compile and run

this as you would expect

the output is the cow jumped over the

moon

there's a more elegant way of writing

this line of code

and that is by using the format method

available to strings

i'm going to turn this line into a

comment and we're instead

going to produce the same output but use

the format method

instead so we need a standard print

statement like usual

and then a string that we would like to

format so

we're going to write the same thing but

in place of the variables we're going to

add a placeholder

the instead of the variable name or

value name i'm going to add

a set of curly braces so that functions

as a placeholder

for a value or a variable the

this should be cow jumped over

the and i'm going to insert another

placeholder

now this is a string we can format the

string by following

this string with dot format parenthesis

and within the parentheses of the format

method we can insert

some values or variables let's begin

with some

values i would like to insert cow

as well as moon so this will produce

the same output but it's written a

little more elegantly

we can also replace these with variables

because

they store these values so i'm going to

replace cow

with animal and moon with item

and this will create the same output as

it did before

these curly braces are what's known as

format fields

they function as a placeholder for a

value or

a variable and they work in order the

first format field will insert the first

value

at this location if you have another set

or more sets of this format field you'll

insert

the next value that's listed within the

format method

so if we were to switch these around

we'll switch the position of animal with

item

well then the first format field is

going to insert

our item and the second format field

will insert our animal

this time the moon jumped over the cow

an additional way of inserting values at

a given place holder would be to use

what's referred to as a

positional argument

within these format fields we will list

the index of the value that we would

like to insert at this location

if you need to insert the first value

well that has an index

of zero because computers always start

with zero and following that pattern

the next index would be one if you had

let's say three values that you need to

insert if you had another placeholder

that would be two then so you would just

follow that pattern

so there's going to be no visible change

but what we could do

is reverse the positional arguments of

these placeholders

so what do you think would happen if i

switched one with zero at these

locations

well this format field is going to

insert the value found at index

one this first value is index zero and

the second one

is index one so now the roles are

reversed this time the moon

jumped over the cow our last way of

inserting some values at a given format

field would be to use what's referred to

as a

keyword argument within

the format method we're going to list

some keyword argument pairs

we need a keyword name followed by a

value

so let's say animal is going to be the

keyword we're going to say equals

some value animal equals cow and

item equals moon and you may have

noticed that the color of your text

might have changed

so we no longer need these variables

actually um but i'm going to comment out

these two print statements because we

will get an error then

so these are in keyword argument pairs

and within our format field instead of

keeping these empty

or using an index we can use the keyword

name at my first format field i'm going

to insert my keyword

of animal and at my second format field

i would like to insert

the item keyword so the result is going

to be

the cow jumped over the moon so let's

reverse these now

we'll place our item keyword here and

then at the second format field we will

insert

our animal and this time the moon

jumped over the cow here's an important

concept that i'd like to bring to your

attention

with these values found within the

format method you can actually reuse

some of these

more than once so let's say we would

like to state

the animal jumped over the animal we're

going to use

this animal keyword twice and our output

is going to be

the cow jumped over the cow if we're

doing the same thing with positional

arguments

we can reuse the same index this time

let's say

that the moon jumped over the moon so

our item has an

index of one so within our first format

field we'll state

the index will be one and our second

format field will also be one

so our output's going to be the moon

jumped over the moon

all right let's take things up a level

there's an even more elegant way in

which we could write all of this

what we'll do is store our string that

we would like to format

within a variable let's turn this line

into a comment and let's create a

variable called

text text equals the string that we

would like to format

which is the format field

jumped over the format field

and if we need to format this variable

we can just call the format method on it

so within a print statement let's say

text dot and then use the format method

and pass

in the values that we would like to

insert at these placeholders

so we're going to insert animal as well

as item so our result as you would

imagine

is the cow jumped over the moon this

next section i'm going to explain how we

can add some padding

to a string when we display it using the

format method

let's say we have a name variable and

assign this a value of whatever your

name is

so i would like to display my name along

with the custom message

let's say hello my name

is and then i'll use a format field here

so let's follow this string by using the

format method

and i would like to insert my name at

this location

so currently this will display hello my

name is bro

or whatever else your name is so we can

add some padding

either before our name after or we can

add some padding to the left and the

right hand side

of our value that we have so what we'll

do to begin

is let's add some padding to the right

hand side of

our name that we have so within our

format field if we need to add some

padding

within the format field add a colon and

then the amount of space you would like

to allocate

to displaying your value so let's say 10

so i'm going to allocate 10 spaces worth

of room

to display my name you can't really see

it right now but let's take a look

so i can't move my cursor past this line

at the end of my name

but with my second line i have all of

this room to work with

so if i were to change my string that i

have let's say

nice to meet you well then

all of this padding that i have is going

to be more evident

so we can add a number preceding with a

colon to add some padding

to a value and then you can left align

this right align it or center align it

so what i'll do is copy this line that i

have

if you need to left align it you use the

less than sign

but there's going to be no visible

change because that's already the

default

if you need to write a line precede your

number with a greater than sign

so your value is going to be right

aligned

if you need to center this value then

use

the carrot so this will center align

your value within the padding that you

have allotted

one question that you might have for me

and i'll try and answer that now because

it's relevant what if we need to add a

positional argument or a

keyword argument to our format field if

there's already some text within here

so what you would do before the colon

you would just precede the colon

with either your positional argument or

your keyword argument

followed by colon and then whatever you

want to add afterwards to format

your value that you have alright ladies

and gentlemen we are near the end and i

promise that this is the last section

how can we format some numbers let's say

we have a

number variable and this will equal the

first few digits of pi

3.14159 let's pretend that we would like

to

display only the first two digits after

the decimal so we can do so using the

format method

let's print the number

pi is and then i'll use a format field

here

and we will call the format method and

insert our

number that we have so if i need to

display only the first two digits after

the decimal

within the format field i will add

colon dot to f

f is for floating point numbers that's

anything with a decimal portion

so the result is that this will display

only the first

two digits after my decimal because we

placed two within

the format field so if this was three

point three f this would display three

digits

after the decimal portion oh and

apparently this will round your number

so that's something that you should keep

in mind

so this time let's change our number to

something larger like

1000 and i will copy this line and make

a few changes

let's say the number is

and i would like to add a comma at the

thousands place

so after the colon within the format

field i will add a comma

so this will automatically add a comma

to all 1000s places

another cool thing that you can do is

that you can display your number as

binary so within the format field add

colon b

this will display a binary

representation of your number

you can do the same thing with octal by

adding colon

o so our number is now being displayed

as an octal number

and you can do the same thing with

hexadecimal lowercase x

for lowercase or uppercase x for all

uppercase

so my number 1000 is now in hexadecimal

and lastly we can display this number

in scientific notation using either

lowercase e for lowercase or capital e

for uppercase

and mynumber 1000 is now in scientific

notation

all right everybody so that's a few

things that you can do with the format

method it's an optional method that

gives users

more control when displaying output if

you would like a copy of all the code

that we've written here today i will

post everything in the comments down

below

don't be afraid to smash that like

button drop a comment down below and

subscribe if you'd like to become a

fellow bro

hey what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well and in this video

i'm going to explain a few useful

methods of the random module

so sit back relax and enjoy the show

okay people in this video i'm going to

explain how we can generate some random

numbers

as well as a few other useful methods of

the random module

now we're not going to be creating true

random numbers but something called

pseudorandom numbers which are fairly

darn close so the first step

is to import the random module at the

top import

random we now have access to everything

that the random module has to offer

let's begin by generating a random

number between one and six

like we're rolling a dice so what i'm

going to do is say x

equals random dot rand

and we can generate a random integer

between a certain range

if i want one through six i will state

one

comma six and then we can generate a

random number between one and six like

we're rolling a dice

so if i were to print the value of x

then we will get a random number between

one and six for example i just got a one

a two a three and a six all right

we can also generate a random floating

point number two

let's say y equals random dot

random so this will give us a random

number between

0 and 1. this time i'm going to print

y so we have 0.49 and some change

0.145 and 0.858

we can also generate a random choice

from a list or other collection

let's say we're playing a game of rock

paper scissors so let's create a list

i'll just call this my list equals

square brackets and we will have three

choices

rock paper and

scissors

so let's say z

will be the random string that we

generate

z equals random dot

choice and we will pass in my list

and let's print z so this will generate

a

random choice from my list called my

list

so we got scissors paper and

rock we can also use the shuffle method

of the random module to

shuffle a list or other collection let's

say we're working with a deck of cards

cards equals let's say one

through nine

and we have a jack a queen

a king and an ace this won't be a full

deck of cards it'll just be one suit

so we can actually shuffle this list by

using the shuffle method

random dot shuffle what do we want to

shuffle

we want to shuffle our cards and i will

display

my cards with a print statement so the

shuffle method will shuffle a list or

other collection for you

well everybody that's a few useful

methods of the random module

if you would like a copy of all this

code i will post this in the comments

down below

don't be afraid to smash that like

button drop a comment down below

and subscribe if you'd like to become a

fellow bro hey what's going on everybody

it's

bro hope you're doing well and in this

video i'm going to explain exception

handling in python

so sit back relax and enjoy the show

well everyone let's talk about

exceptions an exception is an event

detected

during execution that interrupts the

normal flow of a program

here's a program that i've written and

we're intentionally going to cause an

exception

so this program that i've written we

will accept a numerator and a

denominator from the user

we'll divide the numerator by the

denominator we'll get a result

and print the result so what if i were

to divide a number such as 5

divided by 0 which we cannot

mathematically do

well this will cause an exception an

event detected

during execution that interrupts the

flow of a program

so our program was interrupted and

within our console window we have this

traceback message

which states what went wrong and a name

for this exception that occurred

this specific exception that occurred is

a zero division error

so this video is all about handling

these exceptions so they do not

interrupt the normal flow of a program

now a very basic form of exception

handling

is to surround any code that is

considered dangerous as in it might

cause an exception

within a try block anytime you accept

user input would be a good indicator too

so this code is considered dangerous

because we don't know what the user is

going to type in

so we will try all of this code if an

exception occurs

we can catch it and handle it so to do

that

we'll add an accept block accept and

then we will catch

exception normally having this block by

itself

isn't considered good practice but i'll

explain why later so

this accept exception block will catch

all sorts of different exceptions

and it will prevent our program from

being interrupted and we can do

something else entirely such as print a

message

something went wrong so let's try this

again

we will divide five by zero which we

cannot do

we no longer have that traceback message

within our console window

we caught the exception and we did

something else we printed

something went wrong like i said before

it's not considered good practice to

have a single

accept block that will handle all

exceptions it's much better to first

handle specific exceptions when they

occur

and we can do so by writing additional

accept blocks

so let's create an additional accept

block that will catch

any zero division error exceptions

that occurs when somebody attempts to

divide by zero so if

this exception occurs how do we want to

handle it let's just print the message

let's print you can't divide

by zero idiot

and let's try this again so five divided

by zero

you can't divide by zero idiot here's

another one i'm going to turn

this accept block into a comment so we

can take a look at something

what if i divide by something that's not

a number like we take

5 and divide it by the word pizza well

pizza is not a number

and we ran into a value error exception

so we should probably handle this too so

let's create another accept block that

will handle that

accept value error

and how do we want to handle this let's

print something

enter only numbers

please okay let's try this again and see

if

this exception is caught five divided by

the word

pizza enter only numbers please

not only that but you can also add the

accept exception block at the very end

just in case there's something you won't

anticipate

but it's always considered good practice

to first catch any specific exceptions

and let the user know exactly what went

wrong an additional way in which we can

handle these exceptions

is that we could display the exception

that occurs although it is completely

optional

so to do that what we'll do is that

after each of these accept block

definitions

let's add as e so we're calling the

exception as

e that's just standard practice although

it's not necessary

so let's do that for each of these

except blocks

and then we can print whatever e is so

let's add that

to each of these blocks so

it should now look something like this

so when we encounter an exception

we can display what exception occurred

too as well

so let's divide five by pizza invalid

literal for int with base 10 pizza

enter only numbers please so like i said

this

is an additional way in which you could

handle an exception although it's

entirely optional

another thing that you can do is that

you can add an else statement

to the end of your accept blocks so

what's happening here is that we're

going to

try all of this code if an exception

happens

then catch it and handle it if not then

do something else

so why don't we print our result only if

there are no

exceptions that occur so if there are no

exceptions we will execute

this else statement if not then we won't

so

let's divide five by an actual number

this time like

two so there are no exceptions that

occurred so

we executed this else statement whatever

code is within

our else block and this printed the

result of 2.5

but if an exception were to occur like

we divide 5 by

0 then we will catch our exception and

handle it

and we do not execute whatever block of

code is within

our else statement there is one other

clause that you should be aware of that

is the

final clause this is always at the end

how this works

is that whether or not we catch an

exception we will always execute any

code

that is within the block of code for our

final clause

so this is a good opportunity if you

open files

to close them within the finally block

but

we haven't dealt with opening files yet

so we won't do that

all we'll do is just print something

print this

will always execute so

whether or not we encounter an exception

this finally block will always execute

at the end

so let's try this again so this time

let's cause an exception

let's divide five by zero you can't

divide by

zero this will always execute and this

time let's take this seriously and

divide

five by another number such as three so

this will give us a result

and like i said the finally clause the

code within the finally clause will

always execute

but we won't really be working with this

until we get to the section on file

handling

well everybody those are exceptions in

python they are events detected

during execution that interrupt the flow

of a program

and we can handle these exceptions by

using try and accept blocks

so if you would like a copy of all this

code i will post all of this in the

comments down below

but yeah that is how exceptions work in

python

hey what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well

and in this video we're going to be

covering some basic file detection using

python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

welcome ladies and gentlemen to the

beginning of a mini series involving

doing stuff with files using python and

in this video we're going to be doing

some basic

file detection and in order to do so i

recommend

importing the os module it's already

included with the standard python

library

all you need to do is import it all

we'll be doing is checking to see if a

file

exists someplace on our computer so

we'll probably need a file to work with

what i'm going to do is go to my desktop

for convenience

and just create a new text document i

will call this test.txt

now i probably need the file location so

i'm going to copy that

and then we can use this so let's create

a variable called path

that will include the path to the file

that i would like to detect

so that was test.txt now if you have

backslashes in your file path you'll

probably need

double backslashes because that's the

escape sequence for a backslash within a

string

so we now have this variable path that

we can work with

now i would like to check to see if this

location

exists on my computer so if os

dot path dot exists and you can see that

we can pass in

our path as an argument so i will pass

in my path

and if this returns true if that

location exists i will print

that location exists

so this will not tell me if this is a

file or not

we'll be covering that later else

let's print that location

doesn't exist

all right so if this location exists

this will return true

if not this will execute our else

statement

that location exists so what if i were

to delete this file

and we run this program again that

location doesn't exist

now this won't tell you if the location

you're dealing with

is a file or not there is a separate

function for that

it is if os

dot path dot is file

what we'll do is pass in our path and

print

that is a file

all right so let's create another file

because i deleted the previous one

test.txt it's in the same location let's

run this again

that location exists that is a file now

what if this was a folder

so i'm going to create a new folder i

will call this folder

i will delete my test document

and let's change the location to folder

that location exists but it is not a

file you can check to see if a location

is a directory

so let's write an else if statement os

dot path dot is directory and we will

pass in our path

and let's print that

is a directory

all right so we have our folder we're

going to check to see

if this location exists and if it's a

file or

a directory that location exists that is

a directory

well everyone that is the basics of file

detection

we'll be building upon this concept in

future videos

so if you would like a copy of this code

i will post this in the comment section

down below

but yeah that is the basics of simple

file detection using python

hey what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well and in this video

we're going to be reading a file in

python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

welcome back guys and gals in this video

i'm going to explain how we can read the

contents of a file using python

so we'll probably need some sort of file

to work with i created a plain text file

called

test.txt it's a plain text file and all

this says

is omg you can read this have a nice day

like comment and subscribe so what i

would like to do is to read

the contents of that file line by line

and print it to the console window

and here's how and honestly we only need

two lines of code to do this

so what we'll do is type with open

then within the open function list the

name of your file

or the file path this file of mine is

within my project folder

so i only need to list the file name if

this was someplace else you'll probably

need

the file path so let's say this was on

my desktop

well i'll probably need to list the file

path of where that file is located

and i'll need to use double backslashes

because that's the escape sequence for a

backslash

but since this file is within my project

folder i only need to list the file name

so with open then the name your file or

the file path

as file then what we're going to do

is print file dot

read and that is it so let's test it

and it works omg you can read this have

a nice day

like comment and subscribe so this will

actually

close files automatically after opening

them

so that's kind of convenient and let's

just test that theory

so i'm going to print file dot

closed if my file is in fact closed this

will print

true if it's still open this will print

false

so normally when you read a file it's

normally open and you need to

close it manually but if you write your

program this way

with open this will close the file

automatically for you

so using with open will close any files

automatically for you

after they've been opened however this

does not catch

and handle any exceptions that might

occur like if we cannot locate this file

so let's say that i mistyped the

extension for this file

let's say that i type in test.tx

that's kind of funny because tx is the

abbreviation for

texas it's a texas file so this will

cause

a file not found error and this will

interrupt the flow of our program and we

would probably like to prevent that

so what we could do is write a try and

an accept block

so we will try all of this code if we

cannot find

this file we can handle this exception

file not found error

so we'll place all of this code within

the try block then

if an exception happens we will catch

that exception

except we would like to catch any file

not found air

exceptions and let's handle this by

printing

that file was not found

so if i were to run this again we will

catch and handle this exception and this

will not

interrupt the normal flow of our program

well everybody that's how to open and

read

a file in python if you'd like a copy of

all this code i will post this in the

comment section down below

but yeah that's how to open and read a

file using python

hey what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well and in this video

we're going to be writing files in

python so sit back

relax and enjoy the show

so to begin it's kind of similar to the

last video on reading files

with open within the open function list

the file name or the file path so what

do you want to call this file

i will call this file test dot txt

now normally with the open function

there is a mode

and you can actually change that there's

a second argument that you can pass in

by default this is r for read but if you

want to write a file this would be

w so now we're going to write a file

called

test.txt so to finish with open

as file what are we going to do file

dot write and within the write function

we can write some text

so let's create a text variable and we

will add a string

so let's say text equals

yo and if you need to go down to a new

line

be sure to use the new line character so

after this new line character

the text that comes after is going to be

on the next line as if we're hitting

enter

so yo this is some

text have

a good one

all right so after i run this program we

should have

a file a text file within our project

folder that appears

and it is right here and it says yo this

is some text

have a good one now this is in write

mode

if this text was something else it will

actually

overwrite your current file so if i were

to change this to

uh oh this text has

been over written well then

this will overwrite the text that we

have

uh oh this text has been overwritten so

you can actually append a file by

changing the mode

to a for append so let me change this

back

we will rewrite this this will save over

our current file

now we can append some text so let's add

maybe a new line

uh have a nice

day see ya so i would like to append

some text to this file i'm going to

change the mode to a

for append and we can now append some

text onto the end of this file

well everybody that's how to write to a

file and or append a file if you would

like a copy of this code

i will post this in the comment section

down below but yeah that's how to

write to and or append a file in python

hey what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well

and in this video we're going to be

copying files in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

welcome back to another video regarding

doing stuff with files using python and

in this video we're going to be

copying some files and in order to do so

i recommend

importing the shuttle module there's

other ways of doing this too

but i tend to like using the shuttle

module now

with this module there are three basic

functions

to copy a file starting at the top they

are copy file

copy and copy to so copy file is what

we'll be working with

this will copy the contents of a file

copy

will do everything that copy file does

plus copy

the permissions mode and the destination

can be a directory

and lastly copy 2 this will do

everything

that copy does plus it copies the

metadata

of that file including the files

creation and modification times

so depending on the project or the

program you're working with

you may need to use copy or copy too but

in this video we're going to be using

copy file just to copy the contents of a

file

now after you import the shuttle module

this is all you need to do to copy a

file

shuttle dot then use the appropriate

function that you need to copy your file

we're going to be using copy file copy

file and within this function there are

two arguments

a source and a destination so within my

project folder i have a plain

text file called test test.txt

all this says is yo this is some text

see ya what i would like to do is copy

this file because it's cool

now since this file is within my project

folder i only have to list the file name

otherwise if this is someplace else i

would list the file path here

so this file is test.txt

this is the source file and now i need a

destination

so the second argument will be separated

with the comma i'm going to list

a destination so you can actually rename

this to

i would like to name this as copy.txt

so the destination is my project folder

so when i create a copy of this file

test.txt

this copy will appear in my project

folder and say the same thing

so after running this we now have a

file named copy.txt that says the same

thing

as my test file and remember what i said

you can copy

this file to a different location on

your computer so you could list the file

path

so this file path would go to my desktop

and then when i run this

this will copy my original file my

source and then copy it to

wherever my destination is oh and i

almost forgot so if you need to use copy

or copy 2

the arguments are exactly the same so if

you needed to use copy

this would be a shuttle dot copy instead

of copy file

then copy 2 is shuttle dot copy 2.

the arguments are exactly the same but

each of these functions will copy

different things depending on what you

need for your own program or project

all right everybody so that's the basics

of copying files and

python i will post this in the comment

section down below

but yeah that is how to copy files using

python

hey what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well and in this video

i'm going to explain how we can move

files using python so sit back relax

and enjoy the show

welcome back everybody to another video

regarding that thing that we do called

programming and in this video we're

going to be moving files using python

and in order to do so i recommend

importing the os module

this is included with the standard

python library all you need to do is

import it

and now let's create two variables a

variable called source

that will hold the location of where our

source file is located

as well as a variable called destination

to function as well

the destination now for this video i'm

going

to move a file within my project folder

to my desktop

so to do so i'm going to create a new

file

i will name this test.txt but take the

liberty to name this whatever you want

so i'm going to list the location of

where

my test file is located since this is

within my project folder i only need

the file name if this was someplace else

on your computer you would probably need

the file path

and now where would i like to move this

file to i would like to move this file

to my desktop

so i just need the file path so i'm

going to go to my desktop

right click go to properties i'm going

to copy

this location and paste it within my

destination

and i will add slash desktop

slash test.txt you can also rename this

too if you want i will just keep it the

same

now if you have single backslashes

you'll likely need to change these

to double backslashes because that is

the escape sequence

to print a backslash within a string so

we have a

source location as well as a destination

location

now we can begin i would recommend

writing our code within a try and accept

block to

handle any exceptions so i would like to

handle any file

not found error exceptions just in case

our program cannot locate our source

file so let's print a message if that is

the case

perhaps source plus was not

found now within our try block let's

check to see if there is already a file

at this destination

because i would not like to save over it

if there's already a file there

so let's do some basic file detection if

os

dot path dot exists

and i will pass in my destination as an

argument to the exists

function so if there is already a file

here i should probably let the user know

print there is already a

file there else

we can replace our files honestly if you

do not care about saving over any files

you can omit this part so else os

dot replace and we will pass

in our source and our destination

as arguments and let's print a message

to the console window to let the user

know

that source plus was

moved all right let's try this oh i

accidentally deleted my

file test.txt all right

now this should disappear in three

two one and it's gone

test.txt was moved and it should now be

on my desktop

which it is now you can also use this to

move a directory as well

i'm going to create a new directory i

will name this folder

and i will change source to folder

and the destination from test.txt to

folder and now this should move my

folder

there is already a file there

oh let's delete that okay

folder was moved all right everybody so

that is how

to move a file and or directory using

python

if you would like a copy of this code i

will post this in the comment section

down below

but yeah that is how to move a file and

or directory

using python hey what's going on

everybody

it's bro hope you're doing well and in

this video i'm going to teach you guys

how we can delete files using python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

all right everybody so in this video

we're going to be deleting files using

python and in order to do so i recommend

importing the os module

this is already included with the

standard python library all you need to

do

is import it and now we need a file to

work with

so let's right click on our projects

folder and go to new

file i will name this test.txt

and we now have a file that we can work

with but you know what i would like to

delete this file because it's lame

so let's do that in order to delete this

file let's type os

dot remove and we're going to list the

file path here

since this file is within my project

folder i only need to list

the file path test.txt if this was

someplace else on my computer i would

probably need the file path

like that but since this file is within

my project folder i only need

the file name another thing that you can

do too at least what i like to do

is that i like to pass in a variable

called path i will make this a variable

and assign it a

string value of whatever the path to my

file is

so i will assign path the name to my

file

test.txt now when i run this this will

delete my file

test.txt and you can see that it's no

longer there

now what if we attempt to delete a file

that doesn't exist

well we'll encounter an exception so if

you want

this is optional we can do some

exception handling so let's write

the remove function within a try block

and we will catch

this exception file not found error and

let's print something

print that file was not found

now if you attempt to delete a file that

doesn't exist

your program will not be interrupted and

instead you'll print something

that file was not found now this

function

does not remove empty folders this is

how to do so

and actually let's test that so let's

create a new directory

i'll call this empty underscore folder

now i will attempt to delete this empty

folder

empty folder

we encountered a permission error access

is denied so let's create an accept

block for that

accept permission error

print i don't know you do

not have permission to

delete that right to delete

an empty folder there is a different

function

os dot rmdir

short for remove directory we're going

to list the file path

and pass that in as an argument and

let's create an else block as well

because we can

else if there are no exceptions let's

print

path plus was

deleted all right so rmdir

remove directory will delete an empty

directory

empty folder was deleted now this

function

will not delete a folder that contains

files and let's try that

so let's create a new directory i'll

just call this folder

and within this folder i will create a

new file

test.txt

all right let's attempt to delete this

folder i will probably need to change

the file name

let's change that to folder and we

encountered an

os error that directory is not empty so

let's handle this exception we don't

need to but i like to

accept os air print

you cannot delete that

using that function

okay to delete a folder that contains

files

we'll need the shuttle module import

shuttle and the function that we're

looking for is

shuttle dot rm tree

short for remove tree and we will pass

in our path

now be careful with this function it is

considered dangerous

because it will delete a directory and

all files contained within

so now we can delete a folder that

contains files

folder was deleted in conclusion these

are

three basic functions to delete a file

or directory they

are remove which deletes a file rmdir

which is an abbreviation for remove

directory

which will delete an empty directory and

lastly

rmtree which is an abbreviation for

remove tree

and this is of the shuttle module and

this will delete a directory containing

files

so if you would like a copy of all this

code i will post this in the comments

section down below

but yeah that is how to delete files and

or directories

using python yo what's going on

everybody it's you bro hope you're doing

well

and in today's video i'm going to be

discussing modules in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

all right well welcome back we're

talking about modules today

a module is a file containing python

code

it may contain functions classes etc

it's used with modular programming which

is this concept of separating a program

into useful different parts we're

currently working within our main module

and mine is named hello youtube this is

how to create a separate module

right click on your project folder go to

new python file

i think i'll create a module filled with

maybe message functions

so i'll call this messages and click

python file

all right we have two tabs one for our

main module mine is called hello youtube

and a separate module

for messages and i can write whatever i

want within here since we're using

modular programming i'll place a bunch

of useful functions within this module

and i'll import them to the main module

that we're currently working with

let's define a function called hello all

this will do is print

hello have a nice

day and i'll create a second function

for good measure

let's call this pie

let's say bye have

a wonderful time

now if we would like access to this

module we need to import it

i will head back to my main module and

at the top write this

import then the name of the module and

for this example we used the name of

messages

for our separate module and to use a

function from that module

type the name of the module dot and then

the name of the function

so messages.hello will call the hello

function

found within the messages module and i

can also call the

buy function as well messages dot bye

and that will print bye have a wonderful

time

no it can be somewhat tedious to have to

write the name the module followed by

the function name what we could do to

shorten things up

is to give our messages module an alias

also known as a nickname

so at the top write import messages

as and what sort of nickname should we

give messages

let's say msg for short so we'll replace

messages with

msg msg hello and msg buy

and this would work the same and it

involves less typing there's also an

additional way of

importing a module and it goes a little

something like this from

the name of the module import and then

list all of the functions or classes you

would like to import

i would like to import hello comma buy

and we no longer need the module name

before calling one of these functions

i can simply just call hello and vi

directly another way in which this could

be written is

from messages import asterisk that means

to

import all and i actually would not

recommend using this if you're working

on a large program or something that

contains

many modules because you can run into a

naming conflict

because some of these modules may have

the same named function names or

variables

so if you're working on a small program

i really don't think it's a big deal but

if you have multiple modules i would

actually refrain from using import alt

it's much safer to write the name of the

module followed by the name of the

function that you want to use

now another cool thing is that python

has a bunch of pre-written modules that

you have access to if you would like a

comprehensive list of them type help

and pass in the word modules and within

my console window this will populate a

listing of all the modules available to

us

here they are let's see if math is in

here yep

there it is so yeah feel free to take a

look through some of these modules

because there are some fairly useful

tools within some of these modules

i suppose you can also go to python's

official documentation and search for

the python module index and here's a

listing of all the different modules too

they have access to

well everyone those are modules they are

files containing python code and they

may contain functions classes etc

if you would like a copy of all this

code i will post all of this to the

comments section down below

but yeah those are modules in python i

guess there's a module called pickle

hey what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well

and in this video we're going to be

creating a basic game of rock paper

scissors in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

let's begin by importing the random

module

because we're going to need the computer

to pick a random choice and we'll create

a

list of possible choices so we have

three strings within here

rock paper and scissors

i think i spelled scissors wrong there

we go

okay and we will have our computer pick

a

random dot choice from our list

of choices and let's test it by printing

whatever the computer picks

so the computer picked paper paper

scissors

and scissors okay what about the player

choice

let's say player equals

input rock

paper or

scissors

and let's print what the player has

print

player and let's print the computer too

maybe i'll add a string before these so

let's say

computer call in space

whatever the computer chooses and same

thing with the player

player all right

let's see if this works rock paper or

scissors let's say rock

the computer picks paper and i pick rock

so i would technically lose this round

now what if the player doesn't pick rock

paper or scissors what if they type in

gun so we would like some way to prevent

that

so let's put our input for our player

within a while loop

while player

not in choices

so we're going to need to initialize

player because right now it's an

unresolved reference

so let's say player equals none

for the time being okay now let's test

our choices

our player choices rock paper or

scissors i pick

the gun and it's going to keep on asking

me until i pick

something from my list of choices so

if i type in that still won't accept it

now let's type in

rock again there we go now what if

somebody types in one of these choices

either all caps or

capitalized well that technically

wouldn't be in choices because

these strings are case sensitive so why

don't we take our user input and make it

lowercase

and i'll just add on dot lower and use

the lower method

so therefore we can now type in any

input that is either all caps or

uppercase

and then that will still be accepted

because we're going to take our player

input

and then make it lower case so that it

matches one of these choices

okay let's work on the win conditions

next so first

let's check to see if we encountered a

tie

if player is equal to computer that

means that

we both chose the same thing so let's

print whatever the computer picked

what we picked and we will print

tie now let's write an else

if statement e l i

f player equals

rock so if we pick rock and then we will

create

a nested if statement if computer

equals paper

that means we lose so let's print

everything we have here except we're

going to change

tie to you

lose now if the computer picks

let's say scissors then we win

so scissors and you

win okay then let's just repeat this

process

for scissors and paper

so this will be another else if

statement

if we pick

scissors and the computer picks

rock then we lose if the computer picks

paper then you win

and lastly we have paper as the player

choice

so else if player equals paper

and the computer picks scissors then we

lose

if the computer picks rock well then

paper covers rock

and we win now let's test it

rock paper or scissors again i'll try

and pick the gun

which i can't let's take this seriously

i will pick rock

the computer picked rock so it's a tie

i'm feeling like paper today oh it's

another tie i guess

and how about scissors okay

so i win this round i picked uh scissors

and the computer picked paper

therefore i win let's try and lose this

time

just to verify it so i won again let's

try rock again

okay so i lost that round so we know

that the win conditions are working now

how about we add a feature where we will

ask the player if they would like to

play again

play another round i think the best way

to do that would be to write

all of this code within a while loop so

at the top

let's write while true and we'll need to

indent everything so that it's within

the while loop so let's just indent

everything here

now at the bottom we will ask the user

if they would like to play again and i

will store this within a variable

named play again play again equals input

and the prompt will be play again

yes slash no and depending on their

input

let's just make it all lower case

if play again

does not equal yes

that means they would like to quit so

let's use a break statement to break out

of our while loop that we're in

and at the end let's print by

and pay attention to the indentation

this input and

this if statement should be within the

while loop so they should have at least

one indentation and our print statement

here we'll just say bye

and you can see that there is no

indentation so that is outside of the

while loop

okay let's test this one last time

rock paper scissors i'm going to pick

the

cannon okay that's not valid input how

about rock

okay the computer picks rock i pick rock

so it's a tie do i want to play again

i'm going to select actually yes all

caps

that should still be acceptable elbow

paper this time

it's a tie again man the computer is

really good at this game

i'd like to play again i'll pick

scissors

okay so i lose i would like to play

again and i want to win this time

okay computer pick scissors i pick rock

you win do you want to play again

nah and it will print

bye well everybody that's a simple game

of rock paper scissors i'll post all of

this code to the comment section down

below

and well yeah that's a basic game of

rock paper scissors in python

hey what's going on everybody it's you

bro hope you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to show you

guys how we can build a basic quiz game

in python

so sit back relax and enjoy the show

to begin this project i think it would

be wise for us to create a skeletal

structure for how this program is going

to operate

and then we'll fill in the gaps later as

we go along so to begin

let's define all of the functions that

we'll need we'll need four

we'll create a function that is named

new game

whenever we call this function it will

create a new quiz game for us

and for the time being let's write pass

just as a placeholder

we'll have a total of four functions new

game

a function to check our answer

a function to display our score

and lastly a function to

play again

all right now i'm just going to add some

comments here

just to separate each of these functions

that we have just so that it's a little

bit easier to read

although this part is not really

necessary so i just want to separate

each of these functions for some

readability

okay those are all the functions that

we'll need what we'll need now

is some sort of collection to hold all

of the questions and answers that we

have and i think a dictionary would be

perfect for this

so what i did is that i created a

dictionary named questions

a dictionary has key value pairs

each key is a question that i would like

to ask and each question

has an associated value we'll have the

user guess between

answers of a b c or d so these would be

all of the correct answers all of the

values within this dictionary

so here are some of the questions that i

want to ask feel free to come up with

your own questions

if you would like you can copy the

questions that i have they should be

posted in the comment section

down below so the questions that i'm

going to ask are

who created python what year was python

created

python is attributed to which comedy

group and lastly is the earth round

i couldn't think of a fourth question so

i just threw in a random stupid question

and the correct answers to all of these

questions in order would be

a b c and a but feel free to come up

with your own

well we have our questions but we'll

need some sort of collection to hold all

of the different possible answers

to each of these questions and i think a

2d list would work perfect for this

so i have a list of lists a list of

tuples could work too i suppose

so here are all of the answers for the

first question

and the correct answer is a i believe

his name is

guido van rossum hey if you're listening

man i'm sorry if i'm mispronouncing your

name i'm really trying here

the second list corresponds to the

second question

what year was python created it was

created in 1991

at least according to wikipedia python

is attributed to which comedy group

the answer is c monty python like monty

python and the holy grail

good movie by the way and lastly is the

earth round

this is a highly debated topic but the

answer is hey

the earth is in fact round so i have a

list of lists

each list corresponds to a key value

pair within my dictionary of questions

and this is a lot to type if you want

you can just copy the code that i posted

in the comments down below

just copy and paste and you'll have all

of this or if you want you can pause the

video and type it

i don't care so now that you have your

questions and your options we're ready

to begin

so the first thing that we'll do within

our program is to call the

new game function to begin a new game so

after

we have our questions and options

created let's create a

new game by calling the new game

function

now when we run this program we'll

generate our dictionary of questions

and our 2d list of different options for

each question

and then we will call the new game

function to begin a new game

so let's head to the new game function

and fill in everything within our new

game function

so at the top let's declare a few things

let's say we have

a list named guesses and guesses will be

an empty list for now

i will declare a variable called correct

guesses set it equal to zero because we

haven't guessed anything yet

and we will set a current question

number

and set the sequel to one to represent

the first question

okay now we need to display all of the

questions within our dictionary of

questions

and we can use a for loop for that so

for

key in questions

i'm going to print my key

and let's just test this okay yeah

here's all my questions

i think what i'll do is actually print

something to separate each question

let's say one of these lines i think it

would look better with them

okay i'll print this line and then we'll

move on to a question

all right now after re-running this we

have each question and i added just a

line break between each of these to make

it look kind of fancy

now i need to display all of the

different options for each question

and we can do that with a nested for

loop

so if i were to write i in

options print i

let me show you what happens now with

the way this for loop is written now

it's going to display

all of the different options available

to us for the entire quiz game

what i would like instead is to display

only the first

list for the first question and then the

second list

for the second question and follow that

pattern so we're going to change our for

loop around

4i in options and we'll set an index for

options

the index is going to be our question

number

minus one now remember what i said in

previous videos where different

collections including

lists tuples etc the first element in a

collection

has an index of zero because computers

always start with zero

then the next element would therefore

have an index of one

then two three then you follow that

pattern we're using this question number

variable

as some sort of counter and since we

initially set this to one

i'm just going to subtract one so that

we effectively

receive zero as the index and now we

just need to increment our question

number

after each iteration so let's do that

i will add that to the end here after we

finish displaying all of the options

let's increment question number by one

by typing question num plus equals one

and if i were to run this currently

we'll display all of the different

options for each question

who created python here's all of the

associated options

what year is python created python is

attributed to which comedy group

and lastly is the earth round now it's

time for some user input

so i'm going to create a variable called

guess

and make sure you don't put it within

your inner for loop it should be within

the outer for loop

guess equals input and i'll create a

prompt

enter a b

c or d

here's something to consider we would

like the user to type in either capital

a

b c or d with strings they're case

sensitive what if the user typed in

one of these letters but lowercase if

they're correct we would still like to

give them their point

why don't we take our guess and make it

uppercase

so guess equals guess and we can make

this uppercase

using the upper method of strings at the

end of this game i'm going to compare

our guesses to the correct answers so we

have an empty

list named guesses and i'm going to

append our current guest that we're

working on

to our list of guesses so guesses

dot append and we will append our

guess this round now that we have our

guess

and we've appended our guess to our list

of guesses

let's check to see if it's the correct

answer or not so we're just about to

fill in

this check answer function next

so we are going to call this function

and pass in a few items as arguments

so let's use the check answer function

and we'll pass in the key for the

current question that we're on

so the key is the correct answer so that

would be

our questions

dot get key

this would be the answer and we'll also

pass in

our guess and we are going to fill in

the check answer function but we need to

set up the parameters

we're receiving effectively our answer

as well as our guess so i'm going to

name these as

answer and guess and we are going to

check to see if

our answer is equal to our guess

if answer is equal

to guess let's print something

print correct

and i think we should give the user a

point we'll have our check answer

function return

one for one point return one

else if this is not the correct answer

let's print

wrong and we will return

zero they do not get a point

and since this is returning a value we

should assign that

so let's assign the point we may or may

not receive

to our variable of correct guesses which

is initially set to zero

so we'll type correct guesses plus

equals check answer and check answer

will return

one if we scored a point or zero if we

did not score a point and make sure you

have

plus equals because if you just set this

to equals

then we cannot score more than one point

it will either be

zero or one so we are effectively

incrementing our correct

guesses by one for each point that we

score

and now we're going to work on the

display score

function and we'll call that at the end

after we finish all of our questions

that we have

so make sure that you do not write this

within the for loop it should be outside

of it

because once we finish iterating through

all of our questions we're going to

display a final score

so let's call the display score

function and we'll need to pass in some

arguments

our correct guesses as well

as our list of guesses

okay let's head to the display score

function

so we have as parameters

correct guesses as well as

guesses i need to remove this pass i'm

going to add

one of these fancy lines in just to

separate the questions

from the results and i will print

results

and maybe another one of these lines

okay

so i need to print all of the answers

answers

and i do not want to end on a new line

so i'm going to set

end equal to nothing and i need to

display all of the values within

our dictionary all of the answers i will

do that using

a for loop for i

in questions

print questions

dot get i

and i do not want to end on a new line

so i'm going to set

end equal to nothing effectively

and then i'll print a new line okay

let's work on the guesses i think i'm

just going to copy all this

and make some changes i'll replace

answers

with guesses for

i in guesses

print i

okay let's just be sure that

everything's working we're not

calculating a score

quite yet so i'm just going to answer a

then b c and d

on second thought after printing each of

these answers and guesses

i'm going to add a space after each of

these so

within each of these four loops at the

end i will add a space

let me try that again a b

c d okay not too bad

now let's calculate the final score and

we're still within our display score

function

let's set score equal to

correct

guesses divided by

the length of our questions

and let me add a set of parentheses

around here

then i'm going to multiply our score by

100

and if you don't want a decimal portion

because we'll display a percentage we

can cast this as an end

okay that all looks good and we'll print

the final score

print your score

is plus

we need to cast our score to a string

because we're using string concatenation

plus i'll add a percent sign

all right let's try it i'm intentionally

going to get the last question wrong

so we should have a 75 if we have four

questions

so that would be a b c

is the earth round what's earth i'm

gonna guess d

answers a b c a your guess is a b c

d your score is 75 okay let's test it

but getting all wrong answers d d d

d your score is zero percent

congratulations

and we'll test it one more time but get

all the right answers

we just want to be sure that we have 100

that's a

b c a your score is 100

now the last thing that you can add is

that we can play again if we want

and i have a separate function for that

if you would like to add this option

here's how to do so

let's remove that pass

let's set a variable named response

equal to

some input do you

want to play again

let's ask for yes or no

actually let me remove that okay

and depending on the user's response it

might be a lowercase so let's make it

uppercase

response equals response

and use the upper method

if response is equal to

yes all caps if response is equal to yes

then return true

else we will return

false and that is it for this function

the last thing we need to do

is to create a while loop that will

continue to ask the player if they want

to play again

this will be after we call the new game

function

while play again

and remember this will return either

true or

false depending on the user's response

while

play again new game

and call the new game function to create

a new game for us

if we escape the while loop that means

the user doesn't want to play again

so let's print the message

such as by e

all right let's test it i'm going to get

all of the correct answers this time a b

c a all right your score is 100

do you want to play again i'm going to

type

yes all right then we can play again

d d d d your score is zero percent do

you want to play again

no i think i mastered this game

bye all right everybody so that's how

you can use python to create a simple

quiz game

i will post all of this code to the

comment section down below

but well yeah that's a basic quiz game

in python for you all

hey what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to explain

object-oriented programming in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

welcome to today's topic on python

object oriented programming

also known as pop and in today's video

we're going to be creating objects

an object is an instance of a class by

using programming we can create

representations of real-life objects so

look around you wherever you're sitting

or standing right now you are surrounded

by objects next to me i have a phone

a television some snacks and i'm talking

into a microphone

point being we can use programming to

mimic real world objects by assigning a

combination of attributes

what an object is or has and methods

what an object can do now in order to

create an object we'll need to create a

class

a class can function as a blueprint that

will describe what attributes and

methods

that our distinct type of object will

have you can either create your class

within your main module

or you could create a separate file

dedicated solely for your class

now to create a class we would type

class and then the name of the object

that we would like to create so today i

would like to create some car objects

because i like cars

so we would type car and a common naming

convention

with class names is that they should be

capital so car is going to have a

capital c

and for the time being we need to type

in something i'll just type in pass as a

placeholder

so if you have a small program it may be

better to write your class within your

main

module but if your class is fairly large

you may want to consider placing your

class within a separate module

so if you were to take that route we

would go to file

new python file and we would name this

car

click python file and we would declare

our class within

the separate module so class car and for

now i'll type in pass

then we just need to import this class

so within our main module we would type

from the name of the module import the

name of the class

from car import car now objects can have

some combination of attributes and

methods attributes describe what an

object is or has

so what are a few attributes that cars

might have they might have a make so

let's create a few variables

for the time being i'm just going to use

none as a placeholder

cars can have a model a year

and a color

now objects can also have methods what

kinds of methods could cars perform

perhaps a drive method and a stop method

so let's define those

def let's say drive and we'll have one

argument

self self refers to the object that is

using this method

now what do we want to do when we call

this method

let's say this car

is driving let's create a stop method as

well

def stop

and we will print this

car is stopped we now have all of the

different attributes and methods we

would like our car objects to have but

there is one more thing that we need

it is a special method called the init

method that will construct

objects for us in other programming

languages this is known as the

constructor

so we need a special method that will

create objects for us

so we need to define this method def and

the syntax on this is somewhat strange

it is

two underscores init it's short for

initialize

200 scores again and then we need at

least self as an argument

and then we can actually assign our car

objects unique variables so take all of

these attributes that we have

and we're going to place them within

this init method now we can receive

arguments

when we create car objects but we need

to pass them in

as arguments to our init method so we

need to set up some parameters

let's say in order to create a car

object we need a make

a model a year and a color

then when we receive these arguments we

can actually assign them to

each car's specific attributes but we

need to precede each of these with self

self is referring to the object that

we're currently working on

or creating so self.make self.model

self.ear and self.color

and then when we assign these we're

going to say self.make

equals whatever make that we receive

when it's passed in as an argument

self.model equals model and continue

that pattern for year

and color all right that is all we need

for our class car we have a constructor

we're assigning

arguments that we receive to the

attributes of our car object

and we also have two methods one for

drive and one for stop

now we can start creating some car

objects so going back to my main file

here

to create an object we need a unique

name for it let's call this first car

just car one

equals the name of the class car then a

set of parentheses

now in order to construct a car object

we need to pass in a matching

set of arguments you can see here that

we need to pass in a make a model a year

and a color

so what kind of car should we make let's

say that the make is going to be

chevy we need a model

perhaps corvette a year

2021 is good and a color let's say blue

alright now let's actually access some

of these cars attributes

and i should probably put this one in a

print statement so print car ones

make and this should print chevy

then we can do the same thing for model

year and color

so let's change some of these around

model

year and color

yep this object is a chevy corvette 2021

and the color is blue

and we should have two methods as well

so car one

i would like this car to use its drive

method

this car is driving and let's have this

car use it stop method

car one dot stop

this car is stopped there's one thing

that i should mention real quick because

i forgot to mention it earlier

so within our init method you can see

that we need five

arguments in order to construct a car

object self

make model year in color but when we

pass in

our arguments we're not passing in

anything for self we only have

four arguments here that's because with

python we do not need to pass itself

that's done automatically for us we're

referring to the object that we're

dealing with

as you can see with our drive and stop

method we need

to pass in self in order to execute our

method

but when we call this method we do not

need to do so so just remember with

python with self we do not need to pass

in anything for this argument that is

all

now the nice thing about this is that we

can reuse this class

as a blueprint to create more car

objects we just call that

init method that constructor so this

time let's create a second car called

car

2 and this will be a different kind of

car

what kinds of arguments should we pass

it let's say this is a ford

mustang the year will be 2022 and the

color will be red

all right let's check card to use

attributes

and let's have car 2 use its drive and

stop method

this is a ford mustang the year is 2022

the color is red

this car is driving and this car is

stopped one other thing that we can do

too

is that within our methods here let's

replace car with

the name of the model that we're working

with so this

plus self dot model

plus is driving now this self keyword

think of it as you're replacing self

with the name of the object that we're

working on if car one

is using its drive method replace itself

with car one

if this is car two that called this

method then replace itself with car 2.

think of it that way and let's do the

same thing for stop

this plus self dot model

plus is stopped all right

probably don't need these anymore so

let's have car one

use its drive and stop method this

corvette is driving this corvette is

stopped

let's try this with car two this mustang

is driving

this mustang is stopped now you can have

them do things independently too let's

have car 1 use its drive method and car

2 uses stop method

this corvette is driving and this

mustang is stopped in conclusion

a class can function as a blueprint to

create objects

we can assign attributes what describe

an object is or

has and methods what each object

can do and then within our class we have

a special method called the init method

we can pass in some arguments and assign

these arguments to each

object's attributes and then we can

reuse this class as if it was a

blueprint

so we can create more objects out of it

so

that is the basics of object oriented

programming in python if you would like

a copy of all this code i will post this

in the comment section down below

but yeah that's the basics of object

oriented programming

in python hey what's going on everybody

it's bro hope you're doing well and in

this video i'm going to explain

the basics of class variables in python

so sit back

relax and enjoy the show

here's a super quick video on the

differences between class and instance

variables

for this example let's say we have two

car objects

named car one and car two and i'm just

passing in a bunch of values to each of

these car constructors

now within my class car i have my init

method

also known as the constructor and what

i'm doing is assigning all of these

values

to the variables found within my car

constructor

these variables declared inside the

constructor

are known as instance variables and each

object

can have their own unique values

assigned to each

of these variables now where a class

variable is different

is that a class variable is declared

inside the class but outside of the

constructor and what we can do

is set some default values for some

variables

let's say we would like to add an

additional variable let's say wheels

wheels equals and we can set a default

value

for all instances of this class for each

car object that we create

so we set wheels to equal four this is

an example of a class

variable whenever we create a car object

we can pass in a unique

make model year in color but by default

they will all have

four wheels now if i was to print the

amount of wheels

that car 1 and car 2 have they will both

have

four wheels it's as if we're setting a

default value

if i change this to two wheels well then

these cars have two wheels

maybe their motorcycles or something now

you can actually

change these values each object will

have their own

copy of this variable but you can set it

to a default value

so let's say car one

is a motorcycle car one dot wheels

equals two so if i were to print car

one's wheels along with card two

car one will have two wheels but car two

is still using that default amount of

wheels which is four

now there's another way in which you can

access a class variable

you don't necessarily need to create an

object to do so you can just use the

name of the class

so what i'm going to do is turn all of

these lines into comments

and i will print the amount of wheels

that our class has so type in the name

of the class car with a capital c

it should be the same name as your class

name followed by the name of the class

variable

car dot wheels but make sure you spell

it right

all right so this will display four

wheels

now what if we decide to change the

class variable

through our class well that will affect

all

instances of our class so let's say car

dot wheels equals two it's as if we

change our mind and we have decided to

create motorcycles instead of cars

well if we were to change the wheels

class variable through the use of our

car class

well then it's going to affect it for

all instances of this class

you can see that both car 1 and car 2

now have two wheels

when we just changed car 1's wheels it

did not affect

car 2 at all so that's the main

difference between a class variable and

an instance variable

an instance variable is declared inside

of constructor

and they can be given unique values with

class variables

they are declared within a class but

outside of the constructor

and you can set a default value for all

instances of this class

for all unique objects that are created

and then you can change those values

later too

so if you would like a copy of all this

code i will post all of this in the

comment section down below

but yeah that is the basics of class

variables

in python hey what's going on everybody

it's you bro hope you're doing well and

in this video i'm going to explain

inheritance in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

let's talk about irritants the term

inherit means to receive derive or

be left with and we can apply this

concept to programming classes can

inherit something

usually attributes and methods from

another class these classes can form

parent-child relationships where a child

will receive everything

that the parent class has much like you

inherit jeans from your parents

and classes can have children and give

whatever they own to their children

and in today's video we'll be creating a

parent class called animal

and children of the animal class will

inherit the common attributes and

methods

that all animals might have to kick off

this video i think what we'll do

is keep all of our classes within the

same file just so that it's easier for

us to read and understand

let's begin by creating a class called

animal so at the top

type class animal and what are some

attributes and methods that all animals

should have

let's say we have a class variable

called alive and we'll set this to true

if you're an animal you begin by being

alive and what are some methods

how about an eat and sleep method so

let's define those

def eat what are we gonna do when we

call this method

let's print something let's print this

animal

is eating let's also create a sleep

method def

sleep what are we gonna do when we call

this method let's print something as

well

this animal is sleeping and we now have

our animal class

now let's create separate classes for

specific types of animals let's say

a class for rabbit a fish and a hawk so

we can make

objects of those classes so let's begin

with a

rabbit class class rabbit now to use

inheritance

with the class that you intend to be the

child class after the class name add a

set of parentheses

and then pass in the name of the parent

class in this case it's going to be

animal

so we will add that to the parentheses

so now

rabbit is the child class and animal is

the parent class

so the child class is going to inherit

everything that the animal class has

so for the time being i'm going to type

pass so this rabbit class

will have access to a class variable

called alive

and an eat and sleep method so let's

define

a fish and hawk class and i'm just going

to copy what i have here and just change

rabbit to fish and then do so again and

change rabbit to

hawk this is our family tree animal

is the parent class and it has three

children a rabbit class

a fish class and a hot class and for the

time being we're just going to write

pass as a placeholder

so i bet we can create objects from

these classes

so let's do so let's say we have an

object called rabbit

rabbit equals rabbit let's do the same

thing for

fish and hawk

all right we now have three objects

rabbit

fish and hawk and let's take a look at

their

class variables i bet they have an alive

variable let's check that so i would

like to print

rabbit dot oh would you look at that

this rabbit class

has a class variable called alive even

though there's nothing within this class

well that's because we used inheritance

so each of these

three children classes inherit

everything from their parents

all of these attributes and methods i

bet they have eaten sleep functions as

well so let's check that

with fish let's have fish use its eat

method

and hawk will use its sleep method hawk

dot sleep

so the rabbit is alive the fish is

eating and

the hawk is sleeping now even though we

have nothing written within each of

these

specific types of animal classes all of

these animals have access to these

attributes and methods because of

inheritance

and another benefit of inheritance is

that we don't need to keep on

copying and pasting this code for

example let's say we were not using

inheritance so we would not need an

animal class

we could write our code this way where

we would just copy and paste everything

underneath each of our classes so what

if we need to make a change to one of

these methods

as in your boss says you know what let's

change sleep to

slumber okay well we would have to go to

each of these classes and make the

change manually

it's not too bad if you have like three

classes but what if you have hundreds

that's going to take a lot of effort so

wouldn't it be nice if we just

list everything that each of these

classes has in common

and then have all of these classes

inherit from

one common class and then if you need to

make any changes

you can do so just within this class and

this change will apply to

all of the different child classes so

that's another benefit of inheritance

and not only does it make any changes

easier but each class

can have their own unique attributes and

methods as well

along with the attributes and methods

that they inherit from their parents

so for rabbit fish and hawk let's have

each of these classes have

their own unique method as well so for

rabbit let's define

a run method if you're a rabbit then you

can run

so let's print this rabbit

is running and i'm just going to fix

some of the spacing here

all right if you're a fish then you can

swim

def swim let's print

this fish is swimming

and lastly we have hawk if you're a hawk

then you can fly def fly

let's print this hawk

is flying like i said before not only

do these specific types of animals have

access to

all of the attributes and methods that

they inherit from their parents

but they can have their own attributes

and methods as well so let's test some

of these methods

so we have our rabbit fish and hawk

objects

let's have rabbit use its run method

fish we'll use its swim method and hawk

will use its fly method

and here we go this rabbit is running

this fish is swimming

and this hawk is flying so in conclusion

classes can have children the children

classes will inherit everything that

their parent class has

all of the parents attributes and

methods but not only that the children

classes can implement

their own unique attributes and methods

as well

so that is inheritance if you would like

a copy of this code

i will post all of this in the comment

section down below but yeah that's the

basics of inheritance using python

yo what's going on everybody it's you

bro hope you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to explain

how multi-level inheritance works in

python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

all right welcome back everybody let's

talk about multi-level inheritance

this is a concept where a derived class

also known as a child class

inherits from another derived class

here's an example let's say

we have a hierarchy of classes there

will be three levels to this

we'll create a family tree of living

organisms

so at the very top we're going to have a

class called

organism any class that inherits from

the organism parent class

will receive one attribute one variable

named alive

and this will be set to true so if you

are an organism you begin by being alive

now let's say we have a child class that

will inherit from the organism parent

class

let's say animal class animal

inherits from organism so any animal

that we create

will have this alive attribute set the

true

and all animals eat so let's define a

function that does that

at least i believe all animals eat let's

pretend that they do

so this animal is eating

and now why stop there let's create a

class for a specific type of animal

i like dogs so let's create a dog class

class dog

inherits from the animal class

and all dogs should be able to bark so

let's create a function to do that

and we'll print this dog

is barking okay so what we just did here

is

multi-level inheritance we had a derived

child class inherit from another child

class

so it's kind of like this dog class is

the child animal class is the parent

and then the parent of the parent class

would be like

a grandparent right and then if you

added another layer on top of that to

this hierarchy

well then the parent of the grandparent

would be like a great grandparent

that's how i think of it at least now

let's create a dog object just to verify

that everything's working so let's call

our dog

dog and our dog object should have

access to an attribute named alive

and our dog object receives that

attribute from the organism class

and this will print true if i were to

print whatever this attribute contains

and our dog should be able to eat

because it receives this method from the

animal parent class

and lastly our dog should be able to

bark and that method is defined within

its own class

so that's how multi-level inheritance

works it's a concept where a child class

will inherit from another child class

i like to think of it like a family tree

where a child class will have a parent

and the parent of that parent would be

like a grandparent basically

so if you would like a copy of this code

i will post all of this to the comment

section down below

but yeah that is how multi-level

inheritance works in python

hey what's going on everybody it's you

bro hope you're doing well and in this

video i'm going to show you all how

multiple inheritance works in python so

sit back

relax and enjoy the show

all right people multiple inheritance

multiple inheritance is the concept

where a child class

is derived from more than one parent

class

here's an example let's say that all of

our children classes are going to be

certain types of animals and we would

like our animal classes

to inherit from either the prepared

class

the predator parrot class or both

depending on what type of animal it is

because some animals in the animal

kingdom can be both prey

and predators and one example that comes

to mind would be fish

fish will eat smaller fish but also can

get eaten by

larger fish so here we have two classes

prey and predator

each has a dedicated method if a class

inherits from

the prey parent class they will have

access to a flea method

which will print this animal please if a

class inherits from the predator parent

class

that class will have access to a hunt

method that will print

this animal is hunting and it's possible

that some animals can do both

they can both flee and hunt but they'll

need to inherit

both of these classes both prey and

predator and that's where multiple

inheritance comes in

now let's create some classes based on

certain types of animals

let's say we have class rabbit and

rabbit we'll inherit from the prey class

because

rabbits are typically prey and not

predators but i don't know there could

be some killer rabbits out there

haven't run into any yet let's have

class hawk inherit from the

predator class and lastly fish

and fish can be both prey and predators

so they will inherit from both classes

and we just separate each class with a

comma so prey

comma predator and it's as simple as

that

now let's create an object from each of

these classes we have rabbit

equals rabbit hawk

equals hawk and fish

equals fish now let's just verify

all of the different methods that each

of these objects inherited

so our rabbit should have access to a

flea method

but no hunt method and let's just test

that

yep this animal flees and my hawk object

should have access to a hunt method but

no flea method

this animal is hunting and lastly

my fish object has access to both a flea

and a hunt method and if you take a look

on the right hand side of this pop-up

window it shows the class that it

inherited this method from

so fleet comes from the parent class of

prey and hunt comes from the apparent

class of predator

so my fish can both flee and hunt

because it's typically considered both

prey and predators

this animal flees this animal is hunting

so that's basically what multiple

inheritance is

it's a concept where a child class is

derived from more than one parent class

so that's basically multiple inheritance

i'll post all of this code to the

comment section down below

and well yeah that's how multiple

inheritance works

in python hey what's going on everybody

it's bro hope you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to teach you

guys about method overriding in python

so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

here's a super quick video on method

overriding i have two classes a class

called animal and a class called rabbit

rabbit inherits from the animal class

therefore rabbit is the child class

an animal is the parent class within the

animal class there is one method a

method called eat

and when you call this method all this

will do is print this animal is eating

the rabbit class inherits from the

animal class therefore

rabbit has access to this eat method and

if i were to create a rabbit object

and this rabbit used its eat method well

then this is going to print

this animal is eating now method of

writing is the ability of an object

oriented programming language

to allow a subclass also known as a

child class

to provide a specific implementation of

a method

that is already provided by one of its

parents in this case we're going to

override

the eat method and what we can do is

provide a more specific

implementation for the rabbit class and

now to override a method what we'll do

is that within

the child class we need to define a

method with the same

matching method signature that is the

combination of a method's name

plus its parameters both of these

together are known as a

method signature within the child class

we will define

and eat method with the same parameters

def eat

and in this case the only parameter is

self just to keep this simple

and what we'll do is that will provide a

more specific

implementation of the eat method

specifically for rabbits

so let's print something more closely

associated with rabbits such as

this rabbit is eating a

carrot now if i were to run this program

again

we will instead use this implementation

of the

method instead of the one that it

inherits from its parent class

of animal basically speaking an object

will use a method that is more closely

associated with itself first before

relying on a method that it may inherit

from a parent class

in this example we're using this version

of the eat method

specifically for rabbits instead of the

version that we inherit from the parent

class

of animal that is the basics of method

overriding i will post this code in the

comment section down below

and well yeah that's how to override a

method using python

hey what's going on everybody it's you

bro hope you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to teach you

guys all about method chaining in python

so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

all right everybody let's talk about

method training method chaining is used

to call

multiple methods sequentially and each

call performs an action on the same

object

and return self here's an example of how

method chaining would be useful

let's say we have a class named car car

has

four methods turn on drive break and

turn off

they will all just print a simple

message beginning with turn on

turn on what print you start the engine

drive will print you drive the car

brake will print you step on the brakes

and turn off will print

you turn off the engine let's say we

have a car object

car equals car and i would like my car

object

to use its turn on method immediately

followed by

the drive method with how we've been

coding things previously we may write

something such as

the name of the object in this case car

dot and then the method to use

i would like my card to use the turn on

method followed by

car dot drive so currently this will

take two lines of code

but this will print you start the engine

and you drive the car

now with method training we can call

multiple methods

sequentially now the format on this is

going to be a little bit different

and if we were to write the same code

using method chaining it might look a

little something like this

after the first method call we would add

dot

and then an additional method that we

would like to call so for example

after the turn on method we'll

immediately call

the drive method but there's one more

thing that we need to add when we're

using python to do method training

so normally this by itself will not work

when we call a method in python if there

is nothing that is returned python will

return

none so as you can see here attribute

error none type

object has no attribute of drive so we

need to return itself under each method

that we're using method training with

so let's add return self to each of

these methods

so let's do that for drive

break and the turn off method and this

should work now you start the engine

you drive the car so think of it like

this after we finish

calling this method python is going to

return self

so it's going to return car so then

we'll immediately use

car.drive now here's another example

let's say i would like to

call the break method followed by the

turn off method

so that would be car dot break

parentheses

followed by dot turn

off so this will print you step on the

brakes

you turn off the engine now here's an

extreme example let's say we would like

to call all four methods in order

so that would be car dot

turn on followed by dot drive

dot break dot

turn off so this will call

all four methods in order starting with

the leftmost method

you start the engine you drive the car

you step on the brakes

you turn off the engine now if you have

one long method chain like this

it might become difficult to read after

a while so what i would recommend

if you're doing a lot of method chaining

is that after each method call

just hit enter to move each method call

down to a new line

so it'll look something like that and

this backslash

might be inserted this is a line

continuation character

so this is a little more readable but

you know it still does the same thing

basically

all right everybody so that is method

training it's used to call

multiple methods sequentially and each

call performs an

action on the same object and returns

self if you would like a copy of this

code i will post all of this in the

comments section down below but yeah

that is how to do a method chaining in

python

hey what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to explain

the super function in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

well then since you clicked on this

video i should probably discuss

the super function now the super

function is used to give access

to the methods of a parent class it

returns a temporary object

of a parent class when used here's an

example of why the super function would

be useful

let's take this program that i've

written there's three classes

a class called rectangle which is the

parent class

to two children classes square and cube

and all we're doing is creating a square

object and a cube object

but we need to pass in a length and a

width for squares

and a length width and height for cubes

now with programming we don't like to

repeat code we like to reuse code and if

you take a look within my knit methods

for both square and cube we're repeating

self.length equals length

and self.width equals width twice for

our init methods

so one thing that we can do any

similarities between

the square and cube class we can place

within

the rectangle class and then reuse this

code so what i'm going to do

is copy this indent method within our

square class

and paste it within our rectangle parent

class

and then in order to access this init

method

we can use the super function so we no

longer need

these two lines of code what i'm going

to do is ask

the rectangle class to use its init

method so we're going to type

super parentheses dot and then the name

or the function of the parent class

that we would like to use and i would

like to use the init method

but i need to send a length and a width

because it requires that

so let's send these so we're going to

pass in our length and

our width and now we can do the same

thing for our cube init method

so i will copy this line of code we no

longer need these two lines of code

because we will be reusing our init

method within the parent class

of rectangle but we'll still need to

keep this line in to assign the height

because that's a difference between our

square and cube class

and now we can just reuse this init

method within

the rectangle parent class now i'm

thinking that we should probably test to

see if

length and width are assigned to these

attributes and one way

that i think would be fun would be to

create an area method

for squares and a volume method for

cubes so let's define

an area method within the square class

def

area and i would like to return self

dot length times self

dot width and we can create a volume

method within cubes

so let's do that def let's change this

to volume

we'll multiply it length times width

times height

but we need to type self dot pipe

and we can call these methods to get the

area

of a square or the volume of a cube

let's print

square dot area

and then cube dot

volume so if our init method

is actually being used we should have a

length and the width

assigned to these attributes and it

looks like we do

in conclusion the super function is used

to give access to the methods of a

parent class

it returns a temporary object of a

parent class when used in order to

access

the methods of the parent class also

known as

a super class and in this example within

the init methods of both square and cube

we immediately called the init method of

the parent class

to pass in some arguments that both of

these classes

have in common so if you would like a

copy of this code i will post all of

this in the comment section down below

but yeah that is how the super function

works in python

hey what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to explain

how abstract classes work in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

hey what's good everybody let's talk

about abstract classes

now abstract classes prevent a user from

creating an object of that class

think of an abstract class more as a

template

it's an idea it's not real it's like a

ghost class basically

plus an abstract class compels a user to

override any abstract methods within a

child class

so it's also a form of checks and

balances as well which we'll discuss

later

now here's a small program that i've

written let's say we have

three classes class vehicle car and

motorcycle

car and motorcycle are the children

classes of the vehicle class

now within this vehicle class we have a

go method

but i'm currently only defining it not

actually implementing it so i'm just

writing pass

now within car and motorcycle we're

overriding this method and creating our

own implementation of the skull method

that we inherit

the go method for the car will print you

drive the car

and the go method for the motorcycle

class will print you ride the motorcycle

now currently i'm creating an object of

each of these classes

i have a generic vehicle object car

object

and motorcycle object now after running

this program

currently the go method within our

vehicle class is not being implemented

so this won't print anything but the go

method within our car class will print

you drive the car and the go method

within our motorcycle class will print

you ride the motorcycle with that being

said let's pretend that we're coding the

next

need for speed game and we would like a

user to create an object from a specific

kind of vehicle whether it's a car from

the car class or a motorcycle from the

motorcycle class

we would like to prevent a user from

creating an object of the vehicle class

because the vehicle class is too generic

we do not have all of the

implementations

set up for a vehicle it would be like

somebody unlocked the ghost car or the

invisible car

which doesn't actually exist and is

missing a lot of features we need a user

to create an object

from a child class because these are

fully fleshed out and one way in which

we can prevent a user from creating an

object of this class

as well to turn this class into an

abstract class

which is what this video is all about go

figure now the first step to creating an

abstract class is that we'll need some

imports

so at the top of your program write this

from

abc abc is an acronym for abstract

based class abc from abc

import abc all capital comma

abstract method all right

now with our vehicle class the class

that you intend to be the abstract class

add us out of parentheses and our

vehicle class

will inherit from the abc class

and now with any methods within your

vehicle class you're going to add

this decorator at the top at abstract

method all right we should now be

prevented from creating a

vehicle object our vehicle class is now

an abstract class

and we cannot give it a physical form a

physical manifestation

and if we attempt to you can see here

that we have a type error

can't instantiate abstract class from

vehicle with abstract methods

go so an abstract class is a class which

contains

one or more abstract methods and an

abstract method

is a method that has a declaration but

does not have an implementation

now by definition an abstract class

contains

one or more abstract methods if i remove

this one abstract method within our

vehicle class

well we could still create a vehicle

object and i'm just going to turn this

vehicle.go line into a comment because

we don't have a go method anymore

as you can see we can still create a

vehicle object which we would like to

prevent a user from doing

so we need at least one abstract method

within our vehicle class

so i'm going to go ahead and add this go

method back in

an additional feature of abstract

classes is that they compel

a user to override any abstract methods

within a child class

a method that is abstract has a

declaration but does not have

an implementation so let's say that we

create our vehicle class

our abstract vehicle class and now we're

creating

the children classes of car and

motorcycle and let's say i'm not paying

attention and i forget to add a go

method

so if i just write pass within my

motorcycle class i'm currently missing a

go method within my motorcycle class

well python is going to prevent me from

running this because we have a type air

can't instantiate abstract class vehicle

with abstract methods of go

so by inheriting from an abstract class

it's a good form of checks and balances

to be sure that your children classes

are not missing

any implementations of any methods that

they inherit

here's an additional way of thinking of

this our vehicle class

is telling its children if you're going

to inherit from me then you need to

override

this abstract method of mine and if you

don't well i'm not going to let you be

instantiated

so in order for us to create a cart and

motorcycle class

we need to override the go method that

they inherit from its parent class of

vehicle

and provide its own implementation now

let's say we create an additional method

let's say we have

a stop method so let's define that def

stop

for the time being i'll write pass and

to make this an abstract method

add this decorator at abstract

method now car and motorcycle both need

to

implement that method of stop it's

currently missing it

as you can see here class car must

implement all abstract methods

and the same thing applies for a

motorcycle as well so we need to

override this method and provide its own

implementation

so let's remove that decorator and let's

print something

let's print this car is stopped

and i'll do the same thing for

motorcycle

so def stop let's say

this motorcycle

is stopped and we'll call the stop

method for each of these

types of vehicles car dot stop

and motorcycle dot stop

all right and we can now create a car

and motorcycle object

because we are overriding both of these

abstract methods found within the parent

class of vehicle

all right everybody so that's the basics

of abstract classes

it's a class which contains one or more

abstract methods

and an abstract method is a method that

has a declaration

but does not have an implementation and

the benefits of using an abstract class

is that they prevent a user from

creating an object of that class

plus it compels a user to override any

abstract methods found within a child

class

so if you would like a copy of this code

i will post all of this in the comments

section down below

but yeah that is how abstract classes

work in python

hey what's going on everybody it's you

bro hope you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to explain

how we can pass objects as

arguments so sit back relax and enjoy

the show

ladies and gentlemen in today's video

i'm going to be demonstrating how we can

pass

objects as arguments for this example

let's say we have a class

car and there is one class variable

called color

color equals none what we'll be doing is

calling a function that accepts an

object as an argument as well as a color

so let's create a function named change

color now make sure when you define this

function it's not within the cart class

then technically this would be a method

of the car class

what we would like is a separate

function outside of the car class

now we need to set up some parameters we

would like to accept a car object as

well as a color

so for the first parameter let's say a

car and make sure this is in

uppercase or capital because python

doesn't like that argument names should

be lowercase

so when we pass in a car we will give it

a nickname of car

and we would also like to pass in a

color so let's set up a parameter called

color

now when we pass in a car we will assign

that car's color with whatever color

that we receive so

car dot color equals color

and now let's create some car objects so

let's say car one

equals car car two equals car

and car three equals cart currently if i

were to print

their colors this is what we'll see

print car one

dot color and repeat the steps for two

and three

and we're not calling this function yet

so all of these colors should be set to

none

they are basically cars with no color

they're i don't know iron or something

whatever cars are made out of aluminum

plastic stuff like that okay so now

let's call this function

change color perhaps right here so in

order to call this function we need to

pass in

a car object as well as a color so let's

pass in

car one and a color perhaps red and

we'll repeat the steps for two and three

so let's say car two will be white

and car 3 will be blue

now after calling this function we have

a car

object and a color and we're assigning

the color of our car to whatever color

that we receive

now these cars in order car 1 2 and 3

are red white and blue now one thing

that you should know

is that the name of this parameter that

accepts our object

doesn't necessarily need the same name

as the class name

that created the object that we're

passing in we could name this something

else entirely perhaps

vehicle you'll just want to be sure that

this is at least descriptive

of the kind of object that you would

like to pass in and we're not limited to

just passing in car objects we can pass

in all sorts of objects

but we need to pass in an object as well

as a color

so this time let's create a class called

motorcycle

class motorcycle and this class will

also have a color set to none

so what we're doing is actually reusing

this function for all sorts of different

kinds of vehicles

now let's create a vehicle i'll just

name this bike one for short

bike one equals motorcycle now let's

call the

change color function and we can pass in

an object as well as color this time we

will pass in

our bike object as well as a color i

think

black counts as a color and let's print

bike once color

and this should work we have red white

blue and black

in conclusion we can pass objects as

arguments to a function

much like what we've been doing with

variables however the type of objects

that we pass in may be limited based on

the required attributes and methods

that that given class or object might

have and we'll get more into this on the

next video on

duct typing so if you would like a copy

of all this code i will post all of this

in the comment section down below

but yeah that is how to pass objects as

arguments

using python hey what's going on

everybody

it's bro hope you're doing well and in

this video i'm going to explain duck

typing in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

i hope you all like ducks because that's

the topic of this video

duct typing is the concept where the

class of an object is less important

than the methods and or attributes that

that class might have

the class type is not checked if the

minimum methods and or attributes

are present it's based off of a popular

phrase

if it walks like a duck and it quacks

like a duck then it must be a duck

here's an example i have two classes

class duck and class chicken

both duck and chicken have walk and talk

methods

but they print something different with

the duck class the walk method will

print

this duck is walking and the duck talk

method will

print this duck is quacking the chicken

class

has the same named methods walk and talk

but they print something slightly

different

a slightly different variation the print

method will print

this chicken is walking and the talk

method will print

this chicken is clucking now let's say

we have a third class a class

called person

now there is one method within our

person class

let's say we're attempting to catch a

duck

we'll pass in self and we need to pass

in a

duck object as an argument so let's type

duck now within this method

we'll have our duck use its walk method

as well as its talk method duck.walk and

duck.talk

and then maybe we'll print something

such as you caught the critter

now let's create an object from each of

these classes let's create a

duck object duck equals duck

a chicken object chicken equals chicken

and lastly person person equals person

now if we would like our person to use

the catch method

we need to pass in a duck as an argument

so with our person let's type person

dot catch and we need to send a duck

object because that's a required

parameter here

so we're passing in our duck object that

we created and as soon as we catch the

duck

it's going to use its walk and talk

method and then we'll print

you caught the critter so as you would

expect this will print

this duck is walking the stuck is

quacking you caught the critter

now with duct typing we can pass in

a different type of object as long as it

has

the same methods and or attributes as

our duck

we could pass in a chicken because a

chicken can also walk

and talk so this time let's pass in our

chicken

as an argument and this will still work

even though our parameter is set up to

take a duck object

this chicken is walking this chicken is

clucking you caught the critter

in layman's terms think of it like this

python is examining this chicken object

it's using its walk method it's using

its talk method which are required

and python is saying well that's close

enough remember if it walks like a duck

and it quacks like a duck

then it must be a duck so duct typing is

the concept where the class of an object

is less important than the methods and

or attributes that it might have

the class type is not checked if the

minimum methods and or attributes

are present now let's say with our

chicken object our chicken can no longer

walk

well we cannot pass in our chicken

object anymore

we have an attribute error chicken

object has no attribute walk

so python took a look at this chicken

and noticed that it does not have a walk

method

well it's not walking like a duck but

it's talking like a duck

so it doesn't count as a duck because it

doesn't have its walk method

in conclusion the class type of an

object is not as important as the

methods and or attributes that that

class might have when using

duct typing the class type will not be

checked if the minimum

methods and or attributes are present

since

chickens can both walk and talk like

ducks then

they can be a substitute for ducks when

we pass in our duck object to this

method

so if you would like a copy of this code

i will post all of this in the comment

section down below

but yeah that is the basics of duct

typing in python

hey what's going on everybody it's you

bro hope you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to discuss

the walrus operator in python

so sit back relax and enjoy the show

all right people i hope you like

walruses because that's the topic of

this video we'll be discussing

the walrus operator also known as an

assignment expression

it's a colon followed by an equal sign

and it kind of looks like a walrus on

its side

now this is a new feature for python 3.8

what it does is that it assigns values

to variables

as part of a larger expression here's an

example of why the walrus operator would

be useful

let's say we have a variable named happy

happy

equals true if you're not happy or

you're feeling so so you can set this to

false if you want

so let's print the value contained

within happy

so this will print true to the console

window

now wouldn't it be cool if we could

combine both of these

statements together so we would want to

say something such as

happy equals true and then print it to

the console window using one line of

code

well normally we can't do this using the

standard assignment operator now one

thing that we can do is use

the walrus operator this assigns a value

to a variable

as part of a larger expression so this

would technically

be allowed if this assignment operator

was instead

an assignment expression the walrus

operator happy

walrus true and when they're all within

a print statement

we can assign a value to a variable and

use it as a part of a larger expression

so as you can see

this new variable of happy was assigned

and used in one expression

now here's a more practical example of

why the walrus operator would be useful

let's say we have the smell program what

this will do is consistently ask you

what food you like and put it into a

list called foods

foods equals list while true food equals

input what food do you like if food

equals quit

break then append our list of foods with

this new food item that we have

okay let's run this then so this while

loop

will continue as long as i don't type in

quit and it will consistently ask me

what food do i like and place that food

item into a list

named foods so let's begin what food do

i like well i do like pizza

i like sushi and i like ice cream

and that should be enough for me i'm

going to type in quit to exit this

program

now let's write the same program but

instead use

a walrus operator so that we can write

this program using

less lines of code now if i were to use

the walrus operator this is how i would

write the same program

we would still need our list foods

equals

list now for my while loop it's going to

look something like this

while food walrus operator

input what

food do you like

all right this is the assignment portion

now we can use

this assignment portion within a larger

expression

so let's also check to see if our input

does not equal quit alright

so then after each iteration of this

while loop

we will take our list foods dot

append food and

that is it so we have written the same

program in about half the lines of code

that we did previously so

let's test it what food do you like

pizza

sushi ice cream

and quit well everybody that is the

basics of the walrus operator also known

as an assignment

expression it's a new feature for python

3.8

and beyond so if this doesn't work for

you i would check to see what version of

python you're using first

it assigns values to variables as part

of a larger expression

if you would like a copy of this code i

will post all of this in the comment

section down below

but yeah that is how the walrus operator

works in python

hello what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well and in this video

i'm going to show you guys how we can

assign a function to a variable in

python

so sit back relax and enjoy the show

hey all in today's video i will show you

all how we can assign a function to a

variable

this video will be a prerequisite for a

few videos i have coming up regarding

functions

now let's say we have a function named

hello and all we'll do is print the word

hello

and as you know to call this function

you would type the name of the function

followed by a set of parentheses and

this will print the word

hello the set of parenthesis that comes

after a function's name

is the portion that will call the

function if you were to remove

that set of parenthesis afterwards we

would not in fact call that function

now with python python will pretty much

treat everything as objects

including functions so there's something

i want to show you guys

if i was to print the name of my

function hello

what will be displayed is the memory

address of this function

this is the memory address of where this

function is located within my computer's

memory

and it's in hexadecimal think of it like

a street address such as

one two three fake street this is the

address of where this function is within

my computer's memory

and each time that i run this program

this number can change as you can see

here

now one thing that we could do we could

assign this address to a variable

let's say hi equals hello and be sure

that you're not adding that set of

parentheses afterwards because

then you would be calling the hello

function and returning the result to

high

so high equals hello no parentheses

and if i was to print hi well

the address of hello and hi will be at

the same memory address

both of these numbers are the same now

what do you imagine would happen

if i was to call the high function after

we assigned the memory address of hello

to hi

well then what we'll end up doing is

calling the hello function

even though we're listing that we would

like to call the

high function even though it doesn't

exist so it's as if this hello function

has two names

you can either use hello or you can use

hi and let me demonstrate that

so you can call either hello hi or both

for this example

that's because we're assigning the

memory address of hello to this variable

of high

so we could treat high as a function

it's kind of like

an alias where this function has two

names now here's another demonstration

let's say that we would like to assign

our built-in print function to

a variable so let's say maybe say

say equals print and when i say print

i'm referring to the print function and

be sure you're not adding that set of

parentheses afterwards

now if i need to print something to the

console window i can either use

print like what we've previously been

doing or i could use

say because say has the same memory

address let's say

perhaps whoa i can't

believe this works

surprise face all right so

we can call the print function by saying

the word say

say all of this text and this will print

all of this text

well say all of this text to the console

window

under normal circumstances i'm not sure

why or when

you would need to assign the print

function to a variable but

you can and well that's kind of cool so

i thought i'd show you guys that

so everybody that's how to assign a

function to a variable

like i said we'll be building upon this

topic so you want to be sure that you

understand this

all right then well if you would like a

copy of this code i will post all of

this to the comments section down below

but yeah that's how to assign a function

to a variable

in python hey uh what's going on

everybody

it's bro hope you're doing well and in

today's video i'm going to explain

higher order functions in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

all right ladies and gentlemen let's

talk about higher order functions

these are functions that do one of two

things one they either accept a function

as an argument

or two they return a function as output

and in python this is totally allowed

because functions are also treated as

objects

i'll give you guys an example of both of

these but let's begin with number one

here's an example of number one let's

say that i have two functions

named loud and quiet both of these

functions will accept a string as an

argument

loud will return that string all

uppercase as if we're shouting something

quiet we'll return that text i'll

lowercase as if we're whispering

something

now i'm going to create a third function

called hello

and this will be the higher order

function it accepts a function as an

argument

i'm not sure if we're going to be

passing in loud or quiet

whatever it is i'm going to give it a

name of funk

short for function each of these

functions will return some text

either all uppercase or lowercase i'm

going to assign that to

text text equals the name of our

function we're not sure what it's going

to be

and i will pass in some text in order to

call one of these functions

i will pass in just the word hello

that's capitalized

and at the end i will print whatever

text that we have

in order to call this function of hello

i need to pass in a function as an

argument

do i want to pass in loud or quiet do i

want the

loud variety of hello where all of the

text will be uppercase

or the quiet variety of flow where all

the text will be lowercase

i would like to pass in loud because i

want to make my text all uppercase

so i'm typing the name of the higher

order function and passing in

a function as an argument and the result

is that the word hello will be printed

to the console window

all uppercase now here's a rundown of

what just happened

we're calling the hello function and

we're passing in loud

as an argument we're naming loud as

funk while we're within this hello

function

text equals loud and we're sending a

string of text

that says hello we're returning that

text all uppercase

assigning it to a variable called text

and printing that text

to the console window now if i would

like to

use the quiet variety of hello then i'm

going to pass in

quiet as an argument so quiet will make

all of this text

lowercase alright people so that's

example

one of a higher order function a higher

order function

is a function that accepts a function as

an argument

this hello function is an example of a

higher order function

because we're accepting either loud or

quiet as arguments

all right people let's move on to the

second part of this definition for

higher order functions

a higher order function is a function

that returns a function

i'm going to give a different example

this time let's say we have a pair of

nested functions the outer function will

be named divisor

and we will accept a number as an

argument that we will call x

a divisor is a number that is used to

divide

another number when using division and

inside this function we have an inner

function

named dividend dividend is the number

that's going to be divided

and we will call the argument that is

passed in y

all we'll do is return y divided by x

we're dividing the dividend by the

divisor y

divided by x now within the

outer function but not within the inner

function we're going to return

our dividend function so a higher order

function is a function that returns a

function

divisor is a higher order function

because we're returning

dividend now if i would like to access

this nested

dividend function i first need to call

the outside

divisor function and pass in a number as

an argument to serve as the divisor

the divisor function is going to return

my dividend function which we can then

assign to a variable

so the variable i'm going to name divide

divide equals and i need to call divisor

and set a divisor let's say that i would

like to divide all numbers

by two so i will set x to be two

and now for the dividend i will

print call the

divide variable and pass in a number as

the dividend the number that's going to

be divided

and let's say i would like to divide 10

by two

and this will work as you can see we

have five in the console window

so let me explain what just happened

here so our program

begins here divisor and we're passing in

two

x will be two and it will stay that way

until we finish this program or until we

reassign x

now x equals two we're skipping this

function because we did not call it yet

we're returning dividend and assigning

it to a variable

and we can call a variable if it has the

memory address of a function

which is what we're doing in this line

now we're calling

dividend and passing in 10 so y equals

10

and x still equals to we're returning 10

divided by 2 and printing it to the

console window

well everyone in conclusion a higher

order function

is a function that either one accepts a

function as an argument

or two they return a function the format

is a little bit strange and we're not

quite used to it yet

but in future videos we'll have more

practice with high order functions

if you would like a copy of all this

code i will post all of this to the

comment section down below

but yeah that is how higher order

functions work in python

yo what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well in today's video

i'm going to explain

lambda functions in python so sit back

relax

and enjoy the show all right

ladies and gentlemen let's talk about

lambda functions these are functions

that are written in one line and use

this lambda keyword

they accept any number of arguments but

they only have one expression

think of it as a shortcut they're useful

if you need a function for only one use

or a short period of time

and then you're just planning on

throwing away that function afterwards

here's the syntax for a lambda function

you type lambda

you add the parameters followed by a

colon and then your expression

let's say we have this function named

double double accepts one argument that

we will name

x we're returning x times two

effectively doubling it

so if i need to call this function i

would type double

and then pass in a number as an argument

so the result if i pass in 5 would be

10. now let's write the same function

but instead write it as a

lambda function so let me turn these

lines into comments

now the first step is to type lambda

then our parameters we only have one

parameter and that is x

colon and then our expression we would

like to return x

times two now this lambda function is

going to return a function object and we

can assign that much like what we do

with variables

let's say double equals lambda x colon

x times two and in order to call this

lambda function

we're going to type double then a set of

parentheses

to call this function and then pass in

our arguments

so let's say that x equals 5 and then

we're going to double it

and the result is 10. so that's the

syntax for a lambda function you type

lambda

your parameters colon and then your

expression this time let's say that we

have two parameters

we have two numbers that we want to

multiply by each other

so let's say that this function will be

called multiply

multiply equals lambda

x comma y because we have two parameters

colon followed by our expression we

would like to multiply

x times y and that is it

now in order to call multiply we need to

pass in two arguments

if i were to pass in just one well we'll

have a type error

so let's pass in five and maybe six and

the result

is thirty now let's try three parameters

let's say we would like to add three

numbers together

let's say add lambda x

comma y comma z so we have all of our

parameters

we have our colon here and then we need

our expression

x plus y plus z and

let's add five six and seven together

the result is 18. now let's try

something a little more complex let's

pass in some strings this time

i'll create a function named full name

full name

equals lambda

first name comma

last name the expression is going to be

first name plus perhaps a space

plus last name now i need to pass in a

first name and a last name

full name and you can use your own name

for this example if you want

let's say bro comma code

yep this will print your first name and

your last name to the console window

now let's take it a step further let's

say we would like to check somebody's

age once using a lambda function we

would like to check to see if they're 18

or older because they're signing up for

something perhaps let's say a credit

card

so let's create a function object age

check equals lambda we have one

parameter

somebody's edge colon and then our

expression

let's type true if age is greater than

or equal to

18 else

false to call this age track function

we need to pass in an age let's say the

user is 12

and they're trying to sign up for a

credit card while this will return false

let's say they're 18 now and this will

return

true so that's a lambda function it's a

function

that is written in one line using this

lambda keyword

they accept any number of arguments but

they only have one expression

think of it like a shortcut and they're

useful if you need to use a function

only once and then you're just planning

on throwing it away afterwards

so if you would like a copy of all this

code i will post all of this to the

comment section down below

but yeah those are lambda functions in

python

hey what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to show you

all how we can sort iterables in python

so sit back

relax and enjoy the show

well well well welcome back everybody in

this video i'm going to show you all how

we can sort data using python we'll

begin with the sort method which is used

with lists and the sort function which

is used with iterables and that would

include lists let's start with something

very basic and then we'll crank up the

difficulty one step at a time

i have a list named students and i have

a bunch of student names within this

list

we have squidward sandy patrick

spongebob mr krabs

let's say that all of these students are

taking a college course

perhaps on marine biology what i would

like to do is to sort this list in

alphabetical order

and to do that we have a method that is

built in with lists

so type the name of your list students

dot

sort and it's easy as that and to

display this list i think i'll use a for

loop

for i in students

print i

and there you go that's how to sort a

list starting with the top we have mr

krabs

then patrick sandy spongebob and

squidward the sort method of lists can

accept keyword arguments

there are two optional keyword arguments

that we can pass in we can pass

in key and or reverse we'll cover key a

little bit later

if we set reverse to true then our list

will be sorted by reverse alphabetical

order beginning with

squidward spongebob sandy patrick then

mr krabs

now the sort method does not work with

other iterables it's a built-in method

for lists

if our list of students was instead

let's say a tuple

well then the sort method is not going

to work you can see here that

we have an attribute error tuple object

has no attribute of sort

that's where the sort function would

come in because that's useful for other

iterables

you can also use this for a list 2 i

suppose the sort function will return a

sorted list so let's use the sort

function this time

and we'll assign the result to a list

called sorted students

equals sorted and then we need to pass

in

an iterable and we have the option of

passing in a key

and or reverse the iterable that we'll

pass in as an argument is our tuple

named

students so this line will be sorted

students

equals sorted students sorted students

is a list the sorted function will

return a list but it accepts an iterable

as an argument

and to display this we should change 4i

and students

to 4i in sorted students and now

this function will accept our iterable

our tuple

and create a sorted list and all of

these are in alphabetical order

and to reverse this we can pass in the

keyword argument of

reverse equals true and now our list is

sorted in

reverse alphabetical order all right

we're gonna take it up a level

welcome to level two sometimes data

isn't always as simple here we have a

list of tuples each tuple has a

corresponding student record

we have a name a letter grade for their

college course

and the student's age now how can we

sort this

list of tuples by either the student's

name

their grade or their age well that's

where the key

keyword argument's going to come in with

sorting if you take a look at this list

of tuples it somewhat resembles a

spreadsheet there's rows and then

there's columns

the first column corresponds to student

names the second column

are grades and the third column are all

the ages of the students

so by default sorting by the first

column is actually really easy that's

the default

so if we need to sort alphabetically

that would be the same process

as before we would type the name of the

list students

dot sort but if we were to print

this iterable for i in students

instead of just the individual student

names we're going to get

each tuple that we have so now all of

these tuples are arranged in

alphabetical order starting with

the first column that we have which are

all the student names

now how can we sort these iterables by

their second column

for this case it would be student grades

or even the third column which would be

the student ages

well that's where the key keyword

argument's going to come in

this is a keyword argument and we set

key equal to a function that's going to

return

the index of that specific column that

we have

so let's say key equals grid grade is

going to be a function object

grade equals and we can easily use a

lambda expression for this lambda

let's say grades colon

grades and we will set an index of one

now the first index is zero that's the

first

column because computers always start

with zero column two would have an index

of one

and then column three would have an

index of two

so grade equals lambda grids

colon grids index one you can also

rename these if you want

so students dot sort we're setting the

key

equal to grade and grade is a function

object

via a lambda function and now all of

these students

will be sorted by their grades starting

with sandy

then spongebob mr krabs patrick then

squidward

if this needs to be in reverse order we

can pass in that other keyword argument

of reverse

equals true and for practice if you

wanted to sort all of this data by each

student's age

then we would change grade to let's say

age age equals lambda

we'll change grades to maybe ages colon

ages and the index would then be two

because the first column here is zero

then one

then two and change key to our function

object

of edge now each student is

sorted numerically beginning with the

smallest edge

well the youngest person starting with

spongebob sandy patrick squidward then

mr krabs

and like i said before if you want your

data arranged in reverse order you can

set

that keyword argument of reverse to true

within the sort method

and all of our student data is sorted

beginning with the eldest student which

is mr krabs

then squidward patrick sandy and then

spongebob

and for the last part of this video

let's say that we're working with

some other iterable let's say we have a

tuple of tuples instead

well we can no longer use this sort

method because that only belongs to

lists

you can also use the sort function with

lists and it will generate a new sorted

list without changing the placement of

the original

so let's say we have a tuple of tuples

and this will create a

new sorted list let's call this list

sorted

students equals then we'll use the

sorted function we need to pass in an

iterable and we can pass in

both a key and or the reverse keyword

argument

so the iterable would be students

and let's set the key equal to edge

and i will not reverse it we can keep it

as it is but let's change

for i in students to sorted students

and that's how to use the sorted

function to sort

an iterable including a list well all

right everyone

that's how to sort iterables in python

if you would like a copy of all this

code i will post all of this to the

comments section down below

but yeah that's a basic way to sort

iterables

in python hey what's going on everybody

it's your bro hope you're doing well in

today's video i'm going to show you all

how the map function works in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

what up everybody let's discuss the map

function the map function will apply a

function to each item in an interval

that would include lists tuples things

like that

and the map function accepts two

arguments are iterable

as well as the function we would like to

apply to each item within our iterable

for example let's say that we have an

online store to represent this i have

a list of tuples named store each tuple

within this list

corresponds to an item for sale within

our store

there's shirts pants jackets and socks

and each item has

a price in us dollars let's say now what

i would like to do is to convert all of

the prices within my store

to euros and currently the conversion

rate as of the filming of this video is

one us dollar to 0.82 euros

so let's begin we can easily convert

dollars to euros with a

lambda function so let's say two euros

equals lambda the parameter will be data

colon and the next part's a little bit

tricky within a set of parenthesis to

represent a tuple

we'll take data at index 0 that

corresponds to the first column

comma data at index 1.

this represents the index of our prices

we're going to take

data at index 1 times 0.82

and that's it the first column will be

left untouched

but the data in column 1 will be

multiplied by 0.82

now our map function is going to create

a map object but we can easily cast that

to a different type of iterable

so let's say that store underscore

euros equals map

parenthesis and then we can pass in our

function as well as our iterable

our function is our two euros function

comma and our iterable is our store

and that is it now if you want to

convert this map object to an iterable

you can easily surround this with a cast

i would like to convert this map object

to a list

and we will now have a new store named

store

euros which will have all of the

different prices of our store in euros

and to display this i'll use a for loop

for i

in store euros

print i and

let's try it yep that seems about right

all of the prices in our store are now

in euros

let's pretend that these prices are

already in euros and we would like to

convert these

to american dollars so we will use the

same conversion rate but divide

by 0.82 so let's create a separate

lambda function

two dollars equals

i think i'll just copy this but we are

going to divide

the first index of data by 0.82

and let's say store dollars to represent

our store

in dollars because we're pretending now

that it's currently in euros

and we will display 4i in store dollars

so if all of these prices are in euros

we are now converting them to american

dollars

but you may want to do some rounding as

opposed to the nearest descent

well everyone that is the map function

it applies a function to

each item in an iterable those include

lists tuples

the like you pass in your iterable and

your function as an argument to the map

function so if you would like a copy of

all this code i will post all of this to

the comment section down below

but yeah that is how the map function

works in python

what's going on everybody it's you bro

hope you're doing well and in today's

video i'm going to show you all how the

filter function works in python

so sit back relax and enjoy the show

all right all right let's discuss the

filter function

the filter function creates a collection

of elements from an

iterable for which a function returns

true

now what the heck does that mean let me

explain let's say that we have a list of

tuples named

friends each tuple has the name of a

friend as well as their age

i just made up some ages for all of

these friends what i would like to do is

to create a

separate list for all the friends that

are 18 or older

so let's say that we're all going out

drinking and i would like to create a

list of my drinking buddies

because they're of drinking age i'm in

the united states and the drinking age

is currently 21

but i think worldwide is 18 so let's go

with 18 for this example since

i have a worldwide audience all right

now with this filter function

we have to pass in our iterable as well

as a function

to get anybody's edge that is over 18.

so let's begin by writing a

lambda function for this expression here

our filter function

so let's say age equals lambda

data will be the parameter colon data

at index one so the first index

the first column in this chart here

would be zero for other names the next

index of one would be all the ages

data at index one is greater than

or equal to eighteen and that is it

that is our lambda function and now

we're going to filter

our iterable by this function of age so

let's write

filter pass in our function

which is edge comma and our iterable

friends now this filter function will

return a filter

object you can easily cast this i would

like to cast

my friends list back into a list

and i will assign this to a new list

let's say

drinking buddies

equals list filter age

and friends and i should be able to

print

all of the friends that are 18 or older

for i

in drinking bodies

print i

and we have rachel monica chandler and

ross

well everyone that is the filter

function it creates a collection of

elements

from an iterable for which a function

returns true

i like to think of it as the search

results we're searching for any results

that meet this criteria where age is

greater than or equal to 18

and then you can create a separate

collection or other list if you want

from the results

but yeah that is how the filter function

works in python

yo what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well

and in today's video i'm going to show

you how the reduce function works in

python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

well i suppose we're on the reduce

function today the reduce function

applies a function of our choosing

to an iterable and reduces that iterable

to a single cumulative value the way

this works is that the reduce function

performs our function

on the first two elements of our

iterable and repeats the process

until only one value remains i kind of

like to think of it like

we're recycling elements within an

iterable until a single

value remains our finished product so

how is this useful let's say that

we're playing a game scramble and we

have a bunch of different letters within

an iterable

a list is a type of iterable so i have a

list named letters and we have all of

the letters we need to spell the word

what i would like to do is to reduce all

of these individual elements into a

single cumulative value until only one

value remains so we can do that using

the reduce function you can also do this

with the for loop too there's multiple

ways of doing this

so using the reduce function we're going

to import

func tools and now let's say we have

our cumulative value stored within a

variable named word

word equals func tools dot reduce

now the reduce function has two

arguments the function we would like to

apply

to the first two elements and then our

iterable

the interval is easy that is just

letters so let's put that in

letters and for the function we can

easily write a lambda function for this

lambda and now this function needs two

parameters

let's say x and y now what kind of

function do we want to perform on the

first two elements of our iterable

let's combine them together so let's say

x

plus y and now

let's print our single cumulative value

of word so this should print

the word hello i'm fairly confident that

the word hello is worth like

20 points in scrabble now let me explain

what happened step by

step our reduce function applies our

function

to the first two elements within our

iterable

it performs this expression that we set

x plus y but really we can write

anything here

so we perform this expression on the

first two elements

then we repeat the process again using

the result

from the first time we use this

expression and the next element

so we're combining x plus y again

and then we're just going to repeat this

process until only

one value remains it's kind of like

we're recycling

all of these letters and creating a

finished product out of all of these

that's how i think of it at least here's

a different example let's say that i

would like to find

the factorial of 5 so i have the numbers

5 through 1 within a list named

factorial

so if i was to find the factorial of 5

via the reduce function

i would probably write something like

this so let me change

word to let's say result result

equals functools reduce now our lambda

function will be

x times y because with factorials we

multiply

the next two numbers together then we

take that result

and then multiply the next one in this

list so the

iterable will be factorial and

let's print what our result is

so the factorial of 5 should be 120. now

let's walk through this we're taking

the first two elements of this iterable

five

and four multiplying together in this

case in the last example we concatenated

the strings together of x and y

in this example we're multiplying them

together so we take

the first two elements 5 times 4

we take the result and apply it to the

next iteration

of x times y again so 20 times 3

is 60. we repeat this process again

60 times 2 is 120 and 120 times 1

is 120 so that's kind of how the reduce

function

works it applies a function of our

choosing to the first

two elements of an iterable and repeats

that process until

only a single cumulative value remains

so that is the reduce function if you

would like a copy of all this code i

will post all of this to the comment

section down below

but yeah that is how the reduce function

works in python

hey what's going on everybody it's your

bro hope you're doing well and in this

video i'm going to show you all how list

comprehensions work in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

all right everybody so list

comprehensions a list comprehension is a

way to create a new list with

less syntax you can also use a list

comprehension to mimic

certain lambda functions such as in the

previous videos where we use

the map and the filter functions and not

only that but a list comprehension

is easier to read than a lambda function

but there is a formula that we're going

to follow

when we create our list within our list

we're going to write an expression

for item in iterable now let me give you

an example of where a list comprehension

would be useful

let's take this program that will create

a list of all the numbers

1 through 10 squared so if i were to

print this we'll get the numbers 1

through 10

whatever their square is right so we

have 1 through 10

and the square of 10 is 100 so we wrote

this program

in three lines of code we're creating an

empty list we're creating a for loop

and then we're writing an expression for

what we want each loop iteration to do

now let's write the same program but

used a list comprehension

and we can write the same program with

less syntax

so i would write something like this and

we're going to follow this formula

so our list is going to be named

squares equals then within a set of

straight brackets

we're going to write our expression

which is this portion i times i

for item so that would be 4i

in our iterable that would be range

1 through 11 because remember 11's

exclusive

and then let's print our squares print

squares and there you go

we made the exact same program using a

list comprehension

so basically speaking you just follow

this formula you set your list equal to

your expression and our expression for

this example is i times i

for item for i in

your interval in range one through

eleven

so this took three lines of code well if

you exclude us printing

our list and this program took one line

of code

now we can also use a list comprehension

to mimic certain lambda functions i

wrote a program

where we will be filtering a list of

student grades

let's pretend that all of these students

took some sort of exam

so we have one student that received a

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30

and then one student got a zero because

they didn't show up so what i would like

to do is to filter

all of these student grades into a list

that only contains

students that passed and the criteria

for a passing grade will be

a 60 or above so i would like to filter

all passing students and if i was to

write this program using the filter

function i would probably write

something like this

so i need a function and then my list

that i'm working with

lambda x colon x is greater than or

equal to 60

will filter all of the results and then

convert it to a list named past students

so the result will look something like

this i have five student grades in here

with 100 90 80 70 and 60.

now let's write the same program using a

list comprehension

now there's just one portion to this

formula for list comprehension that

we're going to add

at the end we're going to add if

conditional we can check

some sort of condition after each

iteration so

let's write the same program using a

list comprehension following

this new updated formula that we have so

we need

our list which will be named past

students equals first comes our

expression

and it's just i for this example for

item

i in our iterable

of students and then if we can check our

conditional

if i is greater than or equal to 60

and this will have the same effect as

our previous program but instead it uses

a list comprehension

now if your program has multiple output

if you need an else statement within

your conditional

you're actually going to move this

portion of the if conditional within

our formula to right after the

expression so let's write

an if else statement here

so let's say that instead of just

excluding any student that didn't pass

we'll replace their grade with the word

failed and we can do that

using an if else statement so let's do

this again i'm going to copy what we

have here

paste it and we'll move our conditional

from the end

to just after the expression portion i

if i is greater than or equal to 60 and

you can see here that we need to add an

else statement else will return

the word failed

so we're replacing each instance of

a failing grade with the word failed

instead so if your condition

returns whatever i is you can just add

that to the end

if you need an if else statement you're

going to add it right after the

expression

so everybody in conclusion a list

comprehension is a way to create a new

list

with less syntax you can even mimic

certain lambda functions which we did

with the

filter function and it has the added

benefit of being easier to read than a

lambda function

so you just follow one of these formulas

depending on what you're trying to do

so you need at least list equals your

expression

for item and your interval if you have a

condition that you want to check

you just add that to the end of your

list comprehension if you have an if

else statement

then you'll add that to right after the

expression so you just follow one of

these formulas depending on how you want

to write your program

so that is a list comprehension if you

would like a copy of this code i will

post all of this to the comments section

down below and well

yeah that's how list comprehensions work

in python

yo what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to explain

dictionary comprehensions in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

okay people dictionary comprehensions

they're very similar to list

comprehensions except

they're with dictionaries that's it

video over okay but seriously a

dictionary comprehension is a way to

create dictionaries using an expression

and they can replace for loops and

certain lambda functions

and all we have to do is follow this

formula dictionary equals

key colon our expression for key value

in iterable so let's go over a few

examples our first example we're going

to take

this dictionary named cities in f f is

short for fahrenheit

i have different city names as keys and

relative temperatures as

values in fahrenheit so new york is 32

degrees fahrenheit boston is 75.

los angeles is 100 and chicago is 50.

and what we'll be doing is creating a

separate dictionary where all of these

temperatures will be in celsius

using a dictionary comprehension so

let's follow this formula let's create a

new name for this dictionary

let's say cities in c short for celsius

equals and we will follow this pattern

first our key

golden then our expression we'll go back

to this in just a moment

for key comma

value in our iterable

of cities in f and since we're working

with a dictionary we're going to use

the items method now we just need to

fill in this expression

there is a formula to convert fahrenheit

to celsius and it should be on the

screen right about now

so let's follow this formula so we'll

take our value

minus 32 and just for good measure i'm

going to put these within parentheses

and we will multiply all of this by

5 divided by 9 and that is it so we have

our key

our expression to convert fahrenheit to

celsius

for key value in our iterable of

cities in f our previous dictionary and

let's test this by printing our new

dictionary

cities in c

actually i think i'm going to round

these numbers just so it's more readable

so let's round all this there we go so

new york and celsius is zero

boston is 24. los angeles is 38 and

chicago is 10.

so we created a new dictionary using a

dictionary comprehension

now with these dictionary comprehensions

you can add an if conditional to the end

of this

so let's say that we have a separate

dictionary of weather

like a description of the weather in

each city new york is snowing

boston is sunny los angeles is sunny and

chicago is cloudy

let's say that we would like to create a

separate dictionary with a dictionary

comprehension

that only has cities where the weather

is sunny

so i would write something like this

let's say sunny

weather will be the name of our

dictionary equals and we'll follow

this formula and then we just tack on

our conditional to the end so it's kind

of the same as before really

so key colon and we don't really have an

expression here so let's just say

value then for

key comma value

in our iterable of

weather dot items

then our conditional if value

sunny because we are only looking for

sunny weather

and let's print this print

our dictionary of sunny weather

and let me just make this more readable

for you guys and our new dictionary

comprehension

will create a dictionary of key values

where the value

is sunny using an if conditional at the

end of our dictionary comprehension

here's a third example for you well if

you have an if else condition you can

add that to where the expression is

within your dictionary comprehension

so i'm going to reuse the previous

dictionary for the first example where

we have

cities and their temperatures as values

so we're going to replace each

temperature with a description of the

weather

is it warm or is it cold so let's do

that using

a dictionary comprehension that contains

an if else statement

so let's say we have a new dictionary

named desk short for description

cities it's a brief description of each

city's temperature

so we follow this formula key

then our if else conditional for key

value

and iterable actually i probably can

copy all this

just to save some time okay so our

iterable

will be cities dot items

and our conditional is going to be

we will return warm if

our value is greater than or equal to

let's say 40. else

cold and we will print

our new dictionary of desk cities

description of cities so new york is

cold because it's 32 that's below 40.

boston is warm los angeles is warm and

chicago is warm

now if your condition gets somewhat

complex you can even call a separate

function to keep your code more

organized

so key then we can call a function and

pass in a value

for key value in iterable so i'm going

to again

reuse our city names and our

temperatures

and this time we are going to call a

function instead

i think i'll reuse this code from the

previous example where we have a

separate dictionary named

desk cities and i'm going to replace

this if else statement

with a function so let's say we have a

function that is named

check temp and we will pass in our value

and we just need to define this function

so let's define that here

so let's define check

temp and our parameter is our value that

we're currently working on within our

dictionary

value then we'll write if

value is greater than or equal to

let's say anything above how about 70

will return the word hot

then else if

let's say 69 greater than or equal to

value and then

value is greater than or equal to

how about 40 then we will

return the word warm

and lastly else return

cold and let me just fix some of the

spacing

now depending on the temperature that is

stored within each value of our

dictionary

we will call a function that will return

one of a few different outputs

so it's kind of like we're using the map

function the map lambda function

so let's print our description

of cities and we should get a short

description of the temperature in each

city

after we call the check temperature

function and then pass in each value

from our dictionary

so new york is cold because it's 32

degrees fahrenheit

boston is hot because it's above 70. los

angeles is hot

because it's 100 and then chicago is

warm because that is 50 which is between

69 and 40 within our function

so that is a dictionary comprehension

it's a shortcut where you can create

dictionaries using an expression

and they can replace for loops and

certain lambda functions

so if you would like a copy of all this

code i will post all of this to the

comment section down below

and well yeah that's how dictionary

comprehensions work

in python hey what's going on everybody

it's bro hope you're doing well and in

today's video i'm going to show you how

the zip function works in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

all right ladies and gentlemen welcome

back we're talking about the zip

function today

the zip function will aggregate elements

from two or more iterables

iterables are those things like lists

tuples

sets etc and the zip function will

create a

zip object with paired elements from

each iterable

stored in a tuple for each element

within our zip object

here's an example let's say that we have

two different types of iterables

i have a list of usernames and a few

usernames within here are

dude bro and mr and i have a

tuple of passwords and i have some very

secure passwords

such as password abc123

and guest what i would like to do is to

zip elements from each iterable together

so that they're in pairs and each pair

is going to be stored as a tuple within

a zip object and here's how we can do

that let's say that we will create a zip

object called users

and we will use the zip function the zip

function will take a

varying amount of iterables we're going

to pass in our usernames

and passwords and zip them together so

let's pass in usernames

as well as passwords and now our zip

object of users

is actually iterable zip objects are

iterable so we can use them within a for

loop

so let's type for i in users

and print i

and what we get is that we have a zip

object

of tuples and each tuple is storing each

pair of elements from our

two iterables now users is a

zip object and if you don't believe me

let me prove it i'm going to print

the type of users and this will print

that users is indeed a zip object

but you can easily convert this to a

different type of iterable by using a

cast

let's say that we would like to convert

our zip object into a list

so we'll surround the zip function with

a cast to a list

and now the data type of users is now a

list

what we have is a list of tuples and

each tuple is storing a

pair of elements from our two iterables

of usernames and passwords

now currently since we're passing in

only two different iterables we can

easily make this

a dictionary so that these are key value

pairs

so let's cast our zip object as a

dictionary

and to display all of the elements

within our dictionary all the key value

pairs

we're going to change our for loop to

this for key value

in users dot and we will use the

items method print key

comma value actually i think i'm going

to separate each of these with

a colon just to make it more readable

and now when we zip these two intervals

together

we end up with a dictionary of usernames

and passwords and the name of this

dictionary is users

now you're not limited to just two

iterables you can add

a third iterable or more so this time

let's create a

maybe a list a list of last login dates

and i'll just call this

login date equals and why not make a

list

and let's make up some dates let's say 1

1

dash 20 21

12-20-21

and 1-3-20

21 okay so let's create

a zip object of users and we're going to

zip

user names passwords

and login date

and let's iterate over this for i

in users print

i now we have a tuple for each element

and instead of a pair we now

have a trio i guess of all of the

different elements

from each iterable so in conclusion

the zip function will aggregate elements

from two or more

iterables and create a zip object with

paired or grouped together elements

stored in a

tuple for each element within our zip

object

so that is the zip function if you would

like a copy of this code i will post

this to the comment section down below

and well yeah that's how the zip

function works in python

hey what's going on everybody it's you

bro hope you're doing well

and i'm going to explain the purpose of

if name equals main

in python so sit back relax

and enjoy the show

during your programming journey you may

have encountered this strange statement

of

if name equals main now what the heck

does that mean

so with python files also referred to as

modules by including this statement it

gives our modules some flexibility

one a module that has the statement can

be run as a standalone program

or two this module can be imported

and used by other modules if there's

some sort of useful functions

or other resources within this module to

be imported

by including the statement of if name

equals main we're checking to see if a

user

is running this module as either a

standalone program

or they're importing it from another

module behind the scenes

the python interpreter will set special

variables

one of which is double underscore name

it's a variable

and python will assign the name variable

a value

of main if it's the initial module being

run

and we can actually test that by

printing double

underscore name so since this is the

initial module being run

module one for my example name is going

to be assigned a value

a string of main now check this out i

have two modules what if i were to

import module 2 and check the name

variable of module 2.

let's try it import module

two

in order to access a variable from

another module i need to type the name

of the module

module two dot and i would like to check

the special name variable of module 2

and print it

so when you import a module this name

variable is going to be assigned

the name of the module in this case

module 2.

this time what if we change the roles

around i'm going to copy all of this

text

and paste it within module two we're

going to

import from module one we will

print that special name variable of

this module module 2 and then print the

name variable

of module 1 which is being imported now

when i run this program i'm going to

instead

run from module 2.

now this time that special name variable

of module 2 is main and the special name

variable of module 1

is module 1 the name of the module

so by including a statement such as

if name equals main we're checking to

see if this module is being run

directly or indirectly so let's test it

within this statement of if name equals

main

let's print running this

module directly

else that must mean that we're running

this module

indirectly so let's print

running other

module indirectly

okay so i'm going to go to module 1

and run from here running this module

directly

now let's do the same thing with module

two but we need to

import module

one and let's run for module two

running other module indirectly for the

time being i'm just going to write pass

within

our if name equals main as a placeholder

and get rid of our if statement

so let's say within module 1 there's a

useful function or resource we would

like to access

from module 2. so let's say we have a

function named hello

and all this will do is print the word

hello

let's just pretend that it's a useful

function not really but

let's pretend so in order to use this

function from module two i need to

import module one

then type module one dot and

then the name of the function so i'm

going to run

from module 2 and this will print

hello but what if i run this program

from module 1.

so right now module 1 cannot be run

directly as a standalone program

so i cannot print the word hello so what

i could do

is within if name equals main i can

call that hello function directly

so let's run from module one

hello one other thing that you might see

too within

the if statement if name equals main

there might be a call for

a main function and you can write the

main body of your program within

a main function so everybody in

conclusion

the reason that people may include this

statement if name

equals main is that it allows our

modules to have some flexibility

they can be run as a standalone program

or they can be imported and used by

other modules

and this is because the python

interpreter sets

that special variable of name with a

value

of main if it's the initial module being

run

if you would like a copy of my code and

my notes i will post all of this to the

comment section down below

but yeah that's the purpose of if name

equals main

in python hey what's going on everybody

it's bro hope you're doing well and in

this video i'm going to show you all a

few useful functions related to

times and dates using the time module in

python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

alright everybody so the time module

let's begin by importing time

and the first thing that i'm going to

explain to you while is how we can find

our computer's epic

also pronounced as epoch so this is a

date and time

in which your computer thinks time began

think of it that way at least

so we use our epic as a reference point

so to find your computer's epic it's

going to vary based on your computer and

your operating system

so to find your computer's epic type

time dot

c time and as an argument we will pass

in zero

now what this method will do is that

this method will convert a time

expressed in seconds and convert it to a

readable string

so if i was to pass in 0 and print it

well then

this will display the date and time

which is my epic

our reference point so for me my epic is

wednesday december 31st 6 p.m

1969 so i've just added a note

that the c time method will convert a

time expressed in seconds

since epic and convert it to a readable

string a readable

date and time so for practice let's pass

in perhaps

1 million seconds and see what date and

time that we receive

so our c time method will return a date

and time

one million seconds past this epic here

so that would be for me monday january

12th

about 7 a.m 1970. our next method is

the time method of the time module let's

print

time dot time method and what this

method will do

is return the current seconds that have

passed

since our epic using our computer's

clock

so the number that i end up with is just

over

1.6 billion and this is in seconds

so for me 1.6 billion seconds

has passed since that date which is my

epic

i believe it was december 31st 1969

and every time that i rerun this program

you can see that the amount of seconds

that has passed is actually increasing

so

that is the time method it will return

the current seconds

since you're epic using your computer's

clock and you know what

just for fun let's change the date and

time under clock and see what happens

so let's change the year to

how about the year 2000 change

and close so let's see what number we

get with the time method now

so we get just under 1 billion 948

million seconds have passed

and now if you need to retrieve the

current date and time

well there's one of a few ways in which

you could retrieve that but one way is

that we can combine

both of these methods of the see time

method and the time method of the time

module

so let's print time dot c

time and we're going to pass in an

amount of seconds

into the c time method as an argument so

within

the c time method we're going to call

the time method

so the time method will return an amount

of seconds

since our epic and the c time method

will convert

that amount of seconds to a readable

date and time

so the current date and time is saturday

january 23rd about 3 p.m 20 21

now there is more than one way to get

the current date and time

another way is to use the local time

method and the local time method will

create a

time object based on the current time so

what i'm going to do is

create a variable called time object

and i just need to explain a few things

about time objects

so to best explain this i'm going to

print our time

object now a time object is also

referred to as a

struct time object it is made up of

different keyword arguments

there's a year a month day

hour minutes seconds day of the week

day of the year and this keyword

argument here has something to do with

daylight savings time

so there's quite a few uses with time

objects

and one way is that we can format them

however we want because right now

this time object is not in a readable

format

so to convert this time object into a

readable string we'll need the help of a

separate function

and that is the strf time function

str is short for string f4 format and

time

well for time i guess so this function

needs two arguments a format and a time

object so our strf time function will

accept

a format and a time object as an

argument

so our format is really just a string

of different directives and to best

explain these i'm going to head to

python's official documentation on the

subject

so here i am on python's website

regarding the time module and underneath

this section on the strf time function

there are different directives that we

can embed within our format string that

we pass in as an argument

depending on the directive that we add

we can display

a certain format of our date and time

so for example if i was to pass in let's

say

percent lowercase a then we will display

the time object's weekday name and

you're not limited to just one directive

you can add any combination of

directives

so if i was to add percent m well we

would display

the month of our date time object as a

number

1 through 12. so there's a bunch of

directives here and i'm going to be

using some of these

so within a string for the format

argument i'm going to pass in

percent capital b for the name of the

month

percent d for the day

percent y for the year

percent h for the hour and to format

this i'm going to add a colon

to separate hours and minutes percent

m for minutes colon percent s

for seconds and then we are going to

assign

all of this to a variable let's say

local

time and local time will be a string

so let's print our local time

and the current time is january

23rd 2021 about 3 p.m

oh and i almost forgot you can also get

the utc

time that is the coordinated universal

time if you know how that works

so if you need that you would just use

the gm

time method for the utc time coordinated

universal time

okay next up we have the strp

time function and this function will

parse

a string representation of a time and or

date

and return a time object so we need to

pass in

a string representing the date and or

time as well as a format

string so let's create a time string and

this variable is going to be a string

representation of

a date let's say 20th of april 2020

and what we can do is take this string

representation of a time and or date

and parse it to a time object so we're

going to pass in our time

string variable as well as a format

string

so let's say i would like to parse

the day so that would be percent d for

day

then percent b for name of the month

and then comma percent y for year

this function will create a time object

so let's assign that to a variable

time object equals time dot strp time

we're passing in our string

representation of a time

or date as well as a format string

and we can print our time object using a

print statement

however this is going to be in a form

that is somewhat difficult to read but

you can see at least we have a time

object

with all of these keywords filled in

with anything that we passed in

via these format directives that we have

now the next function

is the asc time function

and this function accepts a time object

or a tuple representation

of a relative time so this time let's

create a

time tuple and we're going to follow

this order we can pass in

up to nine values the first value is a

year so let's pass in perhaps

2020 a month let's say four

a day how about 20 four hours

let's say four minutes 20 and seconds

maybe zero let me just fix some of the

spacing here

okay you can also pass in a numbered day

of the week

um i'm just going to say zero i don't

think it's really that important

a day of the year zero and

negative one or zero for daylight

savings time so

we created a time tuple and we can pass

in a time

object or a tuple representation of a

time

following this formula so let's pass in

our time tuple

and this will create a time string a

string representation of the time that

we create

and let's print our time string

and we should have april 20th

about four in the morning the year 2020.

so that is asc time it will convert a

tuple representation of a time and date

or a time object and convert it to a

readable

string now another option is to use m

k time and mk time will take a

tuple representation of a time or a time

object

and convert it to seconds since epic

so april 20th of the year 2020

is about 1.5 billion seconds

since our epic date and for me that was

december 31st the year 1969

so that is a few useful functions of the

time module

if you would like a copy of this code i

will post all this to the comment

section down below

and well yeah that's the time module in

python

yo what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to explain

multi-threading in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

think of a thread as a flow of execution

like a river

and each thread can carry out its own

separate order of instructions

if we use this process of

multi-threading we can have our program

run

different parts of its program at

different times

they all run concurrently but not truly

in parallel that is a concept for later

referred to as multi-processing

so with reds they each take a turn

running to achieve concurrency

this is due to a notorious feature known

as the gil

the global interpreter lock only one

thread can be running at one time

but they can all take turns when one

thread is idle

so this allows one thread to hold

control of the python interpreter

at any one time so they run concurrently

but not truly in parallel

which is what we do with

multi-processing now programs and tasks

can be divided into

two different categories they can be cpu

bound that is a program or a task

that spends most of its time waiting for

internal events

such as a task that is cpu intensive

it is better to use multi-processing for

tasks that are cpu bound

now tasks that are io bound means that

the program will spend most of its time

waiting for external events

such as waiting for user input or if

you're doing activities like web

scraping

you do a lot of sitting around so with i

o bound tasks it's better to use

multi-threading

because we can have multiple threads

running concurrently

but not truly in parallel like what we

do with multi-processing

after importing the threading module we

can count the number of threads that are

currently running

in the background whenever we run a

program we have one thread that is

running that is in charge of

executing our program and we can print

the active count of threads running in

our program

using the active count function of the

threading module

so this will print one we have one

thread that is running

and we can print a list of all the

threads that are running

by using the enumerate function so

the one thread that is in charge of

running our program

is referred to as the main thread by

using this concept of multi-threading we

can have

more than one thread running

concurrently not truly in parallel

all the threads will take turns while

one of them is idle

so we can have more than one thread

running more than just the main

thread which is in charge of running the

main body of our program

so while our main thread is in charge of

running the main body of our program

we can have another thread that's in

charge of a separate part of it

maybe like a countdown timer or

something so

one good example take that quiz game

that we made some number of videos ago

while we were waiting for user input

which is a

i o bound task we could have had a

countdown timer going

like you only have so many seconds to

answer this question we could have had

one thread in charge of waiting for user

input and another thread

in charge of the countdown timer so

that's an example of multi-threading

we had two threads running concurrently

and what we'll be doing in this video is

creating a program that involves

multi-threading we can have

different threads in charge of different

parts of our program and they can all

run

concurrently they'll all take turns

while one of them is idle

so let's say that we're running late for

school

or work in the morning and we have three

different tasks that we need to complete

before we can leave

for school or work so think of three

different

things you do in the morning such as

maybe eat

breakfast some people drink coffee or

maybe a beverage of your choice so drink

coffee and some people like me they like

to

do their homework last minute so i'll

say study

before i leave for work or school in the

morning

so what we'll do in each of these

functions each of these functions

should take some amount of time to

complete so we can have our main thread

sleep for a given number of seconds

using the sleep function

time dot sleep and let's say that in

order for me to eat breakfast

this task will take me three seconds

let's just pretend that instead of

minutes this will be

in seconds so drink coffee will take me

four seconds and study will take me

five seconds then when we finish

sleeping

let's print a confirmation message let's

say

you eat breakfast

as in you finish eating breakfast with

drink coffee

you drink coffee

and with study

you finish studying

now each of these tasks are i o bound

they're going to be spending a lot of

time just waiting around

for external events they're waiting for

the sleep function to expire before they

can finish their task

so we're going to have all of these

three functions run on our main thread

and we'll see how long it takes for us

to complete our morning ritual

these three tasks so let's call these

three functions within

our main thread so let's call the

eat breakfast function first followed by

drink coffee and then study

in that order so this program is going

to take approximately

let's see 12 seconds to complete so

there's going to be a pause for a second

you eat breakfast then followed by

you drank coffee and then study

you finished studying so this program

took about

12 seconds overall so if this were

realistic

what we would have done is we would sit

down and eat breakfast for

three minutes well three seconds in this

case and then

once we finish eating breakfast only

then are we allowed to drink our coffee

and once we finish our coffee only then

can we study

so we completed these tasks sequentially

and not concurrently for us to move down

to the next

function we need to complete the

previous functions because we're doing

this in order

but realistically us human beings we

would probably

eat breakfast drink coffee and study

altogether because

we can multitask and we can complete

these three functions in less time

and that's kind of the same process as

multi-threading we can have

these three separate functions running

concurrently

as if we're multitasking we're eating

breakfast drinking coffee

and studying all at once now currently

we have

one thread that is in charge of these

three separate functions

what we could do is that we can create

three additional threads

each thread will be in charge of each

task and then we'll have our main thread

running in the background that will

complete the rest of the program

so this is how to create an additional

thread let's say that

x equals threading

dot thread we need to pass in a target

target equals and then the name of the

function so let's say

thread x will be in charge of eating

breakfast

and then you can pass in arguments too

if your function has parameters by

typing args

and then you pass in a tuple so let's

say you have one argument to pass in

you'll type your argument followed by

a comma but we don't have any arguments

in this example but

you'll need to be sure to enter them in

if you do have any

okay then to begin this thread you type

the name of the thread

in this case x dot start so

we now have an additional thread and

this thread is in charge of eating

breakfast

now let's create another thread to drink

coffee

and we'll call this y

and the target will be drink coffee

and lastly we have a thread in charge of

studying

and this will be z

and the target is our study function

okay now let's see how long it takes for

us to complete our program

oh and be sure to comment out these

function calls within the main thread

because we don't want the main thread in

charge of those anymore

okay now we can run the program so we

have four threads running this time

you eat breakfast you drink coffee you

finish studying

so this program took approximately five

seconds to finish

and the reason that this program took

five seconds instead of 12

is because before our main thread was in

charge of running

these tasks sequentially in order but

now since we have a thread

dedicated to each task we can run them

all

concurrently instead of sequentially so

that this program

now took about five seconds to complete

and you may have noticed too

that the activecount function as well as

the enumerate function

were called before threads 1 2 and 3

finished their respective tasks

that's because the main thread is not

going to wait around for

these three threads to complete it has

its own set of instructions to do

so it is no longer in charge of these

three functions

the program is going to handle those

three functions to our three threads

and our main thread is going to continue

its own set of instructions

its job is to print the active count as

well as

call the enumerate function which it did

and it finished its tasks

before threads one two and three now one

trick that you can do too

is that you can use the time modules

performance

counter function and this function will

return

how long it takes our calling thread as

in our main thread

to finish its set of instructions so our

main thread is not in charge of

executing

these three functions our main thread is

in charge of creating

three additional threads and then

calling the activecount function

and the enumerate function as well as

the performance counter function

so our main thread will take

approximately

0.075 seconds to complete

and our three threads are still running

in the background our main threads job

its order of instructions is to create

three additional threads and then

immediately

print whatever is returned via the

activecount function

enumerate and then your performance

counter so

our main thread says that it finished

its tasks in about

.07 seconds but threads one

through three were still trying to catch

up that's why the main thread

finished before are three additional

threads and once

all active threads have completed their

tasks

then your program will finish and exit

there's also this concept called

thread synchronization we can have a

calling thread in this case our main

thread

wait around for another thread to finish

before it can move on

with its own instruction set so let's

say we would like

our main thread to wait around for

thread 1 also known as

x so we're going to use the join

function

of thread x and now our main thread

has to wait around for thread x also

known as

thread 1 to finish before it can move on

with its instruction set

so let's do the same with y and

z so now our main thread before it can

move on with the rest of the program has

to wait for all of these threads

to synchronize and join and then and

only then

can it move on with the rest of its own

instruction set

so this time our program is going to

look a little something like this

you eat breakfast you drink coffee you

finish studying

so by the time we reach our active count

these threads

are already joined and synchronized

they're no longer active

when we enumerate over our active

threads we only have

our main thread and our main thread

completed in

about 5.1 seconds this time because it

did a lot of waiting around

it was waiting for threads x y and z to

join and finish in conclusion a thread

is

a flow of execution like a separate

order of instructions that a program can

follow

and when we run a program we always have

at least one

thread running initially and that is

referred to as the main thread

however if you have multiple threads

using the concept of multi-threading

we can have multiple threads running

concurrently but not truly in parallel

which is what we'll cover

during the video on multi-processing

this is due

to a feature known as the gil

the global interpreter lock which allows

only

one thread to hold control of the python

interpreter

at any one time and tasks can be either

cpu bound or io bound a cpu bound task

is a program or task

that spends most of its time waiting for

internal events

such as a task that is cpu intensive

and o bound tasks spend most of their

time waiting for

external events such as waiting around

for user input

or web scraping with i o bound tasks

it's better to use multi-threading

with cpu bound tasks it's better to use

multi-processing

well everybody that is a quick overview

of multi-threading i will post all of

this code to the comment section down

below

and well yeah that's how to achieve

multi-threading

using python hey what's going on

everybody

it's you bro hope you're doing well and

in this video i'm going to explain demon

threads in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

okay so demon threads also pronounced as

daemon threads a demon thread is a

thread that runs in the background and

they are normally not important for your

program in order to run

your program will not wait for demon

threads to complete before

exiting whereas non-demon threads they

cannot normally be killed

they will stay alive until their task is

complete so

a few common uses of demon threads would

be

background tasks garbage collection

waiting for input

or other long-running processes so

here's an example of why demon threads

would be useful

let's say that we'll have two threads

our main thread will be in charge of

waiting around for some user input we'll

ask

do you wish to exit and in the

background we'll have a timer going that

will display

how long somebody is logged in so let's

create

a function named timer

and what we'll do is just display how

long somebody's logged in

so let's say we have a count variable

while true we'll use

the sleep function of the time module to

sleep for approximately one second

then we'll increment our count variable

by one and we'll print a message

so let's say logged in

for

count

seconds and let's create a thread that

will be in charge of this timer and run

it in the background so let's say

x equals threading

dot thread the target will be our

function

of timer and we need to start this

thread

x dot start so our thread

x will be in charge of our timer and run

it concurrently

while we're waiting for some user input

our main thread will be in charge of

waiting for this user input do you wish

to exit now here's the issue

of us using a non-demon thread for a

background task such as a countdown

timer

so our main thread is in charge of

waiting around for some user input

and thread x our additional thread is in

charge of

running this countdown timer so if i

wish to exit this program i'm just going

to type

okay and hit enter well my background

timer is still going but my main thread

is complete so i would like to exit this

program but

my program will not exit as long as

there are non-demon threads that are

still alive

we cannot normally close this program

unless we do like a brute force

you know close and exit of the program

so we can turn

this thread of x into a demon thread

so that when we wish to exit the program

when there are no more

non-demon threads alive and to change a

thread to a demon thread it's actually

fairly easy when you create your thread

you can set

this flag of demon equal to true and

that's it

so when all non-demon threads have

finished their tasks

your program will complete and exit but

if there are demon tasks running in the

background

they will be killed automatically so

let's try this program again

so do you wish to exit my program is

going to continue running

my demon thread is in charge of the

timer and it's going to continue running

until

all non-daemon threads have completed

their tasks

so once i type ok my program will

finish running and my countdown timer

will stop because

all demons are killed when your program

is finished running there's also two

additional methods that you might be

interested in

you can use the set daemon method

of a thread and you can set it to false

or true if you would like to change

a thread to a non-demon or a demon

however if your thread is currently

running well you cannot actually change

it from

a non-demon thread to a demon thread

while it's currently running

so you would have to do that before you

actually use the start function

and you can also check to see if a

thread is a demon or not

by using the is demon method this will

return

true or false so everybody in conclusion

a demon thread is a thread that runs in

the background

and they're not important for your

program in order to continue running

your program will not wait for demon

threads to complete before exiting the

program

whereas non-demon threads cannot

normally be killed

they will stay alive until their task is

complete and demon threads are commonly

used for

background tasks garbage collection

waiting around for input

or other long running processes so if

you would like a copy of this code i

will post all of this to the comment

section down below

but yeah those are demon threads in

python

yo what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to explain

multi-processing in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

what's up let's talk about

multi-processing multi-processing

is the act of running tasks in parallel

on a different cpu cores it's different

from multi-threading

although it sounds similar because with

multi-threading

we're limited to running one thread at a

time

because of the gil that lock which is

used for threading we can run threads

concurrently

but not in parallel however with

multi-processing

we can create processes and we can run

each process

in parallel on a different cpu course so

with multi-processing

it's better for tasks that are cpu bound

where you need heavy cpu usage whereas

multi-threading that is better for i o

bound tasks where you do a lot of

waiting around

so before we begin i recommend these two

imports

multi-processing and time let's begin

quick note if you're running the windows

operating system you'll probably need to

add

this line if name is equal to

main so when we run a program we have a

main process that is running and if we

create a child process

from that process it's going to copy the

module that we're currently working with

and that child process will create its

own children processes and it's going to

be a problem

so we're going to add this line if name

is equal to main

so when we create a child process it

will copy our module but it's not going

to execute it

so let's create a main function and a

majority of our code is going to be

within our main function

if you're running a different operating

system you probably don't have to do

this but if you're running windows

you probably will now with

multi-processing multi-processing is

better for tasks or functions

that are cpu bound where they require

heavy cpu usage

let's say that we have a function named

counter

and we'll pass in a number to count up

to but the number we're going to pass in

is a ridiculously large number like a

billion so let's create a function that

will count

from zero so count equals zero and

while count is less than

our number that we pass in we will

increment our counter

by one so that is the function that

we'll call with

our processes that we create now within

our main function

we'll create a process and to do that

you'll need the multi-processing module

so import process and cpu account and

we'll save this for a little bit later

to create a process let's say we have

process a

a equals process this step is very

similar to creating a thread

we have a target our target will be our

function of counter

and if we have arguments we will pass

those in

so remember with our arguments we have

to pass in a tuple

since we only have one argument to pass

in

to differentiate this from an expression

we have to add a comma at the end

so our number let's say is 1 billion

so that's a million 10 million 100

million

1 billion let me just verify that okay

so that's 1 billion

we're going to count from zero to a

billion

and in order to start this process a

my process use the start function

and then i will use some process

synchronization by using the

join function my main process is going

to wait around

for my child process of a to finish

before continuing

and let's print our performance counter

so we'll print finished in

let's say time dot performance counter

seconds okay so let's see how long it'll

take to count from zero to a billion

using

one process i fast forwarded this video

but it took my program

56.7 seconds to count from zero to a

billion

but we can speed this up by using

multi-processing let's create a second

process named b

and i'm going to divide the amount of

work in half so

each process will count to 500 million

half of a billion so let's change a to b

and i'm gonna group these start

functions together

just so it's easier to read and then b

dot join just to synchronize everything

okay and then let's change 1 billion to

500 million for each it's the same

amount of work but divided among workers

so that is 500 million let's see how

well it runs this time

so it took my program about 40.3 seconds

to finish

counting from zero to a billion but i

divided that task among

different processes each of my two

processes counted from

zero to 500 million this time so this

time let's create

four processes so we have a

b c and d

and we'll need to start them

and i'm going to join them now this

might not actually speed it up for you

and i'll explain why later

it depends on the amount of cpu cores

that you have

okay so oh let's change this to so 250

million for each

okay see you in a couple seconds

okay welcome back so on my computer when

i ran

four processes and each was counting up

to 250 million

i could finish my program in 27.3

seconds now for me if i created

more processes than this it would

probably take longer and here's why

so you can print the cpu count of your

computer

using this function of cpu count so if i

were to

print whatever this function returns i

can get the count

of the number of additional processes

that i can run

for the time being i'm just going to

comment out this start function because

i just want to print whatever this value

is so my cpu count on my computer

is four so i can run four additional

processes

but let's attempt to run eight processes

so i'm going to copy all these and let's

say that we have

e f g

and h and we will start all of those two

so give me a second just to start them

so a b c d e

f g

h and then i'm going to join all of them

e f g

and h okay so

let's run this now oh and change the

arguments to i keep forgetting to do

that

so let's say 125 for each

so 125 million times eight is

one billion okay see you in a bit

all right welcome back this time when i

had eight processes working it actually

took me

longer than when i had four processes

working when i had four processes

working it took me about 27 seconds

this time it took 30 seconds when i had

eight processes working

that's because i had more processes than

my cpu count

and that's partially because whenever

you create a process

there's significant overhead with

beginning and

destroying a process and if i can only

run four

processes on my computer at one time

well then i'm creating additional

processes

to no extra benefit it's actually

hindering the performance of the

computer

because i'm creating all of these

additional processes when it really

doesn't help me

in conclusion multi-processing is the

concept

of running tasks in parallel on

different cpu cores

it's similar but different from

multi-threading because with

multi-threading

we can run tasks concurrently but

they're all taking turns because of the

gil

with multi-processing we can run all of

these different tasks

together in parallel multi-processing is

better for

cpu bound tasks where a task has

heavy cpu usage and multi-threading

is better for i o bound tasks tasks that

involve a lot of waiting around

so that's multi-processing if you would

like a copy of all this code i will post

all of this to the comment section down

below

but yeah that is how multi-processing

works in python

hey what's going on everybody two bro

here hope you're doing well and in this

video we're going to be creating our

very first

graphical user interface in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

welcome one and all today we'll be

creating our very first

graphical user interface in python also

known as a

gui for short we're going to be using

the tk inter gui which is a module that

is included with python

our first step in order to use tk enter

is to import this module so that we can

begin using it

our first line of code will be from tk

enter

import asterisk this will import

everything related to the tk inter

module

and with this import we can now use all

of the gui features that this module has

to offer

now there is one important distinction

that we need to make we need to discuss

the differences between

windows and widgets here's a few quick

definitions that i definitely did not

copy from the internet

widgets are gui elements such as buttons

text boxes labels images you name it

and windows they serve as a container

to hold or contain these widgets for

this topic we'll be creating and

customizing our own window

and in future topics we'll be exploring

different widgets that are available to

us

so let's begin by creating a simple

window and we should give our window a

unique name

such as window that's pretty creative

and in order to instantiate this window

we're going to follow

this window name with equals tk make

sure you get the capitalization right

this is a

uppercase t and a set of parentheses to

serve as the constructor

what this will do and i'm just going to

add a comment is instantiate

an instance of a window for us

and when we compile and run this nothing

appears to happen

that's because we only instantiated our

window and we're not actually displaying

it

in order to display our window we're

going to follow this with

the name of the window dot main loop

and this will display our window and

this is our first

graphical user interface and we'll be

adding widgets

to this window so i'm going to add a

comment that

this will place window on

computer screen and it will also listen

for events but we'll get to that in

future videos

now what we'll be doing is customizing

the appearance of this window

let's begin by changing the size and we

can do that with the geometry function

so we're going to first begin by typing

the name of our window which is window

follow this by using the geometry

function and we pass in a width and a

height

but make sure this is within quotes and

set this to whatever width and height

that you want

so if i want 420 by 420 that would be

420

x 420 and the size of our window

is now the size that we set with the

geometry function

now take a look at the top left of this

window we have

this feather icon as well as a title of

tk

that's kind of lame so let's change that

let's first

change the window title and there is a

function to do that

so we type in the name of our window

window

dot title function and we can pass in a

new title that we want to set

and i will set the title to be maybe bro

code first gui

program that'll work and we now changed

the title of this window and it says

bro code first gui program

the next thing that we can do although

not necessary

is that we can change the icon of our

window bar at the top

i would like to replace this feather

icon with an image of my choosing

here's my desktop don't mind all of the

clutter and i would like to use this

image of the logo for my channel and set

this as the icon

for my window so what i'm going to do is

copy

and then go to my project folder and

then paste it

click ok and i now have this image

within my project folder

but it's in a format that we cannot use

currently we need to convert this to

what's called a photo image

that is a format that tk enter can use

so we'll need to convert our image to a

photo image

so do that anywhere within the window

between window equals tk and window.main

loop

right here is good i suppose we're going

to create a photo image

from this image and this is a png file

but yours might be something different

so let's give our photo image a unique

name like maybe icon

and in order to create a photo image

we'll follow this with equals

photo image and within the constructor

of our photo image

there is an option for file we can

either list

the file name or the file path if it's

somewhere else on your computer

since this image is within my same

project folder i only have to list the

file name

and this is called logo.png

and this is probably going to be named

something else for you though

so we now have this photo image called

icon

that we can use and i need to set the

icon

of my window to this icon and luckily

there is a function to take care of that

for us

type in the name of the window which is

window

dot and we're going to use the icon

photo

function there are two arguments the

first we're going to set to true

and the second is the photo image that

we want to use

and this photo image is called icon so

we're going to pass

this photo image as an argument to this

function

of icon photo and now when we compile

and run this

the image that we wanted to use is now

set for the top left icon of this window

bar

however it loses a lot of the quality

since the dimensions are so small

but you can still tell that it's my logo

though so that's how to replace

the icon of your window bar in the top

left corner now let's change the

background color

of this window and one way in which we

can do that is to use the config

function you can use the config function

anytime that you want to make any

changes to this window

so let's change the background color

here and there is an option called

background and we can set this equal to

either

a color name or a hexadecimal value

let's begin with just some color names

let's say that i want the background

color to be black

i'll just type in the word black here

and this will change the background

color of my window to black

alternatively you can set a hex value as

the color

so if you were to look up or google hex

color picker

you can select whatever color you want

let's say that i want

a sky blue color like this well this is

the hex value i'm going to copy this

value

and then paste it within the option for

my background

make sure you have this hashtag as well

because that represents that this is a

hex value so now the background color is

that sky blue color that i picked

well everybody that's the basics of

creating a window in python and in

future videos we're going to be

exploring

different widgets that we can add to

this window that have some functionality

so if you would like a copy of all this

code i'll post all of this in the

comments down below

but yeah that's how to create your very

first gui in python

hey what's going on everybody it's your

bro here hope you're doing well and in

this video i'm going to teach you guys

how we can create

labels in python so sit back relax and

enjoy the show

what is a label well i'm glad you asked

that question

it's an area widget that holds text and

or

an image within a window so to begin

we'll need to create a window to act as

a container

to hold this label we can create a

window with

window equals tk followed by

window.mainloop

and this will give us a window in which

we can add a label to

now let's give our label a unique name

such as label

and in order to instantiate a label

we'll follow this label name

with equals label with a capital l and a

set of parentheses

the parentheses are acting as the

constructor for this widget

our label and we can pass in arguments

into

these parentheses the first argument

that we're going to pass

in is a master the container for this

label

we're going to pass in the name of our

window because our window is acting as

the container

with widgets in python we can

de-eliminate the arguments that we're

passing in

with a comma and there are options

available to us

options are keyword arguments that we

can pass in to the constructor for this

widget

one option available to us is text and

we can set the text of this label equal

to

a string that we set so let's say that

we want this label to say

hello world well we're going to pass in

this option

text and it's a keyword argument

so if we were to do this we're going to

set the text

of the label but this label currently

doesn't appear within our window

what gives bro i thought you knew how to

code hold up wait a minute there's one

more thing that we need to do

so we're going to actually add this

label

to the window now we set the master

of the label to be our window but now we

actually have to add it as step two

one way which we can do that is to use a

pack

function of our label so follow label

equals label and pass in all of your

arguments

and then follow this with the name of

the label dot pack

so with the pack option by default this

will place our widget in the top

center of our window another way in

which we can add a label

to a container or window is to use the

place function

and we can set some coordinates of where

we want this label or other widget to

appear

within the window if we want this to

appear in the top left corner

we can set x to equal zero and y t

equals zero and these are options

available to us too that we can pass

in so this place function will place

our label at some position or

some set of coordinates within the

window and with

x equals 0 and y equals 0 that will

place our widget in the top left corner

of the window

and if i were to change these to let's

say x equals 100

and y equals 100 well this is going to

be placed

down by 100 pixels and to the right by

100 pixels

so you can use pack or place there's a

few others

like grid but they're a little more

complex so we'll get to that in a future

video

for the time being i'm going to use the

pack function of the label

and turn this place function into a

comment

dot pack all right now

how can we customize this label we can

pass in different options

when we instantiate this label let's

change the font and that's another

option

we can change the font with font equals

and then we can pass in a font let's

begin with a

font family i will say maybe ariel

a size perhaps 40 and then a style if

you so choose

like bold there's also italic and

underline

uh but this will work just fine then so

this will change the font

of the text of our label and it says

hello world still

now let's change the foreground color

so that is another option the foreground

is the font color

and the option is fg for foreground it's

short for foreground

foreground equals we can state a color

name

such as green and our text

should now be green you can select

something more specific by

passing in a hex value so a custom color

that i like

is hashtag zero zero ff00

this is bright green you can always look

up what different hex values are

and we can also change the background

color too

that is bg short for background color

and we can pass in a color name

or a hex value i'm just going to set

this to black just to demonstrate that

we can pass in both

either hex values or color names and

what we have

is green text on a black background

and this is the limits of our label

within the window

because when we expand this window the

label is still going to stay the same

size

if we were to change the text within the

label

our label is only going to take up the

room that it needs

and you can see that our label is now

smaller now we have all of these

arguments within our constructor and

it's getting a little bit difficult to

actually read

so i'm going to separate each of these

arguments line by line just so that this

is more organized

but it'll work just the same as it did

before now how do we add a

border around our label one we can set

the border style

with the relief option and one border

that i like

is raised but right now the border width

is one so it's a little difficult for us

to actually see the border

let's increase the border width with the

option bd

and i'll set this equal to maybe 10.

so this border is now more visible

another relief

which is the border style is sunken and

this will give our label a

sunken appearance but i think i'll

change this back to raised

we can also add some padding around the

text

between the text and the border we can

pad x and pad y

pad x will add some padding some space

between

the x-axis of our text between the

border so let's set this to maybe 20

and we now have 20 pixels worth of space

between

the text and the border let's also pad y

this will add some space above and below

our text between the text and the border

now how do we add an image to a label we

first need to create what's called

a photo image and we will create this

within

the lines of window equals tk and

window.main loop

and let's give this photo image a unique

name like

photo and in order to create a photo

image we're going to follow this with

photo equals photo image

and within the constructor of our photo

image there's an option called

file and we can list a file path or a

file name

right now on my desktop there is a image

that i want to use and i need to convert

this to a photo image

here's my desktop and this is an image

that i want to use to add to my label

i need to get the file path and i can

get that by going to properties

then underneath location i can copy this

location address

and paste it within the quotes for file

and then i need to add the image name

and this is person.png

and with these backslashes these need to

be double backslashes because

that is the escape character for a

backslash

but what would be a better option is to

add

this image to my project folder that

contains the python file that i'm

working with

so in place of listing the entire file

path

i'm going to copy the image that i want

to use go to my project folder

and then paste it and i no longer need

this entire file path i can just list

the image name that i have

and now what we need to do is add this

photo to the label and there's an option

to do so

that is the image option and we'll place

this within the constructor for the

label

we're going to set image equal to the

photo image that we have

and our photo image is called photo this

will add our photo image

to our label or other widget depending

on what we're working with

so we have our image but it replaced all

of the text

that we had for this label how do we add

both

text and an image to a window well we

can follow this

with the compound option we can set a

direction of where

we want this image to be placed relative

to the text that we have

so i'm going to set compound equal to

bottom

so that the image appears on the bottom

or underneath

our text so we can both have text and an

image

or if i want this to be in a different

location i could set this to maybe top

left or right if i were to set this to

top we have

our image on top of our text and one

thing to know about labels and many

other widgets in python is that

the size of the widget will actually

increase to accommodate

the size of all the components that's

contained within if i were to give the

text a longer string of characters such

as

bro do you even code then

the width of our label is actually going

to expand

to accommodate the size of the longer

string of text that we have

so that's the basics of labels everyone

if you would like a copy of all this

code i will post all of this in the

comments down below

but yeah that's the basics of labels in

python

hey what's going on everybody it's your

bro here hope you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to teach you

guys how we can create buttons in python

so sit back relax and enjoy the show

buttons you click them and then they do

stuff that's pretty much it

so this is how to create a button in

python we'll need a window

window equals tk followed by window.main

loop

let's call our button just button and in

order to create this we'll follow this

with

equals button and within the constructor

for this button we're going to list

what we want to add this button to what

is the master

the master is the window and in order to

display this button

we're going to follow this with button

dot

pack and we should have a small

rectangular button within our window

but it doesn't display any text nor does

it do anything

so let's add some text and there is an

option to do that

within the constructor we're going to

list the option for text

and set this to whatever text you want

to display let's

say click me and then when we run

this our button now says the text that

we set

and it says click me however it

currently doesn't do anything though

we need to set a command that is another

option

command equals and we list a function

name this is what's known as a callback

so let's create a function

called click and then outside of the

window let's define what our click

function does def click

and let's print a message you

clicked the button

now with the command we're going to list

the

function name without the parentheses so

make sure you're writing it as

this and not that this is what's known

as a callback

so when we click on this button it's

going to perform our callback

and perform whatever is within our

function

click just like that let's customize the

appearance of this button i'm going to

change the font

that is another option font equals

and let's pick a professional font such

as comic

sans it's very professional and i'll set

a size of 30.

and now you can actually read what's on

this button it's large enough

let's set the foreground color that is

the font color fg

you can place a color name or a hex

value here

i'll pick green that is 0 0 ff00

and our text should now be green which

it is

let's also change the background color

that is bg

i will pick the color name of black and

now we have

green text on a black background notice

that when i click on this button

or hold my mouse button down the color

scheme has changed that's because

there is a different active foreground

and active background

and we can change those too so that this

won't flash every time you click on the

button

so let's change the active foreground

and active background

those are other options active

foreground

and i'll set this to the same color as

my foreground

which is green so the text color is

going to stay the same

and i'll also change the active

background

and i will also set this to black to

match my

background and then this should no

longer flash

when we click on our button

if you need to disable somebody from

clicking on this button

there is an option to do so and that

option is the state

option and normally this is active but

you can set this to

disabled and we can no longer click on

this button

and you can see that the color scheme

has changed too it's all grayed out and

whatnot

so i'm going to replace this back with

active because we still have a few more

things to do

now how do we add an image to a button

there is an

image option and we set this equal to a

photo image

but first we need to create a photo

image i have this photo of

a like button a thumbs up that i want to

use i need to create a photo image from

this image file

so within the window let's call this

photo image just

photo photo equals

photo image then i'm going to list the

file path or the file name

since this image is within my same

project folder

i only have to list the file name and

this is called

like.png but if you use your own image

it's probably going to be named

something else

then i need to set the image equal to my

photo image which i named

photo but the photo replaces the text on

this button but it still works the same

so we would like to display some text as

well as our image

we need to use the compound option

and we list a direction we can list

top bottom left right we want this image

to be

on the perhaps bottom so let's list the

bottom

and now when we run this we have our

text as well as our image

and if we changed compound to a

different direction like

top then the image is going to be

displayed

on the top relative to the text

what if we wanted to count the amount of

times that we clicked this button

we could create a variable called count

and we'll set this equal to

zero but in order for us to access this

count variable

within the function of click we're going

to list

count as global so that this is a global

variable

every time we click this button let's

increment our variable count

by one by saying count plus equals one

and then we will print whatever the

value of count is

so within a print statement we'll just

say count

now when we click on this button we have

access to our count

variable that's outside of this function

and every time we click on this button

it's going to increase our count

variable by

one well everybody that's the basics of

creating

buttons in python if you want a copy of

all this code i'll post all of this in

the comments down below

but yeah that's the basics of buttons in

python

hey what's going on everybody it's your

bro here hope you're doing well and in

this video i'm going to teach you guys

how we can create a simple entry box in

python

so sit back relax and enjoy the show

if you find this video helpful please

remember to like

comment and subscribe your support will

help keep this channel running

alright my fellow bros in this video

we're going to be discussing the entry

widget

this is a text box that accepts a single

line of user input

as always we'll need a window window

equals tk

followed by window.main loop and let's

give our entry box a unique name let's

call

this entry for short and then to create

this entry widget we're going to follow

this with equals

entry and within the constructor we have

to state what we're adding this to

we're going to add this to our window

and we should finish this by packing it

or placing it

entry dot pack and we should have an

entry box within

our window however the text is somewhat

small so let's change that

we can set this as an option within the

constructor of our entry box

so let's set the font font equals and

pick whatever font you want

i'm going to pick maybe ariel and then a

size

it'd be 50. and this should be a little

bit larger

and we can type in some

text like this cool right

now we should add a submit button

because right now this currently doesn't

do anything if we type some text in

so let's create a button i'm going to

create this button maybe after

the entry box and let's say that this is

a submit button so let's call this

submit button equals button

what are we adding this to writing the

square window

and we'll set some text text equals

submit

we'll also need a command for this

button

command equals and we'll create a

function called submit

and we want to pack the submit button to

add it to the window

submit button.pack

all right now let's put our entry box on

the left hand side and our submit button

on the right hand side

when you pack these widgets you can set

these on a certain side

side equals left and our submit button

we want this on the right not necessary

but i think it looks better

and we also need to define our submit

function outside of the window

let's define what this does def submit

what's this going to do we need to get

the current value that's within our

entry box

one way in which we can do that is use

the entry boxes get

function this will return a string and

we can do something with that string

such as store this within a variable so

let's create a variable called maybe

username

let's pretend we're having a user submit

their username to login to something i

suppose

so we'll get the current value of the

entry box

store that within a variable and we'll

call this username

and then we will maybe print this for

fun print

hello plus user

name and let's try this

so here's our entry box here and our

submit button i'm just going to make up

something

click submit and it displays our message

hello ergo gerger gerger

i didn't say that this video was going

to be professional let's add a few other

buttons

let's say we want a delete button as

well as a backspace button

so let's copy what we have for our

submit button and create a delete button

and then a backspace button the delete

button is a little bit easier to code

so let's rename our submit button as

delete button

make sure to change the name to when you

pack this and the text

we will say delete and we'll create a

function called

delete and let's define what delete does

so after our submit function let's

define

our delete function and we need to

delete all of the text within our entry

box

one way in which we can do that is to

type in the name of our entry box

dot delete function

and this takes two positional arguments

which portion of our entry box do we

want to delete

so we want the very first character that

is index

0 followed by the last character and we

can say

end so this will delete all of the

characters

within our entry box and let's try it so

i'm just going to type in my name

bro i'm going to delete this and all of

the text is now gone

just like that let's create a backspace

button we'll copy what we have for our

delete button and change

the word delete to backspace

make sure you change that when you pack

this as well and for the text we'll set

this to

backspace and we'll create a function

called backspace

and let's define what backspace does so

after

our delete function let's define back

space and this is going to do something

very similar to our delete function

except we're going to change the first

positional argument

we need to place the second to last

character

within this positional argument one way

in which we can do that

is to first get the entire length of all

of the characters within our entry box

so let's begin by typing entry dot

get and we need to determine the length

of this

and we can surround this by placing this

within the length function so this will

return

the current length of all of the

characters within our entry box

and then we're going to add -1 so that

this

first positional argument is the second

to last character

and the second positional argument is

the end the last character

and then when we run this let's type in

our name i'm just going to type in draw

code this time i'm going to click

backspace and then it's only going to

delete the last

character and then if you were to click

delete it deletes everything

broy and then if you click submit it's

going to submit your name

all right let's customize the appearance

of this entry box

so within the constructor for this entry

box

let's change maybe the color maybe the

background color and foreground color

let's begin with the foreground color

you can pass in a color name or a hex

value

i want this to be green so the hex value

for that is

zero zero f zero ff00 and the foreground

color

of the text when we type it in is now

green

and we can also change the background

color that is bg

we could pass in a color name or a hex

value i'm just going to say black to

keep it simple

and we now have a black background and

the text color is now

green here's a few useful features that

you might be interested in

let's insert some default text for our

entry box

so we can use the insert function entry

dot insert

we place a positional argument as well

as some text

so for the positional argument let's say

zero so that's the very beginning

index zero and let's set the text to

maybe

spongebob and then the default text

within our entry box is now

spongebob another option available to us

is that we can set the state

of this entry box we can set this to

active or disabled

let's say that after somebody submits

our name we want to disable

this entry box so we can either pass in

this option

within our constructor or we can use the

config function to make any changes

to the state of our entry box so let's

say after we submit our username we want

to disable this entry box

so let's type in the name of our entry

box dot config

and for the option for state let's set

this to

disabled and then once we type in a name

and then click submit our entry box is

now disabled

there's also an option called show where

you can show a certain character in

place of the normal text on the screen

so this would be useful for a password

let's say that we're typing in

a password but we don't want to display

the password on the screen

we can use the show option to show a

certain character in place

of our text so you might see bullets or

an asterisk

so let's pretend that we're now typing

in a password so we're going to set

the option for show and place a

character that we want to replace each

character with

let's say we want to only display

asterisks when we type in

some characters and i'm going to type in

the word password

but it's only displaying asterisks now

but if i were to click submit

it displays our text and i would say

plain text instead of our hidden text

because we're only showing

whatever character that we set so that's

an option available to you as well

well everybody that's how to create an

entry box in python you can submit

information

such as a username for example or even a

password if you set the

show option available to you if you want

a copy of all this code i'll post all of

this in the comments down below

but yeah that's some of the uses of the

entry widget in python

hey how's it going everybody two bro

here hope you're doing well and in this

video i'm going to teach you guys how we

can create and customize our own

check buttons in python so sit back

relax and enjoy the show

all right my fellow bros in this video

we're going to be creating

and customizing our own check buttons in

python i sometimes refer to these as

check boxes

so in case i do that's what i'm

referring to as always we'll need a

window

window equals tk followed by window.main

loop

and let's call this button just check

button and in order to create this check

button

we type in the name of the check button

equals

check button and within the constructor

what are we adding this check button to

we're adding this to our window

and also within the constructor we can

set the different options

for how we want to customize this check

button let's begin with the text

text equals i agree

to something and last but not least we

need to add

this check button to the window one way

in which we can do that is

to use the pack function of this widget

so follow this with

check button dot pack when we run this

we have our check button within our

window

and we can toggle this on or off right

now i'm agreeing to something

i'm not sure what i'm agreeing to but

hopefully it's not anything bad

now currently this doesn't do anything

so we'll need to associate a variable

with this check button

so we'll add that as an option variable

equals and let's create a variable

called x

and we'll need to define this within the

window so

after we create our instance of our

window let's say

x equals now with check buttons

they store a 1 or a 0 by default within

our variable

our variable that we call x so with

x we're going to set this equal to a int

var if this were to return a string we

would say

string bar but normally by default this

returns a one

or a zero and we can actually change

that using the on value

and off value options so the on value

is what's going to be stored within our

variable

if it's toggled on so by default this is

one

and the off value is the opposite this

is what is stored within

our variable if this is toggled off

alright now let's have some fun with

this so let's associate a command with

this check button

command equals and let's create a

function called

maybe display and then let's define this

before the window def display and we're

going to check

the value of x to see if it's one

or zero so within our display function

we're going to check to see

if x and to get

the value of x we're going to use the

get function

so if x dot get is equal to one

that means that somebody clicked on the

check box or toggled it on

so if they check the check box

or check the check button then they

agree

so print you agree

if it's zero and we can do this with an

else statement

else print

you don't agree frowny face

and let's test this theory so we have

our

check button when we click on this it's

actually going to call

our display function i agree to

something and it says within our console

window

you agree and if i were to toggle this

off it says you don't agree

let's change the font of our check

button so we'll add that as an option

font equals and we can pass in a font

that we want

i'll say maybe ariel and then a size

of 20 and now this should be readable

i agree to something let's also color

this

because well i like coloring let's begin

with the foreground color

so that is fg for short fg equals

and then we can pass in a color name or

a hex value

i like hex values so i'm going to stick

with those i want a green

foreground color so that is zero zero f

zero zero but feel free to adjust these

values however you want

so our text should now be green that is

a

very bright green and it hurts my eyes

so i'm also going to change the

background

color which is bg and i'm going to set

this to

black so we'll have green text on a

black background

okay now when you click on this it

flashes that's kind of annoying

that's the active foreground and active

background

if we click on this or hold this down

the color scheme switches to

our active foreground slash background

and we can change those too

so i'm going to set those options active

foreground i'm going to set this the

same as my foreground color

and the active background will be the

same as

our normal background so that's active

background equals

black and this should no longer flash

when we click on it

not too bad not too bad let's add some

padding

pad x i'll set this to 25

and pad y i'll set this to

10. we have a little more padding around

our check button one feature that's

available to us

is that we can add an image next to our

check button

i downloaded an image of the python logo

that i want to add

so we'll use the image option to add a

photo image

to this check button but first we need

to create a

photo image from our image file so

within the window

let's call this python photo

but you'll probably use something

different for your project

python photo equals photo

image and within the constructor for our

photo image

we can set the file path or the file

name

since this image is within my project

folder i only have to list the file name

and this photo of mine is python.png

and now we set the image equal to

our photo image that we have image

equals

python photo but when we run this

it's going to overlap the text we still

have our image though

and this still works as intended so in

order to display

the image as well as the text we're

going to need to use the compound

option and let's add that at the end

compound

is where we're adding this photo

relative to the text

i want this photo on the left hand side

of the text

so i'm going to set this to left and now

when we run this

surprise surprise our image is on the

left hand side

one thing that you should know is that

with the on value and the off value data

type if you were to change this

to a non-integer value let's say we're

going to replace the on value with a

boolean value of true and the off value

is false with this variable make sure to

change the data type as well to reflect

what you're storing within

it so with our int var variable we want

to change this to a

boolean var value so replace int

with boolean and this will work much the

same

now with this display function we'll

need to account for that

so within the if statement here we'll

say if x

dot get we don't need to say is equal to

one

this will return true or false and this

will work

just the same as it did before and if

you replace this with a string

let's say the on value is

yes all caps and the off value is

no this is now a string bar

and we'll change our display function to

say if x

dot get is equal to yes

and this should work you agree you don't

agree you agree

you don't agree and i'll change that

back to one so

one and zero is the default for this but

you can edit these based on what you

need

all right so that's the basics of check

buttons in python if you want a copy of

all this code

i'll post all of this in the comments

down below but yeah that's the basics of

check buttons in python hey what's going

on everybody it's your bro here hope

you're doing well and in this video i'm

going to be teaching you guys how we can

create radio buttons in python so sit

back

relax and enjoy the show

okay everybody let's create some radio

buttons now these are similar to check

boxes but you can only select one from

any single grouping

so let's pretend that i'm buying you

lunch and you can only select

one item from a menu you can select

either a

slice of pizza a hamburger or a hot dog

so let's begin by creating a list i will

call this list

food food equals

pizza hamburger

hot dog and let's create a window

window equals tk followed by

window dot main loop

so to create a radio button we'll need a

name so i'll call this radio button

radio button equals radio button

and we're going to be adding this to our

window and we're going to put this

within

a for loop so we're going to iterate

through all of the items within our list

so let's create a for loop so we'll say

for

index in range

length of food

so this is going to iterate once through

all of the elements within our list

so when we run this it's going to create

three

radio buttons for us because we're

instantiating

one radio button for each item in the

list

now what i'm going to do is set the text

equal to

our list of food at a certain index

so when we first run this for loop it's

going to be zero for the index

then one and then two and then so on and

so forth for each item within our list

and then we just need to pack this so

radio

button dot pack

and then let's take a look at this

alright so here are all of the radio

buttons that we have

currently they're all selected though so

we'll need to link these within a single

grouping

the next thing we'll add is a variable

and we'll set this equal to

x and we'll need to declare this after

we create an instance of our window

so x equals int var

so this will hold an integer object

so these are all within the same

grouping

however if we try to run this again and

select one of these options

they all become selected so we're going

to need to give

each of these individual radio buttons

their own

value because right now they're all

sharing the same value

so we can add value equals

whatever the index is currently so the

first

item within our list of food is going to

have an

index value of zero then one

then two so let's try that again and you

can see by default it's

zero so pizza is already selected then

we can select either hamburger or hot

dog

but we can only select one so that's

kind of what we want then

so do you guys usually know how i call

the config function after each change

that i make for an object

well that's because i like to add

comments just for teaching purposes

for what each change does however it

might be easier for you instead of

calling the config function a bunch of

times

just to list all of the changes within

the parentheses when you create an

instance of the

object that you're working with however

just for teaching purposes i'm going to

put this all within

separate lines that allows me to add

some comments

so i think i'm going to start doing that

from now on uh so what this does

is that this adds text to

radio buttons and this

groups radio buttons together

if they share the same variable

so if you wanted a completely different

grouping of radio buttons you can give

them a different variable

like y and what this line does

is that this assigns

each radio button a

different value

all right so let's make some cosmetic

changes to our radio buttons

so right now they are centered let's

anchor these to the west

so we'll place this within the pack

function so

anchor equals w alternatively you can

just say capital w

without the quotes this would also work

too

so now they're all lined up let's add

some padding

so i'm going to add pad x

and i'll set this to 25

and this adds

padding on x

axis

let's also change the font

so we'll save font

equals maybe i'll pick impact for a font

style

and set the font size to 50

and now we can actually read these

because the font is large enough

now let's add some images so let's

create some photo images

you'll want to be sure to create these

after you create your instance of your

window

so let's create a pizza image first

pizza image

equals photo image

file equals the file path or the file

name

and my file is pizza.png and it kind of

looks like this

it's just the pizza emoji so

pizza.png

and then i'll do the same thing for

hamburger and hotdog

so this will be hamburger image

file equals hamburger.png

and then hotdog image

and this is what the other emojis look

like

and then let's create a list of the

photo images that we have

i'll call this food images

equals than the names of these images

pizza image hamburger image

and hot dog image

so then we can set the image for each

radio button

image equals

the name of the list food images

followed by

the index that we're currently on within

our for loop

so this adds image

to radio button and

let's test this cool here's our images

now if you want some images as well as

text you'll have to use compound

so let's add that next so i'm just going

to add a comma

followed by compound

equals let's say left so this will add

the image

to the left of the text

adds image and text i'll just say left

side

so this will display both an image and

text

so with these radio buttons you can

eliminate these

circle indicators and there's actually a

way to do that

so what we'll add if you want to get rid

of those

is indicator

on equals zero

so this will i should say eliminate

circle indicators

so it's going to change these to these

push buttons

however they are going to be of uneven

size you can set the width

if you want to so we'll do that

so we'll say width equals

what about 75 i'm not sure if that's a

good size or not

okay that's way too small let's try 375

so yeah you can have some push buttons

if you want to if you don't like the

circle indicators

so this sets width

of radio buttons

now let's actually set a function to

uh be called when we click one of these

buttons

so let's call this function maybe order

like we're ordering one of these items

so def we'll call this order like we're

ordering something

and what we'll do is just a few if

statements because i'm feeling lazy

so we'll just say if x that's

the value that's going to be stored

because each of these radio buttons is

grouped together by the variable x

if x dot get

is equal to zero that's our first index

for pizza what we'll display is

print you

oops you ordered

pizza then we'll just add

else if x dot get

is equal to one we will print

you ordered a hamburger

and then else if two

you ordered a hot dog

else

print huh

so there's probably a more efficient way

to write this however

i was just feeling lazy and this is

probably the best way to keep this

simple and easy to understand

so let's try this now oh however we need

to set the command

for our radio buttons so

command equals then the

function name which is order and make

sure you do not add the parentheses

so don't do this do that

and this will set

command of

radio button to function

all right let's test this so if we click

on pizza it says you ordered pizza

you ordered a hamburger and you ordered

a hot dog

okay everybody so that's the basics of

radio buttons if you would like a copy

of all this code i'll post all of this

in the comments down below

but yeah that's the basics of radio

buttons in python

hey what's going on everybody it's you

bro here hope you're doing well and in

this video i'm going to teach you guys

how we can create

a sliding scale in python so sit back

relax and enjoy the show

let's create a scale so we'll need a

window window equals tk

followed by window.mainloop we'll create

a scale

called scale scale equals scale

we need to add the scale to our window

so we'll put that here

we can list a from position and a 2

position

both of these values will be our range

of values that we can use

for our scale so from

sure to add an underscore after from it

won't work without this underscore

from equals let's say 0 and 2 equals 100

so we're going to create a scale for

temperature

and this will be in celsius so 0 will be

freezing and 100 will be the boiling

point uh you know for water

so then to display the scale we'll need

to add

scale.pack and let's run this

so the front position is zero so that's

at the top here and then if you go down

it increases so you can actually flip

this so we'll save from

102 will be zero

so now you can scroll up and the number

will increase

let's also get the current value so

we'll need a button

so button equals button

we'll add this to the window we'll add

some text

text equals submit and then a command

command equals submit but we'll have to

make this function

so let's do that outside the window def

submit and we will simply print the

current temperature

so let's display message the temperature

is plus

scale dot get

plus degrees

celsius we can just say degree c

so let's try this uh but we also have to

pack the button so button.pack

so if we were to try and submit this

right now scale.get is going to return

an integer

so we need to convert this to a string

so

str scale.get

and you have to do that with python if

you're displaying a

integer value along with another string

uh you need to convert it to a string

so now this should work so it is 82

degrees celsius

so let's do some cosmetic changes for

our temperature gauge

because right now it's kind of ugly

so the first thing we'll change is

let's say the length so length equals

600 so that should be fairly large

you can also set the orientation so that

is

orient spelt like that

so this can either be vertical which it

currently is

or horizontal

but i'll keep this as vertical

so i'll let a comment that this is

orientation

of scale let's also change the

font so font equals

pick whatever font you want

and a size so maybe 20.

now you can add some tick intervals

maybe i'll set this to 10. so these will

be

numeric indicators on the scale

and show value this hides the current

value

so if you set this to zero this will

hide

current value

so it no longer displays what the

current value is next to the slider

to actually retrieve it you'd have to

get the value

so right now it's 40 but it helps that

you have the tick intervals on the

left-hand side

i should probably add that this adds

uh numeric

indicators for

value good enough let's continue on

now let's use the set function we can

set the current value of the knob

on our scale and by default it is zero

so we can use the scale

dot set function and we can place a

number in here

a value so let's say we want this to be

100

so this is now at the 100 position

instead of zero

if we wanted this in the middle we could

set this to 50

and now it's in the middle however if

you change the

range of your skill of from minus 2

and set this to 50 now 50 is all the way

down here so it no longer appears in the

middle

so this isn't really necessary but if

you want this to be a little more

sophisticated

there's actually a formula that you

could use we can use scale

straight braces and then place the word

from

within here this will give us our max

basically

uh so this is from without an underscore

so this not this this

scale from minus scale

two and then we're going to divide this

by two

and then i'm just going to put this

within a extra set of parentheses

plus scale two just in case

our two value is greater than zero

we just want to account for that and

then i'm just going to

put these within another set of

parentheses so

this should always appear in the middle

then even if we were to change this

range

yeah it seems like it works uh like i

said it's not really necessary but

if you want this to be a little more

sophisticated that would work

now let's make some cosmetic changes to

this scale and make it look pretty

so first let's change the trough color

this is this gray portion right here

so let's set the trough color

equals whatever color you want you could

say like blue

or you can place a hex value here and i

actually picked one out already

so i'm going to use 6 9 e

a f f and that is this icy blue color

kind of like this is sliding on ice

and i'm also going to change the font

color

and i'm going to pick this fiery red

color

to symbolize heat

and then you can change the background

color too

so that is bg and i'll just set this to

like black

it's looking kind of cool now right and

for no good reason i'm going to add some

pictures

so feel free to pause the video if you'd

like to download some images i'm going

to use an image of a flame

for the hot side of our scale and a

snowflake

for the cold side so let's begin by

adding the hot image uh to the scale

before we actually

add the scale to the window so we'll do

this after we instantiate the window

because that's the only place that we

can do that

so we're going to create a image i'll

just call this hot image

for the fire icon so hot image equals

photo image file

equals this is hot.png so

hot.png we're going to add the image to

a label

i'll call this hot label hot label

label image equals

hot image and then we need to pack this

so hot label dot pack

and this should appear at the top let's

test it

yep there it is let's do the same thing

for the cold side

so i'll add this here before the button

and i'm going to replace hot with cold

same thing with the file name

cold.png

this will be cold label cold

image and cold label dot pack

and that should be it let's take a look

not too shabby it's looking pretty sweet

it has our submit button at the bottom

too uh so

right now the temperature is 100 degrees

celsius

the temperature is 0 degrees celsius the

temperature is 60 degrees celsius

well that's how to create a scale in

python if you would like a copy of all

this code i'll post all of this in the

comments down below

but yeah that's how to create a scale in

python

hey what's going on everybody it's your

bro here hope you're doing well and in

this video i'm going to teach you guys

how we can create a list box in python

so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

all right you wonderful people let's

create a list box a list box

is a listing of selectable text items

within its own container

so as always we'll need a window window

equals tk

followed by window dot main loop let's

create a list box

simply called list box big surprise

there right

so list box equals list box what are we

adding this list box to

we're going to place that here within

the parentheses of the constructor

we're adding this to our window and then

we're going to follow this with

listbox.pack you can also do

listbox.place as well and place some

coordinates but

we've always done pack let's just stick

with that for now all right so this is

what our list box looks like

it's a small rectangular box and we're

going to add some text items that are

selectable

and eventually we'll be able to submit a

choice so i have an idea

let's create an online menu like we're

ordering food from a restaurant

let's say it's bros italian restaurant

so let's add some food items to our menu

and somebody can submit an order so

we'll need to use the

insert function of the list box to add

some items so

list box dot insert we place

an index and a text item so let's say

for

index one we'll have pizza

and this is what we end up with we have

the item pizza

it's selectable and well that's really

it we'll need to create a submit button

and populate the rest of this list box

so let's add a few other items for our

menu so let's say we'll have five items

and we need an index for each so one two

three four and five so we have

pizza for the first item for the second

item let's have pasta

and third let's say garlic bread because

garlic bread

is awesome and restaurants usually have

appetizers so why not soup and salad

and that should be enough for this

example

and this is what we have we have our

menu and we can select

an item from this menu so let's

customize the appearance of this menu

well because we can so let's do that

let's change the background color so we

do that with the option

bg for background and you can set this

equal to a color of your choice

or a hex value so i have a hex color

value already picked out

it is f7fde and this has the appearance

of i would say

paper like it's kind of faded i think

that would fit some sort

of menu for a restaurant but pick

whatever background color you want

so let's change the font next so we can

do that with the option font

and i will pick the font

it's somewhat fancy i think it would fit

like a restaurant menu

and then a size of 35.

yeah we're getting somewhere we can also

change the width and the height

so width equals let's say 12.

that's not too bad for a width let's

also change the height

so we can do that with a function

of our list box so let's get the current

size of the list box

and let's actually do that after we

insert all of the items within our list

box

so to change the size of our list box

what we do

is type in list box

dot config you usually use config if you

need to change any uh

options and we want to change the

length of or the height of this list box

so we're going to say height equals

list box dot

size function so then this will adjust

the size

of our list box dynamically even if we

were to remove an item

then the size of our list box is going

to shrink

just like that but let's keep salad in

there for now because we need salad

all right so how do we actually submit

one of these options we'll need to

create a submit button

so let's do that after we create our

list box so near the bottom

we'll call this submit button

submit button equals button we're adding

this to our window

let's set the text to submit

and we'll need a command so we'll create

a function called

submit and then we need to pack

this submit button

submit button.pack now at the top of

this program

let's create a submit function

so at the top def submit

so to retrieve or get the current

selected item

of a list box there is a certain

function that you can use

so we'll begin by saying

list box dot get

what are we getting we want to get

anything that is currently selected and

there is a function

for that so what we're going to do

within the parentheses of the get

function is type in

listbox dot current selection

it's shortened to cur selection all

right and then we can either store this

within a variable or we can just print

this but i think we'll just print this

to keep it simple

now when we select an item and

click on the submit button it's going to

submit our order

actually better yet let's actually uh

print you have

ordered whatever item that

we select so garlic bread you have

ordered garlic bread

cool what we're going to work on now is

a way to submit

or insert an item to our list box after

this program is compiled and already

running

so we'll create an entry box within our

window

where we can submit a custom item to

this menu

so let's create an entry box and let's

do that before the submit button that

would be a good spot for this

so let's call this entry box where

somebody can

type in something to add to the menu so

entry box equals entry and we're adding

this

to our window and then entry box

dot pack then we're going to create a

button

called add and i'm just going to copy

everything from the

submit button and we'll change submit to

add

we're going to add an item to the menu

so we'll change the text

to add and command add

add button dot pack then we're going to

create

a function called add and we'll do that

at the top

def add parentheses

colon so to add an item to the list box

first we need to

get what is currently in the entry box

so we can do that by typing in

list box dot insert

then within the parentheses we need to

get

an index number as well as

a text item so for the number what we

can type here

is the listbox dot size

so this will give us the current

position of the

index that we're currently on for the

list box and then we need to get the

text

in the entry box so we type in the name

of the entry box

entry box dot get

and this will insert a new item within

our menu our list box so let's try it

again

so we can type in an item let's say soda

we want to add soda to the menu

and then we click add all right there's

our soda but we have to scroll down to

see it

so let's change the size of our list box

so there's actually a line of code that

we did that already

listbox.config height equals listbox

size so let's add that within the add

function at the very end

so then the height of our list box will

adjust

so currently there's no soda within our

menu let's type in soda

or some other item click add and then

that item will appear and the size of

the list box will change to accommodate

any new items

let's say now that we serve sushi we're

now an italian

and japanese restaurant now we have

sushi on the menu

you know what why stop there let's

create a delete button to delete an item

from this menu

so we'll create a delete button

i'll just copy everything for add and

change this to

delete so delete button text equals

delete

command equals delete as well and

delete button dot pack and then at the

very top we'll create a delete

function so we'll do that here

d e f delete

and to delete an item from a list box

there's actually a function to do that

so

list box dot delete

and then within the parenthesis of the

delete function we can pass

in list box dot current selection or

just

cur selection for short and then we want

to

readjust the height of this list box

after we delete an item

so we'll just add listbox.config height

equals listbox.size because the size

of all the items within the list box is

going to shrink after we delete an item

so let's try this so here's our menu

let's say we no longer want salad

because salad is healthy well we can

delete it

same thing with soup and you know what

let's also delete the

pasta and the pizza so we're only left

with sweet sweet garlic bread

well ladies and gentlemen we're going to

get into some more advanced stuff with

list boxes

what if you want to select more than one

item from this list box

we're going to need to change a few

things so when we create our list box

there is a select mode select mode

and we are going to set this equal to

multiple

so now we can actually select multiple

items

from this list box like i want to select

one of everything

but what happens when we submit this

well we're going to run into some

problems so we're going to need to

change this program around

so let's begin with the submit option so

what we're going to do within the submit

option

is first get rid of this line let's say

we

no longer need this anymore uh and then

before we print out the items that we

ordered

let's create a list called food

and we'll just leave this empty for now

we'll fill this later

so we'll create a for loop for index

in list box

dot current selection

what we're going to do after each

iteration

food dot insert

our index number as well as

listbox dot get

the item name at this index what this

for loop is doing is that it's going to

iterate once for each item that we

select

so since we have three items that are

currently selected this is going to

iterate three times

get the index number as well as the item

at that index number

and now we just need to display the

contents of what we have

within our list of food so we can do

that with

another for loop so let's add that after

you have ordered

then for

index in our list

food all we'll do is print

index so this will print out everything

that we ordered

so let's say that we want one of

everything and submit this

you have ordered pizza pasta garlic

bread soup and salad

now what happens if we try to delete

multiple items

so let's say we want to delete soup and

salad and we click delete

well we're going to run into an error

because our function is not set up to

accommodate for

multiple items so we'll need to change a

few things around so let's get rid of

this line for now

list box dot delete list box dot current

selection

and we're going to place a for loop here

so for

index in list box

dot current selection then after each

iteration

what we're going to do is use list box

dot

delete and we're deleting the item at

whatever index we're currently on so you

would think this would work

at first glance let's say we want to

delete pizza and pasta

we're going to click delete so pizza was

deleted but not

pasta that's because the indexes are

changing

after we delete an item so when we use

this for loop

we should actually reverse this so with

listbox.currentselection

we are going to enclose this with

reversed

so then we're going to start at the last

index and work our way to zero

in that order so now if we want to

delete

pizza and pasta i don't know why we

would because

they're amazing and we click delete it

deletes

pizza and pasta but we still have garlic

bread soup and salad then we can add an

item

let's say we want to add sushi against

the menu we can do that

and then we can order one of everything

because we're really hungry

you have ordered garlic bread soup salad

and sushi

so that's the basics of creating a list

box in python if you want a copy of all

this code

i'll post all of this in the comments

down below but yeah that's the basics

of list boxes in python

hey what's going on everybody it's your

bro here hope you're doing well and in

this video i'm going to teach you guys

how we can create

message boxes in python so sit back

relax and enjoy the show

okay people let's create some message

boxes but first we'll need an import so

from

tk enter import

message box and what this will do

is import the message box

library so it's not necessary to add

this comment uh so we'll need a window

window equals tk followed by window

dot main loop let's create a button

so button equals button we're going to

add this to the window

we're going to set the command to

execute a

click function that will have a message

box appear when we click on the button

and let's set the text so text equals

click me and then we will need to pack

this button

so button.pack now we'll need to create

a click function

so let's do that at the top def

click and what do we want to do

so there's a few different uh message

dialog boxes that you can use

so let's begin with a basic show info

message box

so message box dot and there's a few

options

let's begin with show info show

info this just displays a simple message

so if we were to run this we have a

button we click on the button and it's

going to create a message box for us

and it just shows some info but we don't

really have any info to show yet

so we can set a title and we can set a

message

so let's set the title title equals

this is an info

message box

although part of the title got cut off

let's also set the message message

equals

you are a person

click me you are a person thanks i

didn't know that so there's a few other

message boxes that we can use too

so for now i'm just going to turn this

into a comment and i'll just copy this

just to save some time

and the next one that we have is

show warning

so this will have a different icon so

the title

let's say warning and the message

you have a virus

so now we get this annoying warning

message but you can just click ok to get

rid of it

so one thing that you might see with

tech support scams

they'll have a message box like this

that shows a warning

but they'll put this within a while loop

that's set to true

so this will just continue on and on

kind of like this so if we were to try

and close out of this

it's just going to reappear while

true is true basically so that's just

something funny that i wanted to show

you

so let's move on i'm going to turn this

into a comment

then the next one we have is show error

so show error

title set it to whatever you want

error message

something went wrong

there's a few more sophisticated ones

too we can ask for some user input

so this next one is message box

dot ask and there's a few to choose from

let's go with ask okay cancel first

we'll set the title title equals

ask okay cancel

and a message message

do you want to

do the thing

so we can actually put this within an if

statement

so this returns either true or false

depending on what you click

so let's put this within an if statement

if this is true

print you did

a thing

if it returns false we can use an else

statement

else what else do we want to do we'll

say else

print you

cancelled a thing

and let's test this

but i am forgetting a colon there

do you want to do the thing okay you did

a thing

let's try it again do you want to do the

thing

cancel you cancelled a thing cool

there's a few others

so i'll turn all of these into comments

and the next one we can go over is ask

retry cancel

and this is fairly similar to what we

had before i'm going to copy this

let's change this to ask

retry cancel ask retry

cancel do you want to

retry the thing

you retried a thing

or you cancelled a thing so it's very

similar to what we had before

do you want to retry the thing retry you

retried a thing

and cancel you cancelled a thing

okay the next one we have is ask yes

no so we can get some user input

if it's a yes or a no

so this returns a boolean value a true

or false

value so message box

dot ask

yes no

and we'll set the title title equals

ask yes or no

and a message

do you like

cake

so let's put this within an if statement

because this returns

a true or false answer print

i like cake too

else they answered no then if this is

false

print why do you

not like cake

and i'm missing a colon there we go

so if they click yes this returns true

and we execute this line of code i like

cake

too if they answer no it's going to

execute this

else statement do you like cake no why

do you not like

cake now what we have next is ask

question and this doesn't return a

boolean value of true or false

it actually returns a string of yes or

no

so this is message box

dot ask question

and we'll set the title to ask

question and a message

message equals do

you like pi

so let's just print the result what this

returns

so print everything within here

so like i said this doesn't return it

true or false

but yes or no

so what we could do is assign the

response to

a variable such as answer

so answer equals whatever the answer is

whatever they

click whatever button they click on so

if

our answer is equal to yes

will print a message print

i like pie 2.

then else the answer is no

will print why do you

not like pie

so do you like pie yes i like pie too do

you like pie

no why do you not like pie

so this next one is probably the most

difficult

it's ask yes no cancel

so it's message box dot

ask yes no cancel

it's this last one so let's set the

title

title equals whatever you want yes

no cancel and a message message

equals do you

like to code

so let's just print the results what

this returns

so print everything just so we can take

a look

so the possible answers are

true false

or none so we can just run some if

statements for this

so if

answer is equal to true

what we can do is print

you like to code

oh but we need to assign this to an

answer so answer

equals all of this

else if

answer is equal to false

let's print then

why are you watching a video

on coding

and then else the response is none so we

can just use an

else statement so else

you have dodged the question

okay let's try this

do you like to code yes you like to code

uh but this should really be a smiley

face right

do you like to code no then why are you

watching a video on coding

do you like to code cancel you have

dodged the question

no one other option available to you is

that you can change the icon that you're

using

so let's say that we want to change this

icon so right now it is currently

this question mark so we can set this to

one

of a few preset icons so icon

equals and let's set this to warning

so instead of that question mark we get

this yellow exclamation point

and you can also use info

it's just an eye and error

so do it fits best for you all right

well

that's the basics on message boxes in

python if you'd like a copy of all this

code

i'll post all of this in the comments

down below but yeah that's the basics of

message boxes in python hey what's going

on everybody it's your bro here hope

you're doing well and in this video i'm

going to teach you guys about the color

chooser module in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

okay everybody so before we begin it

we'll need a second import so let's add

this at the top

so from tk enter import

color chooser and the reason that we

need a second import and it's not

included with this first import

is because this is a sub module

it's not necessary to add this comment i

just like to add comments for teaching

purposes

so make sure you have these two imports

before we begin

now we'll need a window and a button

that we can add to the window

and when we click on the button we're

going to select a color and change the

background color

of the window so let's create a window

window equals tk followed by window.main

loop and then let's set the geometry so

we're going to change

the background color of the window after

we select a color

so let's select a fairly large size for

a window

maybe 420 by 420 so this is the width

and the height

and then let's create a button so button

equals button

let's set some text text equals

click me and we're going to

set a command for this button that is

called so we're going to create a

function maybe called click

and then we just need to pack this

button so we can add this to the window

so button.pack

now we're going to need to create a

function and we'll call it click

so when we click on the button this

function is going to be called

so def click and what do we want to do

after clicking this button

what we're going to do is take color

chooser and we're going to use the ask

color function so currently this is what

this does

we can select a color after clicking

this button and pick whatever color you

want

then you hit ok however we need to store

this color within

let's say a variable so we'll create a

variable called color color equals

color chooser dot ask color and then we

can do something with this color

but for now let's just print this color

just to take a look to see what it

contains

so print color

so let's say that i want this green

color

click ok this is what this prints this

is our color

so this is the rgb values that we have

in this

first element so this is the amount of

red

then green and then blue and the second

element

is the hexadecimal representation of

these values

so what we want is this hexadecimal

value

so what we can do is create a second

variable to store this

so let's just call this color hex

color hex equals color

and we're going to get the first element

well technically it's the second element

but it's the

element at position one so this one

this is zero index zero so we're going

to

basically extract this hexadecimal value

and let's just print this

just to be sure that it's working fine

so print color

hex and let's try this again but select

a different color

uh maybe i want this purple color then

click ok

so this is cb42ff

and here we have cb42ff

now let's change the background color so

since we have this hex value that's

actually fairly simple

so we're going to take window dot config

bg for background color equals

color hex

and this will change background

color

and let's set this to a sky blue color

maybe like this click ok and it changes

the color

however it's not really necessary to

continue printing these values you can

take these out if you want

and this would work like just the same

then

now this part isn't necessary but if you

want

you can condense these three lines of

code that we have for our click function

into less lines of code so what you

could do

instead of assigning the value of color

at index 1

to a separate variable we can take color

at index 1

get rid of this line and assign bg

equals color

at index one so now this is done with

just

two lines of code and why stop there we

can write this with just

one line of code so now we're going to

take color chooser dot ask

color get rid of this line bg equals

color chooser dot ask color at index

one and now this is done

with just one line of code however it's

a

i would say a little more difficult to

teach

so that's why i kind of like to separate

this line by line

so if you want you can condense all of

this into just one line of code

so here's some ideas of where the color

chooser sub module could be helpful

so of course you can change the

background color too but let's say that

you're creating a game and you can

customize your character or avatar

well it would be kind of nice if you

could have some way for the user to

actually change maybe the character's

hair color eye color something like this

would actually work fairly well

so yeah that's the basics of color

chooser if you'd like a copy of all this

code

i'll post this in the comments down

below but that's the basics of

color chooser in python hey what's going

on everybody it's bro here hope you're

doing well and in this video i'm going

to teach you guys how we can create a

text area in python so sit back relax

and enjoy the show

all right my fellow bros let's discuss

the text

widget this functions like a text area

you can enter multiple lines of text i'm

not sure why

it's called a text widget instead of a

text area widget text area would make

more sense

but idk though so let's begin by

creating a window

window equals tk followed by window.main

loop

so to create a text widget also known as

a text area

let's call this text text equals text

and we're going to add this text to our

window and then we need to

pack this text text dot pack

so we should have a text area

and you can enter in

stuff like this

all right but what good is a text area

if you can't actually submit

some text so let's create a button to do

that for us

so button equals button

we're going to add this button to the

window

and button dot pack

so we need a command for this button

and a function as well so let's create a

function called submit it's going to be

a submit button

and let's change the text to because we

can

text equals submit

cool now let's create a function called

submit

and we'll do this at the top d e f

submit

and what is this going to do well it's

going to

get the text from the text area and

let's assign this to a variable and we

can call this maybe input or

whatever you want so to get the text

from the text area

let's say text that's the name of this

text

area dot get but we need

a starting index as well as an ending

index

so we're going to place 1.0 here

for the beginning index this is the

first line

we want to get everything so for the

second index we can just put

end then we can do anything we want with

this input so let's just print this to

the console window

so print input

and this should work

hey you drink plenty

of water love you

and click submit and then you can do

whatever you want with this

input well that's how a text area

functions but now let's customize the

appearance of this text area and i have

a few ideas that you might be interested

in

so let's change the background color of

this text area

so bg equals and i will pick

light yellow and you will see why in

just a second

so now this text area kind of resembles

maybe a piece of paper

a notebook a post-it note however

this font is really small so let's

change the font

styling and the font size so

font equals and i will pick the font

ink free this somewhat resembles

handwriting so

i kind of like this and it kind of fits

our notebook theme

and then a size maybe 25. one thing you

should know

the text area size corresponds directly

with

the font size so 25 is a fairly

large font so if we were to compile this

and run this

the size of our text area is now massive

because it corresponds directly with the

font size

so we might want to limit the width and

the height

so the height is the amount of

characters that this is tall

so let's say 8 and the width is the

amount of characters

that this is long and let's say 20.

and now this should be much smaller and

it kind of resembles a post-it note

which is kind of cool let's also change

the amount of padding that we have

we can do that with pad x and pad y so

pad x

let's say 20 and pad

y also 20. so the text shouldn't

actually touch any of the borders

this is some sample

text cool let's finish this by changing

the font color so that is

fg for foreground foreground equals

and i'll pick purple because purple is a

pretty color

and let's run this one last time

roses are red

violets are blue

booty booty booty booty

rockin everywhere

well that's the basics of the text

widget in python if you would like a

copy of all this code

i'll post all of this in the comments

down below but yeah that's the basics of

the text widget in python

hey what's going on everybody it's your

bro here hope you're doing well and in

this video i'm going to teach you guys

how we can use a file dialog

in python to open and read the contents

of a file so sit back

relax and enjoy the show

okay people so this is how you can use

file dialog

to open and read the contents of a file

but first we'll need a second import

along with this import at the top

so what we're going to be importing is

from tk

enter import file

dialog and then we'll need a window

like what we usually do so window equals

tk followed by window dot

main loop now we'll need a button that

we're going to add to the window and

when we click on this button

it's going to launch our file dialog so

we can select a file

so we'll call this button button equals

button

let's set some text maybe to just open

like we're opening a file and we'll

associate a function to our command

for this button so let's create a

function called

open file that's fine and then we need

to

pack this button so we can add it to the

screen so button.pack

now we need to create a function called

open file and we'll do this before we

create our window let's type

def open file

and when we call this function we're

going to

take file dialog and use the

ask open file name function

so this is going to return a string

and that string is the file path of

where your file is located

so what we could do is store this within

a variable

so let's store this within a variable

called file path

and to test this let's just print this

just to take a look at the contents of

this variable

so let's just print the file path now i

have a file on my desktop that i want to

use called test file

so let's click the open button and this

might not necessarily bring you to your

desktop it might bring you someplace

else within your

file directory so this just happens to

be

bring me to my desktop so i'm going to

click the test file that i have and

click

open so this prints the file path

so it's going to return a string and

it's the file path basically

so now we want to open and read the

contents of this file

so we don't really need this print line

anymore so

what we'll do is create a file

variable and we're going to use open

we're going to list the file path and

then we're going to use

r for read so the default is normally rt

for read text otherwise you can read

binary uh but we can just set this to r

r is the same as rt basically uh so then

we're going to open this file

and then we're going to read it so let's

just print this to the console window

so print the name of the file which is

file

where this is located file dot

read function and then it's a good idea

to close your files

after you're done with them so file dot

close

and let's test this so i'm going to

click

open find the file that i want

click it and then open

and that text file says my name is bro i

like pizza

now let's say you want to make this a

little more advanced so what i'm going

to do

is that i'm going to set the initial

directory of where we begin

looking for a file when we launch our

file dialog

so with that test file i'm going to move

this to my project folder so i'm just

going to paste it

so now this is within my project folder

now i'm going to set the initial

directory within

the function of ask open file name

so we're going to set the initial d

i r for initial directory and then we

can list a file path

so one thing you could do i want to get

this

path here this file path so if you're

using pycharm what you could do is right

click this

copy path and then get the absolute path

and then i'm just going to paste this

and then uh with these backslashes

you'll have to do double backslashes

because

this is the escape character for a

backslash

alright so this should open my project

folder

which it does and here's that test file

another thing we could do is that we can

change the title of our file dialog

right now the default is just open so we

can change that to something else

so i'm going to add a comma maybe put

this on a different line

uh so this is still within the function

of ask open file name

so i'm going to set the title to

something else i'll say

open file

okay so if we were to run this again

instead of just saying open it says open

file okay and we can also limit the

file types that we accept and look for

so we can use file types

so let's say that we want to initially

look for a

txt file so what we'll do is type in

like a name for the file that we're

looking for so this is what's going to

appear to the user

uh text files followed by an extension

so we want asterisk

dot txt

and then we can also have an option for

all files

so i'm going to add a comma for a second

option

and then let's say all

files and then an extension so comma

asterisk dot asterisk this will look for

all files

uh but i think i am missing a

parenthesis

there that should be good so then when

we open our file dialog

it's going to initially be looking for

plain text files

and with this drop down menu it says

text files and

all files so that's what we have listed

within our file types of what we want to

search for

so you can see that if i switch to all

files

our python file actually appears because

we don't have any limits on the files

that we're trying to open or search for

so if i change this back to text files

only folders and

plain text files are visible so then we

can open our test file again

but yeah that's the basics of file

dialog in the next video we're going to

be saving

a file so if you'd like a copy of all

this code i'll post

all of this in the comments down below

but yeah that's the basics of opening a

file

using python hey what's going on

everybody it's your bro here hope you're

doing well and in this video i'm going

to teach you guys how we can use

python's file dialog to save a file

someplace on your computer

so sit back relax and enjoy the show

okay everybody so this is how we can

save a file

we're going to be reusing a file dialog

again kind of like what we did with the

video on opening and reading a file so

from

tk enter import file dialog we're going

to be creating a window and adding a

button as well as a text area to this

window

so let's create our window window equals

tk

followed by window.main loop

let's create a button so button equals

button

let's set the text of the button so text

equals

save it's going to be a save button and

then a command

so we'll need to link a function to this

command so let's create a

save file function and then we need to

pack

this button so button dot pack

now let's create a text area this is

just called

text so text equals text we're going to

add this to the window

and we need to pack this text so text

dot pack and now let's create

a save file function so at the top of

our program

d e f save file

and then we're going to take file dialog

and use the

ask save as file function and we're

going to store

the contents within file file equals

file dialog dot ask save as file

let's run this just to test it out so we

have

our window a save button and this

is our text area

we can type in multiple

lines of text

yay and let's try and save this just to

see what we have so far

so this will bring me to my desktop it

might bring you someplace else for

your computer so i'm just going to save

this as

test file now with this drop down menu

save as type there's nothing set up so

we'll need to do that manually

uh if we were to save this and here's

that test file on my desktop

so let's take a look at the properties

we did not list a

file extension so the type of file just

says

file so we'll get to that later on in

this video

and if we were to open this with a

program like notepad

well it's currently empty that's because

we need to write

some text to this file so let's do that

next

let's store all of the text from our

text area to a variable

let's call this variable file text

file text equals and then we need to get

all of the text from our text area so

text dot get and we're going to list the

starting index as well as the ending

index

for this function so we're going to

begin at

1.0 that is the beginning of this text

area

and the ending we can just put end and

then we need to convert

all of this into a string so let's

surround this with

str and then we can store all of the

text

from our text area within this variable

file text and now we just need to write

our text to this file so file dot

write and we're going to pass in file

text

and then it's a good idea to close your

files when you're done using them so

file

dot close and let's try this again

hello my name

is bro let's save this

i'll call this hello and click save

and we still can't save s-type so we'll

work on that next

let's go to my desktop here's the test

file that we created i'm going to open

this with notepad and it has all of the

text

that we added to that text area now

let's list

some available file extensions that we

can have the user

save this file as so let's begin by

setting

the default extension so default

extension and let's set this to

a text file that is dot

txt and then we can list

all of the available file types

so file types

and we're going to place these within a

set of straight brackets

and i'll just separate these line by

line so let's begin with a plain

text file so this will take two strings

the first is the message that will

appear within

that save as type drop down menu so

let's place

text file and the second string

the file extension and that is

dot txt

then let's add another let's say html

so i'm going to copy this and paste it

and

let's say html next

dot html and then lastly you can do

just all files so

all files and that is dot

asterisk and let's try this again

so hello my

name is bro i

like pizza and

ice cream and this time i think i'll

save this

as an html file

and this is we'll call this

pizza and ice cream i guess

and click save now let's go back to my

desktop

here's that file pizza and ice cream and

it is an

file let's just verify that yep.html for

the type of file

so we can open this with notepad

and it has all of the text i could even

open this with sublime text

as well kind of like that

all right let's change the initial

directory

for saving a file let's change it to

my project folder for uh this python

file that we have

so that is and i'm just going to

organize this a little bit

initial d i r

equals and then we can list a file path

so i'm just going to copy this

so copy path paste it

then i want to make sure that these are

double backslashes

and i need to add a comma at the end

okay let's try this again

so testing

one two three and this should go to my

project folder

which it does testing123

and let's save this as a plain text file

click save

and here's that plain text file

testing123

another option available to you is that

you don't necessarily need to use

a text area to get some text to write to

a file

you could use the console window to

accept some text

so to demonstrate this i'm going to turn

this line into a comment

and we're instead going to use the

console window this time

so we'll say file text equals

input and then let's just have a prompt

here

enter some text i

guess and then let's run this again so

we still need to

click this save button and select a file

location i'll just save over our file

testing123 i'll click save

yeah i'll replace it alright so we need

to enter some text

i guess so i will write a message

such as the cake

is a lie and hit enter

so then our file testing123 now says

the cake is a lie so you don't

necessarily need to use

the get function for a text area you can

use the console window as well

here's one last thing to consider before

you go so what if we begin the process

of

finding a file location to save a file

to

and then we exit out of this window well

we're going to encounter an exception

so one way that we can prevent this is

to add

this line if file is

none return

so then if we were to try this again

begin saving a file and then exit out of

this

there is no exception that we encounter

so that's just one little extra i

thought i would throw in

but yeah that's the basics of saving

files in python if you would like a copy

of all this code

i'll post all of this in the comments

down below but yeah that's how to save a

file using python

hey what's going on everybody it's your

bro here hope you're doing well and in

this video i'm going to teach you guys

how we can create a menu bar

in python so sit back relax and enjoy

the show

all right people let's create a menu bar

not too different from the menu bar that

you see at the top of many programs

there's usually a tab

for file edit view help stuff like that

except we're going to create one that

doesn't have as many options

or features it's going to be the generic

brand menu bar like the walmart variety

so let's begin by creating a window so

window equals tk followed by

window.mainloop then we're going to

create a menu bar

and add menus to the menu bar and each

menu is going to function like a

dropdown menu where you hover over one

of these tabs

and there's a drop down so we need a

menu bar

let's just call this menu bar menu bar

equals

menu and we're adding this to our window

so then we're going to take window dot

config

and we can set the menu of this window

to equal the menu bar that we just

created

with each of these tabs for your menu

bar you need to create a separate menu

and add each menu to your menu bar and

the menu bar is added to the window

there's different levels to the stuff so

let's create

a file menu because well this one has a

file menu

why not our program so file

menu equals menu

kind of like what we did with our menu

bar except instead of adding this to our

window we're going to add this

to our menu bar so menu

bar like that there's one other step two

we need to use this function menu

bar dot add

underscore cascade this will have a drop

down

menu sort of effect so let's create a

label

just called file to mimic the file tab

that you see at the top of many programs

so label file and we're going to set the

menu

to equal the file menu that we created

so file menu and let's take a look just

to see what we have

so here's our menu bar and here's our

menu there's a drop down

effect for this but we need to add

actual options

to this file menu so let's do that

so let's begin by creating let's see we

got

maybe open save and exit

that should be good so file

menu dot add

underscore command so this is a

clickable option

and let's create a label called open

and we can open a file and maybe two

more so we got open

save and exit open save

exit

and let's take a look at this

so here's the drop down menu we can open

save exit

now you might notice that there is this

annoying line

this is called a tear off you can

actually get rid of this if you want

so when we create this file menu we're

going to

set tear off to equal

zero and that should get rid of that

and it's gone so sometimes you might see

a line to separate sections well

you can do that with a separator so

let's separate

the exit command that we have

from open and save and to add that

separator we just type in the name of

our menu

file menu dot add

separator so this will separate your

different commands from each other

within a menu you can see that there is

a line between

save and exit because we placed a

separator here

now if you want each of these file

commands to actually do something you

need to associate

a command with each of these commands

it's a command within a command

so command equals for our open file

command

we'll create a function called open file

and we'll need to declare that function

and then let's create a command called

save file and then another called

exit actually one shortcut if you want

to exit something you can just say

quit all right let's create an

open file and a save file function so

def open file

let's just print something just to keep

this simple

i already have another video on opening

files so

print file has

been opened and let's do the same thing

for

save file

file has been saved

and then our last command exit we'll

just quit

so let's try this so let's go to file

here's the drop down menu we can

open a file file has been opened we can

save a file

and then exit and exit will close out of

our window

let's create a second menu called edit

to mimic the one that we have at the top

of our ide

so let's create a edit menu so it's the

same process that we did with our file

menu

so let's call this edit menu equals menu

we're adding this to our menu bar and i

do not want a tear

off so tear off equals zero then for the

next line we need to add

cascade so i'm going to copy this

menu bar dot add cascade the label name

will be edit and the file i mean the

menu

will be edit menu and we're setting

this menu that we're adding to edit menu

and let's try this so we have file and

edit

but we need to add commands to this edit

menu

so it's the same process that we did

with our file menu i'm just going to

copy this

change file to edit and let's

make a command called cut copy and paste

so the label will be cut we'll create a

command called

cut we'll copy this

and we'll create a another command

called

copy and then paste

all right then we just need to create

some functions for this so cut

copy paste let's do that at the top

so cut

you cut some text

so cut copy and then paste

you copied some text

and paste you

pasted some text

all right let's try this so here's our

edit menu

here's the drop down we can cut we can

copy

and we can paste not actually but it's

going to call a function that can

do something like that if you want to

set that up maybe that's a video for a

different day

let's customize these menus well because

we can

so let's begin by changing the font so

we can just type in

within each of these menus font equals

pick a font that you want and then a

size so i'm going to add this font

for both of these menus that we have and

then when we

hover over and click on these menus you

can see that the font has changed

did you guys know that you can actually

add images next to each of these

commands

well you can and this is how we can do

that first you'll need some images

here's a few that i'm using so add these

to your project folder i plan on using a

floppy disk for save

and open folder for open and for some

reason a stop sign for exit because i

couldn't really think of anything at the

moment

i guess an arrow would have worked too i

guess so let's create some photo images

out of these images

so i already did this i'm just going to

copy and paste the text that i had

so create a unique name for each image i

have

open image save image and exit image

they're all

photo images and here is the file path

or the file name for each of these

pictures that i'm using so to add an

image

to each of these commands when you add

the command we can just say

image and then the photo image that you

want to use

so with my open command i'm going to use

this

open image photo image that i have and

this is the

open folder so i'm going to do the same

thing for save

and exit so we have save image

and exit image

but when we run and compile this let's

take a look

yeah so all the text is gone that's

going to be a problem

so we'll need to compound views so with

compound we can add

an image on a certain side of the text

and keep the text so compound

let's say we want the image on the left

so

compound left and i'm just going to add

this to each of these commands

and now we should have an image as well

as some text

well that's the basics of creating a

menu bar in python if you want a copy of

all this code

i'll post all of this in the comments

down below but yeah that's how you can

create a simple

menu bar in python what's going on

everybody it's bro here hope you're

doing well and in this video i'm going

to teach you guys how

frames work in python so sit back relax

and enjoy the show

what's going on people we're going to be

discussing frames today

a frame is really just a rectangular

container to group and hold widgets

together

so we're going to practice using frames

today but first we'll need a window

we're going to create a frame and add a

frame to the window

so window equals tk followed by

window.main loop

well we're going to need some widgets to

add to our frame

so let's create a bunch of buttons

because why not

so i'm going to show you guys a shortcut

too so let's say

button equals button

and then for now we're going to add this

to our window but we're going to replace

this eventually with

frame when we create this and i'm just

going to set the text

to equal let's say w

we're going to have four different

buttons wasd

like the buttons on the keyboard if

you're playing a game and you want to

move forward

left back or right so we're adding this

to the window

for now let's set the text to w

and what else can we do uh let's change

the font so font

equals i'll pick the font consoles

because

that tends to be even uh with buttons

the size of the button adjusts to uh the

size of the

uh letter that you're using or the size

of the text

uh so let's set this to 25

and then a width so maybe

width equals three all right and then

button.pack and i just want to take a

look at this

so here's our button w so i'd like to

show you guys a

shortcut if you don't plan on using this

button by name

you don't really need to give it a name

you can just say button

and then have all your uh options here

and then instead of having button.pack

just add

dot pack to the end so this will do the

same thing

however you can't adjust this button by

its name though because it doesn't have

a name anymore

so let's create a few other buttons one

for a s

and d so we have w

a s d

and by default they're all top and

center

so with pack we can actually put these

on a certain side

so let's say we want uh w on the top

and then the other three will be all

left

so side equals left and then after i

show this to you

you'll see the benefits of using a frame

all right so right now they're all at

least it appears that they're all within

a container

so what if i were to expand this well w

is just drifting off

it's sailing away by w so

what if we could put these within a

frame or container

to actually contain all of these widgets

well we can

so let's create a frame frame

equals frame

and instead of adding these buttons to

the window we're going to add

these buttons to our frame

and now we need to add the frame to the

window

and this is what this looks like however

we need to

actually add this by using pack or place

so frame

dot pack so now what this looks

like is that all of these buttons all of

these widgets are now contained within a

frame

a container let's change the background

color of this frame just so that we can

see

the width and the height of this frame

so

when you create your frame there is an

option for background color it's just bg

and let's set this to a color we haven't

done pink yet

pink is a very masculine color so now

the background of our frame is pink and

that might be

a better visual cue to the balance of

the frame

let's also give this frame a border so

let's

set a width of 5 using bd

and then the type of border that we want

and we can

specify that with relief so relief

equals

let's say raised so this will have a 3d

pop effect

kind of like that let's try sunken

there's a few other ones as well but i

don't feel like it's necessary to

go over all the border types let's stick

with sunken for now that'll work

alright so with this frame we are

currently packing this

we can set this on a certain side within

our window

so currently it's at the top let's set

this to maybe the bottom so

side equals bottom

now this frame is sticking to the bottom

of the window

and it still contains all of the buttons

all of the widgets

that we added another function available

to you is

the place function we can place this

frame

at certain coordinates within our window

so let's set

x to equal zero and y to equal zero

so then when we place this frame within

our window and set some coordinates

this entire frame is going to stick at

these coordinates even if we were to

resize this window and we can change

these too

let's say x is now 100 and y is also 100

so the frame along with all of the

components all of the widgets that it

contains

are sticking within the container and

they move along with this

so that's the basics of frames it's

really just a rectangular container to

group and hold widgets together

so if you want a copy of all this code

i'll post all of this in the comments

down below

and well yeah that's how frames work in

python

hey what's going on everybody it's your

bro here hope you're doing well and in

this video i'm going to teach you guys a

few different ways in which we can

create new windows using python so sit

back relax and enjoy the show

let's get started everybody so we're

going to create a window and we'll add a

button to this window

when we click on this button it'll

create a new separate window for us

so window equals tk followed by

window.main loop

we'll need to add a button so let's do

that button we're adding this to the

window

let's add some text to the button let's

say create

new window and we'll set a command

command equals and we'll need to define

a function

let's create a function called create

underscore window

and let's pack this as well so we will

define

this function create window and let's do

so at the top

def create window and what do we want

this to do

well we're going to create a new window

and let's call this next window

new underscore window equals and there's

two popular ways of creating a window

one is we can use tk and the other is

that we can use

something called top level and let me

explain the difference between the two

here's a definition for a top level

window this is a

new window on top of other windows

and it's usually linked to a bottom

window

our main window is serving as the bottom

window

and our new window is serving as the top

window the top level window

so let's try this and just experiment

here is our main window

the bottom window and if we were to

click on this button it's going to

create a

new window for us a new top level window

if we were to close out of the bottom

level window

any top level windows associated with

this would also close

kind of like what you just saw now

however it's not the same case

the other way around if we have a bottom

window and a top level window

and we close out of the top level window

our bottom level window

is just fine it didn't close out of that

so think of these like

jenga pieces if you were to pull one of

the pieces

one of the windows out from underneath

the bottom any

pieces or windows on the top of it will

close out as well

or collapse kind of like in the game

jenga so

that's one way to think of top level

windows they're stacked on top of any

bottom level windows

if you remove a bottom piece it removes

any from the top

on the flip side we have tk this is a

new independent window and we've

actually been doing this since

day one of our gui programming tk is a

new independent window and our main

window and the new window that we create

are not linked whatsoever they're

completely independent

so if we were to create a new window

this is our new window and close out of

our old window

well this new window still persists so

this could be useful for

let's say a login form or a login screen

after you log in you'll be brought to

your main program which could be within

the new window

one other thing that you can do too you

can also destroy the old window after

creating a new window

so we need to type in the name of the

window that we want to destroy

actually let's call the main window just

old underscore window just to clarify

things

so let's rename that here here and here

as well

so we want to destroy our old window as

if we're closing out of it

so we type in the name of the window old

underscore window

and we use the destroy function and that

sounds pretty sweet

so we're going to destroy our old window

after creating

our new window so let me add a comment

that this will

close out of old window

and let's test it so we have our old

window

our main window we'll create a new

window it creates our new window and

then closes out of the old window

so that's one of a few ways in which you

can create a new window for your program

so if you want to copy of all this code

i'll post all of this in the comments

down below

but yeah that's how to create a new

window using python

hey what's going on everybody too bro

here hope you're doing well and in this

video i'm going to teach you guys how we

can create separate tabs for our gui

applications in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

okay let's begin so in order to create

tabs for our python gui application

we're going to need access to a widget

called notebook

and that's found in a different module

so this time we're going to need

two imports so at the top from tk enter

import

just everything but the notebook widget

is found within a separate module

so we'll need a second import from tk

enter

import ttk so this ttk import

gives us access to several different

widgets that are normally not available

to us

so once you have these two imports

you're ready to begin so we'll need a

window

window equals tk followed by window.main

loop

and we need to create a notebook widget

so

right after you create your window we're

going to create a notebook

we'll call this notebook equals ttk

dot notebook and we want to add

this notebook to our window so let me

add a comment here what this widget does

so this is a widget that manages

a collection of windows

and displays and that's really all there

is to it

so in order to create different tabs

we're going to create some frames

so for the first tab i'll call this tab

1 equals frame

and we want to add this to the notebook

and with our notebook we're adding this

notebook to the window

all right so this will be a new frame

for tab one and let's create a second

tab

and we'll call this tab two and you can

create more tabs if you want but that

might be overkill

so this is a new frame for tab two

after you finish these two lines of code

we're going to follow this up with

notebook.ad so notebook.ad

what widget are we adding we're adding

our tab

1 frame and we can set some text for

this tab so text equals and i'll type in

tab one and we'll repeat the process for

tab two

so notebook dot add tab two

and we'll change the text to tab two and

then we need to

pack this notebook notebook dot pack

and let's take a look to see what we

have all right we have

tab one and tab two but we'll probably

want to actually add something

to each of these tabs so that the

content is visible so let's create some

labels

so after we pack our notebook let's

create some labels

i don't really feel like giving these

names because we don't really plan on

using them for anything else

so we'll just say label tab

one that's going to be the parent widget

and let's set some text text equals

hello this is tab

number one then i think i'll give this a

width and a height too

just so it's more visible so for the

width i'll make this 50

and the height 25 so this will be

roughly a square shape

and then we need to pack this so i'm

just going to add pack

and let's create a second label for tab

two

so label tab two maybe i'll say

goodbye this is tab number two

okay we should have some actual content

for these labels now for these tabs

so here's the label this is tab one and

this is tab two and you can switch

between these and they display

each of these separate labels however

with the way that this window is

arranged

if we were to expand the size of this

window well

our frames and our tabs kind of stay in

the top

and in the center so i'm going to add a

few lines within

the pack function of our notebook the

first thing i'm going to do

is use the expand option and set this to

true

so what this does and i'm just going to

add a comment that expand

this will expand

to fill any space

not otherwise

used so what happens now

is that this will actually expand

and it's staying in the center of the

window but there's one more thing we're

going to add

fill equals both

normally this is x or y or you can do

both

so i'll add a comment as to what this

option does

so fill will fill

space on x and

y axis so if you combine

both of these together what you get is

that these tabs will stay

in the top left corner and if you were

to expand the size of this window

the tabs aren't going to move they're

going to stick to the top left

but the size of the window will expand

all right so that's the basics of

creating tabs in python if you want a

copy of all this code

i'll post all of this in the comments

down below but yeah that's the basics of

creating tabs in python

hey what's going on everybody it's your

bro here hope you're doing well and in

this video i'm going to teach you guys

all about the grid geometry manager in

python so sit back relax and enjoy the

show

all right everybody let's talk about the

grid geometry manager

well because we have to this is a useful

way to organize widgets within a

container

imagine our windows being arranged into

a series of

rows and columns similar to an excel

spreadsheet

i tend to use that example a lot the top

left most cell

is row zero column zero computers always

begin with zero so that's why our grid

doesn't begin with

row one column one and we can list which

row and column

we would like our widgets to be placed

within and by default we only have

one row and one column to work with at

the start but we can explicitly state

which row and column this widget should

be placed within

relative to the container that it's in

and python will create new relative rows

and columns for us if we state where

these widgets

should be placed so let's create a small

submission form

and then organize all of our widgets

using our new grid system that we have

so let's begin by creating a window

window equals tk

followed by window.mainloop now that we

have our window we'll need to create

some widgets to add to this window

so let's say that we want an entry box

and a label for a first name last name

and email address as well as a submit

button

so let's create a label and an entry box

for a first name just to demonstrate

this

so let's call this label first name

label equals label we're adding this to

the window

and let's set the text to first

name for now i'm just going to use that

pack to demonstrate the differences

between

pack and grid and let's create an entry

box

let's call this first name

entry equals entry

we are adding this to the window and for

now we're just going to

pack this and let's take a look

so here's our label on the top it says

first name and then it has

our entry box right underneath so what

if we want to have

this label on the left hand side and our

entry box on the right hand side of the

label

we're better off using the grid geometry

manager

so we're going to replace pack with grid

and we have to set which row and column

that we want each of these widgets to be

placed within

normally if you use the pack geometry

manager

as you create new widgets they're just

going to be placed directly underneath

in one long column so

let's say that for our name label we

want to place this where

the row is zero and the column is zero

that's the top left corner

so within the grid geometry manager when

we call it

we're going to set row to equal zero as

well as column

to equal zero and then for the first

name

entry we want this to be on the right

hand side of our label

so we'll place this within the same row

row

equals zero but in a different column

column

equals one so column one is directly to

the right of column zero

and then when we compile and run this we

now have our entry box

to the right of our label that we have

so let's repeat the process

for a last name an email address and

then a submit button

so i'm just going to copy what we have

here and change first name to

last name so last name label

and we'll change the text to last name

last name entry and we'll keep that the

same

now we want this last name label to be

underneath

the first name label because right now

they're going to overlap because we have

them in the same

row and columns so you can see that we

can no longer see

the first name label or the first name

entry

so let's place this directly underneath

we're going to put these underneath by

one row

so we'll keep the columns the same but

we're going to

put this underneath by one row so row

one

and row one for the last name entry and

what you get is that

these two labels and entry boxes are

arranged neatly into

rows and columns and let's do the same

thing for an email

so i'm going to copy what we have and

we're going to change

last name to email so

email label and email entry and then

change

for the text last name to just email

and we're going to place these where row

equals 2

and we'll keep the column the same and

for email entry

row 2 column one

so doesn't that look a lot better now

let's create a submit button

so let's call this submit button

equals button and then we're adding this

to the window

and we should set some text text equals

submit i guess dot grid

and we want to place this underneath

currently kind of just shoves it

underneath for now

let's say that we want this between

these two columns

so we'll want to set the row and the

column to begin with

row is going to equal three

and column we'll set this equal to zero

for now

there isn't going to be any apparent

change it's still going to be in the

same place

but one thing that we can do is use an

option called column

span we can have a widget take up more

than one column

and it's going to place this widget in

between both of these columns

in between the combined width of both of

them

so we'll add column span

equals two so this widget is going to

take up

the next two available columns including

the one that it's currently in and you

can see that our submit button

is now between these two columns that we

have

one thing that you should know is that

the column width is dependent on the

width

of the largest widget that is contained

within that particular column

let's say that we increase the width of

our first name

label well our column is going to expand

to actually fit

that widget that we have so for our

first name label

let's set the width to maybe 20

and this is going to increase the width

of column 0

and to even better demonstrate this

let's color

each label a certain color just for a

visual

for our first name label let's say this

is red and then for

our last name label let's set this to

green

and then for email maybe blue

now all of these are color coordinated

and you can see that

the background color of our first name

label

is taking up the entire column space now

what if we changed the size of our

email label to something even larger

like 30

so width equals 30.

and now the column 0 has expanded to

accommodate the size of our largest

widget which is our email

which has a width of 30 and before we

finish this video let's add a

title to the submission form right on

top of the first name label and the

entry label so let's call this title

label equals label writing this to the

window

let's set some text let's say enter

your info and let's pick font

font equals

what am i feeling like today maybe just

arial

and then a size maybe 25 we're going to

use the

grid geometry manager

and we want this at the top so we want

row zero at least

i want this to take up two columns so

we'll say column

equals zero and then set a column span

column span equals two

now a few things are going to overlap

here

so we're going to move everything down

by one row

besides our title label so we want

this first name label to be directly

underneath our title label

so let's move everything down by one row

and our title is going to be directly on

top of our first name label as well as

the first name

entry box that we have all right so

that's the very basics of the grid

geometry manager

if you want a copy of all this code i'll

post all of this in the comments down

below

but yeah that's the basics of the grid

geometry manager

in python hey what's going on everybody

it's your bro here hope you're doing

well and in this video i'm going to

teach you guys how we can create a

progress bar in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

okay let's create a progress bar but

we'll need a few imports to begin

the progress bar widget is found within

that ttk module so we'll need a separate

import from that

from tk enter dot ttk

import everything and we'll import

everything from time as well let's

create a window

window equals tk followed by

window.mainloop

we're going to add a progress bar and a

button to this window

when we click on the button it's going

to fill our progress bar

let's begin by creating a button to

begin with let's call this button

equals button we're adding this to the

window

let's set some text text equals maybe

download

and then a command maybe i'll call this

start

finish by adding this button to the

window and we'll just use pack to do

that

let's define what our start function

does

def start we'll fill this in later i'm

just going to

print nothing just as a placeholder and

we should just have a button

now let's add a progress bar before this

button

and we'll call this progress bar just

bar for short bar

equals progress bar

we're adding this to the window

we can set an orientation

this can be horizontal or vertical later

on in this video i'll show you the

differences between the two

but for now let's set this to horizontal

and then i'm going to pack this bar bar

dot pack

and add some padding pad y

equals 10 and let's see what we have

okay this is our progress bar at the top

and this is the button

when we click on this button it's going

to fill our progress bar

but i think i'm going to increase the

length of this progress bar

let's set this to maybe 300 i believe

100 is the default

okay that's not too bad of a size now

let's define what our start function

does

we can actually increase the value of

our progress bar by typing in the name

of this progress bar here

value plus equals some amount let's say

10. so what's going to happen right now

is that every time we click on this

button it's going to fill our progress

bar by

10 out of the total which is 100

let's pretend that we're waiting for a

certain amount of tasks

to complete so let's define a few

variables

let's say we have a variable called

tasks and let's set this to 10 just to

keep it simple

and x will represent the current task

that we're on

and we'll say 0 to begin with let's

create a while loop

while x is less than the amount of

tasks that we have we will

increment the value of our bar by 10.

10 10 for each test that we have which

is 10 for a total of 100

and we'll want to increment the task

that we're on as well

which is represented by x so let's

increment x by 1 after each iteration

of this while loop now when we run this

and click download this spills instantly

let's add a delay just to simulate

each task waiting to be completed so

let's add that here let's add a delay by

using time

dot sleep and let's set this to one

second

we're going to wait one second and then

complete a task

what ends up happening now is that

nothing appears to be updating

well what gives bro you lie to me well

that's because

the window is waiting to have this

progress bar complete

before it's actually going to display it

being filled

so we would want to refresh this window

after each iteration of the while loop

so at the end of this while loop let's

add one thing

window dot update underscore idle

tasks after each iteration of this while

loop it's going to update

the window that we have so then when we

download something

it's going to update our progress bar

after each iteration of this while loop

until it's completed

right about now let's take this a step

further by adding a label that displays

the current percent of the progress bar

that is complete

let's add this label after the progress

bar but before the button

sandwiched right between these two

widgets so let's add that here

we'll call this label percent label

equals label we'll add this to the

window

and we'll need a text variable text

variable equals let's call this percent

so the reason that we use a text

variable is so that we can update this

label with some text

after each iteration of our while loop

and we'll need to

pack this okay within the window

near the top let's define percent

percent

equals string var this allows us to

update percent with some new text and

set the percent label with the new text

that we have

within the while loop but before we

update idle tasks

let's set what percent is

percent dot set and let's say

x divided by tasks and then we'll

multiply this by

100 i'm just going to put this within

its own set of

parentheses times 100

and then we'll convert all of this to a

string

so we can display this along with some

text

there are a lot of parentheses here so

it might be difficult to keep track of

all this

all right and then we're just going to

tack on

percent and that's it let's try it

so we got 10 20 30

40 50. i'll shut up now one change that

i'm gonna make is that i'm going to cast

all of this

as an integer before we convert it to a

string

because i do not like that decimal at

the end of our percentage

so yeah it says 10 percent 20 so on and

so forth

let's add a label that displays the

current task that we're on

so let's copy what we have for our

percent label

and let's rename this as maybe task

label

task label text variable will equal

maybe text

and let's define what text is so text

is also a string var and within our

while loop

let's update the value of our text

text dot set

will display x plus maybe a forward

slash

plus our tasks

and since we're displaying integers

along with some strings

we need to convert these to strings and

we can use the str function to do that

for us

so surround x and tasks with str to

convert these to strings

and then we'll add just plus tasks

completed so the value of x will update

after each iteration of this while loop

let's try it

and after clicking download this will

display the percentage as well as the

amount of tasks that have been completed

all the way until it reaches the end

let's change this into a more practical

example

we'll pretend that we're downloading a

video game so let's replace or rename

tasks as maybe gb4 gigabytes

and this game will be 100 gigabytes

we'll rename x as well so let's refactor

rename and change x to maybe download to

represent

the amount of gigabytes that are

downloaded

and let's create a variable called speed

and let's set this to one

alright so while our download

is less than the amount of gigabytes for

this game

we'll sleep for maybe a portion of a

second

.05 should be good we'll increase

the value of our bar by

this amount speed divided by

gigabytes and then multiply this by 100

for the download we're going to

increment this by whatever

our speed is and right now it's one so

that's the same

we can keep percent the same for our

text

let's change tasks to gigabytes

and that's all the changes that we have

to make and

now when we download something we're

kind of pretending that we're

downloading

a large file or a game you can see that

once it reaches 100 it says 100

100 out of 100 gigabytes completed now

we can change

this to a different value let's say

maybe 50

and the speed will be maybe two

so this will adjust to accommodate

whatever the new file size is as well as

the speed

and before i forget you can change the

orientation to a

vertical bar if you so choose so we have

this vertical download bar now

which could be good for something all

right so that's the basics

of progress bars in python if you want

to copy of all this code

i'll post all of this in the comments

down below but yeah that's the basics of

progress bars

in python what's going on everybody it's

your bro here hope you're doing well and

in this video i'm going to teach you

guys how we can use the canvas widget to

draw some simple shapes so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

welcome back everyone well in this video

we're going to be creating a canvas

a canvas is a widget that is used to

draw simple graphs plots and images

within a window

we're going to be creating some simple

shapes in this video not anything too

sophisticated i might get more into the

canvas widget in a separate video

and at the end of this lesson we're

going to practice by creating a pokeball

so to begin we'll need a window window

equals tk

followed by window.main loop to create a

canvas we can just simply call this

canvas

canvas equals canvas and we're adding

this canvas

to our window and then we need to follow

this with canvas.pack or

place but i'm just going to use pack

because it's simple

this is what our canvas looks like it's

a rectangular area which we can draw

graphics on

we can also set the width and the height

of this canvas so when we create this

canvas

we're going to set the options for a

height and a width

so let's begin with the height height

equals let's say 500

and the width will be the same 500 and

now we have

a square canvas that we can draw

graphics on

let's begin by creating some simple

shapes maybe a line

i think a line is a shape maybe a

one-dimensional one i don't know

i don't geometry so let's create a

simple line

so we type the name of the canvas dot

create and there's a bunch of different

shapes that we can create

let's create a line

now i'm just going to turn this into a

comment for a moment we need to set some

coordinates

for this line this top left corner of

our canvas

is 0 0 and the bottom right corner of

this canvas is

500 by 500 depends on what you set the

dimensions of the canvas to

so when we create a line we need a

starting point and an ending point

so if we want this to start in the top

left corner we're going to pass in

0 0 that is the starting position and we

can place the coordinates for the ending

position

if we want this line to end in the

bottom right corner that would be

where x is 500 and y is 500 and this is

what this looks like

we just have a simple line going across

the screen

but that's not all we can also change

the color of this line

and the thickness let's begin by

changing the color so

we can do that with fill fill equals

let's pick color blue

and now we have a blue line going across

the screen

but we can also change the width of this

as well so we can do that

using the width option and let's set

this to five

now we get an extra thick line across

the screen

now let's make a red line

so i'm just going to copy this

canvas.createline and let's change

some coordinates for this uh let's say

we want this to start in the bottom left

corner and go up to the top right

so the starting x position would be zero

y would actually be 500 x

for the ending position would be 500 and

y would be zero

let's set this to red and we'll keep the

width the same

okay so here's our red line and notice

that this red line

is overlapping the blue line so when you

create shapes

on a canvas if there's any that overlap

the one that you most recently created

will appear on the top one option

available to you is that you can

actually

give these graphics a unique name with

our blue line we could call this

blue line blue line equals all of this

and then we can call our red line

something different like

red line this would be useful if you

want to call or use a

graphic by its name if you want to like

move a graphic on the screen or have

something appear

you can use this by its name but we

don't really need it for this lesson so

i'll just revert this back to what we

had previously

i'm just letting you know that you can

do that alright what do we have up next

let's create a rectangle so canvas dot

create

rectangle we can set some starting

coordinates and ending coordinates

the starting coordinates are for the top

left of the rectangle

and the ending coordinates are for the

bottom right so for the starting

coordinates let's say

we're going to place this where x is 50

y is 50.

for the ending coordinates we want this

where

x is 250 and y is 250 i'm just making up

numbers

put it whatever you want really and this

is what this looks like

but i think i'm going to comment out

these lines for now

and here is our rectangle well i guess

it's also a square

we can actually give this a fill color

as well so we do that with the fill

option

fill equals purple

i guess and now we have a

purple rectangle next on our list

is create polygon we can create many

sorts of shapes using create polygon but

it really depends on how many

coordinates that we enter

let's create a simple triangle so we

need at least three coordinates for this

to work

so canvas dot create polygon

and i have some coordinates picked out

already so let's place the first set of

coordinates where

x is 250 y is zero for the second set

where x is 500 and y is 500

in the last set the third set we'll

place this where x

is zero and y is 500 and what this looks

like

is that we have this black triangle

that's taking up most of the canvas

we can also change the fill color as

well so we do that with

the option fill and we can set this to

whatever color you want

let's say yellow and we now have a

yellow triangle on our screen and it

kind of resembles the triforce from the

legend of zelda series one of my

personal favorites

let's also add a border this is actually

done with

outline outline equals and then pick a

color for the outline

let's say black and we have a black

outline around

this graphic and you can also change the

thickness of this too

with width and let's set the width to

five

and now we have an extra thick line

around our triangle

with these shapes you can pass in a list

of points too

so i'm going to get rid of all these and

we're going to pass in

a list so let's create a list called

points

points equals all the points that we

just entered in previously

and then instead of passing in all these

coordinates individually i'm just going

to pass in our list of points

and this will work exactly the same okay

let's create an arc now so canvas dot

create

arc and arc is really just a

curved line between at two points

however when we list some coordinates

we're not listing the coordinates of the

starting position and ending position

for this arc it's more or less for the

amount of space that we want to allocate

to actually draw this arc

so let's say that we want this arc to

take up the entire canvas we can pass in

the dimensions

for this canvas so the top left corner

is zero zero

and the height and the width are five

hundred

so this is our arc it resembles a pie

slice it's not starting in the top left

corner and ending down here

that's the amount of space that we're

giving this crate arc function to

actually draw

an arc it's really an entire circle but

only a portion of it is visible

let's also set a fill color for this so

fill equals

what color did we not pick yet let's say

green

and now we have a green pie slice

there's different styles you can do too

so we can change that with style equals

the default is pi slice

that's what we had previously let's

change this to chord

this will draw a line between these two

points

and this kind of resembles like a bow

like a ball with arrows

and there's also just arc

where it's simply just a curved line

let's change this back to pie slice well

because i like pie

we can change the starting position of

where this arc begins with the option

start

so start equals 0 by default so there's

going to be no apparent change

let's adjust this by 90 degrees so this

is in

degrees so this shifted

what is this direction counterclockwise

by 90 degrees

so 180 would theoretically flip this

and now this is on the other side of

what we had previously

and then 270.

all right we can also set an extent

so the default is normally 90 degrees

but let's change this to 180

and now we have a what is that

hemisphere half a circle

all right people let's practice by

creating a pokeball there's still one

more function that we have to cover it's

called create oval but we'll do that as

we're making this

so let's begin by creating the top red

hemisphere of this pokeball so that's

canvas

dot create arc and we're going to set

the extent of this

to 0 0 500 500

so that this is going to take up the

entire canvas

and then let's also set a fill color to

red

so fill equals red

we need to change the extent of how far

this extends

so we'll do that with the extent

function so extent

equals 180 so that this is a half circle

and let's also change the thickness of

this outline as well

using the width option so width equals

10 would be good and we have

a red hemisphere for the top of our

pokeball let's work on the bottom half

so that is a white hemisphere

so canvas dot create arc these are all

the same we'll change

the fill to white the extent will be the

same

but we need a different starting

position so start

equals 180. so this is going to begin

at the 180 degree mark so when you

combine these both together we get

two different colored hemispheres that

form a perfect circle

now let's create an oval within the

center of this pokeball

so we're going to do that with canvas

dot create

oval we're going to set the amount of

space that we want to give

the circle to be drawn so we'll place

this where

x is 190 where y is 190

where x 2 or the second x position is

310

and y2 is 310

let's set the fill color next so we do

that with fill

fill equals white

and lastly let's just give this a

thicker border

so that is width

equals 10 to match the width for the

two arcs that we have and there you have

it we have a simple

pokeball all right well that's the

basics of the canvas widget if you'd

like a copy of all this code i'll post

all of this in the comments down below

but yeah that's the basics of the canvas

widget in python

what's going on everybody it's your bro

here hope you're doing well and in this

video i'm going to teach you guys how we

can create key events in python so sit

back relax and enjoy the show

welcome back everyone in this video

we're going to be discussing at key

events

we can bind a key event and a function

to a widget or a window so that when we

press a certain key

or do something we can trigger a

function to be called that will perform

some sort of task for us

so we can actually do this by using the

bind function

so widgets and windows have access to a

bind function

so when our window or our widget is

selected

and then you press a certain key or do

something then it's going to call a

certain function to perform a task for

us

so there's two arguments within the bind

function this takes an event

as well as a function name let's say

that when we press the enter key we want

to

call this function to do something so

for this event

what we type for that is a set of quotes

angle brackets and the name of the

button

so for example if you want to press w to

move forward like you're playing a game

this would be w

a s d there's also up

down and then let's say we want to press

enter to do something that is actually a

return and then we will call

this function so let's create a function

called do something

and let's define this at the top def

do something now pay attention to this

part we need to set up

one parameter for this do something

function

this needs an event so be sure to

include that and it's easy to forget

so what do we want to do after we press

enter

let's just print a message you

did a thing and

this should work now so let's try it

so while this window has focus ability

we can actually uh have this respond to

events

so right now i'm pressing all sorts of

keys you can probably hear me right now

going crazy on my keyboard but now i'm

going to hit

enter and it says you did a thing and

you can bind all sorts of keys to

this window let's say that i want to

press q to quit

so we'll just replace this with

lowercase q

so i'm typing all sorts of keys but now

i'm going to press q

and it says you did a thing kind of like

we're quitting the game

you can actually have this respond to

all keys

well almost all of them so to do that

you just type in key with the capital k

so i can pretty much press on any key

then it's going to

trigger or call our function

kind of like that so one thing that we

could do

we can display the key event that was

pressed so i'm just going to add that

here

maybe i'll change this message u

pressed plus and to display

what key was pressed that is event

dot key sim i believe that's for

key symbol so this will actually display

what button you pressed

so w-a-s-d

here's a unique idea for practice let's

say that we want to add

a label to our window and we're going to

change the text on the label

to reflect whatever key that we press so

let's create a label

label equals label we're adding this to

our window

and let's change the font as well to

something massive

like helvetica

and a size of 100 that should be good

then we need to pack this label so

label dot pack then within

this function let's turn this into a

comment

and we're going to use label dot config

and we're going to update our text

and the text is going to be whatever key

that we press so we can do that with

event dot key sim so now

this label is going to display whatever

key that we press

so for example w a s

d backspace escape

up up down down left right left right b

a start

all right so that's the basics of key

events if you could do me a favor and in

the comments down below

just press f to pay respects so if you

want a copy of this code i'll post this

in the comments down below but yeah

that's the basics of key events in

python

hey what's going on everybody it's your

bro here hope you're doing well and in

this video i'm going to teach you guys

all about

mouse events in python so sit back relax

and enjoy the show

hey everyone we're going to be

discussing mouse events in python so

before we begin we'll need a window so

window equals tk followed by window.main

loop

and in the last video we learned that we

can bind

a widget or a window so that when a

certain event occurs we can call a

function

so we're going to do the same thing for

this video but we have

various mouse events that we can cover

so we're going to use the window.bind

function

and this takes two arguments an event as

well as a function

name so let's define a function let's

call it the

do something function so do something

and we'll need to define this so at the

top def

do something and remember that we need

to set up

one parameter for this function the

parameter

is an event and then we'll just print

something print

you did a thing

okay so there are various mouse events

for a

left button click within quotes and then

within angle brackets

a left button click is button dash one

so then if we were to click within this

window

it's going to call our function you did

a thing

but if i were to right click it doesn't

do anything

so there are other mouse events too so

button two

is that scroll wheel not if you scroll

up or down but if you press

in on it so right now i'm clicking left

i'm clicking right

now i'm going to press in on the mouse

wheel and it says you did a thing

button three is a right mouse click

so i'm clicking left nothing but i'm

gonna click right

and that seems to work all right so

button one i'm just going to add a note

left mouse click button two

is the scroll wheel

that's if you press in on it and then

button three

is a right mouse click

so did you guys know we can actually get

the x and y coordinates of where this

event occurred

so to do that we type in the name of the

event

dot x however since we're displaying

this along with some text

we'll need to convert this to a string

so string event dot x then i'll add the

y coordinates as well

event.y i think i'll just add a comma

between these

to separate them and we'll change our

text

so we'll say mouse coordinates

all right let's try this again so this

is going to

give us the coordinates of where we

click and right now i'm just left

clicking

so the top left corner is zero zero

well at least close to it not there

exactly

alright so here's a few other events

that we can cover

i'm going to copy this we have button

release

if we were to release a button it's

going to trigger our event

so right now i'm holding in on the left

mouse button but i'm going to let go

then it triggers our event if i were to

right click

and hold it it doesn't do anything but

as soon as i let go

then our event is triggered we also have

enter

not to be confused with the enter button

just going to get rid of that so that

is enter if we were to enter our binded

window or widget

so if i were to enter it's going to give

the coordinates of where i entered this

there is also leave

so i'm going to say that enter

the window

and leave is leave the window

so if i enter nothing happens but as

soon as i leave it gives the coordinates

and the last one is motion as long as

the cursor is in motion

so this one might be good for a game so

that is motion

where the mouse

moved

it's consistently giving me the

coordinates if i'm moving the mouse but

if i were

stationary or stop moving it stops

all right so that's the basics of mouse

events in python if you want to copy of

all this code

i'll post all of this in the comments

down below but yeah that's the basics of

mouse events in python hey what's going

on everybody it's bro here hope you're

doing well and in this video i'm going

to teach you guys how we can drag

and drop widgets in python so sit back

relax and enjoy the show

all right people let's just dive into

this so we'll need a window and then

we're going to be adding widgets to the

window

so window equals tk followed by

window.main loop

now you can drag and drop all sorts of

widgets but let's just stick with the

label because creating a label is simple

so let's define a label label equals

label we're going to be adding this

label to the window

and let's set a background color so we

can actually see this label

pick i don't know your favorite color

i'm going to pick red

and then i'm going to set a width and a

height because normally if you have a

label without any text it's really small

so let's set a width of maybe 10

and then a height of 5.

that should be good and we want to place

this label

someplace within the window so label dot

place and we can pass in some x

coordinates as well as y coordinates

so x equals zero and y equals zero

so that this is going to appear in the

top left corner

of our window so this is what we have

this

is our label and we want to be able to

drag and drop

this label someplace within the window

what we're going to need to do

is actually bind this label twice but

let's begin with just

the first binding so in order to bind a

widget you type in the name of the

widget

followed by calling the bind function

so this bind function can take two

arguments

it can take an event as well as a

function

name so for the function name let's call

this

drag underscore start but you don't

really need to

name it the same that i do and for the

event that occurs

this is going to be a left button click

with the mouse

so that event is within quotes and

within angle brackets

button dash one so if we were to click

someplace within the label using the

left mouse button

it's going to call our drag start

function but we need to define this

so at the top of our program let's

define this function

def drag start and this takes one

parameter

the parameter we have is our event so

what we're going to do

is actually get the coordinates of where

we click

within this label and we're going to

assign these

to a new variable or attribute of our

label

so label dot let's create an attribute

called

start x equals our event

dot x so this is where we click

within the label and not necessarily the

window

and let's repeat the process for y so

label

dot start y equals event dot

y so we're going to have some

coordinates of where we click

within this label and we can actually

use that for our next

function so we're going to bind this

label a second time

so i'm going to copy this line and paste

it

the second binding let's say is

drag underscore motion for the function

name

and this event is going to occur if we

were to hold down the left mouse button

and then drag so that is b

one dash motion

and then we need to define this function

so at the top

d e f drag underscore motion and this

takes our event as a parameter

so this part is going to be a little

funky we're going to

get or create new x and y

coordinates so let's begin with x x

equals the name of our label or widget

label dot w info

underscore x this is a function so add

some parentheses

this will get the top left x coordinate

of our label relative to the window that

we're in

minus label x well labeled.startx

plus event dot x

all right so we're going to do the same

thing for y

well we're going to replace x with y for

the second line

all right so this is the top

left corner the x coordinate of our

widget

relative to the window this

is the place where we click within

the label itself and this is where we

begin

dragging our widget to it's a little

difficult to explain but if you can find

combine

combine all of these together you'll get

the new coordinates

of where you want to drag this component

this widget to

so we need to replace this widget so

label dot place x equals x

and y equals y so then when you combine

all of these together

we have our widget and we can drag it

and drop it someplace else within the

window

now wait a second what if we have more

than one widget

well with the way that our functions are

written now they wouldn't be compatible

with more than one widget

just this label itself so what if we

were to create a

second label so i'm going to call the

second label just

label two so i'm just going to rename

them and

let's change the background color to

maybe

blue and i'm just going to place this

somewhere else within our window so

maybe where x

is 100 and y is 100 and we'll need to

bind

label two as well so

make sure to bind label two so we have

label one binded it's just called label

and the same thing with label two

all right let's see what happens i'm

going to attempt to drag

label 2. the label 1 is moving that's

because

with our functions we stated we're

getting the coordinates

and we're storing them within the

attributes of label

1 and not necessarily label two so in

order to make

these functions compatible with all

widgets

we can actually add one line of code

widget equals event dot widget

so this is going to get the widget of

the event that we're dealing with

and we're going to temporarily rename

this as widget

so now we're going to replace all

instances of where we use

label and replace it with widget

be sure to do the same thing too with

drag motion

and then we will need to add this line

at the top of

drag motion so now

these functions are now compatible with

any widget that we create

and we should be able to drag and drop

both

widgets all right well that's the basics

of dragging and dropping widgets in

python if you want a copy of all this

code i'll post all of this in the

comments down below

but yeah that's the basics of dragging

and dropping widgets in python

hey what's going on everybody it's your

bro here hope you're doing well and in

this video i'm going to teach you guys

how we can move an image

on both a window and a canvas in python

so sit back relax and enjoy the show

all right my fellow bros i'm going to

divide this video into

two different sections in the first

section we're going to move a widget

within a window

and in the next section we're going to

move an image

on a canvas so let's begin by moving a

widget within a window

so we'll need a window window equals tk

followed by window.mainloop and we'll

also need to set some geometry for this

window

window dot geometry let's make this

500x500

500 x 500 and let's take a look

okay that should be a decent size let's

add a label to this window

so i actually have a race car image that

i want to use if you would like an image

feel free to pause the video and

download one

what i would like to do is create a

photo image from this png file that i

have

i'm just going to call this my

image equals photo

image file equals since this is within

my project folder i can just list the

file name

otherwise you might have to list the

file path and for me this is called

racecar.png

i want to add this image to my label not

necessary but

it'll be helpful for this example i'm

going to call my label just a label

label equals label i'm adding this to

the window and i'm going to set the

image to equal

my image that i created it's a photo

image

if you do not have an image that you

want to use you can simply

just change the background color you

could say bg

i don't know red

oh then we need to place this so be sure

to do that

label dot place and i'm going to place

this in the top left corner that is

where x

equals zero and y equals zero and then

we should have a race car

or whatever image you used and a red

background you can get rid of the

background color if you prefer

that's just if you don't have an image

to use you can set the background color

just for a

visual to show you where the label

currently is

let's set some key bindings for this

window and let's add them maybe here

before we create the label and our image

so let's find the w key for up s for

down

a for left and d for right so we do that

with

window dot bind and we pass in an event

as well as a function name so we want to

tie the w key to a function and we'll

call this

move underscore up and then we will need

to define this

so outside of the window let's define

move underscore up and this takes

an event so we'll place that as a

parameter

and to move our label up we're going to

take

label dot place

and we're going to place this at some

new coordinates

x equals the label's current position

relative to the window that it's in so

that is label

dot w info

underscore x

all right so then for y it's similar

y equals label dot w

info underscore y

but we're going to subtract maybe one

all right so this is all we need

although this is only going to move up

so i'm going to press

w and our label our race car or whatever

image you used is going to move

slowly up i'm going to increase this to

10 so the change is more drastic

so now our race car is drifting off into

space

let's find a few other keys s a

and d sad all right so

s will be down move underscore down

a for left move left

and d for right move

right we'll just copy what we have here

and make a few changes

let's begin with move down

the only thing we're going to change

within here is in place of subtracting

10

from the y coordinate we're going to add

10

and with our race car oh i guess we have

to define these so let's do that real

quick

uh so we have left

move left we're going to subtract

10 from the x coordinate and keep y the

same

and then the same thing for move right

move

underscore right and this time we are

going to add 10

to x and y will stay the same

okay now with our image we can move up

down right and then left

and y stop there we combine these to our

arrow keys

so up is just up with a capital u

down is down these are all capital by

the way

left is left and then right is right

and now i can use my arrow keys to move

this image

now for this part of the video i'm going

to teach you guys how we can move an

image on a canvas this time and not just

within a window

but we'll need a window to begin with

window equals tk followed by

window.mainloop

and we're going to create a canvas

canvas equals canvas

we're adding this canvas to the window

and let's set a width and height

for the width let's make this 500 and

the height 500 as well

so this is an even square and we'll need

to

pack or place this canvas canvas.pack

should take care of that

and let's run this and this is our

canvas

at this step we need to add an image to

our canvas and i have an image of a

racecar that i want to add

so i need to create a photo image from

this file

so we can do that let's give this photo

image a unique name i'm just going to

call this photo image to keep it simple

photo image equals photo image and i can

list the file path or the file name

since

this image is within my project folder i

only have to list the file name

and my file is called racecar.png

this next step we need to give our image

a unique name

the image that's being added to the

canvas i'll call this

my image equals

and we need to turn this photo image

into an image added to the canvas

so we type in the name of the canvas

canvas

dot create underscore image

we first need to list the coordinates of

where we want to place this photo image

so let's place this in the top left

corner that is where

x is 0 and y 0 and we need to set the

image of the image that we're creating

so we can do that with saying

image equals the name of our photo image

and let's see what we have so far so

this image is somewhat cut off in the

top left corner we can easily fix that

by anchoring

our image when we create it so let's at

the end add

anchor equals northwest

so that should fix that problem and we

now have our image that we want to use

and to move our image we can set some

key bindings

so we type in the name of the window dot

bind

and we pass in two arguments an event as

well as a function name

let's tie pressing the w key to moving

up

so the first argument is going to be w

and the second is going to be

a function name so let's say move

underscore up

and let's find some other keys

w for up s for down

a for left and

d for right

we'll need to define these now so at the

top outside of the window

let's begin by defining move up

def move up this has an event as a

parameter

and let's create the other definitions

here

so i'm just going to rename these so we

have move

up move down move left

and move right okay now this next step

we can use the canvases move function to

move an image

a certain amount of pixels on the x-axis

and

y-axis so let's begin with move up we

type in the name of the canvas

dot and use the move function and this

has

three arguments the image that we want

to use

and this image is called my image the

one with the race car

the next argument is the amount of

pixels we're moving this on the

x-axis with up we can keep this the same

but on the y-axis let's say we want to

move this

up 10 pixels so that would be -10

and let's repeat the process for move

down move left and move right

for move down we're going to change

y to 10 for move left

we'll keep y the same at zero but we're

going to subtract

10 and then move right

we are going to add 10 to our x's

and that should be it so we can move up

down right left

and if you want to bind these to some

arrow keys

all we have to do is just change the

event

so we can bind these to our wsad keys

as well as up

down left

and right and this time i'm going to use

my arrow keys

up down right and left

all right so that's a few of the basics

of moving either widgets or

images on a canvas or window if you

would like a copy of all this code for

both examples i'll post both of them in

the comments down below

but yeah that's the basics of moving

widgets and images

in python hey what's going on everybody

it's your bro here hope you're doing

well and in this video i'm going to

teach you guys how we can create some

simple 2d animations in python so sit

back relax and enjoy the show

alright my fellow bros in this video

we're going to be animating an image on

a canvas we're only going to be moving

this image

up down left and right feel free to

download an image that you want to use

i'm just going to use this

ufo emoji that i found so we'll need two

imports

at the top from tk enter import

everything that's what we usually have

we'll also need to import time as well

we'll need a window window equals tk

followed by window.main loop

we'll need a canvas i'm going to call

the canvas canvas

canvas equals canvas we're adding the

canvas

to the window i'm going to create

something that's called a

constant we're going to create a

constant for the width and the height

of our canvas so a constant is a

variable or value that you don't plan on

changing later at all

and a common naming convention for a

constant is that the name of the

constant is

all uppercase so i want the width and

the height

of this canvas to be constants so for

the width this is going to be

all uppercase it's not necessary to make

it all uppercase

but that's a common naming convention

for the width i'm going to set this to

500

and the height set to 500 as well

and for the width of this canvas i'm

going to set the width

to equal my constant which is 500

and the height to my constant height

so the reason that i'm making constants

is that we'll be reusing these a lot

later in this program so we might as

well just declare them now and get it

over with

so for the canvas we're adding this to

the window we're setting the width to

our constant of width and the height to

our constant of height

and we need to follow this by packing

this or place

canvas dot pack pack to make it simple

so we should have a canvas on our window

now if you have an image that you want

to use we're going to animate it

i need to create a photo image from this

file it's a png file it's called

ufo but yours is probably going to be

named something different so

don't copy me exactly i need to create a

photo image from this

i'm going to call this photo underscore

image but name it whatever you want this

equals

photo image and i need to list the file

path or the file name

since this file is within my project

folder i only have to list the file name

and for me this is called ufo.png

our next step is that we're going to

take our photo image and add this photo

image to the canvas

and we'll also give this image a unique

name i'm going to call this my

image equals we're going to use the

canvases

create image function so canvas dot

create image there's a few arguments

that we need to pass

in where we want this image to appear we

need a set of coordinates

if we want this to appear in the top

left corner that is where x

is zero and y is zero for the image

we're going to set this equal to

our photo image whatever you named this

and lastly we should anchor this i'm

going to anchor this in the northwest

corner to keep it simple

and we should have our image on our

canvas in the top left corner

and here is my ufo that's being piloted

by a green alien that's waving to me

aliens are usually not that friendly

unless they're abducting you our next

step is to create a

while loop so we'll say wow true this

will continue forever until we close out

of the program

if you're looking at the code for a game

this might say instead

while running running will be a boolean

variable that contains either true or

false so if this is true while the game

is running

they're going to continue moving all of

the characters on the screen

and then if somebody pauses the game or

closes out of the game

then they'll flip this running variable

to false but to keep things simple we'll

just say wow

true but that's something that you might

see what we'll want to do is get the

coordinates of our image

within the canvas and this will return a

list of coordinates

so let's create a list called

coordinates so

coordinates equals canvas

and we can use the chords function to

get the coordinates

i guess that's short for coordinates and

we're getting the coordinates of

my image so we'll pass this into this

function

and then let's print this just to see

what this returns

we'll print coordinates

okay now to update the window after each

cycle

of this while loop we can use the update

function of our window

so window.update will also have this

thread sleep for let's say 0.01 seconds

so time dot sleep 0.01 one

so here's a quick rundown of what we

have going on so far within this while

loop

we're going to first get the coordinates

of where our image

is located we'll print the coordinates

to the console window

this part isn't required but it's going

to help us for learning purposes

we'll update this window for any changes

and then our thread

which is in charge of running the

program is going to sleep

for i believe that's a hundredth of a

second

so when we run this our image is staying

in place

and we know that our while loop is

running because it's continuously

printing the coordinates

the first number is the x position

the second number is the y position and

now we're going to give our image a

speed

or velocity i like to call it velocity

and in fact i'm going to give this image

two velocities

one for how fast this image is moving on

the x-axis

and another for how fast it's moving on

the y axis

so i'm going to create two variables one

called x velocity

and i'm going to set this equal to one

and y velocity

and i'll set this to one as well okay

so what we need to do now is update

the position of our image so let's do

that before we update

our window so i'm going to type in the

name of the canvas

and use the move function this move

function takes three arguments

what you want to move i want to move my

image my ufo

and how far i want to move this image on

each axis each coordinate

so what i want to do is update the

x velocity the x position of my image

so i'm going to pass in my x velocity

variable and then y we'll just keep the

same for now so we'll just say

zero so after each iteration of this

while loop

my ufo is going to move one pixel to the

right

and it's just going to go off into the

void forever and now

if we replaced x velocity with zero

and for y we set this to our y velocity

this image is now going to travel down

and it will continue into the void

forever

and then if we combine both of these

together

we're going to move diagonally down and

to the right

so what if we want this image to bounce

off the walls we're going to add some

if statements we're going to begin by

just having this image bounce off the

left and right walls

for now let's set y velocity to zero so

that this image is only moving

left and right so before we move this

image we'll add an if statement we're

going to check to see

if the x position of our image

is either greater than the width of the

canvas

or if it's less than zero so we take

our coordinates and we're going to get

the first element from this list

so that is zero that is x the x value

if coordinates at element zero is

greater than or equal to

the width of this window and this is a

constant

so we can just place that here if

coordinates

well x within our coordinates is greater

than or equal to width

or coordinates at index

0 is less than 0 then we want to reverse

the direction or flip the velocity

so we want to change our x velocity and

make this a negative number

one easy way to do that is that we can

take x velocity

equals x velocity times negative one

or another way of writing this is just

to say x velocity

minus negative velocity now what ends up

happening

is that when this image reaches the

right border it's going to bounce back

however it only bounces back after it

reaches

the top left corner of the image we need

to factor in

the width of the image as well so we're

going to create

two new variables and let's do this

right before the while loop

we'll want to determine what the height

and the width are for our photo image

that we have

so this is what we're going to write

let's call these two values

image underscore width and

image underscore height

so we need to determine what the width

and the height is

for our photo image and there is a

function to do that

type in the name of the photo image dot

and there is a width

function and the same thing for height

photo image dot height

and then we can reuse these so i'm just

going to add

one line to the sift statement if

the x position of our image is greater

uh greater than

or equal to the width of our window

minus the width of our image and i'm

just going to put these within

parentheses just to keep these more

organized

and what ends up happening now is that

when

the right portion of our image hits the

right wall it's going to bounce off

and let's do the same thing for our y

velocity

we're going to replace coordinates at

index 0 with 1 and change that here as

well

replace with with height

and this is image underscore height

and we're going to change the y velocity

this time

and when we move this image let's also

add the

y velocity

and now our image is just going to

bounce off the walls forever

but it's kind of predictable since we

set x and y

to equal one now let's change the speeds

to kind of spice things up

let's say for the x velocity this is

three and y velocity this is now two

this is going to go in a completely

different direction

so you can mess with the speeds however

you want so

guys how about we add a background image

to this well because we can

i'm going to reuse this image of space

from my java video on this same topic

i need to create a photo image from this

and i'm going to copy what we did for

our normal image that we were moving and

animating

so this is called space.png well that's

the name of my file

and i'm going to give this image a

different name maybe i'll call this

background underscore photo

and then i'm going to add this photo to

the canvas

and i'm going to call this a different

name

i'll just call this background all right

so

our window should have a background now

and then our image moves on top of the

background

so make sure you add and create the

background before you add any other

images

otherwise the background might overlap

your image

alright so that's the basics of some

simple animations in

python if you want to copy all this code

i'll post all of this in the comments

down below

but yeah that's the basics of some

animations in python

hey what's going on everybody it's your

bro here hope you're doing well and in

this video i'm going to teach you guys

how we can animate multiple objects in

python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

welcome back my fellow bros in this

video we're going to be animating

multiple objects within a window

more specifically we'll animate some

circles and each of these circles will

have their own characteristics

speeds and directions so we'll need two

imports to begin

from ck enter import everything we'll

also be importing everything from the

time module as well

we'll need a window window equals tk

followed by window.main loop

i'm going to create two constants one

for the width and one for the height

let's set the width equal to 500 and the

height equal to

500 as well we'll create a canvas and

we'll be animating

the circles that we're going to create

on the canvas so let's create a canvas

canvas equals canvas

we're going to be adding the canvas to

the window and we'll set the width of

our canvas equal to our constant width

which is 500 and our height equal to our

constant of height

which is also 500 and we will add this

canvas by using the pack function

canvas.pack here's our canvas and we're

going to be creating multiple circles

let's pretend that they're all different

sports balls like a tennis ball baseball

volleyball bowling ball

they'll all be bouncing off of the

borders and once

each of them encounters a border they

will change direction

since we're going to be creating

multiple objects i think it's best if we

do this with another class

so let's create another class i'm going

to go to file

new python file and let's call this

class

ball and click python file and we need

to define

this class class ball

and we also need a constructor for this

ball class

we can create one with def two

underscores

i-n-i-t two underscores again

and we can set up the parameters of what

we want to receive if we were to create

a ball

object so let's pretend that

we're going to be creating a volleyball

to begin with so

let's call this ball volley

underscore ball equals

ball and we'll pass in some arguments so

let's set up the parameters first

what do we want to receive one we want

to receive

our canvas so that we can actually draw

this oval we can draw this ball

we should also have an x and y position

a diameter

x velocity y velocity

and a color all right so

when we create a ball like a volleyball

we're going to pass

in whatever the parameters require so we

need a canvas

x y a diameter an x velocity

y velocity and a color so within the

constructor for the ball

we're passing in our canvas it's kind of

like what we do with widgets

we're specifying what we're going to be

adding this widget to

we're going to be adding this ball to

our canvas we also need

x y and a diameter let's make this

simple by setting x and y to both zero

for the diameter let's set this to maybe

100 and we also need an x velocity and y

velocity

let's set this both to one and a color

so let's pass in a string

like white let's head back to our ball

class and finish assigning

all of these arguments that we're going

to receive the first step is that we'll

say

self dot canvas equals

the canvas that we receive when it's

passed to us as an argument

our next step is to draw this oval draw

this ball

and we'll say self dot image

equals canvas dot create

underscore oval and with creating ovals

we can pass in x y

and with circles the diameter is equal

for both the width and the height

so we'll pass in our diameter twice

and lastly a fill color

and we'll say this is equal to the color

that we receive

which is white

we're going to set the x velocity and

the y velocity

this is related to the direction that

it's initially going to head in

so self dot x velocity

equals the x velocity that we receive

and we'll do the same thing for y

velocity

self.y velocity equals y velocity

now since this is in another class we

need to import this class

from ball import

everything and you can see that this red

underline went away

so let's see what happens now

we have our volleyball but it's not

currently moving

so that's the next step so let's create

a function

within the ball class called move that

we can call upon

so we'll do this after the constructor

cef

move and this will take self as an

argument

the first thing that we should do is get

the coordinates

so we'll say coordinates and this is a

list coordinates equals

self dot canvas dot

c o o rds

and we'll pass in self dot image

and we will print these coordinates just

to see what's here

all right now we'll create a while loop

within our main class

so let's add that near the end and we'll

just say

while true so while this is running

let's move our volleyball so volleyball

dot move so this will call the move

function of our volleyball

and then we will update the window

window dot update so that this refreshes

and we will sleep for maybe a hundredth

of a second

time dot sleep 0.01 but you can put

whatever you want here

so this is going to at first just print

the coordinates of this ball

so it's not currently moving and this

time with our list we have

four coordinates zero zero that's the

top left corner and 100 100 that's the

bottom

right corner so this time we have four

coordinates that we have to deal with

the top left corner as well as the

bottom right corner

our next step is that we should move

this image

self dot canvas dot move

what object are we going to move we're

going to move self

dot image and in what directions

self.x velocity as well as

self dot y velocity now

our ball is going to move across the

window and it right now it's displaying

all of the coordinates

we don't have any bounds set up so it's

just going to continue into the void

forever so we should set up some if

statements to check to see if one of the

borders

touches one of the walls of the window

if so it's going to change

direction so let's check to see

if the left or right side of our ball

touches one of the left or right borders

so let's write an if statement if

and then let's take a look at these

coordinates if

coordinates at index 2

that is this one 0 1

2. so this is the bottom right corner

with these two sets of coordinates if

coordinates at index 2

is greater than or equal to

i'm going to put these within

parentheses self

dot canvas and we need to get the width

of the canvas

one way which we can do that is to use

the w

info underscore with function

so this is going to get the width of the

canvas

and then let's add one more thing

or coordinates at index

zero is less than zero

so if this ball touches the left or

right border

we want to change direction so we can

flip

the x velocity self.x velocity

equals negative self x

velocity and let's do the same thing for

the top and bottom borders

so let's copy what we have

and we'll replace coordinates at index

two with

three and we'll also replace

w info underscore width with height

and coordinates at index one

change self dot x velocity with y

velocity

same thing here as well alright and

that should be everything let's try it

so let's see if this ball actually

bounces off the borders

which it does pretty cool so that's

everything we need to do within our ball

class

now if we need to create multiple balls

we can just construct them

so let's say this time we would like a

tennis ball

i'm going to name this volleyball as

tennis ball and

let's make the diameter smaller like

five but we'll make this a lot faster

like

for the velocity let's say four and

three and the color

let's make this yellow and we also need

to call the

move function of this tennis ball so

within the while loop

tennis ball dot move and then we should

also have a tennis ball moving across

the screen

in a different direction now technically

we don't need to print the coordinates

but i tend to do that just for

teaching purposes to better demonstrate

all of this

now our ball class is acting as a

blueprint

for how balls should be created and the

behavior that they exhibit

and if we need to create a ball we can

just come up with a name for the ball

and call the ball constructor to take

care of that for us

kind of like what we've been doing with

widgets so all we need to do to create

another ball

is come up with a unique name for the

ball and instantiate it using

our ball class that we created so this

time let's create

a basketball i'll rename this as

basketball

and we'll pass in different arguments

based on how we want to customize

this unique ball so for the diameter

let's say this is now 125

and the x and y velocity let's set this

to something very fast like

eight and seven and with the color let's

change this to orange

and make sure you also call the move

function

so basketball dot move and we should

have a basketball moving across the

screen

all right everybody so that's the basics

of animating multiple objects in python

if you want

a copy of all this code i'll post all of

this in the comments down below

but yeah that's how to animate multiple

objects in python

hey what's going on everybody it's ibro

here hope you're doing well and in this

video i'm going to teach you guys how we

can create a clock program in python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

all right my fellow bros in this video

we're going to be creating a clock

gui program so we'll need a few imports

from

tk enter import everything

and from time import everything as well

we'll need a window window equals tk

followed by window.main loop

and in this program we're going to be

creating three separate labels

one for the time another for the day of

the week and another for the date

so let's begin with just displaying the

time and work on the day of the week and

the date later

so let's create a label for the time

called time

label equals label we're adding this to

the window

and let's set the font because we can

i'm going to choose

maybe ariel and then a size of 50 so

that this is somewhat large

i'm going to change the foreground color

that is the font color

and i will pick a hex value of green so

that is

0 0 f 0 0 but feel free to pick whatever

color you want

and i'm also going to set the background

color and you can pick a hex value or a

color name i'm just going to say black

and then i'm going to pack this label

time label dot pack

now we're going to call a function and

we'll call this update

and we'll define what this does after

every second has passed

we will use a recursive function to keep

on updating the

time every one second or so so let's

define what this function does

def update

there is a function within the time

module called strf time

which we can use to return the current

time and format it however we want

so we're going to actually place this

within a string variable and we'll call

this time

string and this function is strf

time i'm actually going to go to

python's website just to give you an

example of how this works

here we are on python's website and this

is the

strf time function and this converts a

tuple representing a time as returned by

gm time or local time to a string

as specified by the format arguments

so when we call this function we can

pass in

directives as arguments based on what we

want to display

if we want to display the current time

there is a few directives that we can

pass in

so let's say that we want a 12 hour

clock as represented by a decimal number

between

1 and 12 well we would pass in percent

i as an argument if we want the minutes

that would be

right here percent m and if we want the

seconds that is

percent s so we're going to pass in

these directives

as if they are arguments so within

this function we'll pass in those format

specifiers or directives so i want

percent i followed by

percent m and percent

s alright uh but these also have to be

within quotes so don't forget that

because i just did

okay this will display the current time

oh then we also have to update our time

label so

time label dot config

text equals our time string because

remember that this

returns a string of text

text equals time string so this will

display the current time

and right now it is six in the morning

or so

however we just get one long jumbled

number

so it would be a good idea if we

separated some of these numbers

so within our strf time function i'm

just going to add some colons to

separate these values

and this will display the current time

it is currently 6

46 in the morning let's add am or pm to

the end of this

so the directive for that is percent

lowercase p

6 46 am now how do we update this label

every one second to reflect the current

time

well that's a good question and i'm glad

you asked it so we're going to use

the time labels after function

we pass in a delay and then a function

that we want to call

after that delay so let's say we want to

call this function update every 1000

milliseconds

or one second so we'll pass in the delay

as an argument

1000 milliseconds and the function that

we want to call

and we're going to perform what is known

as a recursive

function we're going to call a function

within itself so after 1000 seconds

we're going to call

update again and it's going to repeat

the process it's going to return the

time

and format that time and update

our label with the new time so what ends

up happening now

is that our clock is going to update

every 1000 milliseconds

now let's add a few other labels let's

say the day of the week

i'm going to copy what we have here and

let's rename this as

day label

but i probably don't want this to be the

same size for the font let's say

ink free because i like that font and a

size of maybe 25 and i'll get rid of the

coloring

it's the same process as before really

so let's replace

time string with day string

the directive for strf time to display

the day of the week

is percent a

and we're going to replace time label

with

day label text equals day string

and this will display the day of the

week and it is currently

wednesday and if we want to display

the current date we can create a label

and we'll call this

date label

and i'll make the font slightly bigger

maybe 30.

we'll copy what we have for our day

string

and rename this as date string

so we have a few options for the date i

want to display

the name of the month the day and then

the year

so that would be percent capital b

percent lowercase d i'm going to add a

comma to separate the day and the year

and percent capital y

and then i want to set the text of my

date label

to my date string so that this will now

display the current date there's just

one quick change that i think we should

make

right now we have three different labels

a time label a day label

and a date label and right now we're

using the after function of the time

label

so since we have all of these different

labels i think we should replace time

label

with our window because our window has

an after function as well

so that after 1000 milliseconds has

passed

we can update the time the day of the

week

and the date all right so that's the

basics of creating a simple clock

program in python if you want a copy of

all this code

i'll post all of this in the comments

down below but yeah that's the basics of

creating a clock in python

hey what's going on everybody it's you

bro hope you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to show you

all how we can send an email using

python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

oh a quick note for you all you're going

to need a gmail account to sign into

as well as your username and password so

once you have those set you're ready to

begin

all right let's begin by importing the

simple mail

transfer protocol library we'll need a

couple variables to hold strings

let's say we have a sender a receiver

a password

a subject for your email as well as

a body for the email okay sender is

going to be you

sending the email so enter your email in

here i'm just going to make up one

you at gmail.com

actually sender would be better i would

say let me change that sender at

gmail.com

let's say we have a receiver this is who

you're going to send the email to

receiver gmail.com

don't actually enter in these emails use

your owner the person that you intend to

send the email to for your test

because these will probably not work i'm

assuming

then enter the password for your gmail

account so let's say

password123 and a subject

uh let's say python email

test and a body what do you want to say

within your email

i wrote an email

okay so that should be good so remember

that you're going to want to change

these to your actual

gmail account and you'll want to send it

to a valid email address too

and make sure that you use your password

for your gmail account

okay now we're going to create a header

for our email and the syntax on this is

a little strange we're going to say

message

f and then triple quotes so what this

triple quotes is

is that a triple quote string can span

multiple lines of text so the first

thing we'll enter is

from within our header from and then

since we're using an f-string we can

insert

a variable at a given location when we

insert

a pair of these curly braces so from

will be sender the next line

to colon

receiver then the next line

subject colon

subject this will be the title of the

email then i'm going to add a new line

and then insert the body

and if you want you can give yourself a

name when you send this email

let's say maybe snoop dogg and if

there's somebody you want to send the

email to

and give them a name you can say like

nicholas

cage but these aren't necessary

okay so we have our header completed let

me just add a note that this is our

header

okay we're going to create a server

object

server equals smtplib.smtp

there are two arguments the first is

smtp

the other argument is the port number

and that is going to be

587 that is the default mail submission

port

587 now we're going to take our server

object

and start tls transport layer security

okay now we need to log in so server

dot login we will pass in

our sender email that's us as well as

our password

password and let's print

logged in

we'll eventually place all this within a

try and accept block later

all right and then to send an email type

server dot send mail

and we pass in our self sender

receiver and our message

sender comma receiver

comma message and let's print a

confirmation

print email has

been sent now if you were to run this

program

you may encounter this error smtp

authentication error that either means

your username

password combination was not correct or

you need to turn on

the less secure app access on your gmail

account

which you can find here however i would

recommend turning that back off when

you're done with this program just

because

your account will be less secure and i'm

not liable if you get hacked hey you

know what

let's place this code within a try block

we will try

all of this code and then if we

encounter

this exception we can catch and handle

it properly

so we will try these four lines of code

and we will handle

our exception of smt lib dot

smtp authentication error

that means we could not sign in so let's

print

unable to sign in

so i'm going to run this one more time

and instead of getting that ugly error

we should get a simple message that says

unable to sign in once you have the

proper username password combination for

your gmail account

and if you need to set less secure app

access to on

but make sure that you turn it back off

when you're done with this you should be

able to send an email

let's try it logged in email has been

sent

here is a snapshot of the email that i

received

i blurred out my actual email because i

don't want it public because

some of you guys are weird so we have

our sender

our receiver and i gave myself a

nickname of snoop dogg that's why it

says snoop

to nicholas the receiver but you don't

actually need a name for these as long

as you have the sender and receiver

fields filled in you should be good

we have our subject python email test

as well as our body i wrote an email

well everybody that's how to write and

send a simple email using python if you

would like a copy of this code i will

post this to the comment section down

below

but yeah that's how to send a simple

email using python

hey what's going on everybody it's you

bro hope you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to show you

all how we can run a python file using

command prompt so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

hey y'all in today's video i'm going to

show you all how we can run a python

file with command prompt

so first we'll need a script to work

with let's just make a very simple

program

let's say print hello world and then

maybe we will ask

for some user input name equals input

what's your name and then at the end

we will print the word hello

plus the user's name okay so

let's save this to a place that will

remember perhaps

my desktop now to save this file to a

separate location go to

file save as you can pick a name for

this python file

then to directory click these three dots

and pick a location you want to save

this to

to make this easy i'm going to save this

python file to my desktop

and then click ok so the name of this

python file of mine

is hello underscore world dot py then

click ok

now our second step is to open command

prompt to open command prompt just

search for

cmd if you're using mac i believe it's

terminal

step number three is that we need to

navigate to the directory that contains

our python file i saved this python file

to my desktop

so if you right click on your file and

go to location you can just copy this

address

now within command prompt type cd to

change directory

space and then paste that directory

that contains your python file hit enter

and for the last step we need to invoke

the python interpreter by typing

python space and then

the name of the script and the name of

my script is hello

underscore world dot p y hit enter to

run the script

hello world what is your name bro hello

bro

so that is how to run a python file with

command prompt i will post all of these

notes to the comments section down below

and well

yeah that's how to run a python file

with command prompt

it's you bro hope you're all doing well

and in this video i'm going to show you

all how we can use pip for python to

download packages and modules so sit

back

relax and enjoy the show

alright people pip for python pip is a

package manager for packages and modules

from the python package index if you're

using

python version 3.4 or above pip should

already be installed

if you're using a python version below

3.4

one option is that you can always update

your version of python just click

download open when done

go to customize installation make sure

that pip

is checked go to next and add

python to environment variables then

install

now to use pip open up command prompt

and type pip

for a help menu all sorts of different

general options and commands will appear

if you need to check

your version of pip type this command

and here's a cheat sheet that i wrote

so to check the current version of pip

type pip

dash dash version enter

and currently the version that i'm using

is 21

if you need to upgrade pip use this

command pip

install dash dash up

grade pip mine should be the latest

version

yeah requirement already satisfied and

if you need a list of installed packages

type

pip list

so here's all of the packages that i

currently have installed

some of these you might recognize like

numpy

pie game pie installer those are just a

few to check to see if any of your

packages

are outdated type pip list

dash dash outdated

and this might take a second here are

four packages that are outdated on my

computer

babel pi game pi tz and setup tools

if you need to upgrade one of your

packages type pip

install the name of the package let's

say that i would like to update pygame

then dash dash upgrade

i just realized that in my notes i'm

missing updated package so i just added

that here

now you can see that pie game has

successfully

updated and let's just check to see if

it has by using

pip list outdated pip

list dash dash outdated

and pi game is no longer in here so it

is up to date

and if you would like to install a

package type hip

install and the name of the package you

would like to download

let's say i would like to download

pandas pip

install the name of the package in this

case pandas

two valley boring minutes later and it's

done

so i should now have pandas installed

and let me check

pip list

and here it is i have successfully

downloaded the package of pandas

so those are a few commands for pip and

if you're interested in downloading more

packages head to python's package index

on second thought i should probably show

you all where that is python's package

index

is located at pipi.org

and you can do a search for all sorts of

different projects and packages

so everybody that is pip4 python i will

post my notes in the comments section

down below

and well yeah that's how to use pip for

python

hey what's going on everybody it's bro

hope you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to show you

all how we can convert a python file to

an executable

so sit back relax and enjoy the show

here's a quick disclaimer before we

begin windows defender and other

anti-virus programs may prevent your

executable from running but if you head

to the settings section of your

anti-virus you can disable that so that

your python file can run

also please be sure that pip and pi

installer are both installed and up to

date

i have a separate video on that if

you're interested now the program that

i'm going to be converting to an

executable

has a gui portion to it i created a

clock program in a previous video

so i'm going to turn this clock program

into an executable

now i recommend creating a new folder on

your desktop just because this process

is normally somewhat messy so we'll

create a folder to contain it all

now copy any relevant python files and

or images and paste them to within

this folder if you have an image that

you would like to set as an icon for

your executable

i recommend moving that to the same

folder as well our next step is to open

command prompt

and we need to change the directory of

command prompt so that it's pointing to

that folder that contains our python

file

so on your python file right click on it

go to properties and copy

this location and in command prompt to

change directory type

cd space and then paste that location

now here's the cheat code to convert a

python file to an executable

make sure that pi installer and pip are

installed and both

up to date so type pi installer

dash capital f to make all of this one

file

if you need the terminal window in your

program

then omit this next part since i'm

running a gui application i do not need

that terminal window

so to remove that window type dash w

if you have an icon that you want to set

type dash

i and the name of your icon however it

should be an ico file

so if you have some other image that you

would like to convert to an ico file

here's how if you need to convert an

image to an ico file

you can just google convert to ico but

one website that i commonly use

is icoconvert.com just pick a file to

upload

so choose file i'm going to convert this

png file of an alarm clock

upload it there is a bunch of different

settings you can use

convert ico and then download my icon

and once your ico file is downloaded i

will drag and drop it to my folder

and i will rename this let's rename this

as

icon dot ico and here's that cheat code

one more time pi installer dash f

dash w if you do not need the terminal

window

dash i if you would like to add an icon

the name of your icon it should be an

ico file

followed by the name of the python file

and mine is named

clock.p.y then hit enter

alright looks like building our

executable has completed successfully so

open that folder back up

your executable is located within this

dist folder

i would recommend just dragging and

dropping it to your desktop

and we can get rid of this old folder

but close out a command prompt and by

clicking on this executable

this executable will now run my python

program

well everyone that is how to convert a

python file to

an exe file i will post my notes to the

comment section down below

and well yeah that's how to convert a

python file to an executable

what's going on everybody it's you bro

hope you're doing well

and in this video i'm going to show you

all how we can create a basic calculator

using python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

let's create a calculator after

importing tkinter we'll need to define

three separate functions our first

function will be named

button press and there is one parameter

which we will call num we're not going

to fill this in quite yet we'll get back

to it later we'll use

pass as a placeholder we'll also need an

equals function to calculate our

expression

and a function to clear our calculator

okay that's it for our three functions

let's create a window

window equals tk and at the end of our

program

we'll write window.mainloop

let's set a title window

dot title calculator

programs good but make sure you spell

title right

and let's set a geometry of

500 500 should be decent

now we're going to create a string named

equation

text equals a set of quotes

this will effectively be empty for the

time being

and we'll need to create a string var

and i will call this

equation label equals string

var let's create a label

label equals label we're adding our

label

to our window i will set our text

variable equal to our equation label

you can pick a font if you wish

i'll set the background color equal to

white

a width of 24

and a height of two

and we need to finish this by using

label dot pack

and we should have a blank label within

our calculator

this will display our numbers that we're

entering in or our expression

okay this is the tedious part we have to

create all of the buttons and i think we

should place these all within a frame

frame equals frame we're adding our

frame to our window

frame dot pack

now let's create button one we'll do

some copying and pasting later

so it's not as tedious so button one

equals button we're adding our button to

our frame

i'll set the text equal to 1

the height equal to 4 and the width

equal to 9 and a font size

of 35

okay we'll need a command command

equals i'll write a lambda function here

lambda we will call button press

i think i'm going to put this on the

next line just so it's easier to read

button press and we will pass in the

number one

and we need to add our button to our

frame

button one dot grid

and i'm going to set a row equal to zero

and a column

equal to zero and let's just test it

okay let's add the other buttons i'm

going to copy and paste everything that

we have for button one

and change button one to button two

set the text equal to two pass into

to button press and for the row and

column

i'm going to set the column equal to one

but keep row the same

okay button three

it's gonna be the same process really so

text equals three

button press three row zero column two

and button four

text equals four button press

four column

actually let's set this to row one

column zero and i need to change that

too

okay let's just double check this

okay button five

so button five text equals five

button press five and

let's set column equal to one

okay number six i told you all this is

going to be tedious

okay so row one column two

button seven

okay so row two column two

actually let's change that to column

zero

much better okay

button eight

eight eight eight eight

row two column one

number nine

row two column two

and lastly zero

so button zero

text equals zero button press pass in

zero

and this will be row three column

zero okay

not too bad now let's fill in some of

the symbols

so we need plus

i'm just going to rename this as plus

the text will equal the plus sign put

that within quotes

and button press will be plus

oh and we should probably put this in a

row and column so let's say

row 0 column three

so it should be on the right hand side

here

okay we need minus

let's change plus to minus

and place this at row one column three

we need multiply

that is an asterisk

row two column three

and divide

that is a forward slash

row three column three

i promise we're near the end of creating

these buttons we'll need an equal sign

let's say equal

equal text

is the equal sign and our command

is going to be

equals the function

and this will be row 3 column 2.

we need a decimal

let's change the text to a decimal

row three column one

okay and lastly we just need a clear

button let's put this at the bottom

so clear clear

let's set the text equal to the word

clear

and the command will be our clear

function

and i think i'm going to pack this at

the end

but let's change frame to window

okay let's check out all these buttons

okay not too bad i think i'm going to

change the width on our clear button so

it's a little bit wider

let's change the width to 12.

that's a little bit better okay let's

fill in some of these functions

let's start with button press we're

going to state

global equation

text then our equation text

is equal to equation text plus

we're converting whatever number or

symbol that we receive

to a string and our equation

label which is a string var will be set

to our equation text

and let's test this

so we can type in any combination of

numbers or symbols

okay let's work on our equals

function next so let's say

global equation

text total

equals

eval now eval will parse the expression

that we pass in

equation

text

and our equation label

will be set to whatever our total is

and if we want to reuse our total let's

set

our equation text

equal to total 2 plus 2

equals four minus three equals one

times five equals five divided by two

equals two point five now what if we

divide by zero

well we'll run into that ugly zero

division error

so let's write our code within a try and

accept block

so i'm going to indent some of this

and let's write try all of this code

and we will catch a zero division error

exception

so accept zero division error

and i will set our equation

label set

let's say arithmetic

error equation text

equals a set of quotes okay so we should

be able to catch this exception now

five divided by zero equals arithmetic

error

now what if we have a syntax here

like we type in just a bunch of symbols

and hit equals

we'll probably want to catch the syntax

error as well

so let's write an additional accept

block before

zero division error or after i guess it

doesn't matter

accept syntax

error let's change arithmetic to

syntax and we can keep equation text the

same

so now our program won't crash if we

type in a bunch of symbols

syntax error now let's work on the clear

button

so that is within the clear function

so we will set global

equation text

equation label

dot set to a set of quotes to

effectively clear it

and our equation

text equal to a set of quotes as well

and that should be it for this program

let's run this one last time

let's say 3.14 times

2.1 equals 6.594

divided by 2.1

equals 3.14 minus one i'm just making up

numbers here

plus ten equals twelve point one four

and let's clear this and start again one

plus

two plus three plus four equals ten

i think that's good enough all right

everybody so that's how to create a

basic

calculator in python i will post all of

my code in the comments section down

below if you would like a copy for

yourself

but yeah that's how to create a basic

calculator using python

hey what's going on everybody it's your

bro hope you're doing well and in this

video i'm going to explain how we can

build a basic text editor program in

python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

okay people let's create a text editor

here's all the different imports that

you'll need and we'll begin by defining

all of the different functions that

we'll need

so let's say we have a change color

function to change the color

of our font and for all of these

functions i'm going to write pass as a

placeholder

so we have change font and

this function will accept a varying

amount of arguments

so we'll use that args keyword

we will need to open a file new

file

open file

save file

cut

copy

paste yeah there's a lot of functions

here

about

this is for an about section

and lastly quit

so how many do we have one two three

four five six seven eight

nine ten ten functions let's create the

main window that we're gonna work with

window equals tk

and at the very end window.main

loop

okay so let's create a title for this

window window

title notepad

program i guess or maybe text editor

program would be more appropriate

text editor program

okay and we will need a file to work

with and i'll declare that now

file equals none

we'll need a window width and height

window with equals 500 is good and a

height

okay so let's attempt to center this

window

because right now it just appears to the

side

so our next step is to get the screen

width

equals window dot w

info screen width

and i'll copy this for screen height

okay so we need to figure out how much

we're going to move our window on the x

and y axis so let's say x

equals screen

width divided by 2

minus

window width divided by

two and we're going to cast all of this

to an

end so add an inch cast around this

let's copy this do the same thing for y

except this will be screen height

and window height

okay let's set the geometry for the

window window

geometry i'm going to use a

string format method so let's say

these will be placeholders for our

values

so we have window width for the first

value

window height

x and y so this should be near the

middle

cool

we're going to create a string var

variable to hold the

font name font name

equals string var

and pass in your window and you can set

this to

what do you want your default font to be

so let's say font

name dot set and then pick a font

i'll use ariel i think

let's create a font size string bar as

well

we're going to add this to the window

and we can set a default size

perhaps 25.

okay let's create a text area

text area equals text

we're adding this to the window i'm

going to set a

font equal to font

name dot get the name of the font that

we want to use

will be the font that we set within our

font

name string var so now we'll use a size

of font size dot get

font size dot get

okay now we need a scroll bar

scroll bar equals

scroll bar

writing this to our text area so pass

that in

and i'm going to configure my window

using grid row configure

this will allow our text area to expand

but we're going to set a weight equal to

1 so that it doesn't back expand

and then we need column configure

okay and text

area dot grid

i'm going to use the sticky keyword and

this will stick north plus east

plus south plus west

so my text area should take most of the

window

this is some sample text

hooray so it goes down to the next line

once it runs out of room on one line

unless you resize the window which is

exactly what we wanted

let's create a scroll bar while we

already created it we just have to

add a few details to it

so that will be near the bottom

and why don't we say scroll

bar dot pack

side equals right

fill equals y

and then we just have to configure our

text area

with the scroll bar so text

area dot config

y scroll command

equals scroll bar

dot set so that should work but

let's test it to be sure okay i'm just

going to type a bunch of f's

okay look at that our scroll bar works

cool okay let's head to this portion

and we'll create a bunch of buttons well

a button

an option menu and a spin box for the

font color the size and the font style

so i'm going to place all of these

different widgets within a frame

frame equals frame add it to the window

and then i'm going to use frame dot grid

okay let's create a color button to

change the fonts color

color button equals button

i'll add my button to my frame

i'll set the text of the button equal to

color

and i will associate a command of

change color which we have already

defined at the top

where is it at the top here change color

and then actually that's it for this

portion

so then we need to add this button color

button dot grid i'll set the row

equal to zero and the column equal to

zero

so let's be sure that this appears make

sure you spell grid right

okay and we have a color button but this

button doesn't do anything

so let's head to the change color

function

within the change color function we're

going to say color

equals color chooser

dot ask color

and you can set a title to

pick a color or

else you don't technically need a title

and then text area

dot config oh i should probably print

this color

so let me do that um i'm just gonna

explain something here

so this color is going to be i believe a

tuple

so let's print it so let's say that i

would like

white okay so we have a tuple we just

need

one of these values not both of them

so i'm going to say

text area dot config

foreground equals our color but we do

not want to assign a tuple

to our color we just need one of these

values so let's say i would like this

hex value

so i'm going to say at index 1

and let's try it color

perhaps i would like my text pink for

some reason so we're going with pink

this is some text i suppose

and we can change this back too by using

this color button now i would like

blue and we have blue text okay so that

is the change color function i'm going

to minimize this because we do not need

it anymore

okay we're going to change the font next

so

head to the portion of our code right

after the

color button and we'll create an option

menu

to list all of the different fonts

available to us so let's say

font box equals option

menu we're adding this to our frame

we need to set a variable a string var

so that will be our font name that we

declared up here

now here's a trick to add all of the

fonts as options to our option menu

we can use the unpacking operator which

is an asterisk

followed by font dot families

and then call this function so this will

return

all of the different fonts available to

us and we just need to set a command

and when we use our option menu we'll

call

change font and we need to add

our font box to our grid

row equals zero and column

equals one so this should be on the

right hand side of our color button

yeah it's going to look something like

that and you can see the default is

arial that we set

and we can change it to something else

like

comic sans or whatever

uh however it's not going to change it

quite yet so that'll be the change font

function

before we fill in the change font

function there's another widget that's

going to share the same command of

change font so we should create that

next

so our next widget is a spin box which i

will name

sizebox this will be in charge of

increasing or decreasing the font

so size box equals spin box

we're adding the spin box to our frame

and we'll set a range

so from underscore you have to add that

underscore it's kind of weird

this is the range of our spin box for

the font size

from 1 to let's say 100

the text variable will be

font size

and our command equals change

font so when

we use our spin box and call this

command of change font it's going to

pass in

our font size as an argument whereas

with option menu

it doesn't pass any arguments that's why

with our

change font function we're accepting a

varying amount of arguments

because one's going to pass in an

argument and the other isn't and we just

need to add our spin box

so that would be size box

dot grid row equals zero

and column equals two

so we should have a spin box right on

the bottom

and it's set to 25 that was our default

for

our font size string var which we set as

the text variable

okay so we can fill in this function of

change font now

which will apply both to our option menu

and our spin box

so that is all the way at the top within

the change font function

we're going to take our text area

dot config set

the font equal to font

name dot get

and the size will be size box

dot get and that's it for this function

i'll minimize it for now and let's test

it

this is some sample text

hey how you doing good

looking okay so let's change

the font uh let's pick comic sans or

whatever you want

and we can increase or decrease the size

and we can change the color how about

red this time

all right nice now let's add a menu bar

at the top so we can save this file or

open a file or create a new file and

some other stuff

on second thought i'm going to move

these two last lines of code

to this section here

where we create our scroll bar just so

that it's more organized

okay so at the bottom let's create

various drop-down menus so we'll need a

menu bar to begin with

so let's say menu bar

equals menu we're adding this to our

window

make sure that's capital by the way

and window dot config

menu equals menu bar

so we'll create a file menu edit menu

and

a help menu so let's begin with the file

menu to add to the menu bar file menu

equals menu we're adding this to our

menu

bar and set a tear off equal to zero

we'll need a cascade for it to actually

be a drop down menu

so that will be menu bar

dot add cascade

label equals file

comma menu equals

file menu

let's see if anything appears yet yep so

we have a file menu

but there's nothing to drop down yet

so we need some options

well commands technically file menu

dot add command

label equals new

and the command will equal our

new file function

actually i'll put these together okay so

let's copy this

and paste it we have open

the command will be open file

we have save

the command will be save

file and i'll add a separator

file menu dot add

separator and lastly

we will have exit

command quit

okay let me show you what this looks

like

so here's our drop down menu

that separator is this bold line going

across

so if i was to remove this then we

wouldn't have that bolt line

you can keep it in or get rid of it do

whatever you want

and this is the tear off so i'm going to

remove the tear off

and you get this like tear off line at

the top i guess it's the default

i usually don't like it so i set tear

off equal to zero

so that is our file menu let's work on a

edit menu

edit menu equals

menu menu

bar make sure that's capital two

tare off equals zero

we'll need a cascade menu bar

dot add cascade

label equals

edit

menu equals edit

menu

edit menu dot add

command

label equals cut to cut some text

command equals copy

actually that's cut my bad

okay next is copy so let's copy this

and paste it

cut copy

we have paste

command paste

all right let's take a look

oh make sure you spell label right

okay there we go okay so we can cut

copy and paste and lastly we should have

a help menu

help menu equals

menu menu

bar tear off

equals zero

i think i'll copy this for my cascade

so menu bar dot add cascade

help menu equals help

menu

what we'll be doing for a command is

that we'll be creating

an about section that will bring up a

pop-up window if you need to display

any like help information or anything

uh so let's say about and the command

will be

about okay let's take a look

so we have help and we'll have an about

section that will tell you more about

this program

but we need to work on some of these

functions let's head to the quit

function

this one's fairly easy this is found

within the file menu

window dot destroy that will close out

of the window

so go to file then exit to exit the

program

we don't need it anymore so let's

minimize this

okay let's go to the about function

let's bring up a message box show info

this first argument is the title so

let's say

about this program

and the text will be whatever you want

to

tell the user about this program this

is a program written

by you

okay so we should have a pop-up window

when you go to help

then about about this program this is a

program

written by you the next function is the

paste function so we can paste some text

text area dot event

generate and the event is going to be

within quotes

and double angle brackets

paste let's copy this

and change paste to copy

and then cut

okay so we should be able to cut copy

and paste

hey how's it

hanging okay

let's highlight this edit

copy let's move down to the next line

and paste and we should be able to cut

as well

edit cut nice

head to the new file function

and we'll set the title of our window to

maybe

untitled until we save something so

untitled

and i need to delete any text within our

text area

text area dot delete and we need to set

a range so this has to be a floating

point number

the first character until the end

let's try it so i'll write some sample

text

and we are going to go to file new

that changed the title and it deleted

our text

so that is the new file function

let's work on open file we are now

within

the open file function and we'll say

file

equals ask open

file name so we have a

default extension if you would like one

default i think i spelled that wrong

extension

equals let's say a txt file

comma what are the accepted file types

i'll set this equal to

all files

comma and then we need asterisk

dot asterisk for all file types

as well as text documents

so these are what is accepted when we

look for a file so we have either all

files

or all text documents text

documents comma

asterisk dot txt

okay so then let's try some code

we'll set our window title

equal to os dot path

dot base name of our file

so that we will change the title of the

window

to match whatever the file is that we

opened

then let's take our text

area delete what's currently here

from one until the end

take our file use the open function

open our file and read it so pass in our

text area dot insert

beginning at index of 1.0

file dot read

that you can catch any exceptions to

i'll just write accept exception but

it's better to name specific

exceptions i'll just print

couldn't read

file and we should close our file at the

end within a finally block

finally file dot close

we'll need a sample file to read so i'm

going to create a new file on my desktop

i'll call this test.txt

and let's write something whoa

you can actually read this

awesome okay let's save

close out of it add run our program

file open test.txt

open whoa you can actually read this

awesome nice so we know that the open

function is working

if we need to create a new file just go

to file new

and that will delete our old text

so lastly we have save file

underneath the save file function file

equals file dialog

dot ask save as

file name so this will be the default

name for the file but you can change

that

initial file equals

let's say untitled

dot

you txt set a default extension default

extension equals let's say txt

file types equals

all files

comma then asterisk dot asterisk

for all file types

and any text documents text

documents

asterisk dot txt

okay if file

is none that's if they close out of our

file dialog

we'll just return

else

so we'll set the window title first

window title os dot path

dot base name

file

file equals open open

our file and write

file dot right

take our text area and get

the text from

index one through the end

catch any exceptions it's better to name

them instead of just

doing a general accept exception

but i'm just going to print couldn't

save file

and finally close our file

file dot close all right so

let's test it so i'm going to change

the font i wonder if impact is in here

yes it is i'll change the font size

maybe 30 and i'll pick a color

how about this swamp green color okay so

write something perhaps some lyrics to a

song you like

i should probably test copying and

pasting

edit copy

edit paste

nice

all right let's actually try and save

this now i'll go to

file save the default file name is

untitled because we set it to that

i'll say all star

lyrics

and save now i should be able to open

this

so i'm going to go to my desktop here's

that text file

i'm going to open it and here are the

lyrics that i wrote within my text

editor

and let's try and read this so let's go

to

file open find your text document

open and would you look at that my

lyrics are still here

however this program doesn't save the

font

so i thought of a fun last minute

project that we can do we can actually

use our text editor to write a python

file much like what we do with pycharm

so let's write a program using our text

editor program

it'll be just a simple program let's

print

hello world and ask for some user input

let's say name equals input

what's your name

and we will print

hello plus our name

variable and you can change the font and

everything too if you want

okay so let's save this file save

i'll save this to my desktop but make

sure you save it as a

py file a python file i'll name this as

hello dot py and save

now to run a file using command prompt

we need to find

the directory that contains our python

file mine is hello.py and it's located

on my desktop

so i need the location right click go to

properties

you can copy the location then within

command prompt or terminal

you can change directory by typing cd

space

and then paste your new directory the

new location

enter then to run a python program

type python space and then the name of

the program

the python file mine is hello dot

py hit enter hello world what is your

name

bro hello bro i just thought that would

be a fun last minute project

that we can do you don't even

technically need an ide to write a

python program

screw you pycharm well everyone that is

a basic

text editor program i will post the code

for this program

in the comment section down below and

well yeah that's a basic text editor

program

using python all right

ladies and gentlemen let's create a game

of tic-tac-toe to begin we'll need to

import tkinter as well as random and

let's begin by defining

all of the different functions that

we'll need let's define a function named

next turn for the time being we'll just

write pass we'll fill this in later on

we'll need a function named check winner

a function named empty spaces to check

if there are any empty spaces left and

lastly a function named new

game that will launch a new game for us

okay we have our four functions now

let's create a window

let's create a window window equals

tk and at the end of our program we need

to use window

dot main loop and when we run this we

should have just a small

basic window let's set the title window

dot title let's set this to

tick tack toe

we'll need a list of players players

equals

x comma o

and with the way that we're writing this

program we can swap

these symbols with a different character

for example we could say

dollar sign is playing against the at

symbol too

but i'll demonstrate that later let's

keep it as x and o for now

now we need to select a random player to

begin

player equals random

dot choice and pass in our list of

players

now we'll need nine buttons i'm going to

create a 2d

list of buttons named buttons

and this will be the first row this will

be the second row

for the time being i'm just going to

initialize these with

0 for everything and put these all

within

a list so we have a 2d list named

buttons

and to better visualize this i'm going

to place each row on a new line

so that's what our board is going to

look like we have a 2d list

named buttons we'll need a label to

display whose turn it is

label equals label

i'll set the text equal to

player plus the word

turn and i'll set the font to

font equals pick whatever font that you

want

and i am going to pack this label

label dot pack and set the side

equal to top and let's run this just to

test it

okay looks like it's x's turn let's try

it again

oh stern okay that's fine for now

let's create a reset button

reset underscore button

equals button

i'll set the text equal to

restart it's going to be a restart

button or reset button

pick a font

maybe i'll set the size to 20

and we'll need a command command

equals new game

when we click on this button it's going

to call this

new game function for us and we need to

pack this button reset

button dot pack

and i will set the side equal to top

okay

let's see if that appears alright so we

have our

turn order a label that will display

whose turn it is as well as our reset

button

now we'll need to create all of the

buttons to add to our 2d

list named buttons but i'm going to

place these all within

a frame frame equals frame

we're adding our frame to our window and

i'm going to

pack this frame frame dot pack

now we'll take our 2d list of buttons

and add a button to each spot

and i think the best way to do this

would be to use nested for loops

we'll have an outer for loop in charge

of the rows

four row in range three

remember we only have three rows and

three columns

the inner for loop will be in charge of

the columns

four column and range three

and inside the inner for loop we're

going to create a new button

we'll say buttons at index

row and column we have two indexes

because

we have a 2d list so buttons

at row whatever column whatever

depending on

what iteration we are within our for

loops

we'll create a new button

and we'll set the text oh first add this

to the frame

almost forgot about that we're adding

our buttons to our frame and adding the

frame to the window

now we'll set the text equal to a blank

set of quotes because we don't want any

text

we'll set the font i'll just copy what

we have here

for label

for a width let's say five and a height

let's say two i'm going to hit enter

just to move down to the next line

because we still have a few more things

to fill in

okay we'll need a command command

equals and i'm going to set this equal

to a lambda function

so we need some arguments actually i

think i'll pass in some keyword

arguments

row equals row and column

equals column then our expression is

next turn and we will pass in

row and column now we also need to add

our buttons to our

frame buttons at

index of row and column

we'll use the grid function for this

grid

row equals and

column equals column

and it's always a good idea to test your

program after making any major changes

so we should have our label our reset

button

and our grid of buttons now that the

main body of our program is complete

let's head to the next turn function

and remember that we're passing in row

and column as

arguments so we need to set up those

parameters within the next turn

function row and column and the first

line within here

we would like access to our player

so let's say global player so that we

have access to it

and we're first going to check to see if

the button

that we click on is empty so buttons

at index of row and index of column

to access the text of a button just add

a

third index operator and type in text

if the text of our button that we click

is equal to a set of quotes that means

it's empty

and when we call check winner

winner winner chicken dinner and it's

false

there is no winner then we will fill in

that button with our player our player's

character whatever it is

x or o or whatever we decide

so within here let's check to see if

player is equal to players

at index zero that is our first player

and remember that we created

a list of players and we're planning on

swapping these later

we could say like if player is equal to

x

but that would make our program less

flexible if we want to pick like a

different character instead of an x

so if player is equal to player at index

zero whatever symbol is there

then we are going to take buttons

at index of row index of column

take our text and set it equal to

our player

and we should check to see if there's a

winner after filling in this button

if check

winner and we still need to fill in this

function

returns false

then we will switch players player

equals

players at index of one and

label dot config

text equals

players at index 1

plus the word turn

so what we did here is that we're

checking to see

if after placing our text of our player

on that button that we click if there is

no winner

then we're going to swap players player

equals our next player

and we're configuring our label so that

it displays the next player's turn

players at index 1 turn

now what if there is a winner let's say

else if

check winner

is true

then we will take our label dot

config and set the text

equal to players

at index 0

plus the word wins

now let's add another else if statement

else if there's a tie let's say check

winner is equal to

the word tie because we are already

using

false and true then let's change our

label

and i'm just going to copy this

text equals the word

tie okay

so let's create an else block

so that goes right here

so if it's not player one's turn player

at index zero

then it's our other player's turn player

at index

of one so oh then so we just need to

mostly just copy this text and change a

few things around

so i'm going to copy all this

and within here let's set

player equals players at index

zero then players at

index zero's turn players

at index one wins

and that is it now our next turn

function is now complete let's head down

to the

check winner function and we need to

check all of the different win

conditions

and return it true if somebody won false

if there is yet no winner and the word

tie if it's a tie

so let's check all of the horizontal win

conditions

so we can do this using a for loop for

row in range three

we need to check the text of each button

in each row

if buttons at index of row

and column index of 0 we'll use the

index operator to check the text

is equal to the next button in our row

so i will copy this and change zero to

one

check to see if that is equal to buttons

at index of row index of two

and i'm going to check to see if this is

all not

equal let me move this a little bit

to a space

so if that is the case that means

somebody won

so if all of these buttons are the same

and they are not equal to

an empty space that means they're all

the same so let's return

true that means that somebody won

no we need to check the vertical win

conditions

if anybody has the same character all

the way down

a single column this next for loop is

going to be four column in range three

for the first button this will be button

at index of zero

and column then

one and column let me just paste that

and two and column

now we need to check the diagonal win

conditions

so if buttons at

index 0 0 that's the top left corner

if the text of that button is equal to

buttons at indexes of one one

is equal to the indexes of

button two two and if all of this

does not equal an empty space

then return true so there is a winner

and we have one last win condition to

check that is the other

diagonal win condition so we just need

to change some of these indexes around

so we have zero two

one one and two zero

i'm going to change this statement to an

else if statement

no we need to check to see if there's

any spaces remaining

else if we will call the empty spaces

function which we have yet to fill in if

this returns false then we will

return the word

tie

and lastly else else there is no winner

and

no tie so we will return false

and that is it for the check winner

function

let's test this

so this doesn't account for a tie quite

yet but we can fill in

some of these spaces looks like x wins

and we can no longer fill in buttons

and we cannot start a new game quite yet

either

within the empty spaces function let's

create a local

variable named spaces and set this equal

to nine whenever we call this function

four row in range

three and we'll create a nested for loop

for column in range

three we will check the text of each

button

if buttons at indexes of

row and column

and we will check the text to see

if it's not equal to an empty space

if that is the case spaces

minus equals one

then we'll write an if statement if

spaces

as in spaces remaining is equal to zero

that means we will return false and

there are no

spaces left else

we will return

true okay let's test it

so this time i'm trying to get a tie

yep looks like it's a tie this next

part's optional but i would like to

change

the color of each button for the winning

combination

so within our check winner function

underneath the first win condition

i'm going to take buttons at index

of row and index of zero

use the config method

and set the background color equal to

let's say green

and i'm going to repeat this process for

the other buttons within this win

condition

so that is row

zero row one and row two

i'll copy all of this paste it

and switch some of these around so these

should all be matching

so zero and column one and column and

two in column

okay so we have zero zero one

one and two two

and one more

zero two one one and

two zero now when we have a winning

combination

the color of the buttons involved in

that combination are going to change to

green

now if there is a tie let's change all

of the buttons to

let's say yellow so i'm going to write

nested for loops for this

four row in range

three for column

in range three

take our buttons at row

and column and change

the background color to yellow or some

other color of your choosing

so if there's a tie they should all be

yellow

i'm trying not to win here it's actually

more complex than what i thought

yep it looks like it's all a tie and the

last thing that we need to do is to fill

in

the new game function so that we can

begin a new game

so let's say global player we would like

access to our player

from inside this function and set player

equal

to a new random choice random

dot choice and pass in our list

of players and we will change our label

label dot config

and set the text equal to player

plus the word turn and we also need to

reset all of our buttons

for row in range

three for

column in range

three buttons

at index of row and index of column

dot config

text equals a set of quotes so it's

empty

and we'll change the background color

factors previously

so the default color for buttons is

actually hexadecimal

f 0 f 0 f 0

so this function will begin a new game

for us

and let's test it to be sure i'm going

to start a new game

reset reset

i'll actually try and win this time and

reset

okay so it looks like the new game

function is working

now another thing that you can do too is

that you can change

the players around let's say we would

like to play as

dollar sign and at sign so this program

is flexible enough

so that you can change the icons of the

players

all right everybody so that's a basic

game of tic-tac-toe for

python if you would like a copy of this

code i will post all of this to the

comments section down below

but yeah that's how to code a basic game

of tic-tac-toe

for python hey what's going on everybody

it's your bro hope you're doing well and

in this video we're going to create a

game of snake using python so

sit back relax and enjoy the show

first thing we should do is import from

tkinter as well as the random module

and let's define all of the different

classes and functions that we'll need

so let's create a class for our snake

object

as well as our food object so for the

time being i'm just going to write pass

for my classes we'll fill these in later

so we have class snake and

class food and

let's define all of the different

functions that we'll need so let's say

we have a function named next

turn

change direction

check collisions

and lastly game over

okay for change direction i'm going to

have one parameter

a new direction

now when i create a game i like to place

a bunch of constants at the top

of my game constants are variables that

you do not want to change

later they're kind of like the settings

however in python

there are no constants compared to other

programming languages

so we're just going to create a bunch of

variables that will behave like them

so constants are values we do not want

to change and they're kind of like the

game settings

and i placed them at the top for

convenience and the naming convention

for a constant is that

all the letters are uppercase so these

will be settings like

the game width the speed etc

so let's say the width of our game will

be 700

but feel free to take the liberty to

pick whatever size you want

so we have game width game height

i'll set this to 700 as well so it's a

square

let's say we have a speed the speed of

the snake how often will our canvas

update

so let's say 50 but the lower the number

the faster the game

and a space size how large are the items

in our game like

the food and body parts of the snake

so i'm going to pick 50 but you can

change this

and body parts how many body parts does

our snake have when we begin a game

let's say three how about a snake

color you can pick a color name

you can use rgb values or you can use a

hexadecimal value

so i'm going to pick green 0 0 ff00 but

you can pick any color you want

how about food color

equals red

and that is ff000

and what about a background color for

the canvas background

color i'll pick black so that is

six zeros

feel free to mess with some of these

colors too so we have a green snake

our food is going to be red and our

background is going to be black

so that is all of the constants for our

game but you can feel free to adjust

them if you like

let's head down to the bottom and make

our window so we have

window equals tk and at the very end we

should have

window dot main loop

let's set a title for this window window

dot title

snack game okay fine i'll spell it right

snake game and if you do not want your

window to be resizable

you can use resizable

and then you have to pass in false twice

it's kind of strange but it's how it is

okay we should have a small window and

we cannot resize this even if we tried

okay let's create a score label

but we probably need a score first so

let's say score equals zero

and an initial direction direction

equals let's say down

now let's create a score label so let's

say label

equals label we're adding our

label to our window let's set the text

equal to score

colon then i'm going to use the format

method

and we will pass in our score whatever

it is

and i'll set a font pick whatever font

you prefer

and 40 is a decent size

and then i'm going to pack this label

let's test it okay we're getting

somewhere

we'll need to create a canvas canvas

equals canvas we're adding it to our

window i'm going to set the background

color

equal to our background constant

i'm going to set our height equal to the

game

height and the width equal

to the game width that we set

and we need to pack this canvas dot pack

and we should have a game board

i'm going to try and center this window

when it appears

so we can do that using a few lines of

code the first thing we'll do is

update our window so that it renders and

then we need to find some dimensions

so let's say the window width

equals window dot w

info width

and window height

equals window

dot w info height

we'll need our screen width

equals window

dot screen width

and screen height

equals window dot w

info screen height

where is it there it is

okay then we need to see how much we're

going to adjust the position of our

window

so let's say x equals

screen width divided by 2

minus window

width divided by two

and do the same thing for y

except this will be screen height

and window height

and that will be why

okay then we need to set the geometry

window

dot geometry

we're going to use an f string

so let's set the window

width times

window height

and then add plus

x plus y

so when we pass in x and y

these cannot be floats they have to be

whole integers

so let's add a cast around x and y

okay now this should be fairly close to

the center

yeah that's not too bad now when we

begin a new game we should create a

snake object as well as a food object

snake equals snake and called the snake

constructor

and food equals food

okay let's fill in our food class first

because i think that'll be easier than

our snake class

so let's head to the food class

now let's create an init method so def

init this will construct a food object

for us

and we need to place our food object

randomly

so for the x coordinate let's say x

equals

random dot rand int and we need a range

the range is going to be zero comma now

with our game board i view it like a

chess board

there's a given amount of spaces so

700 divided by our space size

is 14 possible spots on the x-axis

and then 14 possible spots on the y-axis

so i need to pick one of these spots

randomly

so let's say game

width divided by our space

size so we'll get a random number

between 0 and 14

however this should be exclusive so

let's say -1

and for good measure i'm just going to

add a set of parentheses around this

okay and then we'll convert this to

pixels

so let's multiply all of this by our

space

size the size of each item in the game

and we'll do the same thing for

y but change game width to height

okay we should be good

all right now let's set the coordinates

let's say self dot coordinates

equals a list of x and y

and that's it but make sure you spell

coordinates right

now we need to draw our food object on

our canvas

canvas dot create

oval you can pick a square two if you

like

we need a starting corner that will be

where x

and y is and an ending coordinator

so that will be x and y plus

our space size the size of an object in

that game

so x plus space

size y plus

space size

and you can set a fill color too

fill will be our food color that we

declared

and i recommend adding a tag as well

that'll make it easy to delete this

object

so tag will equal the string food

now let's just test this so we should

have a random circle

or a square if you picked a square

appear someplace at some spot

on my game board cool seems like it's

working

let's work on the snake class next our

snake class we'll need a constructor

and we will set a body size

equal to our body parts

we'll need a list of coordinates

fill this in later and a list

of square graphics

so that will be a list okay

so we need to create a list of

coordinates

we can use a for loop for that so let's

say for

i in range zero

through body parts

we will take self dot coordinates

and append a new list

and the coordinates for each body part

at the start of the game will be

0 0 so that our snake will appear in the

top left corner

now we'll need to create some squares

okay so

for x y

in self dot coordinates

and remember that we have a list of

lists so that's why we're using

x y in self coordinates

we'll create a square equals

canvas dot create

rectangle

so we need a starting corner that will

be x and y

then x plus our

space size the size of each object in

the game

let me use the constant though space

size y plus

space size

and let's set a fill color equal to

our snake color

all right and let's set a tag

for convenience tag equals

a string of snake okay so we have a

list of squares and we can append each

square into our list

self dot squares

dot append and pass in whatever square

that you create

so we have a snake that has a body size

a list of coordinates and a list of

square graphics

now after testing this we should have

the head of our snake in the top left

corner

and now we just need the snake to move

in a given direction every turn

so the initial direction is down but

we'll be able to change that later

so let's head to the next turn function

and there's actually two things we'll

need as parameters that i forgot to fill

in

snake as well as food and we will call

this function when we begin our game

so let's unpack the head of the snake so

that's

x comma y equals

snake dot coordinates

at index of zero so that's the head of

the snake

the coordinates will be stored in x and

y

so let's check to see if our direction

our initial direction equals

up and we'll need some else if

statements

we'll fill this in just a moment

else if our direction equals

down

then left

and then right

okay if our direction is up

then let's take our y coordinate for the

head of our snake

minus equals our space

size so that we move one space up

and then down is plus equals

space size left

is x minus equals

space size and lastly

right is x plus equals space size

okay then we need to call the next turn

function again

for the next turn so we can use window

dot after we need the time

so let's say our game speed

we're going to call the next turn

function and we need to pass in our

arguments of snake and food

snake food

oh and make sure you're not actually

calling the next turn function inside of

the after method you just have to write

the function name of next turn without

the parentheses

okay so let's update the coordinates for

the height for the snake

and write that before we move on to the

next turn

so snake dot coordinates

and we will insert a new set of

coordinates

after updating one of them

so zero will be the index the head of

the snake

and we will insert x and y coordinates

at

this new location now we're going to

create a new graphic for the head of the

snake

square equals canvas dot create

rectangle pass in x

and y for the starting corner of our

rectangle and

the ending corner will be x plus

our space size y

plus our space size

then i will add a fill color of

snake color and then we need to update

our snakes list of squares

so that will be snake dot squares

and insert at

index 0 a new square that we create

okay let's test this one last thing that

we'll need to get this program to run

is that after you create your snake and

food object we should call it the

next turn function and pass in our snake

and food object so we should be able to

test this

so our snake is going to move but we

need to delete the

last body part in our snake within the

next turn function

but before we update to the next turn

let's delete the last body part of our

snake so delete

snake dot coordinates

at negative index of one that is the

last set of coordinates

we will update our canvas canvas dot

delete

snake dot squares

an index of negative one

and lastly delete snake

the list of squares

at index of negative one

so it should appear that our snake is

moving cool

we need some controls for our snake so

at the bottom of our program

let's bind some keys let's do that here

so window dot bind

let's find the left arrow key

and we will use a lambda

the argument is event and we will call

the

change direction function and pass in

the word left

okay then we have to do the same thing

for the other directions

so we have right

pass in right

up pass in up

down pass in down

let's head to the change direction

function

we need to access our direction global

direction this is the old direction

if our new direction that is passed in

is equal to left

and if our old direction this direction

does not equal right because we do not

want to go backwards and do a 180 degree

turn

then we will set our direction

equal to our new

direction and we just need to repeat

this for the other

directions for new direction

and i'm going to change this to else if

else if new direction is right

and our direction is not already

left

then we have up

if our direction is not down

and down if our

direction is not up okay so we should be

able to change

the direction of our snake

sweet okay we need to eat that pesky

apple next so let's work on that

there's nothing else that we need to

change within the change direction

function so i'm going to minimize

this function and head to the

next turn function

we'll place an if statement here if

x remember that we unpacked the

coordinates

for the head of the snake if x

the x coordinate for the head of the

snake is equal to

our food objects coordinates

at index of zero that's the x-coordinate

for our food object and

y is equal to

food coordinates at index of one

that means they're overlapping

let's take our score

and increment it by one

and change our label label.config

the text will equal

score

and then i'm going to use the format

method

and pass in my new score

let's delete our food object

and we gave our food object a tag so we

can just use the name of the tag

to delete it and create a new food

object

then i'm going to write this part of our

program within an else statement

we will only delete the last body part

of our snake

if we did not eat a food object

okay let's test it again

so i have three body parts now i have

four

five

six seven eight nine

ten you can see that the score is going

up too

okay let's work on collisions next

because i should not be able to go off

screen like this

there's one thing that we're going to

change so let's add an

if statement that will check collisions

this will return true or false if we

detect a collision

and pass in our snake object

if there is a collision we'll call the

game over function

else we will update to the next turn

okay let's fill in the check collisions

function

and we no longer need our function of

next turn

actually we don't need these classes

either so i'll minimize them

okay check collisions so it looks like

we will need a parameter of snake

so be sure to set that

let's unpack the head of the snake x

y equals snake dot coordinates

at index of zero

and let's check to see if we cross the

left or

right border of the game if x

is less than zero or

x is greater than or equal to

our game width

then return true i think for testing

purposes i'm going to print something to

the console window

game over let's test it

okay i'm going to go over to the right

border game over and our game stopped

let's go over the left game over

cool so we know that it's working okay

let's do the same thing for y

we can use else if here

if y is less than zero or

y is greater than or equal to our game

height let's print game over

and return true and we should probably

test it

okay i'm going up game over and let's go

down

game over

so what if our snake touches its tail or

another body part

so let's say four i actually i

isn't too descriptive let's say for

every body part

in snake dot coordinates

we're going to set this to everything

after the head of the snake

we're going to check to see if any of

the coordinates are matching

if x is equal to

body part at index

0 and

y is equal to body

part at index 1

then return true

and i'll print game over to test it

print game over

otherwise we can return false there are

no collisions

i think i'm going to change the size of

the snake

to 10. okay let's run into each other

cool game over and the last thing that

we need to do

is to fill in the game over function

because it looks like everything else is

fine

so head to the game over function take

your canvas and delete all

and we'll create some game over text

canvas

create text

i would like this in the center of my

canvas

i'll take canvas w info

width divided by two comma

canvas w info height

divided by two i'm going to put some of

this on the next line

for readability i'll set a font

pick whatever font that you want

we'll need some text

text equals game over

pick a color red's decent

i'll add a tag too for convenience game

over and that should be it for the game

over function

i'm going to change the body parts of

the snake back to what it was originally

and we should probably test that game

over screen

all right it appeared okay so let's

change some of these settings around

you can create a larger game board let's

say

1000 by 700

that still works you can slow down the

speed or speed it up

so 100 will be about half as fast

it's going pretty slow now but what if

we set it to

20.

you can change the space size

so everything is a lot smaller now

including the food

object

you can change the body parts what about

20 to begin with

that's fairly excessive

i'll change that back to three you can

change the snake color

let's say we would like a blue snake

so that is for a hex color

four zeros and then two f's

you can change the food color so let's

say we would like a yellow food

object so that would be four f's and

then two zeros

kind of resembles the python logo that

color scheme

you can change the background color too

so let's say

all white that would be six apps

i do not like that go back delete delete

delete alright well

that should be everything let's run this

game one last time

[Music]

[Music]

well everybody that is a very basic game

of snake for beginners i will post all

of this code to the comment section down

below but yeah that's a basic game of

snake

using python hey you

yeah i'm talking to you if you learned

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[Music]

you