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it's a state that's
witnessed epic battles.
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here, troops faced off
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in the last great clash
of the civil war...
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a young hollywood fighter
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famously climbed
steps to glory...
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and fans come to roar with
the legendary nittany lions.
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no other state has sailed
on the winds of freedom
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like pennsylvania.
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a land settled by refugees
and hard-working pioneers,
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where age-old traditions
still thrive.
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it's in pennsylvania
that one entrepreneur
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turned cows' milk and cocoa
into a billion-dollar brand,
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00:00:48,584 --> 00:00:51,921
and where others are racing
to unlock buried treasure
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trapped miles underground.
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00:00:55,192 --> 00:00:57,928
but it's also here that america
came face-to-face
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with the threat of
nuclear disaster,
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00:01:00,631 --> 00:01:05,602
and where a 9/11 tragedy is
still being remembered today.
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aerial pennsylvania soars over
two of america's great cities...
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one forged by lofty ideals,
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the other by glass and steel.
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it's played such an essential
role in the birth of america,
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it's known as
the keystone state.
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this is pennsylvania.
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high over 21st century
philadelphia,
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a 17th century giant
stands guard.
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cast in solid bronze by sculptor
alexander milne calder,
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and standing 37 feet high,
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it's the tallest statue
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atop any building
in the world.
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but this man wasn't a president
or a mythical figure.
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he was an english quaker,
philosopher and entrepreneur
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named william penn.
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penn won his perch
atop city hall
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by founding philadelphia
and pennsylvania in 1681,
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and by guaranteeing those
who came to settle here
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freedom of religion.
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for many at the time,
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that was an idea unknown
in their native lands.
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00:03:04,554 --> 00:03:07,891
penn's "holy experiment"
drew thousands of settlers
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00:03:07,925 --> 00:03:11,494
and inspired america's
founding fathers a century later
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as they outlined their
new country's constitution.
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for years,
out of respect for penn,
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developers in philadelphia
didn't build any structures
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that stood higher
than his statue.
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at least until 1987,
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when the spire
of a new building,
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called one liberty place
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00:03:33,550 --> 00:03:38,022
shot up 397 feet higher
than penn's cap.
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00:03:41,992 --> 00:03:44,494
but soon
philadelphia sports fans
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00:03:44,528 --> 00:03:46,464
were scratching their heads.
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00:03:49,065 --> 00:03:51,402
after one liberty place
was completed,
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none of the city's four
professional sports teams
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won a single championship
for years.
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locals called it
"billy penn's curse."
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00:04:02,479 --> 00:04:06,116
luckily, it wasn't
to last forever.
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00:04:06,148 --> 00:04:07,650
in 2007,
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00:04:07,683 --> 00:04:10,887
construction workers finishing
a new, even taller tower--
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00:04:10,921 --> 00:04:13,489
now home to the cable giant
comcast--
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00:04:13,523 --> 00:04:16,126
fixed a tiny replica
of penn's statue
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to one of its highest beams.
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they hoped it would
placate penn's spirit
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and end the curse
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by putting him back on top.
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to the surprise of many,
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the very next year the phillies
staged a major comeback
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and won the 2008 world series.
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today, many visitors who come
to the phillies' home games
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here at citizens bank park
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aren't aware of the tale of how
workers on the comcast tower
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may have changed
the history of this team.
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william penn's legacy still
towers over philadelphia.
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00:05:05,441 --> 00:05:07,944
but these days,
the city looks quite different
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00:05:07,977 --> 00:05:11,314
from the utopian one
penn first mapped out.
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00:05:13,684 --> 00:05:17,588
having seen the damage of
london's great fire of 1666,
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00:05:17,621 --> 00:05:20,357
he planned philadelphia
with wide streets
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and large house lots
to help keep the city safe.
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but in the end,
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most residents crowded in
close to the ports instead.
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what do remain are
the five public squares
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penn sketched into his plan.
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he called this one
northwest square.
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00:05:48,819 --> 00:05:51,957
today, it's known
as logan circle.
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00:05:51,979 --> 00:05:53,948
in a city as old
as philadelphia,
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there's always restoration
to be done.
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this scaffolding hides
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one of the most historic
buildings in america--
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independence hall.
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00:06:05,294 --> 00:06:07,697
it was here that
the declaration of independence
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was adopted on july 4, 1776.
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00:06:14,237 --> 00:06:17,407
and it was here where the famous
liberty bell first rang out
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00:06:17,439 --> 00:06:21,911
four days later to call citizens
to hear the declaration read.
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00:06:23,446 --> 00:06:27,016
today, this steeple holds
the centennial bell.
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the original liberty bell
has been moved
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to a new visitor center,
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angled at the corner of
the green down below.
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nine of the 56 signers of
the declaration of independence
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lived in pennsylvania.
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the house and printshop
of benjamin franklin
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once stood just blocks
from independence hall.
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they were torn down
in the 19th century.
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00:06:50,405 --> 00:06:52,775
today, white steel structures
mark the site
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of the original
house and workshop
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where franklin printed his
famous poor richard's almanac.
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opened in 1976,
this innovative memorial
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00:07:01,850 --> 00:07:05,521
was designed by
architect robert venturi.
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00:07:05,554 --> 00:07:07,956
beneath it lies
an underground museum
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00:07:07,989 --> 00:07:10,961
that chronicles franklin's
life and work.
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00:07:13,728 --> 00:07:15,164
when the declaration
of independence
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was actually signed,
in august 1776,
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america's freedom was
anything but assured.
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00:07:22,939 --> 00:07:24,340
by the next fall,
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philadelphia was back under
the control of british troops.
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00:07:29,045 --> 00:07:31,980
george washington tried
to retake the city,
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but his army of militia
were poorly trained,
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and failed.
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they were forced to retreat.
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on december 19, 1777,
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washington and his men
arrived here in valley forge,
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just 20 miles away
from the city,
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and set up camp for the winter.
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00:07:51,934 --> 00:07:55,037
the men hailed from
nearly all 13 colonies,
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00:07:55,071 --> 00:07:58,340
but few had formal
military training.
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00:07:58,374 --> 00:08:00,809
"if the army does not
get help soon," he warned,
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00:08:00,843 --> 00:08:04,646
"in all likelihood,
it will disband."
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following his withdrawal,
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00:08:06,115 --> 00:08:08,918
many had doubts about whether
washington was the right man
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to lead america's
battle for freedom.
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00:08:12,588 --> 00:08:15,992
each year, thousands of students
come to valley forge
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to learn the dramatic story
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00:08:17,760 --> 00:08:20,764
of how washington managed
to win the war.
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00:08:22,098 --> 00:08:23,532
as soon as he arrived,
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washington set up
his living quarters
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in the second story
of this home,
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00:08:27,002 --> 00:08:30,939
then owned by a local miller
named isaac potts.
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00:08:30,973 --> 00:08:32,074
but the rank and file were left
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to build their own
primitive log huts.
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the outlines of some of
those original foundations
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are still visible today.
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00:08:41,784 --> 00:08:44,654
others have been reconstructed.
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00:08:44,686 --> 00:08:45,954
thousands of the men
were dressed
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in nothing more than tatters.
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many didn't even have shoes
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and left bloody footprints
in the snow.
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washington called conditions at
valley forge "truly deplorable."
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more than a quarter of
the 11,000 soldiers
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would die of diseases.
147
00:09:08,511 --> 00:09:10,146
as they headed into the winter,
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00:09:10,179 --> 00:09:11,347
washington knew that
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if the survivors didn't
get help quickly,
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00:09:14,016 --> 00:09:16,553
the war could be lost.
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00:09:21,690 --> 00:09:23,692
by january 1778,
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00:09:23,726 --> 00:09:26,328
the surviving forces of
george washington's army
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00:09:26,362 --> 00:09:28,997
were still bunkered down
at valley forge
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00:09:29,030 --> 00:09:30,900
and lacked the military training
they needed
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00:09:30,933 --> 00:09:34,504
to overcome british forces
and retake philadelphia
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just 20 miles to the southeast.
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but on february 23rd,
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a prussian military officer
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named friedrich
wilhelm von steuben
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arrived in the camp and offered
to train the troops.
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washington immediately
put him to work.
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on these fields,
von steuben drilled the men,
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taught them how to reload
their muskets in battle,
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to charge with bayonets,
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00:10:01,830 --> 00:10:05,334
and how to march together
as a unified force.
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00:10:06,901 --> 00:10:09,771
by the time washington's army
marched out of valley forge
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on june 19, 1778,
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they were well-trained
and ready to fight.
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when battle resumed,
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00:10:18,814 --> 00:10:20,717
the british were shocked
to discover
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that they and the americans
were now evenly matched.
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the war of american independence
continued on
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for more than three years.
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00:10:32,694 --> 00:10:34,896
by the time the british
finally admitted defeat,
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on october 19, 1781,
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faith in george washington's
leadership
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had been restored.
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00:10:42,938 --> 00:10:46,843
in 1789, he was sworn in
in new york city
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as the first president
of the united states.
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a year later,
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philadelphia became the new
nation's temporary capital.
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00:10:56,285 --> 00:11:00,789
in 1909, a new building for
philadelphia's museum of art
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rose next door on the site of
the city's former reservoir.
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it has one of the greatest
collections of american art
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in the country.
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00:11:12,699 --> 00:11:15,801
but many know this building
not for its art
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but for the tough fighter
who famously climbed its steps.
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it was here where
sylvester stallone trained
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00:11:23,575 --> 00:11:28,380
as the character rocky balboa in
the oscar-winning 1976 film
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00:11:28,414 --> 00:11:31,384
that made him a star.
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00:11:31,416 --> 00:11:34,019
many come to philadelphia
just to climb these steps
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00:11:34,053 --> 00:11:39,025
inspired by rocky's perseverance
and his rags-to-riches story.
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00:11:40,492 --> 00:11:43,829
rocky came from philadelphia's
tough streets,
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00:11:43,862 --> 00:11:47,501
but they weren't just tough
in the 1970s.
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00:11:47,534 --> 00:11:49,503
philadelphia's criminal history
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00:11:49,535 --> 00:11:51,737
is as colorful as
the public murals
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00:11:51,771 --> 00:11:54,074
on many of its buildings today.
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00:11:57,276 --> 00:11:59,578
in the years after
american independence,
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00:11:59,612 --> 00:12:02,449
philadelphia's jails swelled.
200
00:12:02,482 --> 00:12:04,284
so in 1822,
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00:12:04,317 --> 00:12:06,319
the city commissioned
a new prison
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00:12:06,352 --> 00:12:10,122
designed by british architect
john haviland.
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00:12:10,155 --> 00:12:12,626
this is eastern state
penitentiary,
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former home of
notorious criminals
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00:12:14,459 --> 00:12:18,297
like bank robber willy sutton
and mobster al capone
206
00:12:18,330 --> 00:12:20,499
and where actors
bruce willis and brad pitt
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00:12:20,532 --> 00:12:24,403
shot the film "12 monkeys."
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00:12:24,436 --> 00:12:27,273
the unique star-shaped design
of eastern state
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00:12:27,306 --> 00:12:29,575
was inspired by
the enlightenment ideals
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00:12:29,608 --> 00:12:31,677
of philadelphia's founders.
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00:12:31,710 --> 00:12:34,380
the idea was not just
to punish its inmates,
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00:12:34,414 --> 00:12:38,418
but to encourage them to repent.
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00:12:38,450 --> 00:12:40,653
after its opening in 1829,
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00:12:40,686 --> 00:12:44,557
prisoners were kept in solitary
confinement 24 hours a day,
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00:12:44,591 --> 00:12:47,861
so they could reflect
on their crimes.
216
00:12:47,894 --> 00:12:49,963
locked up in
innovative cellblocks
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00:12:49,996 --> 00:12:53,766
that radiated like spokes from
a central surveillance rotunda
218
00:12:53,800 --> 00:12:55,669
in cells with no windows,
219
00:12:55,702 --> 00:12:59,905
only skylights designed to
serve as the "eyes of god,"
220
00:12:59,939 --> 00:13:01,974
around the clock surveillance
from heaven
221
00:13:02,007 --> 00:13:04,578
to encourage true repentance.
222
00:13:05,877 --> 00:13:08,047
this innovative approach
made eastern state famous
223
00:13:08,080 --> 00:13:10,850
as the first penitentiary.
224
00:13:12,251 --> 00:13:14,020
when charles dickens
toured the prison,
225
00:13:14,053 --> 00:13:19,025
he labeled its strict system
"hopeless, cruel and wrong."
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00:13:19,058 --> 00:13:21,595
but french historian
alexis de tocqueville believed
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00:13:21,627 --> 00:13:26,333
there could be no more powerful
program for reform.
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00:13:26,366 --> 00:13:28,434
he wasn't alone.
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00:13:28,468 --> 00:13:30,971
eastern state became the model
for hundreds of other prisons
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00:13:31,003 --> 00:13:33,973
around the world,
in russia, china,
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00:13:34,006 --> 00:13:36,709
and countries across
the british empire.
232
00:13:38,777 --> 00:13:41,280
today the prison's
legendary cell blocks
233
00:13:41,314 --> 00:13:44,416
offer visitors
a unique glimpse of life
234
00:13:44,449 --> 00:13:47,588
for some in old philadelphia.
235
00:13:51,156 --> 00:13:52,791
but in other parts of town,
236
00:13:52,824 --> 00:13:56,929
the 19th century can seem
like ancient history,
237
00:13:56,963 --> 00:13:58,098
especially here,
238
00:13:58,131 --> 00:14:01,134
at the intersection of
9th street and passyunk.
239
00:14:03,001 --> 00:14:05,505
two famous
cheesesteak sandwich shops
240
00:14:05,538 --> 00:14:07,073
have been facing off
on this corner
241
00:14:07,106 --> 00:14:09,208
for more than 60 years,
242
00:14:09,242 --> 00:14:13,146
each vying for the title of
"the cheesesteak king."
243
00:14:15,348 --> 00:14:19,785
pat's fans claim he invented
the steak sandwich in 1933.
244
00:14:19,819 --> 00:14:22,222
geno's insist that
owner joey vento
245
00:14:22,255 --> 00:14:26,359
was the one who added
the cheese in 1966.
246
00:14:26,391 --> 00:14:27,926
the argument has
been bubbling over
247
00:14:27,959 --> 00:14:30,696
into this intersection
ever since.
248
00:14:32,431 --> 00:14:35,200
luckily, pennsylvanians
love rivalry,
249
00:14:35,233 --> 00:14:38,037
and not just in philadelphia.
250
00:14:42,407 --> 00:14:43,642
in pennsylvania,
251
00:14:43,675 --> 00:14:45,811
there may be just one thing
that shouts "autumn"
252
00:14:45,844 --> 00:14:49,315
louder than the state's
gorgeous fall leaves...
253
00:14:51,483 --> 00:14:55,622
the fans at a penn state
football game.
254
00:14:55,655 --> 00:14:58,891
penn state is among the top 15
public universities in america,
255
00:14:58,925 --> 00:15:02,529
but it may be most famous
for its football team.
256
00:15:02,561 --> 00:15:05,230
the nittany lions have been
hitting the field for penn state
257
00:15:05,264 --> 00:15:08,902
and revving up the fans
since 1887.
258
00:15:10,803 --> 00:15:13,073
today, they play
their home games here,
259
00:15:13,106 --> 00:15:15,442
in beaver stadium.
260
00:15:15,474 --> 00:15:18,210
when it's full, there are enough
people in the stadium alone
261
00:15:18,243 --> 00:15:21,480
to make it pennsylvania's
third biggest city.
262
00:15:24,684 --> 00:15:29,021
beaver stadium has
107,000 seats in all.
263
00:15:31,124 --> 00:15:33,559
only one other venue in
north america tops it--
264
00:15:33,592 --> 00:15:37,429
the university of michigan's
big house.
265
00:15:37,463 --> 00:15:39,065
but penn state fans insist
266
00:15:39,098 --> 00:15:42,868
their stadium has something
michigan's doesn't--
267
00:15:42,902 --> 00:15:45,939
an acoustic quirk that
amplifies crowd noise
268
00:15:45,972 --> 00:15:49,075
from the upper decks
like a megaphone.
269
00:15:49,107 --> 00:15:52,578
when 20,000 penn state fans
cheer from the student section
270
00:15:52,611 --> 00:15:54,580
at the southern end
of the stadium,
271
00:15:54,614 --> 00:15:57,183
their voices shoot
across the field
272
00:15:57,215 --> 00:15:58,318
and can make it tough
273
00:15:58,350 --> 00:16:01,521
for the opposing team
to call out plays.
274
00:16:01,553 --> 00:16:06,191
the nittany lions have had seven
undefeated seasons since 1887.
275
00:16:06,224 --> 00:16:08,962
they won 27 of 44 bowl games
276
00:16:08,994 --> 00:16:11,764
and two undisputed
national championships.
277
00:16:11,798 --> 00:16:13,299
five of its graduates
have earned places
278
00:16:13,331 --> 00:16:16,201
in the pro football
hall of fame--
279
00:16:16,234 --> 00:16:20,906
an amazing legacy that's due
mostly to the work of one man--
280
00:16:20,940 --> 00:16:23,376
joe paterno.
281
00:16:23,408 --> 00:16:27,546
paterno served as head coach
here for nearly 50 years.
282
00:16:27,579 --> 00:16:30,550
he made sure that his players
performed well on the field,
283
00:16:30,582 --> 00:16:32,785
and in the classroom, too,
284
00:16:32,819 --> 00:16:35,754
a rarity among top college
football teams.
285
00:16:35,788 --> 00:16:40,393
"success with honor"
was paterno's motto.
286
00:16:40,425 --> 00:16:41,694
but in 2011,
287
00:16:41,726 --> 00:16:44,430
his legacy was tarnished when
a former assistant coach
288
00:16:44,463 --> 00:16:47,400
was accused of
sexually abusing children.
289
00:16:48,167 --> 00:16:50,770
the university's president and
coach paterno were blamed
290
00:16:50,804 --> 00:16:53,807
for not responding
forcefully enough
291
00:16:53,839 --> 00:16:56,876
and both were compelled
to step down.
292
00:16:56,910 --> 00:17:00,781
paterno died just a few months
later from lung cancer.
293
00:17:04,417 --> 00:17:09,489
penn state started as
an agricultural school in 1855.
294
00:17:09,522 --> 00:17:11,891
its hometown,
called state college,
295
00:17:11,924 --> 00:17:15,261
lies in the very center
of pennsylvania,
296
00:17:15,295 --> 00:17:18,465
in the heart of
the allegheny mountains,
297
00:17:18,498 --> 00:17:21,969
part of the appalachian range
that splits the state in two.
298
00:17:24,070 --> 00:17:27,106
long before highways
cut through these mountains,
299
00:17:27,140 --> 00:17:31,745
people had to cross on
foot, horseback or cart.
300
00:17:31,778 --> 00:17:34,114
goods that arrived at
the mountains by canal
301
00:17:34,146 --> 00:17:35,648
had to be carried
up and over them
302
00:17:35,682 --> 00:17:38,818
on incline railways or wagons.
303
00:17:40,554 --> 00:17:44,425
in the 1820s, pennsylvania began
to lose valuable trade
304
00:17:44,458 --> 00:17:46,927
to new york's erie canal.
305
00:17:46,960 --> 00:17:48,662
if the state was
going to prosper,
306
00:17:48,694 --> 00:17:52,365
it needed its own
high-speed link to the west.
307
00:17:52,398 --> 00:17:54,267
that challenge led
to the creation
308
00:17:54,300 --> 00:17:58,038
of one of pennsylvania's
great engineering marvels.
309
00:17:58,070 --> 00:17:59,807
since normal train engines
couldn't make it
310
00:17:59,839 --> 00:18:02,509
straight up the alleghenies'
steep flanks,
311
00:18:02,541 --> 00:18:06,212
engineers had to come up
with another solution.
312
00:18:06,246 --> 00:18:10,817
in 1851, 450 workers
from county cork, ireland,
313
00:18:10,851 --> 00:18:13,654
descended on this corner
of pennsylvania.
314
00:18:13,686 --> 00:18:15,555
they labored for three years
315
00:18:15,588 --> 00:18:18,491
using mostly just picks,
shovels and gunpowder
316
00:18:18,525 --> 00:18:20,761
to carve ledges for train tracks
317
00:18:20,794 --> 00:18:25,365
that rose gradually up two
opposing allegheny mountains.
318
00:18:25,397 --> 00:18:27,767
with the rubble,
they then filled in the middle
319
00:18:27,800 --> 00:18:30,236
to create a giant
curved embankment
320
00:18:30,269 --> 00:18:33,840
which finally allowed trains
to cross the mountains.
321
00:18:33,874 --> 00:18:37,678
their work has been known
ever since as horseshoe curve.
322
00:18:39,045 --> 00:18:40,748
railway buffs still come today
323
00:18:40,780 --> 00:18:42,782
hoping to catch
three trains at once
324
00:18:42,816 --> 00:18:44,884
passing on the three
sets of tracks
325
00:18:44,917 --> 00:18:47,787
that wind their way
around the curve.
326
00:18:49,923 --> 00:18:52,625
when it first opened
for traffic in 1854,
327
00:18:52,659 --> 00:18:55,562
it was hailed as
a wonder of a new age.
328
00:18:55,595 --> 00:18:58,398
the main line of the famed
pennsylvania railroad
329
00:18:58,431 --> 00:19:01,499
was finally complete.
330
00:19:01,734 --> 00:19:04,036
before, it had taken
three and a half days
331
00:19:04,069 --> 00:19:06,874
for goods to journey
across the state.
332
00:19:06,906 --> 00:19:08,875
now, in just 13 hours,
333
00:19:08,909 --> 00:19:12,613
a single train could travel
from philadelphia
334
00:19:12,645 --> 00:19:15,249
to pennsylvania's growing
industrial powerhouse
335
00:19:15,281 --> 00:19:17,083
in the west...
336
00:19:18,852 --> 00:19:21,021
the city of pittsburgh!
337
00:19:23,423 --> 00:19:24,657
its location,
338
00:19:24,691 --> 00:19:27,059
where the allegheny and
monongahela rivers meet
339
00:19:27,093 --> 00:19:29,129
and create the mighty ohio,
340
00:19:29,162 --> 00:19:32,900
earned pittsburgh the title
"the gateway to the west."
341
00:19:34,901 --> 00:19:38,939
locals refer to this confluence
as "the point."
342
00:19:38,971 --> 00:19:40,874
it was from this site that
lewis and clark set off
343
00:19:40,906 --> 00:19:43,543
on their journey west in 1803,
344
00:19:43,576 --> 00:19:45,612
establishing pittsburgh's
important role
345
00:19:45,644 --> 00:19:48,182
in america's westward expansion.
346
00:19:49,615 --> 00:19:53,052
the city's first major industry
was glass production,
347
00:19:53,086 --> 00:19:56,923
thanks to a plentiful supply
of sand and limestone nearby.
348
00:19:59,392 --> 00:20:03,163
today, the most distinctive
tower on the pittsburgh skyline
349
00:20:03,195 --> 00:20:06,666
is the headquarters of the
pittsburgh plate glass company,
350
00:20:06,700 --> 00:20:10,971
founded more than
a century ago in 1883.
351
00:20:11,003 --> 00:20:14,607
designed by legendary architects
philip johnson and john burgee
352
00:20:14,641 --> 00:20:16,543
in the early 1980s,
353
00:20:16,576 --> 00:20:18,812
the building was quickly
hailed as a landmark
354
00:20:18,845 --> 00:20:21,615
of a new postmodern style.
355
00:20:24,183 --> 00:20:26,886
a dazzling modern
cathedral to glass,
356
00:20:26,920 --> 00:20:29,990
sheathed in a million
square feet of it.
357
00:20:33,259 --> 00:20:34,760
on pittsburgh's north side
358
00:20:34,794 --> 00:20:37,998
stands the headquarters of
a very different kind of company
359
00:20:38,030 --> 00:20:40,834
that's helped put
this city on the map.
360
00:20:40,866 --> 00:20:45,605
henry john heinz started selling
horseradish in 1869,
361
00:20:45,638 --> 00:20:48,375
but went bankrupt
six years later.
362
00:20:48,407 --> 00:20:49,709
he tried again,
363
00:20:49,742 --> 00:20:52,712
this time marketing a slightly
more palatable product
364
00:20:52,746 --> 00:20:54,114
for americans--
365
00:20:54,146 --> 00:20:58,051
ketchup, which is now sold
on six continents.
366
00:20:59,885 --> 00:21:01,488
part of his original factory
367
00:21:01,520 --> 00:21:04,357
has been turned into
high-end apartments.
368
00:21:07,559 --> 00:21:11,030
but ultimately,
it wasn't glass or ketchup
369
00:21:11,064 --> 00:21:12,566
that transformed pittsburgh
370
00:21:12,598 --> 00:21:15,468
into one of america's great
industrial cities.
371
00:21:15,501 --> 00:21:17,770
it was steel.
372
00:21:17,804 --> 00:21:20,874
steel that built many
of the city's bridges.
373
00:21:20,906 --> 00:21:23,843
pittsburgh is the bridge capital
of the world.
374
00:21:23,876 --> 00:21:28,447
it has 446 bridges of
all kinds and shapes,
375
00:21:28,480 --> 00:21:30,951
more than the city of venice.
376
00:21:33,185 --> 00:21:36,255
this one was named for one of
pittsburgh's native sons,
377
00:21:36,288 --> 00:21:38,525
artist andy warhol.
378
00:21:41,193 --> 00:21:43,997
steel is everywhere
in pittsburgh.
379
00:21:44,029 --> 00:21:47,600
it's even the namesake of
the city's favorite sports team.
380
00:21:47,634 --> 00:21:50,336
the pittsburgh steelers
play here at heinz field,
381
00:21:50,369 --> 00:21:54,240
which was designed to showcase
pittsburgh steel.
382
00:21:54,273 --> 00:21:57,944
for football fans,
this city is sacred ground.
383
00:21:57,978 --> 00:21:59,880
it was here in 1892
384
00:21:59,913 --> 00:22:03,482
that the first professional
football game was ever played
385
00:22:03,516 --> 00:22:05,852
between the allegheny
athletic association
386
00:22:05,884 --> 00:22:08,355
and the pittsburgh
athletic club.
387
00:22:11,324 --> 00:22:12,659
to learn the story
of how pittsburgh
388
00:22:12,692 --> 00:22:15,628
became the steel capital
of the world
389
00:22:15,662 --> 00:22:18,798
requires a trip just outside
of town to braddock,
390
00:22:18,832 --> 00:22:23,704
home to one america's most
historic working steel plants.
391
00:22:23,737 --> 00:22:26,640
every day this facility,
owned by u.s. steel,
392
00:22:26,673 --> 00:22:29,142
turns out the steel used
to make refrigerators,
393
00:22:29,174 --> 00:22:31,544
washing machines, and cars.
394
00:22:31,577 --> 00:22:34,213
it was first built by
a scottish-born entrepreneur
395
00:22:34,247 --> 00:22:36,083
named andrew carnegie
396
00:22:36,115 --> 00:22:38,585
after he learned of a new
technique for making steel
397
00:22:38,617 --> 00:22:40,553
during a trip to england.
398
00:22:40,586 --> 00:22:43,289
eyeing a potential lucrative
market in the u.s.
399
00:22:43,323 --> 00:22:45,225
for the new bessemer steel,
400
00:22:45,258 --> 00:22:48,562
carnegie built the plant and
named it after edgar thompson,
401
00:22:48,595 --> 00:22:52,199
the head of
the pennsylvania railroad.
402
00:22:52,231 --> 00:22:55,902
carnegie needed the railroad to
deliver coal to make his steel,
403
00:22:55,934 --> 00:22:58,137
and the railroad needed
carnegie's steel
404
00:22:58,171 --> 00:23:00,941
to make the rails
its trains ran on.
405
00:23:05,278 --> 00:23:07,514
when the plant opened in 1875,
406
00:23:07,547 --> 00:23:09,649
the first order
carnegie received
407
00:23:09,682 --> 00:23:13,620
was for 2,000 steel rails for
the pennsylvania railroad.
408
00:23:18,590 --> 00:23:23,029
carnegie's visionary investment
made him unbelievably rich.
409
00:23:23,063 --> 00:23:27,234
he sold his company for
$480 million,
410
00:23:27,267 --> 00:23:31,171
which would be worth about
$12.5 billion today.
411
00:23:39,846 --> 00:23:41,314
carnegie used
much of this fortune
412
00:23:41,346 --> 00:23:44,917
to fund more than
2,500 public libraries
413
00:23:44,951 --> 00:23:48,122
and become one of america's
legendary philanthropists.
414
00:23:58,188 --> 00:23:59,890
beginning in the 1960s,
415
00:23:59,924 --> 00:24:03,027
pennsylvania's steel industry
began to downsize.
416
00:24:04,960 --> 00:24:07,829
local iron ore deposits
were running out
417
00:24:07,863 --> 00:24:10,799
and new steel technology
in germany and japan
418
00:24:10,833 --> 00:24:13,970
left pennsylvania steel mills
outmoded.
419
00:24:14,002 --> 00:24:17,072
one by one, many of the state's
legendary mills
420
00:24:17,105 --> 00:24:20,209
began to shut down.
421
00:24:20,241 --> 00:24:22,545
but the bones of
this historic plant,
422
00:24:22,577 --> 00:24:25,080
in the eastern pennsylvania town
of bethlehem,
423
00:24:25,114 --> 00:24:27,182
are being preserved.
424
00:24:27,215 --> 00:24:28,583
this plant provided the steel
425
00:24:28,616 --> 00:24:31,319
for many iconic
american structures,
426
00:24:31,353 --> 00:24:33,056
from new york's
chrysler building
427
00:24:33,088 --> 00:24:36,491
to san francisco's
golden gate bridge.
428
00:24:36,525 --> 00:24:39,062
now, part of the complex
is being redesigned
429
00:24:39,095 --> 00:24:42,999
to house a future national
museum of industrial history,
430
00:24:43,031 --> 00:24:46,468
an affiliate of
the smithsonian institution.
431
00:24:46,501 --> 00:24:47,703
for decades, it thrived
432
00:24:47,737 --> 00:24:50,907
as a mainstay of
pennsylvania's economy,
433
00:24:50,940 --> 00:24:54,076
now, much of the plant is gone.
434
00:24:54,109 --> 00:24:55,477
the smokestacks of many
435
00:24:55,510 --> 00:24:57,879
of pennsylvania's
former steel plants
436
00:24:57,913 --> 00:25:00,650
may be quiet today,
437
00:25:00,682 --> 00:25:03,952
but not those in
this giant factory
438
00:25:03,986 --> 00:25:06,622
that's been satisfying
america's sweet tooth
439
00:25:06,654 --> 00:25:09,259
for more than 100 years.
440
00:25:17,098 --> 00:25:18,867
in the early 1900s,
441
00:25:18,901 --> 00:25:20,570
an ambitious young entrepreneur
442
00:25:20,603 --> 00:25:23,605
chose pennsylvania's
rural derry township
443
00:25:23,638 --> 00:25:26,208
for the site of his new factory.
444
00:25:26,241 --> 00:25:28,610
he knew derry had
the key ingredient he needed
445
00:25:28,644 --> 00:25:30,846
for his business to thrive--
446
00:25:30,880 --> 00:25:33,282
milk--lots of milk--
447
00:25:33,315 --> 00:25:36,451
from lots of cows.
448
00:25:36,484 --> 00:25:40,021
the businessman's name
was milton hershey.
449
00:25:40,055 --> 00:25:43,593
back then, milk chocolate
was an exotic treat,
450
00:25:43,625 --> 00:25:45,228
imported from switzerland,
451
00:25:45,260 --> 00:25:48,196
where the recipe was
a closely guarded secret.
452
00:25:48,230 --> 00:25:50,333
but that didn't stop hershey.
453
00:25:50,365 --> 00:25:52,367
after weeks of trial and error,
454
00:25:52,401 --> 00:25:54,836
he finally came up
with his own formula
455
00:25:54,869 --> 00:25:59,574
and became the first american to
manufacture milk chocolate.
456
00:25:59,607 --> 00:26:03,211
today his chocolate factory
looks more like a steel mill.
457
00:26:03,244 --> 00:26:04,880
that's because
his little start-up
458
00:26:04,913 --> 00:26:08,617
is now a global colossus that
rakes in billions each year
459
00:26:08,651 --> 00:26:11,187
from sales in 90 countries
460
00:26:11,220 --> 00:26:13,256
and has made
hershey, pennsylvania,
461
00:26:13,288 --> 00:26:15,625
a mecca for chocoholics.
462
00:26:17,125 --> 00:26:21,663
especially after the development
of hershey park in the 1970s.
463
00:26:21,696 --> 00:26:23,665
with dozens of rides
and attractions,
464
00:26:23,699 --> 00:26:26,102
it may be the only
chocolate-flavored theme park
465
00:26:26,134 --> 00:26:27,537
in the world
466
00:26:27,569 --> 00:26:32,307
thanks in large part to the milk
from pennsylvania's cows.
467
00:26:32,340 --> 00:26:34,376
but milk chocolate isn't
the only popular product
468
00:26:34,410 --> 00:26:38,014
to be made from the bounty of
pennsylvania's rich farmland.
469
00:26:40,215 --> 00:26:42,984
locally produced grain was
a principle ingredient
470
00:26:43,018 --> 00:26:44,519
in yuengling beer
471
00:26:44,553 --> 00:26:45,888
when a family of
german immigrants
472
00:26:45,921 --> 00:26:49,859
started making it here
in pottsville in 1829.
473
00:26:51,594 --> 00:26:53,863
today, yuengling is
still family run
474
00:26:53,895 --> 00:26:56,365
in the company's
original brewery.
475
00:26:57,766 --> 00:26:59,468
it's been reported
that yuengling
476
00:26:59,500 --> 00:27:02,437
is president barack obama's
favorite beer,
477
00:27:02,471 --> 00:27:03,506
which may be why he sent
478
00:27:03,538 --> 00:27:05,040
canada's prime minister
a case of it
479
00:27:05,074 --> 00:27:08,745
after losing a friendly wager
over a hockey game.
480
00:27:15,451 --> 00:27:17,286
german brewmasters
are just one example
481
00:27:17,318 --> 00:27:19,622
of the wide array of
european settlers
482
00:27:19,654 --> 00:27:21,523
that landed in pennsylvania,
483
00:27:21,557 --> 00:27:24,393
thanks to william penn's promise
of individual liberty
484
00:27:24,425 --> 00:27:26,361
and religious freedom.
485
00:27:27,930 --> 00:27:30,266
today, descendants of
some of those settlers
486
00:27:30,298 --> 00:27:33,568
still live and work much
as their forbearers did,
487
00:27:33,602 --> 00:27:37,807
here in lancaster county's
pennsylvania dutch community.
488
00:27:39,842 --> 00:27:42,645
though that nickname
is a little misleading.
489
00:27:42,678 --> 00:27:44,714
their ancestors weren't dutch.
490
00:27:44,747 --> 00:27:48,484
they were swiss and german,
or "deutsch."
491
00:27:48,517 --> 00:27:50,452
persecuted for
their faith at home,
492
00:27:50,486 --> 00:27:54,123
the amish began coming to
pennsylvania in the 1720s
493
00:27:54,155 --> 00:27:57,158
in search of religious freedom.
494
00:27:57,192 --> 00:27:59,662
they settled into
a rustic way of life here
495
00:27:59,694 --> 00:28:01,630
guided by a strict
set of traditions
496
00:28:01,663 --> 00:28:04,567
known as the ordnung,
or "order."
497
00:28:04,599 --> 00:28:06,601
it laid out the principles
of their religion
498
00:28:06,634 --> 00:28:11,706
and dictated every aspect of
their austere lifestyle.
499
00:28:11,740 --> 00:28:16,045
many of their descendants still
carefully follow the ordnung.
500
00:28:21,016 --> 00:28:24,086
but during an adolescent period
called rumspringa,
501
00:28:24,118 --> 00:28:26,923
young amish are allowed to break
with its guidelines
502
00:28:26,955 --> 00:28:28,757
and experience the modern world
503
00:28:28,790 --> 00:28:30,358
to decide for themselves
504
00:28:30,392 --> 00:28:34,997
whether they want to make a
final commitment to their faith.
505
00:28:35,029 --> 00:28:38,334
those who do will spend their
lives raising their families
506
00:28:38,366 --> 00:28:42,637
in solid but plain houses
with few modern conveniences,
507
00:28:42,671 --> 00:28:45,207
doing their housework
and laundry by hand,
508
00:28:45,240 --> 00:28:48,310
and tilling their fields
just as the first amish did,
509
00:28:48,344 --> 00:28:51,881
without tractors or
motorized harvesters,
510
00:28:51,913 --> 00:28:56,551
while tending some of the most
productive farmland in the u.s.,
511
00:28:56,585 --> 00:29:01,524
land that continues to allow
this community to thrive.
512
00:29:01,857 --> 00:29:07,096
today there are over 30,000
amish in lancaster county alone.
513
00:29:07,128 --> 00:29:08,997
but 200 years of inbreeding
514
00:29:09,030 --> 00:29:11,567
have caused a wide range of
genetic irregularities
515
00:29:11,599 --> 00:29:13,368
in their community.
516
00:29:13,402 --> 00:29:16,405
that's why gene-hunters flock
to this corner of pennsylvania
517
00:29:16,437 --> 00:29:19,540
to study amish dna
and help find cures
518
00:29:19,573 --> 00:29:22,444
for children and others
who've been affected.
519
00:29:24,945 --> 00:29:26,982
even with their
expanding numbers,
520
00:29:27,014 --> 00:29:28,550
it's getting harder
for the amish
521
00:29:28,582 --> 00:29:31,386
to keep the modern world at bay.
522
00:29:33,555 --> 00:29:35,424
as more and more people
fill new subdivisions
523
00:29:35,456 --> 00:29:37,191
that were once farms,
524
00:29:37,224 --> 00:29:42,330
some wonder if the amish way of
life will be able to survive.
525
00:29:53,442 --> 00:29:55,210
the survival of
the united states
526
00:29:55,242 --> 00:29:58,847
has also been at stake
in pennsylvania.
527
00:29:58,879 --> 00:30:00,815
in july 1863,
528
00:30:00,848 --> 00:30:03,652
two armies faced off
on a piece of farmland
529
00:30:03,684 --> 00:30:07,123
that's come to be known
simply as gettysburg.
530
00:30:09,691 --> 00:30:13,896
the battle that followed was
the deadliest of the civil war,
531
00:30:13,928 --> 00:30:17,065
one of only two fought
on northern territory,
532
00:30:17,098 --> 00:30:20,269
and certainly one of
the most historic.
533
00:30:22,002 --> 00:30:23,838
for civil war re-enactors,
534
00:30:23,871 --> 00:30:27,342
gettysburg is especially
sacred ground.
535
00:30:28,710 --> 00:30:31,113
these men, with their
period-perfect muskets
536
00:30:31,146 --> 00:30:32,681
and blue flannel coats
537
00:30:32,713 --> 00:30:36,284
are members of the 150th
new york infantry.
538
00:30:37,786 --> 00:30:40,622
back on july 2, 1863,
539
00:30:40,655 --> 00:30:42,257
members of this same regiment,
540
00:30:42,290 --> 00:30:44,726
made up of volunteer farmers
and mill workers,
541
00:30:44,760 --> 00:30:47,029
arrived in gettysburg.
542
00:30:47,061 --> 00:30:50,331
it was to be their first battle.
543
00:30:50,365 --> 00:30:52,134
by then, the war
between the states
544
00:30:52,166 --> 00:30:54,203
had already been
devastating the south
545
00:30:54,235 --> 00:30:56,771
for more than two years.
546
00:30:56,805 --> 00:30:58,707
confederate general
robert e. lee,
547
00:30:58,740 --> 00:31:00,108
stationed in virginia,
548
00:31:00,142 --> 00:31:05,881
had decided it was time for the
north to feel some of that pain.
549
00:31:05,914 --> 00:31:09,318
so in late june,
he split his men into groups
550
00:31:09,350 --> 00:31:12,421
and sent them all north
to pennsylvania.
551
00:31:12,453 --> 00:31:15,124
to the east, union forces
acting as a buffer
552
00:31:15,156 --> 00:31:18,861
between the confederates and the
u.s. capital in washington, dc,
553
00:31:18,894 --> 00:31:21,096
were hot on their heels.
554
00:31:21,129 --> 00:31:23,065
finally on july 1st,
555
00:31:23,097 --> 00:31:26,134
lee's units began to converge
on the federal forces
556
00:31:26,167 --> 00:31:28,403
in the town of gettysburg.
557
00:31:28,437 --> 00:31:31,774
the battle that followed
raged for three days.
558
00:31:40,060 --> 00:31:43,096
the commanding colonel of
the 150th new york infantry
559
00:31:43,130 --> 00:31:45,666
later described
his troop's bravery.
560
00:31:45,699 --> 00:31:48,970
"my men rallied to the front
in double-quick time.
561
00:31:49,002 --> 00:31:52,539
not a man faltered or displayed
the least cowardice.
562
00:31:52,572 --> 00:31:55,308
this regiment was
never before under fire,
563
00:31:55,342 --> 00:31:58,780
and for the coolness and courage
displayed on this occasion,
564
00:31:58,813 --> 00:32:01,583
the men are entitled to
the highest praise."
565
00:32:02,982 --> 00:32:06,486
the union army was too powerful
for the confederates.
566
00:32:06,520 --> 00:32:08,790
on july 4th, independence day,
567
00:32:08,822 --> 00:32:12,326
lee and his rebels retreated
back into virginia.
568
00:32:12,359 --> 00:32:13,661
the tide of the war
had been turned
569
00:32:13,694 --> 00:32:16,063
in the union's favor for good.
570
00:32:16,096 --> 00:32:19,501
the south would never again
threaten the north.
571
00:32:21,067 --> 00:32:24,871
but the north's victory
had come at a terrible cost.
572
00:32:24,904 --> 00:32:27,774
more than 23,000 union soldiers,
573
00:32:27,808 --> 00:32:30,076
and almost 28,000 confederates,
574
00:32:30,110 --> 00:32:32,947
missing, wounded or dead.
575
00:32:34,714 --> 00:32:36,149
in the days after the battle,
576
00:32:36,183 --> 00:32:40,521
thousands of bodies were hurried
into shallow, temporary graves.
577
00:32:40,554 --> 00:32:42,256
later, part of the battlefield
578
00:32:42,288 --> 00:32:46,127
was made into the gettysburg
national cemetery.
579
00:32:46,159 --> 00:32:49,931
it was here on
november 19, 1863,
580
00:32:49,964 --> 00:32:51,599
that president abraham lincoln
581
00:32:51,632 --> 00:32:54,601
gave his legendary
gettysburg address.
582
00:33:00,040 --> 00:33:03,277
"we here highly resolve,"
lincoln declared,
583
00:33:03,310 --> 00:33:06,480
"that these dead shall not
have died in vain,
584
00:33:06,513 --> 00:33:08,882
that this nation, under god,
585
00:33:08,915 --> 00:33:12,152
shall have a new birth
of freedom."
586
00:33:12,185 --> 00:33:16,423
words that undoubtedly would
have made william penn proud.
587
00:33:19,979 --> 00:33:22,081
one of the largest monuments
at gettysburg,
588
00:33:22,115 --> 00:33:24,151
standing 110 feet tall,
589
00:33:24,184 --> 00:33:26,653
is one to pennsylvania's
fallen--
590
00:33:26,686 --> 00:33:28,421
an appropriate honor
for the local men
591
00:33:28,454 --> 00:33:30,190
who bore the brunt
of the battle,
592
00:33:30,224 --> 00:33:32,593
and suffered
the greatest losses.
593
00:33:32,626 --> 00:33:34,461
today americans still recall
594
00:33:34,494 --> 00:33:37,298
the sacrifices
their ancestors made here,
595
00:33:37,331 --> 00:33:40,668
and honor the heroes
who fell at gettysburg
596
00:33:40,700 --> 00:33:43,938
under the rain of rifle fire
and cannons.
597
00:33:46,439 --> 00:33:48,275
on this saturday
in pennsylvania,
598
00:33:48,307 --> 00:33:51,144
people aren't just
commemorating old battles--
599
00:33:51,177 --> 00:33:53,880
they're also preparing
for new ones,
600
00:33:53,914 --> 00:33:56,584
here, at fort indian town gap.
601
00:33:58,418 --> 00:33:59,519
the fort opened as a base
602
00:33:59,552 --> 00:34:03,990
for the pennsylvania
national guard in 1933.
603
00:34:04,023 --> 00:34:06,893
over 100,000 troops
train here each year
604
00:34:06,927 --> 00:34:09,497
from every branch
of the military.
605
00:34:12,999 --> 00:34:14,168
much of that training
takes place
606
00:34:14,200 --> 00:34:16,903
between two
appalachian mountains
607
00:34:16,936 --> 00:34:19,673
in the gap that gave
the fort its name.
608
00:34:21,575 --> 00:34:23,510
the cover
these mountains provide
609
00:34:23,543 --> 00:34:27,081
makes this location perfect
for live fire training.
610
00:34:30,751 --> 00:34:33,220
at range 35,
newly minted soldiers
611
00:34:33,253 --> 00:34:36,856
learn how to handle
m-240 and m-249 machine guns
612
00:34:36,889 --> 00:34:39,792
using live rounds.
613
00:34:39,825 --> 00:34:42,463
this leafy corner of
pennsylvania may seem far away
614
00:34:42,496 --> 00:34:47,267
from the battles that have drawn
many u.s. troops overseas,
615
00:34:47,300 --> 00:34:49,102
but pennsylvania is no stranger
616
00:34:49,135 --> 00:34:52,139
to the threats of
21st century terrorism
617
00:34:52,171 --> 00:34:54,108
or its tragedies.
618
00:34:59,445 --> 00:35:01,314
tragedies that are
still being remembered
619
00:35:01,347 --> 00:35:03,249
by this powerful memorial
620
00:35:03,282 --> 00:35:07,553
etched into a cornfield
in westmoreland county.
621
00:35:07,586 --> 00:35:09,889
on september 11, 2001,
622
00:35:09,923 --> 00:35:13,761
two of the four planes hijacked
by terrorists hit manhattan.
623
00:35:13,793 --> 00:35:15,895
the third struck the pentagon.
624
00:35:15,928 --> 00:35:19,700
the fourth, united flight 93,
crashed here,
625
00:35:19,733 --> 00:35:21,635
in this pennsylvania field,
626
00:35:21,668 --> 00:35:26,140
as its passengers tried
to retake the plane.
627
00:35:26,173 --> 00:35:28,542
everyone on board was killed.
628
00:35:31,144 --> 00:35:34,247
today a simple sign and
a temporary memorial
629
00:35:34,280 --> 00:35:36,516
recall their sacrifice.
630
00:35:36,550 --> 00:35:40,086
work on a more permanent site
is under way.
631
00:35:43,090 --> 00:35:46,459
central pennsylvania is known
for its rolling hills
632
00:35:46,492 --> 00:35:49,762
and fields of corn like these.
633
00:35:49,796 --> 00:35:52,066
it was on the western edge
of this farming belt
634
00:35:52,099 --> 00:35:55,068
that legislators decided to
place the pennsylvania capital
635
00:35:55,102 --> 00:35:57,705
in 1812.
636
00:35:57,738 --> 00:36:01,142
harrisburg has held
that title ever since.
637
00:36:02,709 --> 00:36:03,977
it beat out philadelphia
638
00:36:04,010 --> 00:36:07,648
precisely because of
its central location.
639
00:36:07,680 --> 00:36:11,084
westbound pioneers traveling up
the susquehanna river
640
00:36:11,117 --> 00:36:14,020
helped the new city to prosper.
641
00:36:14,053 --> 00:36:16,856
its population had climbed
to over 50,000
642
00:36:16,889 --> 00:36:19,258
by the time pennsylvania
architect joseph huston
643
00:36:19,291 --> 00:36:23,596
was chosen to design
a new capitol building in 1902.
644
00:36:25,398 --> 00:36:27,166
huston beat out
eight other architects
645
00:36:27,200 --> 00:36:28,836
in a contest for the job,
646
00:36:28,869 --> 00:36:30,070
winning the jurors over
647
00:36:30,102 --> 00:36:33,606
with his elegant american
renaissance design.
648
00:36:35,175 --> 00:36:37,678
as his capitol rose
above harrisburg,
649
00:36:37,711 --> 00:36:40,113
he won praise for
its grand scale
650
00:36:40,146 --> 00:36:41,814
and the glistening,
green ceramic dome
651
00:36:41,847 --> 00:36:45,651
he'd modeled on
st. peter's in rome.
652
00:36:45,684 --> 00:36:47,854
at its dedication in 1906,
653
00:36:47,887 --> 00:36:50,056
president theodore roosevelt
called it
654
00:36:50,090 --> 00:36:53,559
the handsomest building
he had ever seen.
655
00:36:56,433 --> 00:36:58,970
on march 30, 1979,
656
00:36:59,004 --> 00:37:02,174
panic raced through the halls
of the state house.
657
00:37:02,207 --> 00:37:06,344
the blast of an air-raid siren
ripped through the city.
658
00:37:06,377 --> 00:37:10,414
oddly, life seemed to be
imitating art.
659
00:37:10,448 --> 00:37:13,352
a new hollywood thriller called
"the china syndrome,"
660
00:37:13,384 --> 00:37:16,321
starring jack lemmon, jane fonda
and michael douglas
661
00:37:16,353 --> 00:37:18,223
had just been released.
662
00:37:18,256 --> 00:37:19,725
it told a terrifying story
663
00:37:19,757 --> 00:37:23,161
of an impending meltdown
at a nuclear plant.
664
00:37:24,495 --> 00:37:26,631
but now outside harrisburg
665
00:37:26,665 --> 00:37:30,002
it looked like
it was happening for real.
666
00:37:30,035 --> 00:37:33,004
just downriver lies
the three mile island
667
00:37:33,038 --> 00:37:34,974
nuclear power plant.
668
00:37:37,075 --> 00:37:39,710
just days after "the china
syndrome" was released,
669
00:37:39,743 --> 00:37:42,113
a valve in the cooling system
at three mile island
670
00:37:42,147 --> 00:37:43,614
malfunctioned.
671
00:37:43,647 --> 00:37:46,584
many feared that a total
meltdown was imminent,
672
00:37:46,618 --> 00:37:49,121
just as it had been in the film.
673
00:37:51,288 --> 00:37:54,292
if that happened,
much of central pennsylvania
674
00:37:54,326 --> 00:37:58,130
could have been covered
with a radioactive cloud.
675
00:37:58,163 --> 00:38:00,699
governor dick thornburgh urged
pregnant women, and children,
676
00:38:00,732 --> 00:38:02,467
to leave the city.
677
00:38:02,500 --> 00:38:06,872
140,000 people
soon fled harrisburg.
678
00:38:06,904 --> 00:38:08,707
the entire nation
held its breath
679
00:38:08,739 --> 00:38:10,142
as engineers at the plant
struggled
680
00:38:10,174 --> 00:38:13,011
to get the situation
under control.
681
00:38:14,978 --> 00:38:19,017
fortunately,
the worst never came to pass.
682
00:38:19,049 --> 00:38:21,352
a pump at three mile island
was restored
683
00:38:21,386 --> 00:38:25,291
and the heat in the reactor was
finally brought under control.
684
00:38:27,125 --> 00:38:28,760
the crisis was over,
685
00:38:28,792 --> 00:38:31,028
but america's debate
over nuclear energy
686
00:38:31,062 --> 00:38:33,232
was just beginning.
687
00:38:36,901 --> 00:38:38,937
with so much industry
in pennsylvania,
688
00:38:38,970 --> 00:38:40,905
finding new affordable
energy sources
689
00:38:40,939 --> 00:38:44,777
has always been key to
the state's economy.
690
00:38:44,810 --> 00:38:47,680
in the 19th century,
it was coal,
691
00:38:47,713 --> 00:38:50,950
in the 20th,
nuclear power arrived,
692
00:38:50,982 --> 00:38:54,752
and in the 21st century,
it's all of the above,
693
00:38:54,785 --> 00:38:56,321
plus wind.
694
00:38:58,990 --> 00:39:01,793
but these days,
a new energy gold rush
695
00:39:01,827 --> 00:39:04,229
is sweeping across this state,
696
00:39:04,261 --> 00:39:06,832
with the promise of
turning buried stone
697
00:39:06,865 --> 00:39:09,468
into billions of dollars
of treasure.
698
00:39:21,046 --> 00:39:24,550
in 2007, a scientist
named terry engelder
699
00:39:24,584 --> 00:39:27,654
working here at penn state
made a discovery
700
00:39:27,687 --> 00:39:31,425
that would rock america's
energy industry forever.
701
00:39:33,526 --> 00:39:35,761
at the time,
researchers already knew
702
00:39:35,794 --> 00:39:40,599
that traces of natural gas
lay deep under pennsylvania.
703
00:39:40,633 --> 00:39:42,702
but engelder's analysis revealed
704
00:39:42,734 --> 00:39:44,370
there was much more
gas down there
705
00:39:44,403 --> 00:39:46,705
than anyone had expected.
706
00:39:46,738 --> 00:39:50,376
his estimate--enough to power
the entire country
707
00:39:50,410 --> 00:39:52,479
for 20 years.
708
00:39:55,381 --> 00:39:56,516
he wasn't the first
in this state
709
00:39:56,548 --> 00:39:59,552
to stumble across
buried treasure.
710
00:40:02,388 --> 00:40:05,225
in 1790, a hunter
named necho allen
711
00:40:05,258 --> 00:40:08,694
discovered a fortune of coal
outside the town of pottsville
712
00:40:08,727 --> 00:40:10,129
when he lit a campfire
713
00:40:10,162 --> 00:40:13,867
and accidentally set a vein
of the black rock ablaze.
714
00:40:15,935 --> 00:40:19,305
that coal is still
being mined today,
715
00:40:19,338 --> 00:40:22,374
and still putting food on
the table in small patch towns
716
00:40:22,408 --> 00:40:26,312
like this one
called port carbon.
717
00:40:26,345 --> 00:40:28,781
patch towns were originally
built by mining companies
718
00:40:28,814 --> 00:40:31,117
to house miners close to
the patches of coal
719
00:40:31,149 --> 00:40:33,086
where they worked.
720
00:40:36,055 --> 00:40:39,591
coal is still big business here
in eastern pennsylvania.
721
00:40:39,624 --> 00:40:41,493
there are thought to be
seven billion tons
722
00:40:41,526 --> 00:40:44,196
of minable anthracite coal
still underground
723
00:40:44,229 --> 00:40:46,465
worth billions of dollars.
724
00:40:49,635 --> 00:40:52,872
but the gas engelder found
could be worth much more.
725
00:40:52,905 --> 00:40:55,642
it lies embedded in a vast
deposit of black stone
726
00:40:55,675 --> 00:41:00,013
called the marcellus shale that
stretches under pennsylvania
727
00:41:00,046 --> 00:41:02,714
and several other
eastern states.
728
00:41:02,747 --> 00:41:05,818
since engelder went public
with his findings in 2008,
729
00:41:05,852 --> 00:41:08,620
energy companies have drilled
more than 4,000 wells
730
00:41:08,653 --> 00:41:10,055
across the state,
731
00:41:10,089 --> 00:41:13,927
including nearly 500 here,
in washington county.
732
00:41:16,761 --> 00:41:20,966
the gas in the marcellus shale
is literally trapped in stone.
733
00:41:20,999 --> 00:41:25,237
to get it, shafts must be
drilled down thousands of feet.
734
00:41:25,271 --> 00:41:28,374
then a mixture of
chemicals, sand and water
735
00:41:28,406 --> 00:41:31,310
is pumped deep into the rock
under high pressure
736
00:41:31,343 --> 00:41:34,713
to crack the shale
and release the gas.
737
00:41:34,747 --> 00:41:40,353
it's a process called hydraulic
fracturing, or fracking.
738
00:41:40,385 --> 00:41:42,621
under these
washington county fields
739
00:41:42,655 --> 00:41:46,825
lies a vast hidden maze
of gas pipelines.
740
00:41:46,859 --> 00:41:48,094
from time to time,
741
00:41:48,127 --> 00:41:50,563
they pop to the surface
at compressor stations,
742
00:41:50,595 --> 00:41:53,300
which keep the gas flowing
through the system.
743
00:41:57,403 --> 00:42:00,506
much of the natural gas from
across southwestern pennsylvania
744
00:42:00,539 --> 00:42:03,242
ends up here,
745
00:42:03,276 --> 00:42:07,480
a facility known as
the houston plant.
746
00:42:07,513 --> 00:42:09,915
to separate out
the clean natural gas,
747
00:42:09,948 --> 00:42:13,586
it has to be cooled to
minus 120 degrees fahrenheit.
748
00:42:15,120 --> 00:42:18,524
the rest is then sent through
a series of super-heated columns
749
00:42:18,557 --> 00:42:22,995
to extract valuable
ethane, propane and butane.
750
00:42:23,028 --> 00:42:27,032
the leftover waste gas
is burned away.
751
00:42:27,066 --> 00:42:30,602
every day enough natural gas
is being processed here
752
00:42:30,635 --> 00:42:34,707
to meet the needs of more than
1.8 million households.
753
00:42:39,178 --> 00:42:41,481
since fracking
happens underground,
754
00:42:41,513 --> 00:42:44,450
natural gas extraction
can seem harmless
755
00:42:44,482 --> 00:42:46,685
and many pennsylvanians have
been happy to get the fees
756
00:42:46,718 --> 00:42:49,021
from leasing their land.
757
00:42:49,055 --> 00:42:52,058
but environmentalists
have begun sounding alarms
758
00:42:52,091 --> 00:42:55,461
about what might actually
be happening underground.
759
00:42:55,493 --> 00:42:57,497
they say fracking's
high-pressure pumping
760
00:42:57,530 --> 00:43:00,767
could destabilize the land
and leave behind chemicals
761
00:43:00,800 --> 00:43:03,002
that can poison drinking water
762
00:43:03,035 --> 00:43:05,205
or leach into
pennsylvania's rivers,
763
00:43:05,238 --> 00:43:08,140
like the susquehanna.
764
00:43:08,173 --> 00:43:09,841
over the last two centuries,
765
00:43:09,874 --> 00:43:13,146
coal, steel, and other
major industries
766
00:43:13,178 --> 00:43:15,347
have caused widespread
environmental damage
767
00:43:15,381 --> 00:43:16,982
in the state.
768
00:43:17,015 --> 00:43:21,186
many are fearful that fracking
is just adding to that legacy.
769
00:43:21,220 --> 00:43:23,756
the gas companies disagree.
770
00:43:25,290 --> 00:43:28,461
in 2011, congress
ordered a study
771
00:43:28,493 --> 00:43:31,664
of the potential environmental
impact of fracking,
772
00:43:31,696 --> 00:43:34,700
but the investigation
will take years.
773
00:43:40,106 --> 00:43:43,977
in places where industry has
left pennsylvania untouched,
774
00:43:44,010 --> 00:43:46,613
this state is as
wild and beautiful
775
00:43:46,646 --> 00:43:48,714
as it's been for millennia.
776
00:43:48,747 --> 00:43:50,782
70 miles north of philadelphia,
777
00:43:50,816 --> 00:43:52,584
the delaware river sparkles
778
00:43:52,618 --> 00:43:56,856
as it flows through
the famed delaware water gap.
779
00:43:56,888 --> 00:43:58,825
the gap is the centerpiece
780
00:43:58,857 --> 00:44:02,461
of a 70,000-acre
national recreation area.
781
00:44:04,330 --> 00:44:06,132
the mountains that frame
this stunning site
782
00:44:06,164 --> 00:44:09,801
began forming
420 million years ago,
783
00:44:09,834 --> 00:44:13,171
when deposits of quartz and
shale were forced upward
784
00:44:13,205 --> 00:44:16,109
by the collision of
two tectonic plates.
785
00:44:17,910 --> 00:44:21,446
time, rain, glaciers,
and the delaware itself
786
00:44:21,479 --> 00:44:25,385
then carved the gap
through the rock.
787
00:44:25,417 --> 00:44:28,220
beyond it, the river flows along
an ancient course
788
00:44:28,254 --> 00:44:31,156
south to philadelphia.
789
00:44:38,196 --> 00:44:39,631
it was on this river
790
00:44:39,664 --> 00:44:41,400
that william penn first set eyes
791
00:44:41,434 --> 00:44:45,604
on the land that would
become pennsylvania.
792
00:44:45,638 --> 00:44:50,810
land over which his promise of
freedom still echoes today...
793
00:44:50,843 --> 00:44:53,245
from philadelphia's streets,
794
00:44:53,278 --> 00:44:57,249
to the point where america's
pioneers headed west...
795
00:44:57,283 --> 00:45:00,118
and all across its small towns
796
00:45:00,151 --> 00:45:02,421
where tradition thrives
797
00:45:02,455 --> 00:45:04,958
and the nittany lions roar.
798
00:45:06,624 --> 00:45:10,829
it is in this state where
many come to remember...
799
00:45:12,798 --> 00:45:16,336
...and others will never forget.
800
00:45:19,004 --> 00:45:22,208
this is the land of liberty.
801
00:45:22,240 --> 00:45:25,277
this is pennsylvania.63822
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