All language subtitles for 01. Parte Prima

A May day on the Tiananmen Square in Beijing.

We're starting our brief journey to China.
The filming equipment has been brought here.

The song you've just heard is called
We Love Tiananmen Square.

It's sung by the Chinese students
at every school.

For the Chinese, this giant space filled
with silence is the center of the world,

the Gate of Heavenly Peace
and the heart of Beijing.

And Beijing is the political and revolutionary
center of China.

And China is Chung Kuo, the Middle Kingdom,
an ancient cradle of the world civilization.

This is a place of parades, speeches,
public demonstrations.

The People's Republic has been proclaimed
from here as well.

And it was from here that
the countless Red Guards

started their march for the Cultural Revolution.

But we've chosen to come on an ordinary day.
There are many Chinese taking photographs.

It is them, the Chinese, who are
the protagonists of our motion picture.

We're not pretending to understand China.

All we hope for is to present
a large collection of faces, gestures, customs.

Arriving from Europe, we thought
of exploring mountains and deserts.

But the fact is, most of China remains
inaccessible and forbidden.

Even though, in a game of political ping-pong,
the Chinese have opened a few doors,

with an unflinching persistence, our guides

keep us from taking a step away
from the prescribed itineraries.

The founding fathers of Marxism
oversee the Square.

Marx...

and Engels.

Tiananmen occupies a huge territory
of 400,000 square meters.

Shady alleyways and winds from all direction
join here, at the heart of the city.

Despite of all its imperial bearing, the Square
did not exist at the time of the Great Dynasties.

It was born later out of the political need
for a place of public reunions and demonstrations.

Here we can see Lenin...
and Stalin, of course.

Along a major street, we are starting
to move away from the Square.

Suddenly, the car driver tells us
we cannot film here.

Using gestures, we're trying to ask why:
the interpreters are not around at the moment.

Oops... we've filmed this, as you can see.

Later, we learned what was
the reason for this complication.

This is an entrance to the park that hosts
the residence of China's leader Mao Zedong.

The city schedule is strict:
everybody's up very early.

Beijing and the Chinese are very laborious.

The Cultural Revolution has revised
the organization of manufacture,

and has attached the primal importance
to political loyalty, rather than competence.

Lately, efficiency has resurfaced
as a criterion for judgement,

but without compromising
the human aspect of labor.

The inhabitants of Beijing seem poor, but not
miserable: without luxury and without hunger.

What surprised us most is that
the living standards here, so distant from ours,

apparently do not bother people all that much.

In the morning light, under the Tatar Wall, we notice
these people, who do not look like ordinary workers.

This is a kind of physical exercise,
but also a dance and a ceremony.

It disciplines the body
and strengthens the spirit.

They move very rhythmically, as if following
music that no one else can hear.

This tradition is so old that the new leaders
are willing to discontinue it,

as a rudiment of the past,
as a superstition.

A school clay usually starts like this:
running and outdoor exercises.

One day, we're taken to
a gynecology hospital in Beijing,

a quiet and neat facility
managed by very young doctors.

The patient is a worker of an electric valve factory,
35 years old and expecting her first child.

She needs a Caesarian section,
and is anesthetized by means of acupuncture.

It's a poor and simple practice. There is no need
for expensive and complicated equipment.

A very direct human contact is established
between the doctors and the patient.

Acupuncture is accessible to everybody.
It can also be used in remote areas,

and by doctors without professional education
that form the backbone of Chinese rural medicine.

Today, despite of the skepticism
of the Western scholars,

3/4 of the surgery operations performed in China
employ for the purposes of anesthesia

these extremely thin needles,

which, passing through the nerves,
reduce susceptibility to pain.

Thus, the medical practice in China

shows that it's possible to overcome grave obstacles
with simple means and using ancient teachings.

This kindergarten serves the 6400 workers of the
3rd cotton factory on the outskirts of Beijing.

Each big factory maintains a school,
where the workers can send their children.

Starting from childhood, they are prepared
for the future life in a collectivist society.

Their grace makes us forget that almost all songs
they're singing have political connotations.

The most famous one goes like this:

"Navigation depends on the helmsman,
Revolution depends on Chairman Mao."

A house at the same factory.

A husband and wife discuss the vegetables
they've bought at the produce market.

Both work here, at the cotton factory.

Just like the others around it,
this house is modest and simple.

According to the law, the rent
cannot exceed 5% of the salary.

The woman is saying:
"We still do not have a grandson.

To build socialism, it is better
if the families are not too large."

The factories are like small autonomous villages,
where the workers live and tend to their duties.

The salaries are small, and the difference between
the smallest and the greatest isn't large.

The number of distinct levels of payment
is also decreasing.

The workload doesn't look stressful.
Perhaps this is because the workforce is abundant.

The administration of the factory is appointed
according to the "three in one" principle.

The three are the technical personnel,
the workers and the soldiers.

This is a heritage of the Cultural Revolution,
but the organization of labor keeps changing.

The Chinese engage into
discussions with enthusiasm,

even though they tend to become
repetitive and monotonous.

At the end of the workday, the workers make
a circle in the courtyard and talk.

Today they are discussing
an art exhibition,

a relatively new phenomenon,
a result of cultural liberalization.

The moderator praises the artists, because,
following the teachings of Mao,

they put art to the service of
workers, peasants and soldiers.

We must spin and weave for the revolution,
say the others.

There are no real debates. They just put
forward suggestions for various amendments.

We must improve the quality.
It is a matter of primary importance.

We must manufacture good cotton and
contribute to the World Revolution.

We arrive at the Great Wall on a windy day.

The Chinese call it a wall of 10,000 Ii.
It's total length is 5,000 kilometers.

2500 years ago, it was constructed by slaves
to protect the Empire against the barbarians.

In his poem "A Worker reads History",
Brecht asks:

"Who built the seven gates of Thebes?

The books are filled with names of kings.

Was it the kings who hauled
the craggy blocks of stone?"

It's claimed that the Great Wall is the only
human-built monument to be seen from the Moon.

But the astronauts didn't say
anything about it.

It's a fortification,
a barrier against the Mongols.

The turrets are spaced in such a way that
the sentinels can hear each other's voices.

If there is a single monument to represent
the inutility of military arts, it's here.

Someone has also called it
the world's longest cemetery,

because the live bodies of rebellious slaves
were used to cement the blocks of stone.

But the Wall has blocked the steppe winds,
and thus contributed to agriculture.

And sending the soldiers' families into remote
areas assisted the propagation of Chinese culture.

A military monument has thus unintendedly
served to promote civilization.

Strange stone animals oversee this verdant street
on the outskirts of Beijing.

This is a sacred road, the Road of the Spirits,

along which the deceased Emperors
were taken to the place of entombment.

Each shape is repeated twice.
The female is seated, the male is standing.

There are lions, unicorns, camels,
elephants, chimeras, horses.

Today, the significance of these sculptures
is largely unknown.

The animals separate the good from the evil,
inaugurate the peace of oblivion,

and prepare to serve the Emperor
in the Kingdom of the Dead.

Of 16 Ming emperors,
13 are buried in this giant tomb.

Even though the Chinese do not favor the word
"empire" anymore, they still come to pay homage.

In the past, no one could enter these gardens, and
even the Emperor had to step out of the carriage.

A visit to the tomb is a festive occasion.
There is nothing stern or solemn about it.

There isn't much of a point in going inside.

The interiors are nothing more

than giant underground chambers
containing similar rectangular coffins.

One could better have a look at the museum.

There are many treasures there,
but the one that impressed us most

is this specimen of political art.

This, explains the tour guide, is a representation
of the workers' hardships during the Ming epoch.

Even despite of the floods and droughts,
the landowner comes to the peasants to collect taxes.

A family that cannot pay
is expelled from the village.

The peasants become beggars.
They are starving to death on the road...

and are forced to sell their own children.

Thus was the life under feudal emperors.

And it instigated the masses to revolt.

In 1582, the whole country was in uproar.

This, concludes the guide, is exactly
as Chairman Mao teaches us.

Abundant harvests are no longer
made in Heaven,

nor are the peasants
ever expelled from the fields.

Better still!.. For one month in a year,
all the students, arranged like this, in a square,

go to work in the agricultural communes.

We've come to visit an agricultural commune.

40 square kilometers, 3000 hectares of fields,
29000 inhabitants.

We're told that before the commune was built,
this land was suffering from droughts and floods.

Today, there are kilometers of channels,
where animals and fish can be raised.

There is a hospital, 6 clinics,
36 health centers.

8000 students attend 5 middle
and 19 primary schools.

Of course, we've come across less prosperous
villages along our itinerary.

It would be naive to think that we've found
ourselves in a rural paradise.

Peasants' life is hard here,
as it is everywhere.

This market in a central street
of the capital

is like a country fair transposed to the city,
where the animals are sold still alive.

We hide our cameras behind
the heaps of fruits and tea leaves.

The prices are low.
The abundance is accessible to all.

Apart from gentle manners
and subtle intelligence,

food appreciation is another
common trait among Chinese.

The table is rich is fanciful.

Each province is proud of its
diverse specialities.

But, at least for an outsider,
the important thing is

that the giant expanse of the agricultural grounds
helps all Chinese

to overcome the Asian tragedy of malnutrition.

Even though not everywhere you can find
as much abundance as here.

"There is a Great Palace in the City"
wrote Marco Polo.

One Sunday, we leave to rediscover the walls,
roofs, staircases and gardens of the Forbidden City

described in II Milione.

A few decades ago,

no Europeans were allowed to enter here,
and only very few Chinese.

Closed during the Cultural Revolution,
the Emperor's City has recently reopened.

And we've come here to watch
the Chinese visitors,

rather than to explore
the legacy of the imperial times.

The names of the halls and pavilions
celebrate the enormous divine prominence

that the emperors associated
with their own presence.

Supreme Harmony, Celestial Purity,
Terrestrial Serenity, Nourishment of the Spirit.

The actual life behind these walls
was a rather different story.

These were cruel and greedy courts

dominated by extravagant and
hardly human customs.

The halls and palaces formed an itinerary
leading toward the inaccessible power.

The visitors and court officials kept
pacing from one hall to another,

waiting to be summoned
to the Emperor's chamber,

often passing away or abandoning
their original intention

before being able to reach the destination.

The modern Chinese have a peaceful relationship
with their past.

They see its grandeur as a motivation
to look into the present,

and visit without solemn trepidation
these no longer forbidden grounds.

Beijing is still an old city
with small houses

narrow streets and closed courtyards.

This old woman has tiny feet.
Her steps are unsteady.

Since childhood, her feet were tightly
bound and not allowed to grow.

One emperor had a concubine
with shapely buttocks and tiny feet,

and that's how this cruel custom
has originated.

The officials at the court decided that the prominent
shape of the buttocks, a symbol of beauty,

depends on the size of the feet.

Hence they invented the custom.

A woman with feet like this must have been
young in the days of the last dynasty.

This is an antique trading street
called Liu Li Chang.

It is brimming with shops selling all sorts of
curiosities. They are all managed by the state.

And all the goods are sold at fixed prices.

The streets are narrow.
And there is always a Public Security Guard

who would maintain the order
and prevent strangers from entering.

The roofs protrude beyond the walls.

There are no windows outside.

The life is confined to the courtyards.

They are a kind of communal area
used for both work and recreation.

A kind of private order is maintained
inside by consent of all inhabitants.

The houses are simple and poor.

Getting inside is hard.

You have to overcome the diffidence
and shyness.

But once you're in you'll discover
the human warmth as well.

There is also a new growing Beijing.

Even though the government does not favor
urban expansion,

the natural growth cannot be stopped.

New districts are built in a place
formerly crossed by the wall

that was delimiting
the ancient Mongol City.

The trade and commerce in Beijing
are mostly concentrated around two streets.

This one is called Wang Fu Jing.

To record its daily activities,
we have to hide the cameras.

A stern capital of the Revolution,
Beijing does not exhibit much color.

The garments are simple and frugal.

Here, you can witness the virtues
of the long-forgotten times:

decency, modesty,
the spirit of self-restraint.

The other street is called Feng Sheng.

Here, it's like this every day, anytime.

A wall of pedestrians, which is nearly impossible
to traverse with a camera in your hands.

Beijing has hundreds of temples and pagodas.

But, for us, the most beautiful and mysterious
is this one. Tian Tan, the Temple of Heaven.

Here, the Emperors were tending to the Gods

in hope for ample rain and abundant harvest.

Today, when the elephant driven carriages,
processions of aristocrats

and brutal human sacrifices
are nothing more than stories of distant past.

Tian Tan is a public park
very much favored by the tourists.

It is made of whole pieces of wood
without a single nail.

It's said that there is more than
a million bicycles in Beijing.

This is Chang An theater
which Chinese like to visit after work.

Tonight, it's a puppet show.
The hostess announces a piece for orchestra.