All language subtitles for Ancient Egypt 101 | National Geographic - English (auto

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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:00,880 --> 00:00:06,240 the ancient egyptian civilization lasted 2 00:00:03,600 --> 00:00:08,240 for over 3 000 years and became one of 3 00:00:06,240 --> 00:00:12,000 the most powerful and iconic 4 00:00:08,240 --> 00:00:12,000 civilizations in history 5 00:00:12,880 --> 00:00:17,680 at its height ancient egypt's empire 6 00:00:15,599 --> 00:00:21,520 stretched as far north as modern-day 7 00:00:17,680 --> 00:00:24,400 syria and as far south as today's sudan 8 00:00:21,520 --> 00:00:27,039 but long before it was an empire ancient 9 00:00:24,400 --> 00:00:29,359 egypt was a series of small independent 10 00:00:27,039 --> 00:00:31,599 city-states that bloomed along north 11 00:00:29,359 --> 00:00:33,600 africa's nile river 12 00:00:31,599 --> 00:00:35,760 the city-states were divided into two 13 00:00:33,600 --> 00:00:36,960 regions and named according to the flow 14 00:00:35,760 --> 00:00:38,879 of the nile 15 00:00:36,960 --> 00:00:41,360 upper egypt in the south which was 16 00:00:38,879 --> 00:00:43,200 upstream and lower egypt in the north 17 00:00:41,360 --> 00:00:47,360 which was downstream 18 00:00:43,200 --> 00:00:49,840 by about 3100 bc the two halves united 19 00:00:47,360 --> 00:00:52,239 thereby creating one egyptian state that 20 00:00:49,840 --> 00:00:54,160 lasted for millennia 21 00:00:52,239 --> 00:00:56,480 the reign of the civilization can be 22 00:00:54,160 --> 00:00:59,440 divided into three major periods of 23 00:00:56,480 --> 00:01:02,320 prosperity called the old middle and new 24 00:00:59,440 --> 00:01:04,720 kingdoms and two periods of instability 25 00:01:02,320 --> 00:01:07,920 in between called the first and second 26 00:01:04,720 --> 00:01:07,920 intermediate periods 27 00:01:08,400 --> 00:01:13,840 guiding the egyptian people was a 28 00:01:10,240 --> 00:01:16,640 succession of about 300 rulers often 29 00:01:13,840 --> 00:01:19,040 referred to as pharaohs 30 00:01:16,640 --> 00:01:21,759 pharaoh which means great house in 31 00:01:19,040 --> 00:01:24,560 egyptian was never the ruler's formal 32 00:01:21,759 --> 00:01:27,600 title it only became synonymous with the 33 00:01:24,560 --> 00:01:30,560 ruling individual in modern times thanks 34 00:01:27,600 --> 00:01:33,600 to its use in the hebrew bible 35 00:01:30,560 --> 00:01:36,000 these rulers who were not always men nor 36 00:01:33,600 --> 00:01:38,960 egyptian were considered protectors of 37 00:01:36,000 --> 00:01:41,119 the people and served as divine liaisons 38 00:01:38,960 --> 00:01:44,079 between humanity and the hundreds of 39 00:01:41,119 --> 00:01:46,240 gods they worshipped 40 00:01:44,079 --> 00:01:48,320 after the rulers passed away 41 00:01:46,240 --> 00:01:50,000 ancient egyptians believed they then 42 00:01:48,320 --> 00:01:51,600 became gods 43 00:01:50,000 --> 00:01:53,840 to prepare their journey into the 44 00:01:51,600 --> 00:01:56,159 afterlife the rulers constructed 45 00:01:53,840 --> 00:01:58,640 elaborate tombs including the great 46 00:01:56,159 --> 00:02:01,759 pyramids at giza and underground 47 00:01:58,640 --> 00:02:03,920 mausoleums in the valley of the kings 48 00:02:01,759 --> 00:02:06,479 rulers filled their tombs with all the 49 00:02:03,920 --> 00:02:09,119 items they could need in the afterlife 50 00:02:06,479 --> 00:02:10,000 including gold jewelry 51 00:02:09,119 --> 00:02:10,879 food 52 00:02:10,000 --> 00:02:13,760 drink 53 00:02:10,879 --> 00:02:15,920 and even pets 54 00:02:13,760 --> 00:02:19,120 preparing for this journey to the gods 55 00:02:15,920 --> 00:02:21,920 also involved mummifying one's body 56 00:02:19,120 --> 00:02:24,800 the deceased's corpse was embalmed 57 00:02:21,920 --> 00:02:27,040 wrapped in hundreds of yards of linen 58 00:02:24,800 --> 00:02:30,800 and placed inside the tomb so the body 59 00:02:27,040 --> 00:02:33,360 could be reanimated in the afterlife 60 00:02:30,800 --> 00:02:35,519 to this day structures like the great 61 00:02:33,360 --> 00:02:39,360 pyramids are a testament to the role of 62 00:02:35,519 --> 00:02:41,599 religion in ancient egyptians lives 63 00:02:39,360 --> 00:02:43,519 but they also represent the innovative 64 00:02:41,599 --> 00:02:45,840 and cultural might of the egyptian 65 00:02:43,519 --> 00:02:48,000 people 66 00:02:45,840 --> 00:02:50,239 innovations in mathematics and written 67 00:02:48,000 --> 00:02:52,720 language in particular propelled their 68 00:02:50,239 --> 00:02:54,879 civilization to success 69 00:02:52,720 --> 00:02:57,840 math specifically measurement 70 00:02:54,879 --> 00:02:59,840 mathematics helped egyptians understand 71 00:02:57,840 --> 00:03:03,519 and harness their world with numbers 72 00:02:59,840 --> 00:03:05,599 like no other civilization had before 73 00:03:03,519 --> 00:03:08,159 they developed a new form of measurement 74 00:03:05,599 --> 00:03:10,239 called the qubit it was used to design 75 00:03:08,159 --> 00:03:12,720 massive structures such as the great 76 00:03:10,239 --> 00:03:14,800 pyramid with remarkable geometrical 77 00:03:12,720 --> 00:03:17,280 precision 78 00:03:14,800 --> 00:03:20,080 the egyptians also measured time by 79 00:03:17,280 --> 00:03:22,560 combining mathematics with astronomy 80 00:03:20,080 --> 00:03:24,560 they established a 24-hour division to 81 00:03:22,560 --> 00:03:26,959 the day 82 00:03:24,560 --> 00:03:29,120 and created a solar calendar which was 83 00:03:26,959 --> 00:03:33,840 the first dating system in history to 84 00:03:29,120 --> 00:03:33,840 feature 365 days in one year 85 00:03:34,000 --> 00:03:39,360 lastly egyptians developed methods to 86 00:03:36,879 --> 00:03:40,319 measure and survey land around the nile 87 00:03:39,360 --> 00:03:42,400 river 88 00:03:40,319 --> 00:03:45,440 these civil engineering feats made way 89 00:03:42,400 --> 00:03:47,920 for the construction of dams canals and 90 00:03:45,440 --> 00:03:50,159 irrigation systems that helped farming 91 00:03:47,920 --> 00:03:52,560 and agriculture to flourish in the nile 92 00:03:50,159 --> 00:03:52,560 valley 93 00:03:53,040 --> 00:03:58,239 in addition to mathematical concepts the 94 00:03:55,760 --> 00:04:00,239 ancient egyptians also created written 95 00:03:58,239 --> 00:04:02,720 languages to describe the world around 96 00:04:00,239 --> 00:04:04,799 them the oldest and probably most 97 00:04:02,720 --> 00:04:06,560 well-known of these is hieroglyphic 98 00:04:04,799 --> 00:04:09,680 writing 99 00:04:06,560 --> 00:04:12,799 this system was developed around 3150 bc 100 00:04:09,680 --> 00:04:15,200 during the old kingdom and has over 700 101 00:04:12,799 --> 00:04:17,519 pictorial characters 102 00:04:15,200 --> 00:04:19,759 it was used to inscribe monuments and 103 00:04:17,519 --> 00:04:23,040 pottery and predominantly served a 104 00:04:19,759 --> 00:04:25,600 decorative or ceremonial purpose 105 00:04:23,040 --> 00:04:28,320 soon after another ancient form of 106 00:04:25,600 --> 00:04:30,479 writing called hieratic developed out of 107 00:04:28,320 --> 00:04:32,160 the hieroglyphic system 108 00:04:30,479 --> 00:04:34,080 it was a form of cursive that was 109 00:04:32,160 --> 00:04:35,680 written in ink and served a more 110 00:04:34,080 --> 00:04:38,240 functional purpose 111 00:04:35,680 --> 00:04:40,639 unlike its more formal predecessor 112 00:04:38,240 --> 00:04:43,919 hieratic was written on another ancient 113 00:04:40,639 --> 00:04:46,320 egyptian innovation papyrus 114 00:04:43,919 --> 00:04:49,040 papyrus was a type of paper derived from 115 00:04:46,320 --> 00:04:51,280 the papyrus plant which grew plentifully 116 00:04:49,040 --> 00:04:53,600 along the nile river 117 00:04:51,280 --> 00:04:55,919 this medium gave the ancient egyptians a 118 00:04:53,600 --> 00:04:57,360 new avenue of communication and record 119 00:04:55,919 --> 00:04:59,520 keeping that allowed their 120 00:04:57,360 --> 00:05:01,919 civilization's administrative skill to 121 00:04:59,520 --> 00:05:04,880 grow and their culture to spread for 122 00:05:01,919 --> 00:05:08,400 thousands of years 123 00:05:04,880 --> 00:05:11,039 as with all great empires ancient egypt 124 00:05:08,400 --> 00:05:13,520 came to an end it was eventually 125 00:05:11,039 --> 00:05:15,759 conquered after a series of invasions 126 00:05:13,520 --> 00:05:18,880 including those by the persian empire in 127 00:05:15,759 --> 00:05:21,759 the 4th century bc and the roman empire 128 00:05:18,880 --> 00:05:23,840 around 30 bc 129 00:05:21,759 --> 00:05:27,120 not many civilizations can claim a 130 00:05:23,840 --> 00:05:28,800 lifespan of over 3000 years let alone 131 00:05:27,120 --> 00:05:30,720 one that made vast cultural 132 00:05:28,800 --> 00:05:33,360 contributions that still resonate in 133 00:05:30,720 --> 00:05:35,759 modern times 134 00:05:33,360 --> 00:05:38,160 ancient egypt with its linguistic and 135 00:05:35,759 --> 00:05:40,960 mathematical innovations 136 00:05:38,160 --> 00:05:43,360 spirituality and religion 137 00:05:40,960 --> 00:05:44,400 and extensive political and military 138 00:05:43,360 --> 00:05:46,080 might 139 00:05:44,400 --> 00:05:50,280 set a high standard for all 140 00:05:46,080 --> 00:05:50,280 civilizations that followed 141 00:05:58,330 --> 00:06:15,280 [Music] 142 00:06:13,199 --> 00:06:15,280 you10008

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