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00:01:26,376 --> 00:01:27,604
I think everyone is here.
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00:01:27,711 --> 00:01:30,509
If you'd all please take your seats,
we can get started.
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00:01:41,191 --> 00:01:45,059
George Fitch, Christmas Eve, Nanking,
China, 1937.
4
00:01:46,163 --> 00:01:50,327
What I am about to relate is a story
which I feel must be told,
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00:01:50,434 --> 00:01:53,062
even if it is seen by only a few.
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00:01:53,170 --> 00:01:56,105
I cannot rest until I have told it and,
perhaps fortunately,
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00:01:56,206 --> 00:01:59,198
I am one of a very few
who are in a position to tell it.
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00:01:59,943 --> 00:02:02,810
It is not complete, only a part of the whole,
9
00:02:04,381 --> 00:02:07,680
and God alone knows
when it will be finished.
10
00:02:07,784 --> 00:02:09,581
I pray it may be soon,
11
00:02:09,686 --> 00:02:14,180
but I am afraid it is going to go on
for many months to come.
12
00:02:15,292 --> 00:02:18,693
I believe it has no parallel
in modern history.
13
00:02:19,296 --> 00:02:23,232
Bob Wilson.
I was born and grew up here in China.
14
00:02:23,333 --> 00:02:25,164
My parents were both missionaries.
15
00:02:25,936 --> 00:02:27,870
I went away to medical school at Harvard,
16
00:02:27,971 --> 00:02:31,236
but I came back here to live,
and practice medicine.
17
00:02:31,341 --> 00:02:33,332
Nanking is my home.
18
00:02:38,649 --> 00:02:42,881
Minnie Vautrin. Dean of Ginling
Women's College in Nanking.
19
00:02:43,487 --> 00:02:48,083
I'm from Secor, Illinois,
a small farming town on the prairie.
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00:02:55,132 --> 00:02:56,827
John Rabe.
21
00:02:56,933 --> 00:02:59,993
I moved to China from Hamburg
on business, over 30 years ago.
22
00:03:00,637 --> 00:03:02,798
I married my childhood sweetheart
from Germany,
23
00:03:02,906 --> 00:03:05,238
and we raised our two children here.
24
00:03:05,342 --> 00:03:08,402
For the last six years, I've been director
of Siemens China company,
25
00:03:08,512 --> 00:03:10,377
here in Nanking, the capital.
26
00:05:27,217 --> 00:05:30,050
March of Time newsreel, August, 1937.
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00:05:30,821 --> 00:05:34,313
"Today, out of the Far East,
come grim messages of a new conflict."
28
00:05:35,358 --> 00:05:38,589
" The gory chronicle of Japan's war
to crush all of China..."
29
00:05:38,929 --> 00:05:42,160
and gain for herself
sole mastery of the Orient.
30
00:05:45,168 --> 00:05:48,069
Shanghai tastes war at its worst.
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00:05:51,074 --> 00:05:54,009
For, in a war of today,
there is a new element:
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00:05:54,110 --> 00:05:56,010
a fearsome, haphazard, modern fighting
33
00:05:56,112 --> 00:06:00,674
that takes its toll on peaceful cities
and their non-combatant populations.
34
00:06:34,317 --> 00:06:36,842
We always knew Japan wanted China.
35
00:06:36,987 --> 00:06:40,320
I knew it since I was little.
My parents always said,
36
00:06:40,423 --> 00:06:45,224
"Japan wants to conquer China because
we have all the land and all the wealth."
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00:06:45,328 --> 00:06:47,387
And we were right next door.
38
00:06:59,476 --> 00:07:01,467
Everywhere, dugouts can be seen.
39
00:07:02,679 --> 00:07:05,944
In some places,
they are as close as every 200 feet.
40
00:07:07,017 --> 00:07:08,541
Just as you would show
your rose garden
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00:07:08,652 --> 00:07:10,017
to your friends when they call,
42
00:07:10,120 --> 00:07:11,178
now it's customary
43
00:07:11,288 --> 00:07:15,156
to take your friends to your trenches
and caves, to ask their opinion.
44
00:07:54,431 --> 00:07:56,399
Today, we had a genuine thrill.
45
00:07:56,700 --> 00:07:59,760
The first air raid
that any of us had ever experienced.
46
00:08:00,537 --> 00:08:02,266
It probably won't be the last.
47
00:10:34,491 --> 00:10:37,756
During the worst of the bombing,
on the 19th and 20th of September,
48
00:10:38,361 --> 00:10:40,852
I sat with my Chinese
in our homemade dugout,
49
00:10:40,964 --> 00:10:42,397
which is certainly not bomb-proof,
50
00:10:42,499 --> 00:10:46,094
but at least provides protection
against shrapnel and bomb fragments.
51
00:10:46,736 --> 00:10:50,103
Out in the garden, we've also spread
a 20-by-20-foot piece of canvas,
52
00:10:50,206 --> 00:10:52,401
with a swastika painted on it.
53
00:10:53,176 --> 00:10:54,837
In the long hours
of crouching in the dugout,
54
00:10:54,944 --> 00:10:57,412
during the recent bombardment,
I turned on Radio Shanghai
55
00:10:57,514 --> 00:11:00,278
to take my mind off things
with a little music.
56
00:11:00,383 --> 00:11:03,375
And they were playing
Beethoven's "Funeral March"!
57
00:11:03,486 --> 00:11:06,785
Then, to make matters worse,
they announced to their listeners,
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00:11:06,890 --> 00:11:11,418
"This music is kindly dedicated to you
by the Shanghai Funeral Directors."
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00:11:12,829 --> 00:11:16,959
Most of the shops
on the business streets are locked,
60
00:11:17,066 --> 00:11:19,967
and the city has a deserted and forlorn look.
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00:11:20,403 --> 00:11:24,567
The glances cast at me as much as say,
"What? Are you still here?"
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00:11:27,343 --> 00:11:31,109
September 25th.
This has been a terrible day.
63
00:11:32,048 --> 00:11:34,312
Bombs seem to be raining around.
64
00:11:34,417 --> 00:11:38,786
Nanking was subjected
to three terrific air raids.
65
00:11:38,888 --> 00:11:42,517
The count of raids and alarms
has now risen to 39.
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00:11:42,625 --> 00:11:46,186
Gallons of civilian blood flowed today.
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00:12:20,697 --> 00:12:23,928
Under such circumstances, can I...
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00:12:25,168 --> 00:12:27,193
May I cut and run?
69
00:12:28,371 --> 00:12:30,168
I don't think so.
70
00:12:30,940 --> 00:12:35,104
Anyone who has ever sat in the dugout and
held a trembling Chinese child in each hand
71
00:12:35,211 --> 00:12:39,079
through the long hours of an air raid
can understand what I feel.
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00:12:39,616 --> 00:12:43,575
The rich are fleeing.
The poor remain behind.
73
00:12:43,686 --> 00:12:47,554
They don't know where to go.
They don't have the means to flee.
74
00:12:47,757 --> 00:12:51,193
Aren't they in danger
of being slaughtered in great numbers?
75
00:12:51,294 --> 00:12:54,092
Shouldn't one make
an attempt to help them?
76
00:12:54,397 --> 00:12:56,763
There's a question of morality here.
77
00:12:56,866 --> 00:12:59,562
And, so far,
I haven't been able to sidestep it.
78
00:13:22,292 --> 00:13:26,251
Tuesday evening, we took our entire
hospital staff to Shokwan Station,
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00:13:26,362 --> 00:13:29,729
where about 1,200 Chinese soldiers
lay around.
80
00:13:30,366 --> 00:13:33,426
We found the soldiers
scattered thickly at the station.
81
00:13:33,536 --> 00:13:35,868
Some men were in great agony.
82
00:13:35,972 --> 00:13:39,499
One of the men had his leg shot off
up near the hip.
83
00:13:40,743 --> 00:13:42,472
The wound had not been attended.
84
00:13:42,578 --> 00:13:47,015
The odor of his flesh,
I can never, never forget.
85
00:13:47,116 --> 00:13:50,244
When I reached home,
I first washed with Lysol, and then soap,
86
00:13:50,353 --> 00:13:52,048
but the odor still remained.
87
00:13:52,155 --> 00:13:55,556
I used cold cream,
and then later perfume, but...
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00:13:55,658 --> 00:13:58,525
All day today, I am still conscious of it.
89
00:14:20,116 --> 00:14:24,018
At 9:00 p.m., a letter came
by special messenger from the Embassy.
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00:14:24,120 --> 00:14:27,112
They are asking all men and women
to evacuate Nanking.
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00:14:28,291 --> 00:14:30,987
It was a very clear, emphatic statement.
92
00:14:37,533 --> 00:14:39,501
Standing offshore
from the doomed city is
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00:14:39,602 --> 00:14:42,935
the United States gunboat Panay
of the Yangtze Patrol.
94
00:14:43,039 --> 00:14:46,202
Fleeing from the beleaguered city,
a number of Americans and others
95
00:14:46,309 --> 00:14:49,540
arrive at the riverside,
hoping to get aboard the Panay.
96
00:14:49,645 --> 00:14:53,843
Diplomats representing the United States
government pack important state papers
97
00:14:53,950 --> 00:14:58,614
and head for the Panay in cars prominently
marked with the American colors.
98
00:14:59,889 --> 00:15:02,790
I personally feel that I cannot leave.
99
00:15:02,892 --> 00:15:05,326
Men are not asked to leave their ships
when they are in danger,
100
00:15:05,428 --> 00:15:08,090
and women are not asked
to leave their children.
101
00:15:08,498 --> 00:15:12,093
If Americans leave,
a great many of the Chinese would go, also.
102
00:15:12,402 --> 00:15:16,805
The hospital would have to close,
or be operated by military authorities.
103
00:15:18,541 --> 00:15:22,807
One can't help feeling that leaving right now
would be passing up an opportunity
104
00:15:22,912 --> 00:15:26,439
for service of the highest kind.
105
00:16:06,956 --> 00:16:09,857
At 1:30 this afternoon,
I drove to Zhongshan Wharf.
106
00:16:12,061 --> 00:16:14,928
After a brief goodbye to the passengers,
I take the launch,
107
00:16:15,031 --> 00:16:18,159
which is honking impatiently now,
back to Shokwan.
108
00:16:19,836 --> 00:16:21,804
My last bridge is burned.
109
00:16:30,112 --> 00:16:33,411
The city
is practically deserted now,
110
00:16:33,516 --> 00:16:37,008
except for the poor,
who have no place to go.
111
00:16:44,160 --> 00:16:48,119
This morning, after the service began,
the warning siren sounded.
112
00:16:48,531 --> 00:16:51,159
The pastor asked,
"Shall we continue, or go to a dugout?"
113
00:16:51,267 --> 00:16:55,226
One man said, "Continue." And we did so.
114
00:16:55,338 --> 00:16:58,432
Life is real. Life is earnest these days.
115
00:16:59,542 --> 00:17:02,670
Slowly, the heavy bombers drew near.
116
00:17:02,778 --> 00:17:06,475
When the bombing could be plainly heard
inside the city,
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00:17:06,816 --> 00:17:11,549
the pastor stopped preaching,
and asked us all to pray silently for peace.
118
00:17:33,976 --> 00:17:37,275
The Chinese appear to regard Shanghai
as the main theater of war,
119
00:17:37,380 --> 00:17:40,008
because Shanghai protects Nanking.
120
00:17:41,183 --> 00:17:42,707
But for how long?
121
00:17:46,088 --> 00:17:48,147
Smoke-filled skies
signal to the world
122
00:17:48,257 --> 00:17:51,249
the final chapter
of the greatest war drama yet filmed.
123
00:17:54,330 --> 00:17:56,127
The actual fall of Shanghai!
124
00:19:04,934 --> 00:19:07,198
At 10:00 a.m.,
the order came.
125
00:19:07,937 --> 00:19:10,030
"Regiment is to pursue enemy
towards Nanking."
126
00:19:10,873 --> 00:19:13,068
"All troops have to be ready immediately."
127
00:19:20,616 --> 00:19:23,016
General Matsui said Nanking
is the capital of China,
128
00:19:23,119 --> 00:19:26,350
and our capturing of it
will be an international event.
129
00:19:26,455 --> 00:19:31,256
With General Matsui's principle in mind,
we began immediately to make our plans.
130
00:19:32,228 --> 00:19:34,560
From the Tokyo
Nichi-Nichi newspaper,
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00:19:34,664 --> 00:19:36,529
reported on the road to Nanking.
132
00:19:36,632 --> 00:19:38,224
"There are two
young commissioned officers
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00:19:38,334 --> 00:19:41,667
"who have undertaken a contest
to cut down a hundred with their swords.
134
00:19:42,538 --> 00:19:47,441
" It is said that one man has already killed
56 men and the other has killed 25.
135
00:19:47,543 --> 00:19:50,011
" When we reporters came upon
the two of them conferring,
136
00:19:50,112 --> 00:19:52,876
"second lieutenant Mukai said,
'With things going like this,
137
00:19:52,982 --> 00:19:57,214
"'I'll probably cut down 100 by the time
we reach Danyang, never mind Nanking.
138
00:19:57,319 --> 00:19:59,879
"'You're going to lose.
My sword has killed 55,
139
00:19:59,989 --> 00:20:01,354
"'and it's only got one little nick on it.'
140
00:20:02,258 --> 00:20:03,885
"Second lieutenant Noda responded,
141
00:20:03,993 --> 00:20:08,089
"'By the time you're in Danyang, I'll show
you what kind of a record I can rack up.'"
142
00:20:09,965 --> 00:20:12,456
Every time we seize a village
on the way to Nanking,
143
00:20:12,568 --> 00:20:14,468
newly-commissioned officers
will test their swords
144
00:20:14,570 --> 00:20:16,731
on the defeated Chinese soldiers.
145
00:20:16,839 --> 00:20:19,364
When you behead someone,
you need to use a strong stroke,
146
00:20:19,475 --> 00:20:23,104
so you raise the sword high,
and bring it down with force.
147
00:20:23,646 --> 00:20:27,548
The head falls, and blood flies straight up
like a red pillar of fire.
148
00:20:28,184 --> 00:20:32,177
There's an officer I know
who always bragged about killing people.
149
00:20:32,288 --> 00:20:33,949
He would tie their wrists
and ankles with rope
150
00:20:34,056 --> 00:20:37,992
so that the person to be beheaded
won't be able to stand or stretch his legs.
151
00:20:38,928 --> 00:20:40,919
Everyone copied his style.
152
00:21:01,350 --> 00:21:03,250
Tonight's news, none too good.
153
00:21:04,787 --> 00:21:08,052
Conditions look bad. Rumors and unrest.
154
00:21:09,191 --> 00:21:12,786
Word is, the Japanese are approaching
from three directions.
155
00:21:36,285 --> 00:21:37,309
Over and over again,
156
00:21:37,419 --> 00:21:41,378
I am struck by the similarity
of Jesus' day and today in China.
157
00:21:41,891 --> 00:21:45,452
Three other missionaries and I
spent an hour and a half today
158
00:21:45,561 --> 00:21:49,327
trying to see what Christians
can do in this present situation.
159
00:21:49,832 --> 00:21:53,268
Are we to stand by hopelessly,
or is there something we can do?
160
00:21:53,369 --> 00:21:55,166
And if so, what?
161
00:22:02,278 --> 00:22:04,906
Telegram we sent
to the Japanese Ambassador.
162
00:22:05,014 --> 00:22:08,142
"An international committee
composed of nationals of Denmark,
163
00:22:08,317 --> 00:22:10,444
"Germany, Great Britain,
and the United States
164
00:22:10,920 --> 00:22:13,650
"desires to suggest
to the Chinese and Japanese authorities
165
00:22:13,756 --> 00:22:18,921
"the establishment of a Safety Zone
for civilian refugees at or near Nanking.
166
00:22:19,261 --> 00:22:21,525
"The committee would respectfully request
a prompt reply
167
00:22:21,630 --> 00:22:23,894
"from the Japanese authorities
to this proposal."
168
00:22:24,333 --> 00:22:26,597
We will bear tremendous responsibility
169
00:22:26,702 --> 00:22:30,866
if we first order the remaining populace
of Nanking into the neutral zone
170
00:22:30,973 --> 00:22:33,999
and then later are turned down
by the Japanese.
171
00:22:34,577 --> 00:22:38,274
To our surprise, the big-hearted German
who we'd elected chairman
172
00:22:38,380 --> 00:22:40,610
turned out to be
the National-Socialist leader here.
173
00:22:41,183 --> 00:22:43,777
I continue to hope that Hitler will help us.
174
00:22:44,220 --> 00:22:47,815
He has deep sympathy,
not only for the distress of his own people,
175
00:22:47,923 --> 00:22:50,016
but for the anguish of the Chinese as well.
176
00:22:50,125 --> 00:22:53,390
So now, it turns out that the burden of work
is to be carried out
177
00:22:53,495 --> 00:22:58,125
by a group of American missionaries
and a group of German Nazi businessmen.
178
00:22:59,435 --> 00:23:02,370
At 2:30,
as I walked down Shanghai Road,
179
00:23:02,471 --> 00:23:07,636
again and again, I met groups of women
and children in search of the Safety Zone.
180
00:23:07,910 --> 00:23:12,176
I told them that it was not yet certain,
but when it was, they would be notified.
181
00:23:12,882 --> 00:23:15,350
The Safety Zone is not yet assured.
182
00:23:16,685 --> 00:23:19,279
Telegram
to the United States Embassy.
183
00:23:19,388 --> 00:23:22,585
"Japanese authorities
have duly noted request for a Safety Zone
184
00:23:22,691 --> 00:23:24,556
"but regret cannot grant it."
185
00:23:24,860 --> 00:23:29,297
According to radio reports, London regards
this reply as a flat-out refusal.
186
00:23:30,199 --> 00:23:32,531
We're of a different opinion here.
187
00:23:32,635 --> 00:23:35,695
Their answer is cleverly couched
in diplomatic terms,
188
00:23:35,804 --> 00:23:37,704
leaving a back door open.
189
00:23:59,662 --> 00:24:04,497
Mayor Ma virtually turned over to us
administrative responsibilities for the Zone,
190
00:24:04,600 --> 00:24:07,296
along with a police force of 450 men,
191
00:24:07,403 --> 00:24:12,340
2,000 tons of rice, 10,000 bags of flour,
and some salt.
192
00:24:15,077 --> 00:24:17,170
Since Mayor Ma
left Nanking yesterday,
193
00:24:17,279 --> 00:24:20,840
and since the committee is forced to deal
with all the administrative problems
194
00:24:20,950 --> 00:24:23,441
and workings inside our Safety Zone,
195
00:24:23,552 --> 00:24:28,216
I've, in face of this, become something
very like an acting mayor.
196
00:24:28,324 --> 00:24:30,519
Enough to give you a fit, Rabe.
197
00:24:32,194 --> 00:24:35,357
The Japanese are now nearing
the halfway mark from Shanghai
198
00:24:35,464 --> 00:24:38,627
and we have already heard
the rumble of big guns.
199
00:24:57,619 --> 00:24:59,644
Thousands of refugees are fleeing
200
00:24:59,755 --> 00:25:02,747
into our so-called Safety Zone
from all directions.
201
00:25:03,392 --> 00:25:06,850
The sight of the poorest of the poor
wandering aimlessly in the streets
202
00:25:06,962 --> 00:25:08,691
is enough to make you weep.
203
00:25:09,732 --> 00:25:13,224
As it grows dark, some families,
unable to find shelter anywhere,
204
00:25:13,335 --> 00:25:16,771
stretch out to sleep
in nooks and alcoves of buildings,
205
00:25:16,872 --> 00:25:20,467
or simply on the street, despite the cold.
206
00:25:21,777 --> 00:25:24,575
We are working feverishly
to develop the Zone.
207
00:26:05,387 --> 00:26:08,049
Around us here,
we now have thousands of poor people
208
00:26:08,157 --> 00:26:10,523
crowded into all the available buildings.
209
00:26:10,659 --> 00:26:13,423
What will happen to them
is mere conjecture.
210
00:26:14,496 --> 00:26:16,555
The Zone is all marked
with flags and banners,
211
00:26:16,665 --> 00:26:19,532
and so far,
the Japanese have not bombed it.
212
00:26:19,968 --> 00:26:22,937
We still have hopes
that even if they do not recognize it,
213
00:26:23,038 --> 00:26:24,471
they might respect it.
214
00:26:24,573 --> 00:26:28,873
If they do, it will mean the saving
of thousands of lives of poor people.
215
00:26:34,817 --> 00:26:38,275
Five air raids on Monday
and one on Tuesday.
216
00:26:38,387 --> 00:26:40,582
I'm writing this during our sixty-first.
217
00:26:41,523 --> 00:26:43,423
Tonight,
the flames are lighting the sky
218
00:26:43,525 --> 00:26:45,755
above the whole
southwest corner of the city.
219
00:26:46,628 --> 00:26:49,188
And in the afternoon,
we had seen clouds of smoke
220
00:26:49,298 --> 00:26:51,858
rising in every direction, save northwest.
221
00:26:55,504 --> 00:27:00,373
It is quite a sensation to be
the only surgeon in a big, war-torn city.
222
00:27:02,010 --> 00:27:04,478
How can we leave the sick patients?
223
00:27:08,383 --> 00:27:12,513
The Japs have now reached a point
about 25 miles from the city.
224
00:27:12,621 --> 00:27:16,648
Gunfire could be heard.
It won't be long now.
225
00:27:18,026 --> 00:27:21,223
The city gates
are to be closed tomorrow.
226
00:27:21,330 --> 00:27:22,991
I sent a telegram to Siemens today,
227
00:27:23,098 --> 00:27:27,262
asking them to pay up any
life insurance premiums that may be due.
228
00:27:28,437 --> 00:27:32,635
If I were to say I was not afraid, I'd be lying.
229
00:27:34,476 --> 00:27:37,036
The swift Japanese
advance on the national capital
230
00:27:37,246 --> 00:27:39,976
make the vicinity of Nanking
a place of danger.
231
00:27:40,182 --> 00:27:44,016
The Nipponese invaders strike westward
with incredible speed.
232
00:27:44,119 --> 00:27:48,852
The defenders bravely ignore a Japanese
ultimatum calling on them to surrender.
233
00:27:55,397 --> 00:27:58,127
If you're getting the same sort
of radio reports that we are,
234
00:27:58,233 --> 00:28:01,430
you are undoubtedly alarmed
for our safety here.
235
00:28:02,538 --> 00:28:05,006
We're a little concerned ourselves.
236
00:28:09,044 --> 00:28:12,445
Today's air raid brings our tally to 114.
237
00:28:17,119 --> 00:28:18,711
The tally must come to a close,
238
00:28:18,820 --> 00:28:22,483
as today was one long air raid,
from morning till night.
239
00:28:24,693 --> 00:28:28,823
I am writing this to the tune of big guns,
just outside of the city.
240
00:28:31,200 --> 00:28:35,227
Japanese advance guards
have reached the walls in several places.
241
00:28:38,507 --> 00:28:41,067
Until about 1:00 p.m., December 10th,
242
00:28:41,176 --> 00:28:43,872
General Asaka and I had been waiting
outside of Zhongshan Gate
243
00:28:43,979 --> 00:28:47,574
for the bearer of the flag of truce
from the Chinese army.
244
00:28:51,553 --> 00:28:53,282
However, he never came.
245
00:28:53,388 --> 00:28:55,481
For that reason, from about 2:00 p.m.,
246
00:28:55,591 --> 00:28:58,389
a general attack
was commenced against Nanking.
247
00:29:09,271 --> 00:29:12,798
Shells from Japanese guns
commenced falling inside the city walls,
248
00:29:12,908 --> 00:29:14,535
and I went outside to watch them.
249
00:29:14,643 --> 00:29:16,133
They formed a perfect pattern,
250
00:29:16,245 --> 00:29:21,478
the explosions advancing in regular rows
about 25 yards every half-minute.
251
00:29:24,086 --> 00:29:28,113
They were coming from outside
the South Gate, directly towards me.
252
00:29:31,927 --> 00:29:35,090
Uninterrupted artillery fire
from Purple Mountain.
253
00:29:35,430 --> 00:29:39,332
Thunder and lightning around the hill.
And suddenly, the whole hill is in flames.
254
00:29:45,907 --> 00:29:47,807
An old adage says,
255
00:29:48,343 --> 00:29:52,109
"When Purple Mountain burns,
Nanking is lost."
256
00:30:02,624 --> 00:30:04,057
December 13th.
257
00:30:04,159 --> 00:30:06,719
I was in the middle of my service
when the telephone rang,
258
00:30:06,828 --> 00:30:08,455
and I answered it.
259
00:30:09,598 --> 00:30:12,192
I was asked to immediately go to the
Zone committee's headquarters.
260
00:30:12,601 --> 00:30:14,967
The Japanese had broken into the city.
261
00:30:16,772 --> 00:30:18,330
The wall had been breached,
262
00:30:18,440 --> 00:30:20,931
and the damage to the southern part
of the city was tremendous.
263
00:30:21,043 --> 00:30:24,103
No one will ever know
what the Chinese casualties were,
264
00:30:24,212 --> 00:30:26,077
but they must have been enormous.
265
00:30:26,181 --> 00:30:28,172
Soldiers streamed
through the city from the south,
266
00:30:28,283 --> 00:30:30,274
many of them passing through the Zone.
267
00:35:05,727 --> 00:35:08,491
In the morning,
the fresh-blood-colored flags
268
00:35:08,597 --> 00:35:11,259
of the Rising Sun were fluttering everywhere,
269
00:35:11,366 --> 00:35:16,360
each proclaiming, with its red symbol,
the freshly spilled blood of Nanking.
270
00:35:21,176 --> 00:35:22,871
Three dangers are past:
271
00:35:22,978 --> 00:35:26,675
that of looting soldiers,
bombing from airplanes,
272
00:35:26,781 --> 00:35:30,342
and shelling from big guns.
But the fourth is still before us:
273
00:35:30,619 --> 00:35:33,747
our fate at the hands of a victorious army.
274
00:36:30,945 --> 00:36:35,439
It's not until we tour the city
that we learn the extent of the destruction.
275
00:36:35,550 --> 00:36:39,111
We come across corpses
every 100 or 200 yards.
276
00:36:39,554 --> 00:36:43,786
The bodies of civilians that I examined
had bullet holes in their backs.
277
00:36:43,892 --> 00:36:48,386
These people had presumably been fleeing,
and were shot from behind.
278
00:38:22,357 --> 00:38:25,155
From 8:30 this morning
until 6:00 this evening,
279
00:38:25,260 --> 00:38:29,720
I stood at the front gate of Ginling College,
as the refugees poured in.
280
00:38:29,831 --> 00:38:33,096
They'd disguised themselves
in every possible way.
281
00:38:33,501 --> 00:38:37,460
Many had cut their hair,
most of them had blackened their faces.
282
00:38:38,239 --> 00:38:42,903
Many were wearing men or boys' clothing,
or even that of old women.
283
00:39:00,628 --> 00:39:03,358
Nanking has no lights, no water,
no telephone,
284
00:39:03,464 --> 00:39:06,433
no telegraph, no city paper, no radio!
285
00:39:07,669 --> 00:39:12,129
We are indeed separated from all of you
by an impenetrable zone.
286
00:39:13,141 --> 00:39:16,770
The Japanese march through the city
in groups of 10 to 20 soldiers
287
00:39:16,878 --> 00:39:18,573
and loot the shops.
288
00:39:18,680 --> 00:39:22,514
They smash open windows and doors,
and take whatever they like.
289
00:39:22,617 --> 00:39:24,812
We ran across a group
of 200 Chinese workers
290
00:39:24,919 --> 00:39:28,753
whom Japanese soldiers have picked up
off the streets of the Safety Zone,
291
00:39:28,857 --> 00:39:33,055
and after having been tied up
are now being driven out of the city.
292
00:39:34,729 --> 00:39:37,254
At the last moment,
thousands of Chinese soldiers
293
00:39:37,365 --> 00:39:39,458
threw away their uniforms and equipment,
294
00:39:39,567 --> 00:39:42,400
looted civilian clothes,
and crowded into the Zone.
295
00:39:43,738 --> 00:39:46,901
I had made up my mind
to bury the Chinese soldiers' clothes.
296
00:39:47,075 --> 00:39:50,203
They had been thrown
onto the campus by the fleeing soldiers.
297
00:39:50,311 --> 00:39:54,179
But when I got to the carpenter's shop
I could see that the gardeners were wiser.
298
00:39:54,282 --> 00:39:57,547
They had burned them,
and thrown the grenades into a pond.
299
00:40:00,021 --> 00:40:01,886
At headquarters,
we found a mob of men
300
00:40:01,990 --> 00:40:03,981
outside that had been disarmed.
301
00:40:04,425 --> 00:40:06,256
About 1,300 in all.
302
00:40:07,962 --> 00:40:10,863
We argued the Japanese
would not shoot disarmed men.
303
00:40:10,965 --> 00:40:14,128
So we went to our staff conference
quite relieved.
304
00:40:14,569 --> 00:40:17,538
We knew that there were a number
of ex-soldiers among them.
305
00:40:17,639 --> 00:40:19,470
But Rabe had been promised by an officer
306
00:40:19,574 --> 00:40:22,099
that very afternoon
that their lives would be spared.
307
00:40:22,410 --> 00:40:24,401
But in a half-hour, we were called back.
308
00:40:24,646 --> 00:40:26,944
The Japanese had come back for them.
309
00:40:27,048 --> 00:40:30,848
The men were lined up
and roped together in groups of about 100
310
00:40:30,952 --> 00:40:33,785
by Japanese soldiers with bayonets fixed.
311
00:40:44,933 --> 00:40:48,767
I tried for hours to prevent the Japanese
from marching these men out for execution.
312
00:40:50,271 --> 00:40:51,636
But I failed.
313
00:40:55,977 --> 00:41:00,380
By the light of our headlights,
we watched them march away to their doom.
314
00:41:01,716 --> 00:41:04,844
Not a whimper came from the entire throng.
315
00:41:06,020 --> 00:41:08,011
Our own hearts were lead.
316
00:41:10,224 --> 00:41:11,885
MILLS McCALLUM: During this time,
we really felt
317
00:41:11,993 --> 00:41:14,757
that we were contending
with the powers of evil.
318
00:41:15,630 --> 00:41:18,690
This memory will remain with me forever.
319
00:41:20,301 --> 00:41:23,134
We could do nothing to avert this tragedy.
320
00:41:25,506 --> 00:41:28,907
Japanese 6th Brigade Operation Order 138.
321
00:41:29,010 --> 00:41:32,104
" Since the defeated enemy soldiers
are believed to be in plain clothes,
322
00:41:32,213 --> 00:41:35,808
"you must arrest any person
who is suspected of being so.
323
00:41:35,917 --> 00:41:40,047
"Regard every adult man up to middle age
as a plain-clothes soldier."
324
00:41:40,655 --> 00:41:43,647
There is no system.
Soldiers seize anyone they suspect.
325
00:41:43,758 --> 00:41:46,522
Calluses on hands
are proof the man is a soldier.
326
00:41:46,627 --> 00:41:50,859
Rickshaw coolies, carpenters,
and other laborers are frequently taken.
327
00:42:44,519 --> 00:42:47,920
I took moving pictures of a group
of about 70 or so Chinese men
328
00:42:48,022 --> 00:42:49,216
being gathered on the road.
329
00:42:49,524 --> 00:42:52,857
And in the picture, the women are kneeling
before the Japanese,
330
00:42:52,960 --> 00:42:54,791
begging for their menfolk.
331
00:45:26,013 --> 00:45:29,972
How many thousands
were mown down by guns? Or bayoneted?
332
00:45:30,084 --> 00:45:32,211
We shall probably never know.
333
00:45:32,320 --> 00:45:35,153
But in many cases,
oil was thrown over the bodies,
334
00:45:35,256 --> 00:45:37,156
and they were burned.
335
00:45:37,258 --> 00:45:41,092
Charred bones tell the story
of many of those tragedies.
336
00:47:58,933 --> 00:48:02,892
Some Japanese soldiers
were fierce and unreasonable.
337
00:48:03,003 --> 00:48:07,201
And many of them
had their bayonets ready for use.
338
00:48:07,308 --> 00:48:11,369
And on not a few of them,
I saw fresh bloodstains.
339
00:48:50,084 --> 00:48:53,576
There seems to be no stop
to the ferocity of the brutes.
340
00:48:54,555 --> 00:48:58,958
At first I tried to be pleasant to them,
to avoid arousing their ire.
341
00:48:59,093 --> 00:49:01,459
But the smile has gradually worn off,
342
00:49:01,562 --> 00:49:05,464
and my stare
is fully as cool and fishy as theirs.
343
00:49:35,296 --> 00:49:38,595
A colonel and his staff called at my office,
and spent an hour trying to discover
344
00:49:38,699 --> 00:49:42,100
where all the additional
disarmed soldiers were.
345
00:49:42,236 --> 00:49:44,261
They insisted that they were hiding
within the Zone,
346
00:49:44,371 --> 00:49:46,430
and that we were responsible
for concealing them.
347
00:50:41,629 --> 00:50:44,689
Miss Vautrin ran to us,
and begged us to claim someone.
348
00:50:45,366 --> 00:50:48,358
She told us if we claimed a man,
we would save a life.
349
00:50:49,136 --> 00:50:50,831
As long as you had a relative,
350
00:50:51,305 --> 00:50:54,331
the Japanese would assume
you were not a soldier.
351
00:50:54,608 --> 00:50:58,374
There were two or three thousand
young men, some soldiers, some not.
352
00:50:58,479 --> 00:51:00,413
We each claimed someone.
353
00:51:00,514 --> 00:51:04,382
All day, I watched her running back
and forth across Ginling in this work.
354
00:51:07,855 --> 00:51:11,347
Sometimes, one gets weary of spirit.
355
00:51:12,026 --> 00:51:13,550
There is so much suffering.
356
00:51:13,661 --> 00:51:17,119
So many in such difficult
and impossible circumstances,
357
00:51:17,231 --> 00:51:19,062
it makes one hopeless.
358
00:51:19,767 --> 00:51:21,564
And when will it end?
359
00:51:24,071 --> 00:51:26,039
I can see little indication of God
360
00:51:26,140 --> 00:51:28,335
in the tremendous wave of cruelty and greed
361
00:51:28,442 --> 00:51:31,343
that has engulfed a big piece of our world.
362
00:51:33,047 --> 00:51:35,811
I wish Emperor Hirohito
could see the mangled bodies
363
00:51:35,916 --> 00:51:37,884
of these simple, Chinese common people,
364
00:51:37,985 --> 00:51:40,920
which his spokesmen
profess to love so much.
365
00:51:41,789 --> 00:51:44,485
Or that I could carry some of the men
and women with legs blown off
366
00:51:44,592 --> 00:51:46,890
into the elegant parlors
of the rich Americans
367
00:51:46,994 --> 00:51:49,963
who fatten on selling war supplies to Japan.
368
00:51:50,064 --> 00:51:52,225
They would probably worry more
about their rugs
369
00:51:52,333 --> 00:51:54,267
than about the wounded.
370
00:51:57,638 --> 00:51:59,037
Religious faith is believing
371
00:51:59,139 --> 00:52:02,506
that good things are worth doing
for their own sake.
372
00:52:03,877 --> 00:52:06,903
Even in a world
that seems overpoweringly evil.
373
00:52:10,351 --> 00:52:12,080
I remain assured in hard experience
374
00:52:12,186 --> 00:52:14,279
that neither by national guns
nor by national gods
375
00:52:14,388 --> 00:52:16,219
will mankind be saved,
376
00:52:17,791 --> 00:52:21,887
but only by the genuine regard
for all members of the human family.
377
00:52:26,300 --> 00:52:30,498
God, comfort the heartbroken
mothers and fathers of innocent sons
378
00:52:30,604 --> 00:52:32,367
who were shot today.
379
00:52:34,008 --> 00:52:39,207
And guard the young women and girls
through the agonizing hours of this night.
380
00:52:41,715 --> 00:52:44,445
Speed the day when war shall be no more.
381
00:52:46,286 --> 00:52:49,847
In Nanking, we had time on our hands
and nothing to do.
382
00:52:50,357 --> 00:52:51,984
So we raped girls.
383
00:57:26,366 --> 00:57:28,300
December 18th, Saturday.
384
00:57:28,769 --> 00:57:31,067
All days seem alike now.
385
00:57:31,171 --> 00:57:33,002
Went to gate at 7:30.
386
00:57:33,106 --> 00:57:36,906
A stream of weary,
wild-eyed women were coming in.
387
00:57:37,010 --> 00:57:39,444
They said
their night had been one of horror.
388
00:57:39,546 --> 00:57:43,209
That again and again,
their homes were visited by soldiers.
389
00:57:44,384 --> 00:57:47,512
Twelve-year-old girls,
60-year-old women. Raped.
390
00:57:49,122 --> 00:57:54,059
If only the thoughtful people of Japan
knew the facts of these days of horror.
391
00:57:59,499 --> 00:58:01,160
We had on the grounds of our college
392
00:58:01,268 --> 00:58:04,726
more than 10,000
women and children refugees.
393
00:58:04,838 --> 00:58:09,104
Every night, the soldiers
would enter our grounds to get the girls,
394
00:58:09,209 --> 00:58:13,578
and every night Miss Vautrin
would try to keep them from the girls.
395
00:58:15,148 --> 00:58:17,981
It seems in several homes
near West Flower Gate,
396
00:58:18,085 --> 00:58:22,317
the soldiers, failing to find young girls,
are using teenage boys.
397
00:58:25,058 --> 00:58:27,253
Tonight, I asked George Fitch
how the day went,
398
00:58:27,361 --> 00:58:29,056
and what progress they had made,
399
00:58:29,162 --> 00:58:31,824
and his reply was,
400
00:58:31,932 --> 00:58:35,163
"It was hell today.
The blackest day of my life."
401
00:58:37,037 --> 00:58:39,403
Certainly it was the same for me.
402
00:58:40,807 --> 00:58:44,868
Tonight, a truck passed
in which there were eight or ten girls.
403
00:58:44,978 --> 00:58:48,243
And as it passed,
they called, "Jo ming! Jo ming!"
404
00:58:49,216 --> 00:58:50,945
"Save our lives!"
405
00:58:53,186 --> 00:58:55,177
Six Japanese
climb over my garden wall
406
00:58:55,288 --> 00:58:57,848
and attempt
to open my gates from the inside.
407
00:58:57,958 --> 00:59:01,121
When I arrive and shine my flashlight
on the face of one of them,
408
00:59:01,228 --> 00:59:03,128
he reaches for his pistol.
409
00:59:03,230 --> 00:59:06,222
But his hand drops quickly enough
when I yell at him
410
00:59:06,333 --> 00:59:09,427
and hold my swastika armband
under his nose.
411
00:59:09,536 --> 00:59:13,905
Then, on my orders,
all six have to scramble back over the wall.
412
00:59:14,007 --> 00:59:16,669
My gates will never be opened
to a riffraff like that!
413
01:00:18,238 --> 01:00:22,436
Every day, we call at the Japanese Embassy,
and present our protests and appeals,
414
01:00:22,542 --> 01:00:24,908
our reports of violence and crime.
415
01:00:25,011 --> 01:00:28,606
"For the kind attention of Mr. Kiyoshi Fukui,
416
01:00:28,715 --> 01:00:31,183
"Second Secretary, Japanese Embassy.
417
01:00:32,018 --> 01:00:35,886
"Dear Sirs,
we are very sorry to trouble you again,
418
01:00:35,989 --> 01:00:39,083
"but the sufferings and needs
of 200,000 civilians
419
01:00:39,192 --> 01:00:41,592
"for whom we are trying to care
make it urgent
420
01:00:41,695 --> 01:00:45,062
" that we try to secure action
from your military authorities
421
01:00:45,165 --> 01:00:48,692
"to stop present disorder
among Japanese soldiers
422
01:00:48,835 --> 01:00:50,996
"wandering through the Safety Zone."
423
01:00:51,805 --> 01:00:53,170
"Case number 15,
424
01:00:53,273 --> 01:00:55,639
"Japanese soldiers entered a house
on Hankow Road,
425
01:00:55,742 --> 01:00:58,472
"raped a young wife,
and took away three women.
426
01:00:58,578 --> 01:01:01,206
"When two husbands ran,
the soldiers shot both of them."
427
01:01:01,314 --> 01:01:03,805
"Case number 154,
428
01:01:03,917 --> 01:01:09,014
"a girl, 13 years old, was raped
by three Japanese soldiers
429
01:01:09,122 --> 01:01:11,181
"at Chen Chia Chai number 6."
430
01:01:11,291 --> 01:01:12,656
"Case number 290,
431
01:01:12,759 --> 01:01:16,627
"four soldiers raped a young girl,
a little over 10, by turns."
432
01:01:18,798 --> 01:01:22,632
Fukuda and Tanaka of
the Japanese Embassy had nothing to say,
433
01:01:22,736 --> 01:01:25,637
except Fukuda's remark
that the army is very mad,
434
01:01:25,739 --> 01:01:27,673
because they say
it is the first time in history
435
01:01:27,774 --> 01:01:31,403
that an army had to conquer a place
with neutral observers on hand.
436
01:01:31,511 --> 01:01:35,174
Quite a false view,
but we felt it was not time to argue.
437
01:01:35,282 --> 01:01:38,581
We have come to understand the Japanese
much better than we did.
438
01:01:38,685 --> 01:01:40,812
A week before their entry,
I preached to our group,
439
01:01:40,921 --> 01:01:45,255
and I urged them to have faith in the
goodness and humanity of the Japanese.
440
01:01:45,358 --> 01:01:48,794
The Chinese are still laughing at us
for our innocence.
441
01:01:49,629 --> 01:01:52,120
And we better understand
Japanese propaganda.
442
01:01:52,232 --> 01:01:53,426
In the midst of great suffering,
443
01:01:53,533 --> 01:01:56,195
Japanese news squads
went around staging pictures
444
01:01:56,303 --> 01:02:01,366
of Japanese soldiers giving candy to a child
or an army doctor examining 20 children.
445
01:02:03,643 --> 01:02:07,943
Some Japanese newsmen came to the camp
and handed out cakes and apples,
446
01:02:08,048 --> 01:02:10,414
and a few coins to the refugees.
447
01:02:11,084 --> 01:02:13,882
A moving picture was taken of this kind act.
448
01:02:13,987 --> 01:02:15,818
At the same time, a bunch of soldiers
449
01:02:15,922 --> 01:02:19,983
climbed the back wall of the compound
and raped a dozen or so women.
450
01:02:20,093 --> 01:02:22,391
No pictures were taken out back.
451
01:02:33,206 --> 01:02:35,140
We are introduced
to Commandant Matsui,
452
01:02:35,242 --> 01:02:37,335
who shakes hands all around.
453
01:02:37,444 --> 01:02:39,071
I assume the role of spokesman
454
01:02:39,179 --> 01:02:42,012
and explain to Mr. Tanaka
of the Japanese Embassy
455
01:02:42,115 --> 01:02:45,175
that we infer
that the city is to be burned down.
456
01:02:46,052 --> 01:02:48,748
Tanaka denies this with a smile.
457
01:02:48,855 --> 01:02:52,985
Statement by the Japanese military
posted throughout the city.
458
01:02:53,093 --> 01:02:56,085
" The municipality of Nanking is quiet.
459
01:02:56,196 --> 01:02:58,255
" The herds of refugees
who fled for their lives
460
01:02:58,365 --> 01:03:02,495
" from the midst of death have met with
the gentle soothing of the Japanese army.
461
01:03:02,602 --> 01:03:04,263
" The Imperial army entered the city,
462
01:03:04,371 --> 01:03:07,829
"put their bayonets into sheaths,
and stretched forth merciful hands
463
01:03:07,941 --> 01:03:10,136
" in order to examine and to heal,
464
01:03:10,243 --> 01:03:14,304
" diffusing grace and favor
to the excellent, true citizens.
465
01:03:14,414 --> 01:03:15,813
" Many thousands of refugees
466
01:03:15,915 --> 01:03:19,612
" cast off their former absurd attitudes
of opposing Japan,
467
01:03:19,719 --> 01:03:24,349
" and clasped their hands in congratulation
for receiving assurance of life.
468
01:03:24,491 --> 01:03:27,426
" Looking down, one sees a playground
for Nanking children,
469
01:03:27,527 --> 01:03:31,623
" with soldiers and Chinese children
playing joyfully on all sides."
470
01:03:33,033 --> 01:03:36,093
The proclamation on the handbills
which airplanes scattered over the city,
471
01:03:36,202 --> 01:03:39,000
saying the Japanese
are the only real friends of the Chinese
472
01:03:39,105 --> 01:03:41,198
and would protect the good, of course
473
01:03:41,308 --> 01:03:44,004
meant no more
than most of their statements.
474
01:03:44,110 --> 01:03:49,070
And to show their sincerity,
they raped, looted, and killed at will.
475
01:03:49,349 --> 01:03:53,445
In these hard times,
it is certainly a life-saver to be in a gang.
476
01:03:54,621 --> 01:03:57,385
The thing about the whole situation
that startles us all
477
01:03:57,490 --> 01:03:59,185
is how we, unarmed handful of foreigners,
478
01:03:59,292 --> 01:04:02,420
can chase the Japanese soldiers
out of rooms in school buildings,
479
01:04:02,529 --> 01:04:05,862
rooms in foreign houses,
and rooms in Chinese homes.
480
01:04:05,965 --> 01:04:08,263
And still, no one gets hurt.
481
01:04:08,368 --> 01:04:11,030
The soldiers often actually run away.
482
01:04:11,137 --> 01:04:12,900
Part of it is pure bluff.
483
01:04:13,006 --> 01:04:15,941
If we batted an eye, we'd be done for.
484
01:04:17,010 --> 01:04:18,739
Our group here at the house
drafted a message
485
01:04:18,845 --> 01:04:21,040
to the American Consulate General
in Shanghai,
486
01:04:21,147 --> 01:04:24,014
asking that diplomatic representatives
be sent here immediately,
487
01:04:24,117 --> 01:04:25,641
as the situation was urgent,
488
01:04:25,752 --> 01:04:28,915
then asked the Japanese
to send it via Navy radio.
489
01:04:29,022 --> 01:04:32,219
Needless to say, it was never sent.
490
01:04:32,325 --> 01:04:36,022
When things were at their worst,
the fellows at our house remarked at supper,
491
01:04:36,129 --> 01:04:37,289
" The first fellow that gets killed,
492
01:04:37,397 --> 01:04:41,333
" we're going to carry his body over
and put it in the Japanese Embassy."
493
01:04:41,434 --> 01:04:45,029
Each night, the eight of us wonder
who would be missing the next night.
494
01:04:45,138 --> 01:04:48,369
We said,
"We just can't all get through this alive."
495
01:04:49,209 --> 01:04:53,043
At noon, a man was led to headquarters
with head burned cinder-black,
496
01:04:53,146 --> 01:04:55,706
eyes and ears gone, nose partly gone...
497
01:04:56,483 --> 01:04:58,542
A ghastly sight.
498
01:04:58,651 --> 01:05:03,281
I took him to the hospital in my car,
where he died a few hours later.
499
01:05:03,390 --> 01:05:05,688
His story was
that he was one of the gang of some 100,
500
01:05:05,792 --> 01:05:07,259
who had been tied together,
501
01:05:07,360 --> 01:05:10,329
then gasoline thrown over them,
and set afire.
502
01:05:14,734 --> 01:05:18,602
December 24th, the day before Christmas.
503
01:05:18,705 --> 01:05:23,199
About 10:00, I was called to my office
by a high military advisor.
504
01:05:23,877 --> 01:05:28,337
Miss Minnie Vautrin, our American Minnie,
a proper lady to the core...
505
01:05:29,215 --> 01:05:33,845
She believes in her girls and guards them
the way a hen guards her chicks.
506
01:05:33,953 --> 01:05:35,215
I shall never forget her
507
01:05:35,321 --> 01:05:38,381
marching at the head of some
400 female refugees through the town,
508
01:05:38,491 --> 01:05:41,824
right past groups of vagabonding
Japanese soldiers,
509
01:05:41,928 --> 01:05:46,126
to guide the refugees to the safety
of her girls' camp in Ginling College.
510
01:05:47,333 --> 01:05:49,801
And now, something terrible
has happened to our Minnie.
511
01:05:49,903 --> 01:05:51,598
The request was
512
01:05:51,704 --> 01:05:56,266
that they be allowed to pick out
prostitute women from our 10,000 refugees.
513
01:05:56,376 --> 01:05:58,742
They said they wanted 100.
514
01:05:58,845 --> 01:06:02,110
They feel that if they can start a regular,
licensed place for the soldiers,
515
01:06:02,215 --> 01:06:05,446
then they will not molest innocent
or decent women.
516
01:06:06,052 --> 01:06:09,112
And, with hands clenched in horror,
Minnie is forced to watch
517
01:06:09,222 --> 01:06:13,716
as authorized underlings force their way
into her girls' assembly hall,
518
01:06:13,827 --> 01:06:16,295
filled with hundreds of good girls.
519
01:06:16,963 --> 01:06:19,796
She's not going to hand over
even one of them willingly.
520
01:06:19,899 --> 01:06:23,892
But then, a number of young refugee girls
step forward.
521
01:06:24,838 --> 01:06:27,033
Evidently, former prostitutes.
522
01:06:28,241 --> 01:06:30,004
Minnie is speechless.
523
01:06:30,610 --> 01:06:32,805
They finally secured 21.
524
01:06:32,946 --> 01:06:35,813
But group after group of women
have asked me
525
01:06:35,915 --> 01:06:40,079
if they will select the other 79
from the decent women and girls.
526
01:06:41,354 --> 01:06:43,151
And all I can answer is,
527
01:06:43,256 --> 01:06:46,885
"They will not do so
if it is in my power to prevent it."
528
01:06:49,963 --> 01:06:53,364
Bob Wilson helped out
at our house last night.
529
01:06:53,466 --> 01:06:56,333
He got home early
for the first time in two weeks.
530
01:06:56,436 --> 01:06:58,631
So he went to the university gardens,
531
01:06:58,738 --> 01:07:02,765
brought six big poinsettias,
and put them around our living room.
532
01:07:02,876 --> 01:07:04,434
So we look like Christmas, anyway.
533
01:07:05,778 --> 01:07:08,645
Everyone is competing to make this
a happy Christmas for me.
534
01:07:08,748 --> 01:07:10,613
It's really touching.
535
01:07:10,717 --> 01:07:14,653
Chang brought some Christmas roses
and has decorated the house with them.
536
01:07:14,754 --> 01:07:17,985
He even managed to find a little fir tree
that he wants to decorate.
537
01:07:18,091 --> 01:07:20,059
And he just came in grinning with joy
538
01:07:20,159 --> 01:07:23,651
and carrying six very long candles
that he rounded up somewhere.
539
01:07:24,564 --> 01:07:26,464
Everybody likes me, suddenly.
540
01:07:26,566 --> 01:07:28,761
And it used to be, or so I thought,
541
01:07:28,868 --> 01:07:31,894
that no one wanted
to have much to do with me.
542
01:07:32,405 --> 01:07:34,771
Or might I have been wrong there?
543
01:07:35,575 --> 01:07:38,635
How strange, my dear Dora,
my dear children and grandchildren.
544
01:07:38,745 --> 01:07:41,407
I know you're all praying for me today.
545
01:07:42,749 --> 01:07:45,877
I feel as if I'm surrounded
by loving thoughts.
546
01:07:47,487 --> 01:07:48,818
Believe me,
547
01:07:48,922 --> 01:07:52,255
I have a prayer in my heart
for all of you, as well.
548
01:07:52,859 --> 01:07:55,623
It seems like anything
but Christmas Eve.
549
01:07:56,262 --> 01:07:59,390
It is sort of tough to keep
Japanese soldiers from looting a hospital
550
01:07:59,499 --> 01:08:03,094
in the center of what was,
a few weeks ago, a great city,
551
01:08:03,970 --> 01:08:07,838
while the rest of the family
is scattered all over the globe.
552
01:08:07,941 --> 01:08:10,501
My baby will be six months old in four days,
553
01:08:10,610 --> 01:08:14,137
and I have only seen her
for seven weeks of that time.
554
01:08:14,247 --> 01:08:16,238
It would be pleasant to close the year
555
01:08:16,349 --> 01:08:18,613
with some sort of
brighter outlook for the next,
556
01:08:18,718 --> 01:08:21,983
but we seem to be closing
on a note of deepest gloom,
557
01:08:22,088 --> 01:08:24,488
without a glimmer of light ahead.
558
01:08:25,191 --> 01:08:28,217
The only consolation is that
it can't be worse.
559
01:08:28,795 --> 01:08:32,754
They can't kill as many people,
as there aren't any more to kill.
560
01:08:40,006 --> 01:08:42,497
Christmas Eve, Nanking, China, 1937.
561
01:08:43,810 --> 01:08:47,177
What I am about to relate
is a story which I feel must be told,
562
01:08:47,280 --> 01:08:49,714
even if it is seen by only a few.
563
01:08:51,117 --> 01:08:52,607
In these two short weeks,
564
01:08:52,719 --> 01:08:55,210
we here in Nanking
have been through a siege.
565
01:08:55,321 --> 01:08:59,417
The Chinese army has left, defeated,
and the Japanese have come in.
566
01:09:00,126 --> 01:09:02,526
On that day, Nanking was still
567
01:09:02,629 --> 01:09:07,191
the beautiful city we were so proud of,
with law and order still prevailing.
568
01:09:07,867 --> 01:09:13,032
Today, it is a city laid waste, ravaged,
completely looted, much of it burned.
569
01:09:14,140 --> 01:09:16,904
Complete anarchy has reigned for 10 days.
570
01:09:17,877 --> 01:09:19,970
It has been a hell on earth.
571
01:09:22,415 --> 01:09:25,646
Not that my life has been
in serious danger at any time,
572
01:09:25,752 --> 01:09:28,186
though turning lust-mad, drunken soldiers
out of houses
573
01:09:28,287 --> 01:09:32,690
where they were raping the women
is not altogether a safe occupation.
574
01:09:32,792 --> 01:09:34,726
Nor does one feel
perhaps too sure of himself
575
01:09:34,827 --> 01:09:38,820
when he finds a bayonet at his chest
or a revolver at his head,
576
01:09:39,732 --> 01:09:44,192
and knows it is handled by someone
who heartily wishes him out of the way.
577
01:09:44,737 --> 01:09:48,833
The Japanese army is anything but pleased
at our being here.
578
01:09:48,941 --> 01:09:50,909
They wanted no observers.
579
01:09:51,678 --> 01:09:53,771
But to have to stand by,
580
01:09:53,880 --> 01:09:57,316
while even the very poor are having
their last possessions taken from them,
581
01:09:57,417 --> 01:09:59,885
their last coin, their last bit of bedding,
582
01:09:59,986 --> 01:10:04,150
while thousands of disarmed soldiers
who had sought sanctuary within,
583
01:10:04,257 --> 01:10:06,748
together with many hundreds
of innocent civilians,
584
01:10:06,859 --> 01:10:11,159
are taken out before your eyes to be shot
or used for bayonet practice.
585
01:10:11,931 --> 01:10:16,163
And we have to listen to the sounds
of the guns that are killing them.
586
01:10:17,303 --> 01:10:21,069
Over a thousand women kneel before you,
crying hysterically,
587
01:10:21,174 --> 01:10:25,611
begging you to save them
from the beasts who are preying on them.
588
01:10:25,712 --> 01:10:29,409
To stand by and do nothing,
while your flag is taken down and insulted?
589
01:10:29,515 --> 01:10:31,380
Not once, but a dozen times.
590
01:10:31,484 --> 01:10:33,952
And your own house is being looted?
591
01:10:34,921 --> 01:10:37,617
And then to watch
the city you have come to love
592
01:10:38,524 --> 01:10:41,084
and the institutions
to which you'd planned to devote your best
593
01:10:41,194 --> 01:10:44,857
deliberately and systematically
burned by fire?
594
01:10:46,966 --> 01:10:49,867
This is a hell I had never before envisaged.
595
01:10:51,504 --> 01:10:54,029
And we keep asking ourselves,
"How long can this last?"
596
01:10:54,140 --> 01:10:57,632
Day by day, we are assured by the officials
that things will be better soon,
597
01:10:57,744 --> 01:10:59,803
that "we will do our best."
598
01:11:01,414 --> 01:11:03,814
But each day
has been worse than the day before.
599
01:11:13,860 --> 01:11:16,920
January 1st, a new year filled with hope.
600
01:11:28,741 --> 01:11:31,403
There was a worship ceremony
at 8:30 this morning.
601
01:11:31,511 --> 01:11:36,278
In the solemn air, the trumpets sounded,
and the Japanese flag was raised.
602
01:11:36,382 --> 01:11:40,751
It is moving beyond words,
with the swords sparkling in the rising sun.
603
01:11:42,655 --> 01:11:44,020
We saluted the military flag,
604
01:11:44,123 --> 01:11:47,149
gave three cheers
for our Emperor and Empress.
605
01:11:48,127 --> 01:11:51,995
January 4. It is just three weeks
since Nanking was taken,
606
01:11:52,098 --> 01:11:56,125
and, as yet, there has been no foreigner
allowed in or out.
607
01:11:56,235 --> 01:12:00,137
The Japanese try to cover things up
wherever it's even vaguely feasible.
608
01:12:00,239 --> 01:12:02,434
And the ban on anyone entering or leaving
609
01:12:02,542 --> 01:12:06,911
is one of their ways of keeping the world
ignorant of Nanking's present state.
610
01:12:08,080 --> 01:12:09,479
We have now received news
611
01:12:09,582 --> 01:12:13,609
that the Japanese want to close
all refugee camps on February 4th.
612
01:12:14,720 --> 01:12:18,019
The refugees are supposed to return
to the devastated city.
613
01:12:18,124 --> 01:12:21,355
And it doesn't matter
where they live amid the ruins.
614
01:12:21,460 --> 01:12:25,556
This could be awful, but we don't know
how to avert this calamity.
615
01:12:25,665 --> 01:12:28,099
The military has all the power.
616
01:12:29,836 --> 01:12:35,468
At 3:00 p.m., two embassy police came
and asked us to get all the refugees together
617
01:12:35,575 --> 01:12:39,671
so they could explain to them
the plan of returning to their homes.
618
01:12:40,213 --> 01:12:44,912
A Chinese man was with them who
used to be a low-level Chinese army officer.
619
01:12:45,017 --> 01:12:48,817
In order not to be killed,
he became a Japanese collaborator.
620
01:12:49,689 --> 01:12:54,592
When he was alone with Miss Vautrin,
he told her not to let the young girls go.
621
01:12:55,294 --> 01:12:57,091
He wept as he spoke.
622
01:12:57,496 --> 01:13:01,091
Their real object
is to get these people away from us,
623
01:13:01,200 --> 01:13:04,135
who have been their protection
during these terrible weeks.
624
01:13:04,604 --> 01:13:06,367
If they do not go back,
625
01:13:06,472 --> 01:13:09,498
the refugees in camps
will be driven out by soldiers.
626
01:13:09,609 --> 01:13:12,100
Some of the refugees
have registered and gone home,
627
01:13:12,211 --> 01:13:14,179
hoping to live there peacefully.
628
01:13:14,280 --> 01:13:17,010
But, unexpectedly,
when the refugees arrived home,
629
01:13:17,116 --> 01:13:20,483
Japanese soldiers were seen,
hunting for women.
630
01:13:20,720 --> 01:13:23,484
I shall never bring pressure
on women to leave again.
631
01:13:23,589 --> 01:13:26,353
My experience on that was too bitter.
632
01:13:26,459 --> 01:13:31,362
One woman of 27, whom we urged
to go back to her husband,
633
01:13:31,464 --> 01:13:35,423
was raped by three soldiers
within three hours after she left us.
634
01:13:36,068 --> 01:13:37,831
I learned my lesson,
635
01:13:38,971 --> 01:13:41,303
and shall not easily forget it.
636
01:13:42,675 --> 01:13:44,734
We have the possibility of a massacre.
637
01:13:44,844 --> 01:13:47,677
But I don't see myself staying out of sight
while soldiers use bayonets
638
01:13:47,780 --> 01:13:49,748
on women and children who trusted us.
639
01:13:49,849 --> 01:13:52,181
I scolded two Japanese soldiers.
640
01:13:52,818 --> 01:13:57,118
The fellow in front was taking it all right,
but the one in back was a surly fellow.
641
01:13:57,223 --> 01:14:00,750
He drew his bayonet,
and then he made a pass at my middle.
642
01:14:00,860 --> 01:14:02,828
I stood my ground.
643
01:14:02,929 --> 01:14:04,794
But since his first pass was unsuccessful,
644
01:14:04,897 --> 01:14:08,230
he took his bayonet
and held it to my neck for a moment.
645
01:14:08,334 --> 01:14:12,395
He muttered something in Japanese,
and jerked his bayonet forward.
646
01:14:12,505 --> 01:14:15,531
When I ducked my head back, it drew blood.
647
01:14:17,310 --> 01:14:21,007
I fear that the military
intends to clear the Zone by force.
648
01:14:22,682 --> 01:14:26,140
The middle paths are the only open spot
left in the garden.
649
01:14:26,252 --> 01:14:28,447
As they come outside,
they all fall to their knees,
650
01:14:28,554 --> 01:14:31,387
and cannot be persuaded to get up
from the cold cement path
651
01:14:31,490 --> 01:14:33,890
until I give the following speech.
652
01:14:35,261 --> 01:14:37,229
"The Japanese have publicly announced
653
01:14:37,330 --> 01:14:41,027
"that you must leave the refugee camps
in the Zone today.
654
01:14:42,068 --> 01:14:46,801
"I personally shall not chase you away,
but what can I, a single foreigner, do?
655
01:14:47,473 --> 01:14:50,931
"Nonetheless, I'll try
to prevent the Japanese from entering."
656
01:15:02,755 --> 01:15:07,021
When I return home in my car today,
I am received with a royal salute.
657
01:15:07,126 --> 01:15:10,095
My poor refugees
have formed two long lines.
658
01:15:10,196 --> 01:15:14,929
Then all my 600 parishioners surround me
and give me a greeting written on a banner.
659
01:15:15,034 --> 01:15:19,664
They all bow three times, and are very happy
when I bow my head in gratitude.
660
01:15:20,606 --> 01:15:23,200
Then one of my Chinese friends
translates the greeting.
661
01:15:23,309 --> 01:15:27,803
You are the living Buddha
for 100,000 people.
662
01:15:27,913 --> 01:15:31,974
You have saved thousands of people
from danger and want.
663
01:15:32,084 --> 01:15:37,545
May the favor of heaven be granted to you.
May God's blessing rest upon you.
664
01:15:43,662 --> 01:15:46,495
As is obvious from the letters
that arrived for me yesterday
665
01:15:46,599 --> 01:15:48,692
from Shanghai via the German Embassy,
666
01:15:48,801 --> 01:15:52,635
people there have not the vaguest notion
of current conditions here.
667
01:15:52,738 --> 01:15:54,672
And what do we do next?
668
01:15:54,774 --> 01:15:57,004
We've about shot our bolts.
669
01:16:00,780 --> 01:16:04,272
At 6:40, I took the Japanese military
train to Shanghai.
670
01:16:05,217 --> 01:16:08,983
I was crowded in with about as unsavory
a crowd of soldiers as one could imagine
671
01:16:09,088 --> 01:16:10,350
in a third-class coach.
672
01:16:10,456 --> 01:16:14,449
Nervous, because sewed into the lining
of my camel's hair greatcoat
673
01:16:14,560 --> 01:16:18,326
were eight reels of 16 mm movie film
of atrocity cases,
674
01:16:18,431 --> 01:16:22,231
most of which were taken
at the university hospital by John Magee.
675
01:16:22,334 --> 01:16:26,065
They were so terrible
that they had to be seen to be believed.
676
01:16:26,172 --> 01:16:29,403
My baggage would undoubtedly
be carefully examined by the military
677
01:16:29,508 --> 01:16:31,908
when we got to Shanghai.
678
01:16:32,011 --> 01:16:34,605
What might happen,
if they discovered these films?
679
01:18:06,338 --> 01:18:07,498
The pictures shown herewith
680
01:18:07,606 --> 01:18:10,234
give but a fragmentary glimpse
of the unspeakable things that happened
681
01:18:10,342 --> 01:18:14,540
following the Japanese occupation
of Nanking on December 13, 1937.
682
01:18:15,848 --> 01:18:18,476
One must remember
that of the thousands injured,
683
01:18:18,584 --> 01:18:22,748
only a small percentage got to the hospital
or were even heard of.
684
01:18:24,723 --> 01:18:27,556
These pictures have been taken
with no thought
685
01:18:27,660 --> 01:18:30,322
of stirring up a spirit of hatred
against the Japanese,
686
01:18:30,429 --> 01:18:35,958
but only with the desire to make
all people realize how horrible war is.
687
01:18:37,970 --> 01:18:41,406
Great care had to be exercised
not to be seen while taking pictures.
688
01:18:41,507 --> 01:18:45,307
Otherwise, the camera
would have been smashed or confiscated.
689
01:18:46,845 --> 01:18:49,643
Fortunately, the reels weren't discovered.
690
01:18:50,916 --> 01:18:52,110
Washington.
691
01:18:52,218 --> 01:18:55,244
I was the guest of Undersecretary of State,
Dr. Stanley Hornbeck,
692
01:18:55,354 --> 01:18:56,685
whom I had known in China,
693
01:18:56,789 --> 01:18:59,553
and I was given the opportunity
to see many people of importance.
694
01:18:59,658 --> 01:19:02,149
And I also showed my films
to newspapermen
695
01:19:02,261 --> 01:19:04,456
and the Foreign Affairs Committee
of the House.
696
01:19:04,563 --> 01:19:07,293
In Los Angeles,
a couple of speeches were lined up for me,
697
01:19:07,399 --> 01:19:10,527
and one, where I showed my films,
caused something of a sensation,
698
01:19:10,636 --> 01:19:12,831
even illness
on the part of a couple of the audience.
699
01:19:13,639 --> 01:19:17,006
And, following the meeting,
a Japanese gentleman approached me
700
01:19:17,142 --> 01:19:20,976
and said that my statements about
the atrocities in Nanking were not true.
701
01:19:21,080 --> 01:19:26,848
They could not be true,
for Japanese were incapable of such acts.
702
01:19:26,952 --> 01:19:29,750
He asked me to retract
some of the things I had said,
703
01:19:29,855 --> 01:19:33,291
and intimated that it would be best for me
if I did so.
704
01:19:34,326 --> 01:19:36,817
I told him that I had many Japanese friends
705
01:19:36,929 --> 01:19:40,524
and knew that most Japanese were
incapable of such acts as I had described.
706
01:19:40,633 --> 01:19:46,936
But, I said, unfortunately,
everything I said was true,
707
01:19:47,039 --> 01:19:49,473
and hence, I could retract nothing.
708
01:20:07,559 --> 01:20:10,960
The war has rolled on
to engulf a thousand other towns like ours.
709
01:20:11,063 --> 01:20:15,796
This story of invasion, massacre,
rape and oppression
710
01:20:15,934 --> 01:20:19,267
will be reenacted among countless
communities in China.
711
01:20:20,539 --> 01:20:24,236
Nanking looks like a garden
that's been devoured by locusts.
712
01:20:24,877 --> 01:20:27,846
The enemy creates a desert
and calls it peace.
713
01:20:32,651 --> 01:20:34,118
At the conclusion of World War II,
714
01:20:34,219 --> 01:20:37,848
the Allies convened
a War Crimes Tribunal in Tokyo.
715
01:20:37,956 --> 01:20:39,617
From the summary judgment,
716
01:20:39,725 --> 01:20:42,785
approximately 20,000 cases of rape
occurred in Nanking
717
01:20:42,895 --> 01:20:45,796
within the first month of the occupation.
718
01:20:45,898 --> 01:20:49,356
Estimates indicate that the total number
of civilians and prisoners of war
719
01:20:49,468 --> 01:20:51,299
murdered in Nanking and its vicinity
720
01:20:51,403 --> 01:20:54,167
during the first six weeks
of the Japanese occupation
721
01:20:54,273 --> 01:20:56,036
was over 200,000.
722
01:21:41,854 --> 01:21:44,288
Do I hate the Japanese? No.
723
01:21:45,924 --> 01:21:49,451
I dislike very much their policy,
and I dislike very much
724
01:21:49,561 --> 01:21:52,155
the way they are treating
the common people of China.
725
01:21:52,264 --> 01:21:55,722
But if I am ever given the opportunity
of doing the same for the Japanese
726
01:21:55,834 --> 01:21:58,803
as we have done here for the Chinese men,
women and children,
727
01:21:58,904 --> 01:22:01,395
I would do the same right over again.
728
01:22:26,632 --> 01:22:31,126
I have deeply loved and respected
the cause of missions and Ginling College.
729
01:22:31,603 --> 01:22:36,802
Had I 10 lives, I would dedicate them all
to this cause of kingdom-building.
730
01:22:39,211 --> 01:22:42,180
But alas, I have failed.
731
01:23:00,966 --> 01:23:02,194
Dearest,
732
01:23:02,935 --> 01:23:05,529
don't think for a moment
that I wouldn't give my right eye
733
01:23:05,637 --> 01:23:08,936
to be with you
and our unbelievably adorable child.
734
01:23:09,842 --> 01:23:13,710
We have been caught up in a cataclysm,
and during the immediate crisis,
735
01:23:13,812 --> 01:23:16,576
until some light
gets thrown upon future events,
736
01:23:16,682 --> 01:23:19,276
it is absolutely essential to sit tight.
737
01:23:40,939 --> 01:23:43,533
I do not regret having stayed on here.
738
01:23:44,476 --> 01:23:47,240
For my presence has saved many lives.
739
01:23:48,313 --> 01:23:51,976
But all the same,
my suffering is indescribable.
740
01:25:19,004 --> 01:25:23,202
The Chinese have an unsurpassed
capacity for suffering and endurance,
741
01:25:23,809 --> 01:25:26,175
in addition to their many other qualities,
742
01:25:26,311 --> 01:25:28,939
and right must triumph in the end.
743
01:25:30,248 --> 01:25:33,513
I shall always be glad
I threw in my lot with them.
69441
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