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Subtitles by explosiveskull
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It was 1945.
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The war was over.
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Slowly, painfully,
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life came back to
the ruins of Europe.
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The war was over, but
there was no peace.
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Despair crouched
over the continent.
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Hopelessness circled
Europe like a bird of prey.
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Why?
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What were the forces?
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What were the issues in
a war that turned nations
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into rubble heaps and
populations into beggars.
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The people wanted the answers.
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They wanted to know
what happened and why.
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In the Palace of
Justice in Nuremberg,
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the people of the
world came together,
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00:02:01,467 --> 00:02:05,398
for there sat the
international military tribunal
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00:02:05,400 --> 00:02:09,331
to judge the chief
Nazi war criminals.
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00:03:11,167 --> 00:03:15,131
Justice Robert H. Jackson,
the chief American prosecutor
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makes the opening statement
for the prosecution.
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The
privilege of opening
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the first trial in history.
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The privilege
of opening the first trial
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00:03:24,367 --> 00:03:28,231
in history for crimes against
the peace of the world
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00:03:28,233 --> 00:03:31,231
imposes a grave responsibility.
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The wrongs, which we seek
to condemn and punish
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00:03:34,400 --> 00:03:38,731
have been so calculated, so
malignant and so devastating
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00:03:38,733 --> 00:03:42,365
that civilization cannot
tolerate their being ignored,
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00:03:42,367 --> 00:03:45,565
because it cannot survive
their being repeated.
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That four great nations,
flushed with victory
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and stung with injury,
stay the hand of vengeance
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and voluntarily submit
their captive enemies
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00:03:55,767 --> 00:03:59,198
to the judgment of the law is
one of the most significant
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00:03:59,200 --> 00:04:02,900
tributes that power has
ever paid to reason.
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00:04:04,033 --> 00:04:07,031
This inquest represents
the practical effort
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00:04:07,033 --> 00:04:10,565
of four of the most mighty
of nations with the support
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00:04:10,567 --> 00:04:14,798
of 15 more to utilize
international law to meet
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00:04:14,800 --> 00:04:18,900
the greatest menace of
our times, aggressive war.
40
00:04:20,300 --> 00:04:24,565
The common sense of mankind
demands that law shall not stop
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00:04:24,567 --> 00:04:28,731
with the punishment of petty
crimes by little people.
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00:04:28,733 --> 00:04:33,131
It must also reach men who possess
themselves of great power
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00:04:33,133 --> 00:04:36,031
and who make deliberate
and concerted use of it
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to set in motion evils,
which leave no home
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in the world untouched.
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In the prisoner's dock
sit 20 odd broken men,
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reproached by the humiliation
of those they have led,
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00:04:49,267 --> 00:04:51,731
almost as bitterly
as by the desolation
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00:04:51,733 --> 00:04:53,931
of those they have attacked.
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00:04:53,933 --> 00:04:58,231
Their personal capacity
for evil is forever past.
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00:04:58,233 --> 00:05:00,631
Merely as individuals,
their fate
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00:05:00,633 --> 00:05:03,765
is of little consequence
to the world.
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00:05:03,767 --> 00:05:07,565
What makes this inquest significant
is that these prisoners
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00:05:07,567 --> 00:05:11,798
represent sinister influences
that will lurk in the world
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00:05:11,800 --> 00:05:15,831
long after their bodies
have returned to dust.
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00:05:15,833 --> 00:05:19,798
They are living symbols of
the arrogance and cruelty
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00:05:19,800 --> 00:05:23,967
of power, of racial hatreds,
of terrorism and violence.
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00:05:27,467 --> 00:05:30,898
They are symbols of
fierce nationalisms,
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00:05:30,900 --> 00:05:33,400
and of militarism, of intrigue
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00:05:43,167 --> 00:05:46,431
and war-making, which
have embroiled Europe
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00:05:46,433 --> 00:05:50,631
generation after generation,
crushing its manhood,
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00:05:50,633 --> 00:05:54,998
destroying its homes and
impoverishing its lives.
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They have so
identified themselves
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with the philosophies
they conceived
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00:05:59,367 --> 00:06:02,631
and with the forces they
directed that any tenderness
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00:06:02,633 --> 00:06:06,931
to them is a victory and an
encouragement to all the evils
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00:06:06,933 --> 00:06:10,065
which are attached
to their names.
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What these men stand
for we will patiently
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00:06:13,633 --> 00:06:16,231
and temperately disclose.
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00:06:16,233 --> 00:06:20,831
We will give you undeniable
proof of incredible events.
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The catalog of crimes
will omit nothing.
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00:06:24,700 --> 00:06:28,098
It may be that these men
of troubled conscience
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00:06:28,100 --> 00:06:31,198
do not regard a
trial as a favor,
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00:06:31,200 --> 00:06:35,231
but they do have a fair
opportunity to defend themselves,
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00:06:35,233 --> 00:06:37,565
a favor which they
rarely extended
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00:06:37,567 --> 00:06:39,800
to their fellow countrymen.
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We will not ask you
to convict these men
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on the testimony of their foes.
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There is no count
of the indictment
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that cannot be proved
by books and records.
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00:07:03,667 --> 00:07:07,667
And we will show you the
defendants' own films.
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You will see their own conduct
and hear their own voices,
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as they re-enact for
you, from the screen,
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00:07:16,700 --> 00:07:20,867
some of the events in the
course of the conspiracy.
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00:07:22,233 --> 00:07:26,067
The acts of the defendants
have bathed the world in blood.
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00:07:32,567 --> 00:07:35,633
And set civilization
back a century.
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00:07:38,133 --> 00:07:41,098
They have subjected
their European neighbors
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00:07:41,100 --> 00:07:44,100
to every spoliation
and depravation.
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00:07:46,600 --> 00:07:48,398
They have brought
the German people
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00:07:48,400 --> 00:07:51,233
to the lowest ebb
of wretchedness.
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00:07:56,400 --> 00:07:58,831
They have stirred
hatreds and incited
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00:07:58,833 --> 00:08:01,933
domestic violence
on every continent.
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These are the things
that stand in the dock,
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shoulder to shoulder
with these prisoners.
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The real complaining party
at your bar is civilization.
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The United
States of America
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present count one
of the indictment;
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that all the defendants
participated as organizers
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00:08:24,900 --> 00:08:28,898
or accomplices in a
common plan or conspiracy
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00:08:28,900 --> 00:08:31,831
to commit crimes against
peace, war crimes
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00:08:31,833 --> 00:08:34,198
and crimes against humanity.
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00:08:34,200 --> 00:08:38,365
The aims of this conspiracy
were open and notorious.
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00:08:38,367 --> 00:08:40,598
The aims
of this conspiracy
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00:08:40,600 --> 00:08:42,431
were open and notorious.
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00:08:42,433 --> 00:08:45,165
It was far different
from any other conspiracy
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00:08:45,167 --> 00:08:48,565
ever unfolded before
a court of justice.
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00:08:58,667 --> 00:09:02,631
Its history is
the history of the Nazi party,
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00:09:02,633 --> 00:09:07,265
which grew from the brawling
streets of Munich in the 20s.
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00:09:12,000 --> 00:09:15,865
And from the beginning, Adolf
Hitler and his followers
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00:09:15,867 --> 00:09:18,965
were committed to
the use of any means,
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whether or not they
were legal or honorable.
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Their aim was the
highest degree of control
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00:09:28,333 --> 00:09:30,567
over the German community.
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00:09:32,567 --> 00:09:35,098
Their intentions were
blatantly put forth
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00:09:35,100 --> 00:09:38,100
in Mein Kampf and
the party program.
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00:09:42,867 --> 00:09:45,131
And they preached
their favorite doctrine
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up and down the land.
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They said that persons of
a so-called German blood
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were a master race
entitled to subjugate
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00:09:54,200 --> 00:09:56,665
or even exterminate other races.
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00:09:56,667 --> 00:09:58,998
They said that the
German should be ruled
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00:09:59,000 --> 00:10:02,498
under the Fuhrer Principle
or leadership principle
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00:10:02,500 --> 00:10:06,031
by which each sub-leader
owed unconditional obedience
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00:10:06,033 --> 00:10:10,698
to his superior and so on
right up to Adolf Hitler.
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00:10:10,700 --> 00:10:12,731
They said that war was a noble
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00:10:12,733 --> 00:10:15,567
and necessary
activity of Germans.
127
00:10:20,800 --> 00:10:23,198
And they said that
the Nazi Party alone
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00:10:23,200 --> 00:10:25,898
had the right to rule
Germany and the right
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00:10:25,900 --> 00:10:28,831
to destroy the party's enemies.
130
00:10:44,800 --> 00:10:47,998
Their rise to power
was based on fraud,
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00:10:48,000 --> 00:10:50,833
deceit, intimidation
and coercion,
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00:10:54,433 --> 00:10:57,767
culminating finally
in terror and flame.
133
00:11:03,333 --> 00:11:06,798
Into that flame went the
Democratic constitution
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00:11:06,800 --> 00:11:10,967
of the Weimar Republic and the
freedom of the German people.
135
00:11:13,833 --> 00:11:16,565
For the fire set by the Nazis
136
00:11:16,567 --> 00:11:19,133
extended to the very Reichstag.
137
00:11:20,967 --> 00:11:24,898
Hans Gisevius, a witness who
formerly held a high position
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00:11:24,900 --> 00:11:27,265
in the Berlin Police
Administration,
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00:11:27,267 --> 00:11:31,598
tells of his investigation
of the Reichstag fire.
140
00:11:37,067 --> 00:11:40,365
To speak briefly
and to state the facts.
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00:11:40,367 --> 00:11:43,565
First of all, we ascertain
that quite generally,
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00:11:43,567 --> 00:11:45,031
Hitler had stated the wish
143
00:11:45,033 --> 00:11:48,265
for a large scale
propaganda campaign.
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00:11:48,267 --> 00:11:52,398
Goebbels took on the job of
making the necessary proposals
145
00:11:52,400 --> 00:11:54,865
and it was Goebbels
who first thought
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00:11:54,867 --> 00:11:57,600
of setting the
Reichstag on fire.
147
00:12:00,000 --> 00:12:03,431
A group of 10 reliable
S.A. men was made ready
148
00:12:03,433 --> 00:12:07,631
and now Goering was informed
about every detail of the plan.
149
00:12:07,633 --> 00:12:11,265
It was expected from Goering
and he gave his assurances
150
00:12:11,267 --> 00:12:14,898
that he would do so, that the
police would be instructed,
151
00:12:14,900 --> 00:12:19,067
while still suffering from
shock, to take up a false trail.
152
00:12:20,400 --> 00:12:22,331
Using
the Reichstag fire
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00:12:22,333 --> 00:12:24,998
as a pretext for seizing power,
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00:12:25,000 --> 00:12:28,565
the Nazi conspirators
lost no time in tearing
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00:12:28,567 --> 00:12:31,567
Germany away from
a policy of peace.
156
00:12:38,367 --> 00:12:41,598
Late in 1933, they
led their nation
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00:12:41,600 --> 00:12:44,298
out of the Disarmament
Conference,
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00:12:44,300 --> 00:12:47,198
quit the League of
Nations and embarked
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00:12:47,200 --> 00:12:49,967
on a course of
secret rearmament.
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00:12:53,000 --> 00:12:57,167
By 1934, the new armaments
program, designed by defendants
161
00:12:58,567 --> 00:13:02,567
Goering, Schacht and Funk,
was going full blast.
162
00:13:08,367 --> 00:13:12,567
German industry was again
turning out the tools of war.
163
00:13:16,467 --> 00:13:20,633
The plants hummed and one year
later Goering could announce:
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00:13:22,300 --> 00:13:24,098
From
the strong foundation
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00:13:24,100 --> 00:13:28,965
of the National Socialist
Ideology today rises once again
166
00:13:28,967 --> 00:13:30,967
the German Armed Forces.
167
00:13:33,133 --> 00:13:35,865
A few days
later, General von Blomberg
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00:13:35,867 --> 00:13:40,165
announced the new law for
compulsory military service.
169
00:13:47,367 --> 00:13:51,567
The law was signed by
defendants Goering, Hess, Frank,
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00:13:52,767 --> 00:13:55,367
Frick, Schacht and Von Neurath.
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00:13:57,600 --> 00:13:59,167
The training began.
172
00:14:10,333 --> 00:14:14,331
Finally, in the spring
of 1936, the Nazis
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00:14:14,333 --> 00:14:18,567
sent their new troops
marching into the Rhineland.
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00:14:24,300 --> 00:14:28,565
Mein Fuhrer,
on March 7th, 1936,
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00:14:28,567 --> 00:14:30,731
soldiers of the army,
which was created
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00:14:30,733 --> 00:14:33,765
by order of the Fuhrer,
crossed the sacred river
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00:14:33,767 --> 00:14:38,231
of German history and occupied
their former garrisons.
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00:14:38,233 --> 00:14:41,565
They pledged the Fuhrer,
whatever decisions he may make,
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00:14:41,567 --> 00:14:44,665
unbreakable faith and
obedience and they vow
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00:14:44,667 --> 00:14:47,631
to follow him and to
prove their sincerity,
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00:14:47,633 --> 00:14:50,998
by their never ending
love for Germany.
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00:14:51,000 --> 00:14:54,067
The
columns grew longer.
183
00:14:58,067 --> 00:15:02,131
The sound of boots grew louder
on the streets of Nuremberg.
184
00:15:02,133 --> 00:15:03,398
But Hitler said:
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00:15:05,300 --> 00:15:07,131
The German
people is not a people,
186
00:15:07,133 --> 00:15:09,265
which welcomes a war today,
187
00:15:09,267 --> 00:15:11,965
tomorrow or the
day after tomorrow.
188
00:15:11,967 --> 00:15:14,931
That is not in the
character of the Germans.
189
00:15:14,933 --> 00:15:18,565
He is by nature not only
peaceful and peace loving,
190
00:15:18,567 --> 00:15:21,565
but above all conciliatory.
191
00:15:21,567 --> 00:15:23,067
He wants to work.
192
00:15:24,567 --> 00:15:27,931
In our country are
millions of peasants,
193
00:15:27,933 --> 00:15:29,965
they want to till their fields.
194
00:15:29,967 --> 00:15:32,665
They want to bring
in their harvests.
195
00:15:32,667 --> 00:15:34,765
There are millions of workers,
196
00:15:34,767 --> 00:15:37,565
they want to perform their work.
197
00:15:43,900 --> 00:15:45,998
But the
Nazi conspirators,
198
00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:49,065
in the name of Lebensraum,
continued to plot
199
00:15:49,067 --> 00:15:51,631
new aggressions against peace.
200
00:15:51,633 --> 00:15:55,698
In November 1937, Hitler
called a special meeting
201
00:15:55,700 --> 00:15:59,331
with defendants Goering,
Von Neurath and Raeder
202
00:15:59,333 --> 00:16:03,431
and Generals von
Blomberg and von Frick.
203
00:16:03,433 --> 00:16:06,998
The meeting was secret but
Lieutenant Colonel Hossbach,
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00:16:07,000 --> 00:16:08,998
Hitler's personal adjutant,
205
00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:12,398
faithfully recorded
Hitler's words:
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00:16:12,400 --> 00:16:14,465
The German
question can be solved
207
00:16:14,467 --> 00:16:16,200
only by way of force.
208
00:16:17,633 --> 00:16:20,565
For the improvement of our
military-political position,
209
00:16:20,567 --> 00:16:23,665
it must be our first aim, in
every case of entanglement
210
00:16:23,667 --> 00:16:26,265
by war, to conquer
Czechoslovakia
211
00:16:26,267 --> 00:16:28,567
and Austria simultaneously.
212
00:16:29,733 --> 00:16:32,398
The annexation of the
two states to Germany,
213
00:16:32,400 --> 00:16:35,698
militarily and politically,
would constitute
214
00:16:35,700 --> 00:16:37,567
a considerable relief.
215
00:16:41,033 --> 00:16:44,665
This meeting set
the stage for Nazi expansion
216
00:16:44,667 --> 00:16:49,098
and Act One came only three
months later at Berchtesgaden
217
00:16:49,100 --> 00:16:52,565
where a defendant von Papen
finally engineered a meeting
218
00:16:52,567 --> 00:16:55,431
between Schuschnigg,
the Austrian Chancellor,
219
00:16:55,433 --> 00:16:59,198
and Hitler and defendants
Keitel and von Ribbentrop.
220
00:16:59,200 --> 00:17:02,065
Guido Schmidt, who was
Austrian Foreign Minister
221
00:17:02,067 --> 00:17:05,198
at the time, also
attended the meeting.
222
00:17:05,200 --> 00:17:07,565
And now he takes
the witness stand.
223
00:17:07,567 --> 00:17:09,631
Did Hitler demand
that Seyss-Inquart
224
00:17:09,633 --> 00:17:11,731
be made Minister of Security?
225
00:17:11,733 --> 00:17:13,965
That was one of
the demands on that program.
226
00:17:13,967 --> 00:17:15,598
Where
there also demands
227
00:17:15,600 --> 00:17:19,765
made with regard to currency
exchange and customs?
228
00:17:19,767 --> 00:17:20,898
There were demands
229
00:17:20,900 --> 00:17:24,198
of an economic
nature of every kind.
230
00:17:24,200 --> 00:17:25,798
Hitler
told you that you
231
00:17:25,800 --> 00:17:29,998
had until February 15th to
accept his terms, didn't he?
232
00:17:30,000 --> 00:17:33,898
And he told you that if you
didn't do so he would use force.
233
00:17:33,900 --> 00:17:36,131
The ultimatum
as Hitler stated it
234
00:17:36,133 --> 00:17:39,698
was that he intended, as
early as February, to march
235
00:17:39,700 --> 00:17:42,565
into Austria and that,
for the last time,
236
00:17:42,567 --> 00:17:45,031
he was prepared to postpone it.
237
00:17:45,033 --> 00:17:46,865
Faced
by these threats,
238
00:17:46,867 --> 00:17:50,800
the Austrians carried
out all Hitler's demands.
239
00:17:54,267 --> 00:17:57,933
But the Nazi conspirators
weren't satisfied.
240
00:17:59,567 --> 00:18:02,965
A month later when Schuschnigg
announced a plebiscite
241
00:18:02,967 --> 00:18:06,965
on Austrian Independence,
Hitler and defendant Goering
242
00:18:06,967 --> 00:18:09,898
demanded the
plebiscite be canceled.
243
00:18:09,900 --> 00:18:12,431
Another ultimatum demanded
Schuschnigg resign
244
00:18:12,433 --> 00:18:14,033
within three hours.
245
00:18:16,400 --> 00:18:19,398
Fearing invasion,
Schuschnigg resigned
246
00:18:19,400 --> 00:18:22,765
and finally defendant
Seyss-Inquart was appointed
247
00:18:22,767 --> 00:18:25,267
the new Chancellor of Austria.
248
00:18:28,200 --> 00:18:30,931
That same day Goering in Berlin
249
00:18:30,933 --> 00:18:34,298
called Keppler of the
German Embassy in Vienna.
250
00:18:34,300 --> 00:18:36,931
The conversation
was transcribed.
251
00:18:36,933 --> 00:18:39,298
Kepler spoke first:
252
00:18:39,300 --> 00:18:42,031
Well, we
represent the government now.
253
00:18:42,033 --> 00:18:44,365
Yes, that's it,
you're the government.
254
00:18:44,367 --> 00:18:46,298
Listen carefully, the
following telegram
255
00:18:46,300 --> 00:18:48,765
should be sent here
from Seyss-Inquart.
256
00:18:48,767 --> 00:18:50,298
Take the notes.
257
00:18:50,300 --> 00:18:52,165
The provisional
Austrian Government
258
00:18:52,167 --> 00:18:54,665
sends to the German
Government the urgent request
259
00:18:54,667 --> 00:18:58,565
for support in its task
to help prevent bloodshed.
260
00:18:58,567 --> 00:19:00,698
For this purpose, it asks
the German Government
261
00:19:00,700 --> 00:19:03,565
to send German troops
as soon as possible.
262
00:19:03,567 --> 00:19:04,798
Well, SA and SS
263
00:19:04,800 --> 00:19:06,231
are marching
through the streets.
264
00:19:06,233 --> 00:19:08,298
Everything has collapsed
with the professional groups.
265
00:19:08,300 --> 00:19:09,665
Seyss-Inquart
is the only one
266
00:19:09,667 --> 00:19:11,231
who still has power in Austria.
267
00:19:11,233 --> 00:19:15,631
Yes, there are troops who
have crossed the border today.
268
00:19:22,400 --> 00:19:25,998
The act was written
joining Austria to Germany
269
00:19:26,000 --> 00:19:29,398
and signed by defendant
Seyss-Inquart, Goering,
270
00:19:29,400 --> 00:19:32,565
Frick, von Ribbentrop and Hess.
271
00:19:32,567 --> 00:19:34,565
Hitler, of course, had said:
272
00:19:34,567 --> 00:19:37,165
Germany neither
intends no wishes to interfere
273
00:19:37,167 --> 00:19:40,465
in the internal affairs of
Austria, to annex Austria
274
00:19:40,467 --> 00:19:42,298
or to conclude an Anschluss.
275
00:19:42,300 --> 00:19:44,900
21st of May 1935, Adolf Hitler.
276
00:19:50,500 --> 00:19:52,931
The
curtain fell on Act One,
277
00:19:52,933 --> 00:19:56,831
but already the Nazi conspirators
prepared for Act Two
278
00:19:56,833 --> 00:20:01,000
with this 1938 memorandum from
Hitler to his High Command.
279
00:20:02,333 --> 00:20:04,665
It is my
unalterable decision to smash
280
00:20:04,667 --> 00:20:08,431
Czechoslovakia by military
action in the near future.
281
00:20:08,433 --> 00:20:10,831
It is the job of the
political leaders
282
00:20:10,833 --> 00:20:12,731
to bring about the politically
283
00:20:12,733 --> 00:20:15,300
and militarily suitable moment.
284
00:20:18,100 --> 00:20:21,331
Konrad Henlein was
designated political leader.
285
00:20:21,333 --> 00:20:23,865
The plan was labeled
Operation Green
286
00:20:23,867 --> 00:20:27,598
and defendant Jodl issued
another memorandum reading:
287
00:20:27,600 --> 00:20:29,898
Operation Green
will be set in motion by means
288
00:20:29,900 --> 00:20:33,598
of an incident in Czechoslovakia
which will give Germany
289
00:20:33,600 --> 00:20:35,865
provocation for
military intervention.
290
00:20:35,867 --> 00:20:38,631
The fixing of the exact
time for this incident
291
00:20:38,633 --> 00:20:40,965
is of the utmost importance.
292
00:20:40,967 --> 00:20:43,531
A few months
later, Germany signed
293
00:20:43,533 --> 00:20:48,231
the Munich Pact with
England, France and Italy.
294
00:20:48,233 --> 00:20:50,198
This pact involved the transfer
295
00:20:50,200 --> 00:20:52,565
of the Sudetenland to Germany.
296
00:20:52,567 --> 00:20:56,733
The conspirators called it
their last territorial demand.
297
00:21:00,967 --> 00:21:02,665
But before the ink was dry,
298
00:21:02,667 --> 00:21:06,165
they were making other
plans for Hitler's goal
299
00:21:06,167 --> 00:21:10,000
was the complete absorption
of Czechoslovakia.
300
00:21:13,300 --> 00:21:15,798
And now the Czech
president Hacha
301
00:21:15,800 --> 00:21:17,631
was called to a
meeting with Hitler
302
00:21:17,633 --> 00:21:21,031
and defendants Goering
von Ribbentrop and Keitel.
303
00:21:21,033 --> 00:21:22,831
They gave him the ultimatum.
304
00:21:22,833 --> 00:21:25,131
Bohemia and Moravia
would be incorporated
305
00:21:25,133 --> 00:21:28,165
into Germany immediately
or Czechoslovakia
306
00:21:28,167 --> 00:21:31,931
would be invaded and Prague
destroyed from the air.
307
00:21:31,933 --> 00:21:33,567
Hacha was helpless.
308
00:21:36,933 --> 00:21:40,198
Defendants von Ribbentrop
and Frick signed the decree
309
00:21:40,200 --> 00:21:44,398
making Bohemia and Moravia
a German Protectorate.
310
00:21:44,400 --> 00:21:46,165
Speaking some months before
311
00:21:46,167 --> 00:21:50,331
about the Sudetenland,
however, Hitler had said:
312
00:21:50,333 --> 00:21:52,731
I have
promised and repeated here
313
00:21:52,733 --> 00:21:54,565
that there will be
no more territorial
314
00:21:54,567 --> 00:21:56,665
problems for Germany in Europe.
315
00:21:56,667 --> 00:21:59,565
I will be no longer
interested in the Czech State
316
00:21:59,567 --> 00:22:01,065
and I will guarantee it.
317
00:22:01,067 --> 00:22:03,733
26 September 1938, Adolf Hitler.
318
00:22:12,033 --> 00:22:13,698
Now,
according to more
319
00:22:13,700 --> 00:22:17,398
of his adjutants' notes,
Hitler reviewed the Nazi plan
320
00:22:17,400 --> 00:22:20,900
of violence and treachery
from 1934 to 39.
321
00:22:22,167 --> 00:22:23,365
The notes read:
322
00:22:23,367 --> 00:22:24,931
First rearmament.
323
00:22:24,933 --> 00:22:29,065
In 1935 the introduction of
compulsory military service.
324
00:22:29,067 --> 00:22:31,631
After that militarization
of the Rhineland.
325
00:22:31,633 --> 00:22:33,765
One year later Austria came.
326
00:22:33,767 --> 00:22:36,998
It brought about a considerable
reinforcement of the Reich.
327
00:22:37,000 --> 00:22:39,365
The next step was
Bohemia and Moravia,
328
00:22:39,367 --> 00:22:41,798
then followed the erection
of the Protectorate
329
00:22:41,800 --> 00:22:45,098
and with that the basis for
action against Poland was laid.
330
00:22:45,100 --> 00:22:47,465
Basically, I did not
organize the Armed Forces
331
00:22:47,467 --> 00:22:49,065
and order not to strike.
332
00:22:49,067 --> 00:22:52,400
The decision to strike
was always in me.
333
00:22:54,867 --> 00:22:56,465
In the name
of the United Kingdom
334
00:22:56,467 --> 00:22:58,431
of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland,
335
00:22:58,433 --> 00:23:01,665
Sir Hartley Shawcross
presents count two,
336
00:23:01,667 --> 00:23:05,298
crimes against peace charging
that all the defendants
337
00:23:05,300 --> 00:23:07,865
participated in the
planning and waging of wars
338
00:23:07,867 --> 00:23:11,898
of aggression, was in violation
of international treaties,
339
00:23:11,900 --> 00:23:14,465
agreements and assurances.
340
00:23:14,467 --> 00:23:16,098
The first
step was the Rhineland
341
00:23:16,100 --> 00:23:18,365
and the next step was Austria.
342
00:23:18,367 --> 00:23:20,365
The
Rhineland is occupied.
343
00:23:20,367 --> 00:23:23,631
Austria and Czechoslovakia
are seized by Germany
344
00:23:23,633 --> 00:23:27,031
and now the Nazi conspirators
turned to the next problem
345
00:23:27,033 --> 00:23:29,465
a conquest of Poland.
346
00:23:29,467 --> 00:23:31,931
Again, an adjutant,
lieutenant-colonel Schmundt
347
00:23:31,933 --> 00:23:34,098
transcribed Hitler's words.
348
00:23:34,100 --> 00:23:37,031
The solution of
the problem demands courage.
349
00:23:37,033 --> 00:23:39,731
It is impossible without
invasion of foreign States
350
00:23:39,733 --> 00:23:42,065
or attacks on foreign property.
351
00:23:42,067 --> 00:23:45,231
There's, therefore, no
question of sparing Poland
352
00:23:45,233 --> 00:23:47,731
and we are left with the
decision to attack Poland
353
00:23:47,733 --> 00:23:49,898
at the first
suitable opportunity.
354
00:23:49,900 --> 00:23:52,831
We cannot expect the
repetition of the Czech affair.
355
00:23:52,833 --> 00:23:54,333
There will be war.
356
00:23:55,900 --> 00:23:57,398
Meanwhile,
according to their
357
00:23:57,400 --> 00:24:00,431
well-established practice,
the conspirators stirred up
358
00:24:00,433 --> 00:24:03,265
the Danzig issue to
furnish frontier incidents
359
00:24:03,267 --> 00:24:06,365
which could justify
an attack on Poland.
360
00:24:06,367 --> 00:24:09,865
Then on 23 August,
the Nazis signed
361
00:24:09,867 --> 00:24:13,033
their non-aggression
pact with Russia.
362
00:24:16,033 --> 00:24:18,365
There Hitler told
his High Command:
363
00:24:18,367 --> 00:24:19,865
Now, Poland
is in the position
364
00:24:19,867 --> 00:24:21,565
in which I want her.
365
00:24:21,567 --> 00:24:24,231
I am only afraid that at the
last moment some Schweinehund
366
00:24:24,233 --> 00:24:27,331
will make a proposal
for mediation.
367
00:24:27,333 --> 00:24:28,931
Appeals were made
368
00:24:28,933 --> 00:24:32,667
twice by the Pope and
by President Roosevelt.
369
00:24:43,467 --> 00:24:46,698
Finally, Mr
Roosevelt asks an assurance
370
00:24:46,700 --> 00:24:50,265
be given him that the German
armed forces will not attack
371
00:24:50,267 --> 00:24:54,465
and, above all, not invade
the territory or positions
372
00:24:54,467 --> 00:24:57,631
of the following
independent nations.
373
00:24:57,633 --> 00:25:00,231
He then names as those
coming into question:
374
00:25:00,233 --> 00:25:03,967
Finland, Letland,
Litauen, Estland, Norway,
375
00:25:05,600 --> 00:25:09,065
Sweden, Denmark,
Netherlands, Belgium,
376
00:25:09,067 --> 00:25:13,198
Grossbritannien, Ireland,
Frank Reich, Portugal, Spanien,
377
00:25:13,200 --> 00:25:17,631
die Schweiz, Liechtenstein,
Luxembourg, Poland.
378
00:25:23,733 --> 00:25:27,265
On 1 September
1939, the Nazis sent
379
00:25:27,267 --> 00:25:31,433
the Wehrmacht smashing into
Poland and into a new world war,
380
00:25:32,633 --> 00:25:34,998
for France and England,
faithful to their mutual
381
00:25:35,000 --> 00:25:37,331
assistance pact with Poland,
382
00:25:37,333 --> 00:25:40,698
immediately declared
war on Germany.
383
00:25:46,133 --> 00:25:48,731
The Luftwaffe
opened mass attacks
384
00:25:48,733 --> 00:25:50,967
on Polish towns and cities.
385
00:25:56,400 --> 00:25:59,265
And Hitler, according to
Schmundt's notes, said:
386
00:25:59,267 --> 00:26:01,698
Destruction of
Poland in the foreground.
387
00:26:01,700 --> 00:26:04,698
I shall give a propagandist
cause for starting the war,
388
00:26:04,700 --> 00:26:07,298
never mind whether it
be plausible or not.
389
00:26:07,300 --> 00:26:08,365
Have no pity.
390
00:26:08,367 --> 00:26:10,731
Take a brutal attitude.
391
00:26:10,733 --> 00:26:14,698
But as usual,
before the attack on Poland,
392
00:26:14,700 --> 00:26:16,565
Hitler told the world:
393
00:26:16,567 --> 00:26:19,198
During the troubled
months of the past year,
394
00:26:19,200 --> 00:26:21,731
the friendship between
Poland and Germany
395
00:26:21,733 --> 00:26:23,931
has been one of the
reassuring factors
396
00:26:23,933 --> 00:26:26,298
in the political life of Europe.
397
00:26:26,300 --> 00:26:29,233
30th of January
1939, Adolf Hitler.
398
00:26:31,567 --> 00:26:34,565
The path of
destruction started in Poland
399
00:26:34,567 --> 00:26:39,298
but soon it led north and
south across all Europe
400
00:26:39,300 --> 00:26:42,598
and each new aggression was
based on Hitler's principle
401
00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:47,365
that, in war, victory not
right is what matters.
402
00:26:47,367 --> 00:26:48,931
Non-aggression treaty,
403
00:26:48,933 --> 00:26:51,565
it is firmly resolved
to maintain peace
404
00:26:51,567 --> 00:26:54,698
between Denmark and Germany
in all circumstances.
405
00:26:54,700 --> 00:26:57,367
31st of May in 1939, Ribbentrop.
406
00:26:58,567 --> 00:27:00,998
But
on 9 April 1940,
407
00:27:01,000 --> 00:27:03,965
German troops invaded Denmark.
408
00:27:30,667 --> 00:27:33,031
The German Reich
government is determined,
409
00:27:33,033 --> 00:27:35,265
in view of the friendly
relations which exists
410
00:27:35,267 --> 00:27:38,998
between Norway and Germany,
under no circumstances
411
00:27:39,000 --> 00:27:42,065
to prejudice the
inviolability and integrity
412
00:27:42,067 --> 00:27:44,698
of the Norwegian state.
413
00:27:44,700 --> 00:27:48,133
2nd of September 1939,
Das Deutsche Reich.
414
00:27:49,633 --> 00:27:53,198
But
on 9 April 1940,
415
00:27:53,200 --> 00:27:55,600
German troops invaded Norway.
416
00:28:39,600 --> 00:28:40,798
I assure
the governments
417
00:28:40,800 --> 00:28:42,698
of Belgium, Holland
and Luxembourg,
418
00:28:42,700 --> 00:28:45,265
that Germany will not
violate their neutrality.
419
00:28:45,267 --> 00:28:48,067
6th of October
1939, Adolf Hitler.
420
00:28:50,267 --> 00:28:53,565
But
on May 10th 1940,
421
00:28:53,567 --> 00:28:57,733
German troops invaded Belgium,
Holland and Luxembourg.
422
00:29:27,300 --> 00:29:30,198
The firmly
established reliable relationship
423
00:29:30,200 --> 00:29:33,565
of Germany to Yugoslavia
will represent an element
424
00:29:33,567 --> 00:29:36,931
of calm on a wrecked continent.
425
00:29:36,933 --> 00:29:39,631
This peace is the goal
of all who are disposed
426
00:29:39,633 --> 00:29:42,365
to perform really
constructive work.
427
00:29:42,367 --> 00:29:44,933
1st of June 1939, Adolf Hitler.
428
00:29:47,033 --> 00:29:50,031
But
on 6 April 1941,
429
00:29:50,033 --> 00:29:53,465
German troops
invaded Yugoslavia.
430
00:30:18,233 --> 00:30:21,265
These criminal methods
of the Nazi conspirators
431
00:30:21,267 --> 00:30:25,231
brought them early
success and, by 1941,
432
00:30:25,233 --> 00:30:28,667
they had most of Europe
under their heel.
433
00:30:29,867 --> 00:30:31,965
Now, an evil ambition for power
434
00:30:31,967 --> 00:30:34,400
and more power drove them on.
435
00:30:36,133 --> 00:30:38,931
But two of the world's
mightiest nations,
436
00:30:38,933 --> 00:30:42,598
the United States and Soviet
Russia, remained to block
437
00:30:42,600 --> 00:30:45,665
the Nazi drive for
world supremacy.
438
00:30:45,667 --> 00:30:48,731
They had to be dealt
with firmly, immediately,
439
00:30:48,733 --> 00:30:51,198
and now Germany
asked for cooperation
440
00:30:51,200 --> 00:30:54,231
from her full partner in
aggression to the east
441
00:30:54,233 --> 00:30:57,565
and from her junior
partner to the south.
442
00:30:57,567 --> 00:31:01,298
In Berlin, they drew up the
Axis Pact - the blueprint
443
00:31:01,300 --> 00:31:04,331
of the new order and
parceled out the continents
444
00:31:04,333 --> 00:31:07,100
of the world for
Axis domination.
445
00:31:17,000 --> 00:31:20,567
Italy was to get the
Mediterranean sphere.
446
00:31:22,467 --> 00:31:26,133
Japan was to get the
Orient and, to Germany,
447
00:31:27,567 --> 00:31:30,133
would go the rest of the world.
448
00:31:49,667 --> 00:31:53,833
In June 1941, in violation
of their non-aggression pact,
449
00:31:55,300 --> 00:31:58,198
the Nazis sent the Wehrmacht
deep into Soviet territory,
450
00:31:58,200 --> 00:32:01,265
according to military
plans long made.
451
00:32:01,267 --> 00:32:04,665
As usual, there was
no declaration of war.
452
00:32:07,767 --> 00:32:11,698
Hitler had said, today
Germany, tomorrow the world
453
00:32:11,700 --> 00:32:13,567
and this was tomorrow.
454
00:32:20,433 --> 00:32:24,865
Planned warfare in the east,
air warfare in the West,
455
00:32:24,867 --> 00:32:28,165
for now defendant Goering's
Luftwaffe was hurled
456
00:32:28,167 --> 00:32:31,565
with full force against the
people and cities of Britain.
457
00:32:31,567 --> 00:32:34,765
Hitler after all had
told the Reichstag:
458
00:32:34,767 --> 00:32:37,698
I will blot out their city.
459
00:33:30,100 --> 00:33:33,600
And then on 7 December
1941, the Japanese,
460
00:33:34,800 --> 00:33:37,231
keeping their end of
an infamous bargain,
461
00:33:37,233 --> 00:33:39,331
struck at the United States,
462
00:33:39,333 --> 00:33:42,065
also without declaration of war.
463
00:33:42,067 --> 00:33:44,865
Japanese bombs rained
on Pearl Harbor
464
00:33:44,867 --> 00:33:47,900
spreading war finally
to the Pacific.
465
00:33:52,067 --> 00:33:54,165
The new order was on the march.
466
00:33:54,167 --> 00:33:57,233
World War II flamed
around the globe.
467
00:33:59,700 --> 00:34:01,131
In the
name of the Union
468
00:34:01,133 --> 00:34:04,398
of Soviet Socialist
Republics, General Rudenko
469
00:34:04,400 --> 00:34:07,265
presents counts three and four
470
00:34:07,267 --> 00:34:10,231
charging that all the
defendants committed war crimes
471
00:34:10,233 --> 00:34:14,431
in Germany and in all those
countries occupied by Germany.
472
00:34:20,167 --> 00:34:22,565
The Nazi
conspirators committed crimes
473
00:34:22,567 --> 00:34:26,265
against enemy armies,
against prisoners of war,
474
00:34:26,267 --> 00:34:28,865
against the civilians
of occupied lands.
475
00:34:28,867 --> 00:34:32,598
They believed in the barbaric
doctrine of total war
476
00:34:32,600 --> 00:34:34,998
and considered themselves
freed from the restraints
477
00:34:35,000 --> 00:34:39,598
of international law or the
established customs of war.
478
00:34:39,600 --> 00:34:42,231
Their ruthless policies
were ordered in directives
479
00:34:42,233 --> 00:34:44,765
like this one from
General Reinecke
480
00:34:44,767 --> 00:34:46,631
of the Wehrmacht High Command.
481
00:34:46,633 --> 00:34:49,131
The Bolsheviks soldier
has lost all claim
482
00:34:49,133 --> 00:34:51,765
to treatment as an
honorable opponent.
483
00:34:51,767 --> 00:34:53,465
Active or passive resistance
484
00:34:53,467 --> 00:34:56,765
must be broken immediately
by force of arms.
485
00:34:56,767 --> 00:34:59,131
Prisoners of war
attempting to escape
486
00:34:59,133 --> 00:35:02,165
are to be fired on without
previous challenge.
487
00:35:02,167 --> 00:35:04,731
No warning shot must be fired.
488
00:35:04,733 --> 00:35:07,398
More proof of this
savage Nazi policy
489
00:35:07,400 --> 00:35:10,265
comes from the affidavit
of Kurt Lindow,
490
00:35:10,267 --> 00:35:12,065
former Gestapo officer.
491
00:35:12,067 --> 00:35:14,298
There existed
in the prisoner of war camps
492
00:35:14,300 --> 00:35:17,131
on the Eastern Front,
small screening teams
493
00:35:17,133 --> 00:35:20,131
headed by lower ranking
members of the Gestapo.
494
00:35:20,133 --> 00:35:23,031
It was the duty of
these teams to segregate
495
00:35:23,033 --> 00:35:25,965
the prisoners of war who were
candidates for execution,
496
00:35:25,967 --> 00:35:28,265
according to the orders
that had been given
497
00:35:28,267 --> 00:35:32,267
and to report them to the
office of the Gestapo.
498
00:35:35,333 --> 00:35:37,431
And a letter
from defendant Rosenberg
499
00:35:37,433 --> 00:35:41,765
to defendant Keitel in
1942 stated clearly:
500
00:35:41,767 --> 00:35:44,098
A large part of
the Soviet prisoners of war
501
00:35:44,100 --> 00:35:47,831
has starved or died because
of the hazards of the weather.
502
00:35:47,833 --> 00:35:50,631
In many cases, prisoners of
war could no longer keep up
503
00:35:50,633 --> 00:35:53,731
in the march because of
hunger and exhaustion.
504
00:35:53,733 --> 00:35:55,565
In numerous camps, no shelter
505
00:35:55,567 --> 00:35:57,865
for the prisoners
was provided at all.
506
00:35:57,867 --> 00:36:02,033
Even tools were not made
available to dig holes or caves.
507
00:36:08,667 --> 00:36:10,998
Yet when some
objected that this treatment
508
00:36:11,000 --> 00:36:14,131
violated the Geneva
Convention, defendant Keitel
509
00:36:14,133 --> 00:36:16,065
answered with this memorandum:
510
00:36:16,067 --> 00:36:17,665
We are concerned
with the destruction
511
00:36:17,667 --> 00:36:21,833
of an ideology, therefore, I
approve and back the measures.
512
00:36:23,567 --> 00:36:25,431
This is
proved by the testimony
513
00:36:25,433 --> 00:36:27,565
of General Lahousen who worked
514
00:36:27,567 --> 00:36:30,831
under Admiral Canaris
in the Abwehr.
515
00:36:30,833 --> 00:36:33,965
General Lahousen attended
conferences where crimes
516
00:36:33,967 --> 00:36:36,131
against whole
populations were plotted
517
00:36:36,133 --> 00:36:39,133
in advance by the
Nazi conspirators.
518
00:36:40,333 --> 00:36:42,931
Will you please explain
exactly what took place
519
00:36:42,933 --> 00:36:46,031
at this conference in
the Fuhrer's train.
520
00:36:49,700 --> 00:36:51,898
First of all,
Canaris had a short talk
521
00:36:51,900 --> 00:36:54,998
with von Ribbentrop,
particularly as regards
522
00:36:55,000 --> 00:36:56,567
the Polish region.
523
00:36:57,833 --> 00:37:00,765
Secondly, Canaris spoke
vehemently against the measures
524
00:37:00,767 --> 00:37:03,798
that he, Canaris, had
found out about to wit
525
00:37:03,800 --> 00:37:06,431
the projected shooting
and extermination measures
526
00:37:06,433 --> 00:37:09,465
that were being directed against
the Polish intelligentsia,
527
00:37:09,467 --> 00:37:12,365
nobility and clergy as
well as all elements
528
00:37:12,367 --> 00:37:14,198
that could be regarded
as embodiments
529
00:37:14,200 --> 00:37:17,200
of the national
resistance movement.
530
00:37:47,200 --> 00:37:50,465
Canaris said at the time,
more or less verbatim,
531
00:37:50,467 --> 00:37:53,465
that the world will, at some
time, make the Armed Forces
532
00:37:53,467 --> 00:37:56,098
under whose eye as these
events have occurred
533
00:37:56,100 --> 00:37:59,031
also responsible
for these events.
534
00:38:07,367 --> 00:38:10,698
Defendant Frank,
Nazi governor of Poland,
535
00:38:10,700 --> 00:38:12,698
was another of the
conspirators guilty
536
00:38:12,700 --> 00:38:14,800
of directing mass murder.
537
00:38:15,867 --> 00:38:18,131
In his diary, he speaks of:
538
00:38:18,133 --> 00:38:20,431
Taking advantage
of the focus of attention
539
00:38:20,433 --> 00:38:22,698
on the Western Front
by carrying out
540
00:38:22,700 --> 00:38:26,367
wholesale liquidation
of thousands of Poles.
541
00:38:28,167 --> 00:38:30,298
These atrocities
were not restricted
542
00:38:30,300 --> 00:38:31,300
to the east.
543
00:38:32,200 --> 00:38:34,231
Here is the proof in the village
544
00:38:34,233 --> 00:38:36,633
of Oradour-sur-Glane, France.
545
00:38:55,867 --> 00:38:59,867
Here is the proof in the
town of Bande, Belgium.
546
00:39:17,000 --> 00:39:21,167
Here is the proof in the
San Callisto Caves, Italy
547
00:39:22,300 --> 00:39:25,433
where 350 hostages
were carefully listed
548
00:39:35,933 --> 00:39:38,267
and systematically murdered.
549
00:39:47,200 --> 00:39:50,267
And here is Lidice
in Czechoslovakia.
550
00:39:51,900 --> 00:39:54,665
In blind retaliation
for the assassination
551
00:39:54,667 --> 00:39:58,833
of SS Man Heydrich, the Nazis
murdered all Lidice's men
552
00:40:01,167 --> 00:40:05,333
and sent their women and children
into slavery in Germany.
553
00:40:09,533 --> 00:40:11,533
But this was not enough.
554
00:40:12,933 --> 00:40:16,498
Boys of the Arbeiten were
moved into the ruins of Lidice
555
00:40:16,500 --> 00:40:20,433
and ordered to level the
village to the ground.
556
00:40:39,600 --> 00:40:43,767
Lidice was to be the Nazi's
example to all occupied peoples.
557
00:40:48,733 --> 00:40:52,565
But more terrible still
were the concentration camps
558
00:40:52,567 --> 00:40:54,098
which, from the
beginning, had been
559
00:40:54,100 --> 00:40:55,965
the conspirators' chief weapon
560
00:40:55,967 --> 00:40:58,898
against opposition
of every kind.
561
00:40:58,900 --> 00:41:01,798
German anti-Nazis were
the first victims,
562
00:41:01,800 --> 00:41:04,565
but with the war their
numbers swelled to include
563
00:41:04,567 --> 00:41:07,198
citizens of all the
nations of Europe.
564
00:41:07,200 --> 00:41:11,031
Their fate is described
by witness Rudolf Hoess.
565
00:41:11,033 --> 00:41:12,431
I
commanded Auschwitz
566
00:41:12,433 --> 00:41:15,565
until the 1st of December
1943 and estimate
567
00:41:15,567 --> 00:41:18,431
that at least two and a half
million victims were executed
568
00:41:18,433 --> 00:41:22,267
and exterminated there
by gassing and burning.
569
00:41:26,933 --> 00:41:29,565
At least another half million
succumbed to starvation
570
00:41:29,567 --> 00:41:33,700
and disease, making a total
dead of about three million.
571
00:41:35,167 --> 00:41:37,431
Included among the
executed and burned
572
00:41:37,433 --> 00:41:40,898
were approximately 20,000
Russian prisoners of war,
573
00:41:40,900 --> 00:41:45,100
who were delivered at Auschwitz
in Wehrmacht transports.
574
00:41:48,900 --> 00:41:50,631
The remainder of
the total number
575
00:41:50,633 --> 00:41:53,831
included about a hundred
thousand German Jews
576
00:41:53,833 --> 00:41:56,798
and great numbers of
citizens from Holland,
577
00:41:56,800 --> 00:41:59,567
France, Belgium,
Poland, Hungary,
578
00:42:02,933 --> 00:42:06,567
Czechoslovakia, Greece
and other countries.
579
00:42:12,733 --> 00:42:15,698
Medical experiments
too were standard procedure
580
00:42:15,700 --> 00:42:17,931
at many concentration camps.
581
00:42:17,933 --> 00:42:20,231
These included lowering
the body temperature
582
00:42:20,233 --> 00:42:24,331
to 28 degrees centigrade,
high-altitude tests
583
00:42:24,333 --> 00:42:27,998
and pressure chambers,
experiments with poison bullets
584
00:42:28,000 --> 00:42:32,167
and contagious diseases and
even sterilization experiments.
585
00:42:33,400 --> 00:42:35,898
- This was genocide
- the premeditated
586
00:42:35,900 --> 00:42:38,565
destruction of entire peoples.
587
00:42:38,567 --> 00:42:42,365
Genocide, the direct
result of the Nazi's claim
588
00:42:42,367 --> 00:42:46,165
that they had the right to
destroy the party's opposition.
589
00:42:46,167 --> 00:42:49,000
Tomorrow the world,
dead or alive.
590
00:42:59,300 --> 00:43:01,165
In the name
of the French Republic,
591
00:43:01,167 --> 00:43:04,565
Monsieur de Menthon closes
count three and four
592
00:43:04,567 --> 00:43:07,998
the final charges
of the indictment.
593
00:43:10,900 --> 00:43:12,965
All the
defendants committed crimes
594
00:43:12,967 --> 00:43:16,565
against humanity including
the murder and persecution
595
00:43:16,567 --> 00:43:20,898
of all people opposed to the
Nazi Party and the enslavement,
596
00:43:20,900 --> 00:43:25,798
exploitation and deportation
of civilian populations.
597
00:43:25,800 --> 00:43:28,431
The slave labor policy
was the responsibility
598
00:43:28,433 --> 00:43:31,933
of defendant Sauckel
who admitted in 1944:
599
00:43:33,067 --> 00:43:34,565
Out of the
five million workers
600
00:43:34,567 --> 00:43:38,600
who arrived in Germany not
even 200,000 came voluntarily.
601
00:43:39,933 --> 00:43:41,731
Forced
labor often meant
602
00:43:41,733 --> 00:43:43,765
brutal and degrading treatment.
603
00:43:43,767 --> 00:43:46,198
For Sauckel himself suggested:
604
00:43:46,200 --> 00:43:48,098
All the men
must be fed, sheltered,
605
00:43:48,100 --> 00:43:50,331
and treated in such a
way as to exploit them
606
00:43:50,333 --> 00:43:52,098
to the highest possible extent
607
00:43:52,100 --> 00:43:55,000
at the lowest
possible expenditure.
608
00:43:56,367 --> 00:43:59,198
And
defendant Bormann added:
609
00:43:59,200 --> 00:44:01,698
The slaves
are to work for us.
610
00:44:01,700 --> 00:44:05,467
Insofar as we do not
need them, they may die.
611
00:44:07,000 --> 00:44:08,231
Slavery was only
612
00:44:08,233 --> 00:44:11,331
one aspect of Nazi exploitation.
613
00:44:11,333 --> 00:44:13,098
Defendant Goering, in a talk
614
00:44:13,100 --> 00:44:16,665
with German occupation
authorities in 1942,
615
00:44:16,667 --> 00:44:19,965
discussed another - plunder.
616
00:44:19,967 --> 00:44:22,065
God knows you
are not sent out to work
617
00:44:22,067 --> 00:44:24,465
for the welfare of the
people in your charge
618
00:44:24,467 --> 00:44:26,265
but to get the
utmost out of them
619
00:44:26,267 --> 00:44:28,698
so that the German
people can live.
620
00:44:28,700 --> 00:44:30,965
This everlasting concern
about foreign people
621
00:44:30,967 --> 00:44:33,865
must cease now once and forever.
622
00:44:33,867 --> 00:44:35,398
I have here before me reports
623
00:44:35,400 --> 00:44:37,398
on what you are
expected to deliver.
624
00:44:37,400 --> 00:44:39,565
It makes no difference
to me in this case
625
00:44:39,567 --> 00:44:42,867
if you say that your
people will starve.
626
00:44:49,733 --> 00:44:52,231
But Nazi
crimes against humanity
627
00:44:52,233 --> 00:44:55,298
were not limited
to foreign peoples.
628
00:44:55,300 --> 00:44:58,598
Defendant Frick, as
Minister of Interior,
629
00:44:58,600 --> 00:45:02,298
directed a program
aimed at aged, insane
630
00:45:02,300 --> 00:45:06,467
or incurable Germans - the
so-called useless eaters.
631
00:45:07,667 --> 00:45:11,098
Thousands were committed
to special institutions.
632
00:45:11,100 --> 00:45:12,600
Few ever returned.
633
00:45:16,200 --> 00:45:19,265
Evidence proves they were murdered
because they were useless
634
00:45:19,267 --> 00:45:22,433
to the plans of the
Nazi conspirators.
635
00:45:24,633 --> 00:45:27,198
But perhaps the greatest
crime against humanity
636
00:45:27,200 --> 00:45:30,731
the Nazis committed
against the Jews.
637
00:45:30,733 --> 00:45:32,931
A campaign of hate and murder
638
00:45:32,933 --> 00:45:36,798
that goes to the heart
of the Nazi movement.
639
00:46:20,667 --> 00:46:23,265
German citizens
are only those of German
640
00:46:23,267 --> 00:46:25,431
or related blood
willing to serve
641
00:46:25,433 --> 00:46:28,231
the German Reich and people.
642
00:46:28,233 --> 00:46:31,198
Marriages between Jews
and citizens of German
643
00:46:31,200 --> 00:46:33,867
or related blood are prohibited.
644
00:47:02,567 --> 00:47:05,265
SS
Brigadier General Stroop,
645
00:47:05,267 --> 00:47:08,631
in charge of the
Warsaw Ghetto in 1943,
646
00:47:08,633 --> 00:47:10,965
had learned his
Nazi lessons well.
647
00:47:10,967 --> 00:47:13,231
In a secret report, he said:
648
00:47:13,233 --> 00:47:15,131
The
Reichsfuehrer SS ordered
649
00:47:15,133 --> 00:47:18,631
on the 23rd of April
1943, the cleaning out
650
00:47:18,633 --> 00:47:21,800
of the ghetto with
utter ruthlessness.
651
00:47:28,067 --> 00:47:30,031
I, therefore, decided to destroy
652
00:47:30,033 --> 00:47:33,198
and burn down the entire ghetto.
653
00:47:33,200 --> 00:47:36,465
Jews frequently left the hideouts,
but occasionally remained
654
00:47:36,467 --> 00:47:39,065
in the burning buildings
and jumped out the windows
655
00:47:39,067 --> 00:47:42,133
only when the heat
became unbearable.
656
00:47:49,367 --> 00:47:54,265
Life in the sewers was not
pleasant after the first week.
657
00:47:54,267 --> 00:47:57,565
Tear gas bombs were
thrown into the manholes
658
00:47:57,567 --> 00:48:01,065
and the Jews were
driven out and captured.
659
00:48:01,067 --> 00:48:03,865
Countless numbers of Jews
were liquidated in sewers
660
00:48:03,867 --> 00:48:06,398
and bunkers through blasting.
661
00:48:06,400 --> 00:48:08,398
The longer the
resistance continued,
662
00:48:08,400 --> 00:48:10,865
the tougher became the
members of the Waffen SS,
663
00:48:10,867 --> 00:48:13,965
police and Wehrmacht who
always discharged their duties
664
00:48:13,967 --> 00:48:16,198
in an exemplary manner.
665
00:48:16,200 --> 00:48:18,631
Little by little,
the Nazis were reaching
666
00:48:18,633 --> 00:48:20,731
what they called
The Final Solution
667
00:48:20,733 --> 00:48:23,331
the total extermination
of the Jews of Europe.
668
00:48:23,333 --> 00:48:26,198
Hess described the process well:
669
00:48:26,200 --> 00:48:28,898
We had two SS
doctors on duty at Auschwitz
670
00:48:28,900 --> 00:48:31,731
to examine the incoming
transports of prisoners.
671
00:48:31,733 --> 00:48:34,065
The prisoners would be marched
past one of the doctors
672
00:48:34,067 --> 00:48:36,865
who would make spot
decisions as they walked by.
673
00:48:36,867 --> 00:48:39,765
Those who were fit for work
were sent into the camp.
674
00:48:39,767 --> 00:48:42,931
Others were sent immediately
to the extermination plant.
675
00:48:42,933 --> 00:48:45,565
Children of tender years
were invariably exterminated
676
00:48:45,567 --> 00:48:50,131
since, by reasons of their
youth, they were unable to work.
677
00:48:50,133 --> 00:48:52,231
We endeavored to fool
them into thinking
678
00:48:52,233 --> 00:48:55,900
they were to go through
a delousing process.
679
00:49:04,600 --> 00:49:07,231
It took from three to 15
minutes to kill the people
680
00:49:07,233 --> 00:49:10,798
in the death chamber depending
upon climatic conditions.
681
00:49:10,800 --> 00:49:12,898
We knew when the
people were dead
682
00:49:12,900 --> 00:49:15,567
because their screaming stopped.
683
00:49:18,733 --> 00:49:20,931
We usually waited
about one half-hour
684
00:49:20,933 --> 00:49:23,765
before we opened the doors
and removed the bodies.
685
00:49:23,767 --> 00:49:25,431
After the bodies were removed,
686
00:49:25,433 --> 00:49:27,565
our special commandos
took off the rings
687
00:49:27,567 --> 00:49:32,365
and extracted the gold from
the teeth of the corpses.
688
00:49:32,367 --> 00:49:34,731
Much of this
loot was then transferred
689
00:49:34,733 --> 00:49:38,898
to secret vaults of the
Reichsbank at Frankfurt am Main
690
00:49:38,900 --> 00:49:41,833
the Reichsbank
of defendant Funk.
691
00:49:47,600 --> 00:49:51,365
Labor Chief Robert Ley
knew that six million Jews
692
00:49:51,367 --> 00:49:54,298
died in the Nazi's
Final Solution.
693
00:49:54,300 --> 00:49:56,565
In his will, he said:
694
00:49:56,567 --> 00:49:58,931
In
anti-Semitism, we violated
695
00:49:58,933 --> 00:50:02,065
a basic commandment
of God's creation.
696
00:50:02,067 --> 00:50:05,131
It is hard to admit mistakes
but the whole existence
697
00:50:05,133 --> 00:50:07,165
of our people is in question.
698
00:50:07,167 --> 00:50:11,198
We must have the courage to
rid ourselves of anti-Semitism.
699
00:50:11,200 --> 00:50:15,331
God has taught me that
in my cell in Nuremberg.
700
00:50:27,233 --> 00:50:29,231
And
defendant Frank himself
701
00:50:29,233 --> 00:50:31,365
said before this Court:
702
00:50:38,033 --> 00:50:39,998
We have
fought against Jewry
703
00:50:40,000 --> 00:50:41,365
and we have allowed ourselves
704
00:50:41,367 --> 00:50:44,165
to make utterances
which are terrible.
705
00:50:44,167 --> 00:50:46,565
A thousand years will
pass and this guilt
706
00:50:46,567 --> 00:50:49,567
of Germany will
still not be erased.
707
00:50:51,700 --> 00:50:54,633
The
prosecution rests.
708
00:50:56,600 --> 00:50:58,265
The defense begins.
709
00:50:58,267 --> 00:51:02,098
They call 61 witnesses and
introduce 38,000 affidavits
710
00:51:02,100 --> 00:51:03,798
on the defendants behalf.
711
00:51:03,800 --> 00:51:07,898
They submit 136,000 more
affidavits on behalf of the S.S.,
712
00:51:07,900 --> 00:51:12,067
10,000 on behalf of the S.A.,
7,000 on behalf of the S.D.,
713
00:51:13,400 --> 00:51:16,998
3,000 on behalf of the
General Staff and the O.K.W.,
714
00:51:17,000 --> 00:51:20,265
2,000 on behalf of the Gestapo.
715
00:51:20,267 --> 00:51:24,198
These attorneys were personally
selected by the defendants.
716
00:51:24,200 --> 00:51:26,665
Many are well known
German lawyers
717
00:51:26,667 --> 00:51:30,398
and each now rises to plead
acquittal for his crimes.
718
00:51:30,400 --> 00:51:33,667
Some make blanket
denials of all guilt.
719
00:51:42,867 --> 00:51:44,698
Some of
the defendants had,
720
00:51:44,700 --> 00:51:47,631
without doubt, a great
influence in those spheres
721
00:51:47,633 --> 00:51:49,598
which did not interest, Hitler.
722
00:51:49,600 --> 00:51:53,031
They had no part whatsoever
in the great decisions
723
00:51:53,033 --> 00:51:56,465
concerning war and
peace, armistice
724
00:51:56,467 --> 00:51:58,800
and peace offers, et cetera.
725
00:52:00,100 --> 00:52:02,031
Other
attorneys lead their clients
726
00:52:02,033 --> 00:52:04,165
through a carefully
prepared defense.
727
00:52:04,167 --> 00:52:06,698
Here Streicher is examined.
728
00:52:10,567 --> 00:52:12,598
I now continue.
729
00:52:12,600 --> 00:52:15,098
It has also been stated
by the prosecution
730
00:52:15,100 --> 00:52:17,565
that Himmler and Kaltenbrunner
would have had no one
731
00:52:17,567 --> 00:52:20,298
to carry out their orders
to kill if you hadn't made
732
00:52:20,300 --> 00:52:22,665
that propaganda and if
you hadn't conducted
733
00:52:22,667 --> 00:52:26,733
the education of the German
people in that sense.
734
00:52:32,900 --> 00:52:35,331
I don't believe
that those who had been given
735
00:52:35,333 --> 00:52:38,365
the order by the Fuehrer
to carry out the killings
736
00:52:38,367 --> 00:52:41,431
or to pass an order to
kill, that those people
737
00:52:41,433 --> 00:52:45,431
would have been made to
do this by my periodical.
738
00:52:45,433 --> 00:52:48,831
Hitler's book, Mein Kampf,
existed and the contents
739
00:52:48,833 --> 00:52:52,698
of that book were the
authority, the cause.
740
00:52:52,700 --> 00:52:55,798
Next
comes Kaultenbrunner.
741
00:53:00,400 --> 00:53:03,131
You are accused
of establishing Mauthausen,
742
00:53:03,133 --> 00:53:06,565
of inspecting and visiting
this camp regularly.
743
00:53:06,567 --> 00:53:10,198
The witness Herriger testified
having seen you in this camp
744
00:53:10,200 --> 00:53:12,165
and further testified
having seen you
745
00:53:12,167 --> 00:53:14,365
at the inspection
of gas chambers
746
00:53:14,367 --> 00:53:18,300
and while these gas
chambers were in operation.
747
00:53:27,833 --> 00:53:29,865
The
testimony is wrong.
748
00:53:29,867 --> 00:53:31,931
Every concentration
camp in the Reich,
749
00:53:31,933 --> 00:53:34,265
of which I know
anything, was established
750
00:53:34,267 --> 00:53:36,267
by Himmler through Paul.
751
00:53:37,467 --> 00:53:38,998
Later the
prosecution is allowed
752
00:53:39,000 --> 00:53:41,698
to cross-examine the defendants.
753
00:53:41,700 --> 00:53:43,700
Rosenberg is questioned.
754
00:53:52,300 --> 00:53:54,598
Did your
ministry force people to leave
755
00:53:54,600 --> 00:53:58,767
their homes, to go to Germany
to work for the German state?
756
00:54:03,300 --> 00:54:05,731
It is true
that force was used
757
00:54:05,733 --> 00:54:06,898
and it is not denied
758
00:54:06,900 --> 00:54:09,831
that some terrible
encroachments occurred.
759
00:54:09,833 --> 00:54:12,598
Now
Raeder takes the stand.
760
00:54:12,600 --> 00:54:15,598
On the 23rd of
May, in the Reich Chancellery,
761
00:54:15,600 --> 00:54:18,131
Hitler said that he would
give you an indoctrination
762
00:54:18,133 --> 00:54:21,231
on the political
situation and he said,
763
00:54:21,233 --> 00:54:22,731
we are left with the decision
764
00:54:22,733 --> 00:54:25,765
to attack Poland at
the first opportunity.
765
00:54:25,767 --> 00:54:30,365
Did you still think that he
had no aggressive intentions?
766
00:54:34,600 --> 00:54:36,898
I believed
that for a long time.
767
00:54:36,900 --> 00:54:40,231
Just as General Jodl said,
after Hitler had solved
768
00:54:40,233 --> 00:54:42,598
the Czech problem
purely politically,
769
00:54:42,600 --> 00:54:45,131
it was to be hoped he
would also be able to solve
770
00:54:45,133 --> 00:54:47,898
the Polish question
without bloodshed.
771
00:54:47,900 --> 00:54:49,998
I believed that until
the last moment,
772
00:54:50,000 --> 00:54:52,067
until the 22nd of August.
773
00:54:53,400 --> 00:54:55,765
Keitel
is cross-examined.
774
00:54:55,767 --> 00:54:57,631
Yesterday
your counsel showed you
775
00:54:57,633 --> 00:55:00,800
this order dated
16th September, 1941.
776
00:55:02,000 --> 00:55:03,831
It said that it is
necessary to take
777
00:55:03,833 --> 00:55:06,565
immediate, cruel measures
and that human life
778
00:55:06,567 --> 00:55:09,331
in the East is
absolutely worthless.
779
00:55:09,333 --> 00:55:11,731
You remember the basic
idea of the order,
780
00:55:11,733 --> 00:55:15,133
that human life costs
absolutely nothing?
781
00:55:16,567 --> 00:55:18,731
Please
answer the question.
782
00:55:18,733 --> 00:55:23,431
You signed this
order with this statement?
783
00:55:23,433 --> 00:55:24,267
Ja!
784
00:55:26,567 --> 00:55:28,400
Next Jodl.
785
00:55:29,767 --> 00:55:31,665
Do you
remember any other reason
786
00:55:31,667 --> 00:55:35,833
for such great mortality
among Soviet prisoners of war?
787
00:55:40,167 --> 00:55:42,865
I didn't know the
reasons for this mass murder,
788
00:55:42,867 --> 00:55:47,033
but they seemed to be completely
wrong, that I do know.
789
00:55:48,167 --> 00:55:50,598
Now von Ribbentrop.
790
00:55:50,600 --> 00:55:52,231
Are you
telling the tribunal,
791
00:55:52,233 --> 00:55:54,398
on your oath, that
you knew nothing
792
00:55:54,400 --> 00:55:58,467
about the effect of military
pressure on Austria?
793
00:56:02,467 --> 00:56:03,865
I wish
to stress again
794
00:56:03,867 --> 00:56:06,465
that I knew nothing
about military measures,
795
00:56:06,467 --> 00:56:07,931
and that if I had
known something,
796
00:56:07,933 --> 00:56:10,565
I wouldn't see any
reason not to say so.
797
00:56:10,567 --> 00:56:13,098
But it is a fact that
during the days before
798
00:56:13,100 --> 00:56:15,298
and after the
Hitler-Schuschnigg meeting,
799
00:56:15,300 --> 00:56:17,931
I was so busy taking
over the foreign office
800
00:56:17,933 --> 00:56:19,798
that I could give
only slight attention
801
00:56:19,800 --> 00:56:21,800
to the Austrian problem.
802
00:56:33,733 --> 00:56:37,098
Then Goering
is cross-examined.
803
00:56:37,100 --> 00:56:38,431
At the
end of the meeting
804
00:56:38,433 --> 00:56:41,198
you used the following
words didn't you?
805
00:56:41,200 --> 00:56:45,367
German Jewry must, as a penalty,
forfeit one-billion marks,
806
00:56:46,567 --> 00:56:49,967
then the pigs won't
commit any more crimes.
807
00:56:55,033 --> 00:56:56,998
Do you still say
that neither Hitler
808
00:56:57,000 --> 00:57:00,798
nor you knew of the policy
to exterminate the Jews?
809
00:57:03,933 --> 00:57:06,331
I already have
said that not even approximately
810
00:57:06,333 --> 00:57:09,665
did I know to what degree
this thing took place.
811
00:57:09,667 --> 00:57:11,765
You did
not know to what degree,
812
00:57:11,767 --> 00:57:13,431
but you knew there was a policy
813
00:57:13,433 --> 00:57:16,933
that aimed at the
liquidation of the Jews.
814
00:57:23,367 --> 00:57:25,698
No, not
liquidation of the Jews.
815
00:57:25,700 --> 00:57:30,231
I only knew that certain,
perpetrations had taken place.
816
00:57:30,233 --> 00:57:32,865
Speer
takes the stand.
817
00:57:32,867 --> 00:57:36,698
You were
present on April 23, 1945,
818
00:57:36,700 --> 00:57:39,465
when Hitler received the
telegram from Goering
819
00:57:39,467 --> 00:57:42,198
suggesting that he
take over power.
820
00:57:42,200 --> 00:57:45,300
What did Hitler say
on that occasion?
821
00:57:53,433 --> 00:57:55,131
Hitler
was most excited
822
00:57:55,133 --> 00:57:57,965
about the contents of the
telegram and he expressed himself
823
00:57:57,967 --> 00:58:00,665
in a very clear
manner about Goering.
824
00:58:00,667 --> 00:58:03,998
He said that he knew for some
time that Goering had failed,
825
00:58:04,000 --> 00:58:06,965
that he was corrupt, that
he was a drug addict.
826
00:58:06,967 --> 00:58:08,598
It was typical of
Hitler's attitude
827
00:58:08,600 --> 00:58:11,198
toward the entire problem,
however, that he followed
828
00:58:11,200 --> 00:58:14,631
the statement up by saying,
but he can, nevertheless,
829
00:58:14,633 --> 00:58:17,398
negotiate the capitulation.
830
00:58:17,400 --> 00:58:19,565
He stated in an offhand manner,
831
00:58:19,567 --> 00:58:21,931
it doesn't really
matter who does it.
832
00:58:21,933 --> 00:58:23,965
His disregard for
the German nation
833
00:58:23,967 --> 00:58:27,133
was expressed in the
way he said this.
834
00:58:30,567 --> 00:58:32,231
After
months of examination
835
00:58:32,233 --> 00:58:34,565
and cross-examination,
several defendants
836
00:58:34,567 --> 00:58:36,898
make final statements
to the tribunal.
837
00:58:36,900 --> 00:58:38,698
Frank is first.
838
00:58:41,800 --> 00:58:44,565
I myself,
speaking from the very depth
839
00:58:44,567 --> 00:58:47,765
of my sentiments and from
the experience of five months
840
00:58:47,767 --> 00:58:50,765
of this trial, want to say this.
841
00:58:50,767 --> 00:58:53,165
Now, that I have
gained the last insight
842
00:58:53,167 --> 00:58:55,565
into all that which has
been committed in the way
843
00:58:55,567 --> 00:58:59,667
of dreadful atrocities, I feel
a terrible guilt within me.
844
00:59:00,567 --> 00:59:02,831
Funk declares.
845
00:59:06,767 --> 00:59:08,865
When these
measures of terror and violence
846
00:59:08,867 --> 00:59:11,231
against Jews were put up to me,
847
00:59:11,233 --> 00:59:14,031
I suffered a nervous break
down because at the moment
848
00:59:14,033 --> 00:59:16,865
it came to my mind
with full clearness
849
00:59:16,867 --> 00:59:19,731
that, from here on, the
catastrophe took its course
850
00:59:19,733 --> 00:59:22,765
all the way up to the
terrible and atrocious things
851
00:59:22,767 --> 00:59:25,631
about which we have heard
and about which I knew only
852
00:59:25,633 --> 00:59:28,867
in part at the time
of my imprisonment.
853
00:59:35,300 --> 00:59:38,165
I felt ashamed and
guilty at that moment
854
00:59:38,167 --> 00:59:42,565
and I feel the same way
today, but it's too late.
855
00:59:42,567 --> 00:59:45,298
Now
Schirach speaks.
856
00:59:47,867 --> 00:59:50,298
It is my guilt
that I educated German youth
857
00:59:50,300 --> 00:59:53,965
for a man who committed
murders million fold.
858
00:59:53,967 --> 00:59:55,898
Schacht is next.
859
01:00:03,933 --> 01:00:05,998
Everything he
promised to the German people,
860
01:00:06,000 --> 01:00:09,565
and, thereby to himself,
he did not afterwards keep.
861
01:00:09,567 --> 01:00:12,431
He promised equal
rights for all citizens
862
01:00:12,433 --> 01:00:14,631
and, without regard
to their capabilities,
863
01:00:14,633 --> 01:00:18,565
his adherents got privileges
before all other citizens.
864
01:00:18,567 --> 01:00:21,531
He promised to fight
against political lies
865
01:00:21,533 --> 01:00:24,698
and, together with his Minister
Goebbels and by himself,
866
01:00:24,700 --> 01:00:26,765
he never did anything
but disseminate
867
01:00:26,767 --> 01:00:30,265
political lies and
political fraud.
868
01:00:30,267 --> 01:00:33,298
He released criminals and
put them into his service.
869
01:00:33,300 --> 01:00:36,465
He did everything in the way
of not keeping his promises.
870
01:00:36,467 --> 01:00:39,965
He deceived the
world, Germany and me.
871
01:00:39,967 --> 01:00:42,367
Speer once more.
872
01:00:43,800 --> 01:00:45,365
The
tremendous danger
873
01:00:45,367 --> 01:00:48,565
contained in this totalitarian
system only became
874
01:00:48,567 --> 01:00:53,065
really clear the moment we
were approaching the end.
875
01:00:53,067 --> 01:00:55,465
Everything that has
happened during this trial,
876
01:00:55,467 --> 01:00:57,598
everything you have seen
in the way of orders
877
01:00:57,600 --> 01:01:00,565
which were carried out
without any hesitation
878
01:01:00,567 --> 01:01:03,731
did, after all, turn
out to be mistaken.
879
01:01:03,733 --> 01:01:06,898
That is why this
trial must contribute
880
01:01:06,900 --> 01:01:10,731
to the prevention of such
distorted wars in the future
881
01:01:10,733 --> 01:01:12,931
and to the establishment
of principles
882
01:01:12,933 --> 01:01:14,767
for human cooperation.
883
01:01:31,967 --> 01:01:33,598
And Keitel again.
884
01:01:38,167 --> 01:01:41,298
I erred, I
was not able to prevent
885
01:01:41,300 --> 01:01:42,998
what should have been prevented.
886
01:01:43,000 --> 01:01:44,400
That is my guilt.
887
01:01:45,633 --> 01:01:47,665
I can only wish that out
of a clear recognition
888
01:01:47,667 --> 01:01:50,765
of the causes of the
disastrous methods
889
01:01:50,767 --> 01:01:53,331
and the terrible
consequences of this war,
890
01:01:53,333 --> 01:01:55,798
there will arise for the
German people a new hope
891
01:01:55,800 --> 01:01:59,800
for a better future in
the community of nations.
892
01:02:12,567 --> 01:02:14,465
Now Frank.
893
01:02:18,067 --> 01:02:20,098
We call
on the German people,
894
01:02:20,100 --> 01:02:23,431
whose representatives we
were, to abandon this way,
895
01:02:23,433 --> 01:02:26,698
which was doomed to failure
in the will and justice of God
896
01:02:26,700 --> 01:02:28,131
and which is doomed for everyone
897
01:02:28,133 --> 01:02:32,033
who may try to follow it
anywhere in the world.
898
01:02:38,033 --> 01:02:41,131
The last defendant
to speak is Fritzsche.
899
01:02:44,367 --> 01:02:46,665
You of the
prosecution did not expect
900
01:02:46,667 --> 01:02:49,131
anything good from
Hitler and you are amazed
901
01:02:49,133 --> 01:02:51,798
about the extent of
what really happened.
902
01:02:51,800 --> 01:02:54,465
But then try to understand
the indignation of those
903
01:02:54,467 --> 01:02:56,631
who did expect something
good from Hitler
904
01:02:56,633 --> 01:02:58,331
and were betrayed.
905
01:02:58,333 --> 01:03:00,567
I am one of these betrayed.
906
01:03:17,733 --> 01:03:20,798
Finally, both
defense and prosecution
907
01:03:20,800 --> 01:03:24,133
sum up their arguments
for the tribunal.
908
01:03:25,567 --> 01:03:27,265
An aggressor
can be branded only
909
01:03:27,267 --> 01:03:28,798
by the world's conscience.
910
01:03:28,800 --> 01:03:32,765
That supreme organ of humanity
must have not only real,
911
01:03:32,767 --> 01:03:34,665
but also moral authority.
912
01:03:34,667 --> 01:03:36,998
Its impartial judgment
must be looked upon
913
01:03:37,000 --> 01:03:38,431
with general confidence.
914
01:03:38,433 --> 01:03:42,431
It must stand above
the contesting parties.
915
01:03:42,433 --> 01:03:44,698
In the name of
the United States of America,
916
01:03:44,700 --> 01:03:47,900
Justice Jackson
delivers his summation.
917
01:03:52,033 --> 01:03:55,198
According to the
testimony of each defendant,
918
01:03:55,200 --> 01:03:58,033
these men saw no
evil, spoke none,
919
01:03:59,200 --> 01:04:01,865
and none was uttered
in their presence.
920
01:04:01,867 --> 01:04:05,965
If we combine only the
stories from the front bench,
921
01:04:05,967 --> 01:04:08,331
this is the ridiculous,
composite picture
922
01:04:08,333 --> 01:04:11,333
of Hitler's government
that emerges.
923
01:04:12,567 --> 01:04:15,798
It was composed of
a number two man
924
01:04:15,800 --> 01:04:19,398
who never suspected the
Jewish extermination program,
925
01:04:19,400 --> 01:04:24,031
although he signed over a
score of anti-Semitic decrees.
926
01:04:24,033 --> 01:04:27,698
A number three man who is
merely an innocent middle-man
927
01:04:27,700 --> 01:04:30,898
transmitting Hitler's orders
without even reading them
928
01:04:30,900 --> 01:04:33,667
like a postman or
a delivery boy.
929
01:04:35,300 --> 01:04:38,598
A Foreign Minister who knew
little of foreign affairs
930
01:04:38,600 --> 01:04:41,100
and nothing of foreign policy.
931
01:04:44,300 --> 01:04:47,931
A field marshal who issued
orders to the armed forces
932
01:04:47,933 --> 01:04:52,100
but had no idea of the results
they would have in practice.
933
01:04:54,567 --> 01:04:56,998
A Security Chief who
was of the impression
934
01:04:57,000 --> 01:05:00,565
that the policing functions
of his Gestapo and S.D.
935
01:05:00,567 --> 01:05:04,965
were somewhat on the lines
of directing traffic.
936
01:05:04,967 --> 01:05:08,565
A party philosopher who
had no idea of the violence
937
01:05:08,567 --> 01:05:12,667
which his philosophy was
inciting in the 20th century.
938
01:05:14,633 --> 01:05:18,800
A Governor-General of Poland
who reigned, but did not rule.
939
01:05:20,933 --> 01:05:24,098
A Gauleiter of Franconia
whose occupation
940
01:05:24,100 --> 01:05:27,565
was to pour forth filthy
writings about the Jews,
941
01:05:27,567 --> 01:05:31,567
but who had no idea that
anybody would read them.
942
01:05:35,267 --> 01:05:37,631
A Minister of the
Interior who knew
943
01:05:37,633 --> 01:05:40,465
not even what went
on in his own office,
944
01:05:40,467 --> 01:05:43,431
much less the interior
of his own department,
945
01:05:43,433 --> 01:05:47,131
and nothing at all about
the interior of Germany.
946
01:05:47,133 --> 01:05:50,065
A Reichsbank president
who is totally ignorant
947
01:05:50,067 --> 01:05:54,233
of what went in and out
of the vaults of his bank.
948
01:05:56,967 --> 01:06:00,565
To say of these men that
they are not guilty,
949
01:06:00,567 --> 01:06:03,665
it would be as true to
say there has been no war,
950
01:06:03,667 --> 01:06:07,333
there are no slain,
there has been no crime.
951
01:06:09,767 --> 01:06:11,231
In the name
of the United Kingdom
952
01:06:11,233 --> 01:06:13,065
of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland,
953
01:06:13,067 --> 01:06:15,965
Sir Hartley Shawcross
delivers his summation.
954
01:06:15,967 --> 01:06:18,198
This trial
must form a milestone
955
01:06:18,200 --> 01:06:20,465
in the history of civilization.
956
01:06:20,467 --> 01:06:23,165
Not only marking that
right shall in the end
957
01:06:23,167 --> 01:06:26,698
triumph over evil, but
also that ordinary people
958
01:06:26,700 --> 01:06:29,298
of the world and, I
make no distinction here
959
01:06:29,300 --> 01:06:32,431
between friend and
foe, are now determined
960
01:06:32,433 --> 01:06:36,065
that the individual must
transcend the state.
961
01:06:36,067 --> 01:06:39,465
The state and law
are made for man,
962
01:06:39,467 --> 01:06:42,665
that through them he may
achieve a fuller life,
963
01:06:42,667 --> 01:06:46,731
a higher purpose and
a greater dignity.
964
01:06:46,733 --> 01:06:48,165
In the
name of the Union
965
01:06:48,167 --> 01:06:50,831
of Soviet Socialist
Republics, General Rudenko
966
01:06:50,833 --> 01:06:53,365
delivers his summation.
967
01:06:53,367 --> 01:06:55,931
And when
we ask have the charges
968
01:06:55,933 --> 01:06:59,465
against the defendants been
proved before the court,
969
01:06:59,467 --> 01:07:02,765
have the defendants been
convicted of their guilt?
970
01:07:02,767 --> 01:07:04,765
There is only one answer.
971
01:07:04,767 --> 01:07:07,298
Their crimes have been proved.
972
01:07:07,300 --> 01:07:10,565
Neither the statements of the
defendants nor the arguments
973
01:07:10,567 --> 01:07:14,898
of the defense were able to
refute our grave accusations.
974
01:07:14,900 --> 01:07:17,365
It has been impossible
to cast doubt
975
01:07:17,367 --> 01:07:20,265
on events which
actually took place.
976
01:07:20,267 --> 01:07:22,865
The truth cannot be challenged.
977
01:07:22,867 --> 01:07:25,931
That is the real
meaning of this trial.
978
01:07:25,933 --> 01:07:30,100
That is the lasting result of
our long and strenuous effort.
979
01:07:31,300 --> 01:07:33,298
In the name
of the French Republic,
980
01:07:33,300 --> 01:07:36,231
Monsieur de Ribes
delivers his summation.
981
01:07:36,233 --> 01:07:39,098
When this
international trial is closed
982
01:07:39,100 --> 01:07:41,831
and the principal war
criminals sentenced,
983
01:07:41,833 --> 01:07:45,065
we shall go back to
our own countries.
984
01:07:45,067 --> 01:07:47,565
The fate of these men now lies
985
01:07:47,567 --> 01:07:49,931
entirely with your conscience.
986
01:07:49,933 --> 01:07:52,431
This is beyond our competence.
987
01:07:52,433 --> 01:07:54,431
Our task is finished.
988
01:07:54,433 --> 01:07:57,998
Now it is for you, in the
silence of your deliberations,
989
01:07:58,000 --> 01:08:01,933
to listen to innocent
blood crying for justice.
990
01:08:26,000 --> 01:08:29,698
Lord Justice
Lawrence, Great Britain.
991
01:08:29,700 --> 01:08:32,433
Mr Frances Biddle,
United States.
992
01:08:33,467 --> 01:08:35,700
Monsieur de Vabres, France.
993
01:08:36,833 --> 01:08:39,765
And Major General
Nikitchenko, U.S.S.R.
994
01:08:39,767 --> 01:08:42,931
and their alternates
prepare the verdict.
995
01:08:42,933 --> 01:08:47,031
It will be based on the
opinion of the majority.
996
01:09:12,700 --> 01:09:16,565
On October 1st,
1946, the verdict is delivered
997
01:09:16,567 --> 01:09:20,733
by Lord Justice Lawrence,
president of the tribunal.
998
01:09:23,567 --> 01:09:27,931
Of the
organizations, the S.S., S.D.,
999
01:09:27,933 --> 01:09:32,131
Gestapo and leadership
corps are found guilty.
1000
01:09:32,133 --> 01:09:36,765
The high command, S.A. and
Reich cabinet, not guilty.
1001
01:09:36,767 --> 01:09:40,700
As for the individual,
Wilhelm Hermann Goering:
1002
01:09:41,900 --> 01:09:45,298
guilty of conspiracy,
crimes against peace,
1003
01:09:45,300 --> 01:09:49,131
war crimes and crimes
against humanity.
1004
01:09:49,133 --> 01:09:50,567
Death by hanging.
1005
01:09:52,433 --> 01:09:56,600
Rudolph Hess: guilty of conspiracy
and crimes against peace.
1006
01:09:59,267 --> 01:10:01,398
Life imprisonment.
1007
01:10:01,400 --> 01:10:05,133
Joachim Von Ribbentrop:
guilty of conspiracy,
1008
01:10:06,033 --> 01:10:08,998
crimes against peace, war crimes
1009
01:10:09,000 --> 01:10:11,331
and crimes against humanity.
1010
01:10:11,333 --> 01:10:12,767
Death by hanging.
1011
01:10:14,467 --> 01:10:18,633
Wilhelm Keitel: guilty of
conspiracy, crimes against peace,
1012
01:10:20,367 --> 01:10:23,865
war crimes and crimes
against humanity.
1013
01:10:23,867 --> 01:10:25,300
Death by hanging.
1014
01:10:28,667 --> 01:10:32,100
Ernst Kaltenbrunner:
guilty of war crimes
1015
01:10:33,000 --> 01:10:35,931
and crimes against humanity.
1016
01:10:35,933 --> 01:10:37,367
Death by hanging.
1017
01:10:38,933 --> 01:10:42,167
Alfred Rosenberg:
guilty of conspiracy,
1018
01:10:43,267 --> 01:10:46,098
crimes against peace, war crimes
1019
01:10:46,100 --> 01:10:48,731
and crimes against humanity.
1020
01:10:48,733 --> 01:10:50,133
Death by hanging.
1021
01:10:51,767 --> 01:10:54,433
Hans Frank: guilty of war crimes
1022
01:10:55,567 --> 01:10:57,898
and crimes against humanity.
1023
01:10:57,900 --> 01:10:59,333
Death by hanging.
1024
01:11:00,567 --> 01:11:04,931
Wilhelm Frick: guilty
of crimes against peace,
1025
01:11:04,933 --> 01:11:08,167
war crimes and crimes
against humanity.
1026
01:11:09,400 --> 01:11:10,833
Death by hanging.
1027
01:11:12,233 --> 01:11:16,333
Julius Streicher: guilty
of crimes against humanity.
1028
01:11:18,000 --> 01:11:19,433
Death by hanging.
1029
01:11:20,633 --> 01:11:24,167
Walter Funk: guilty of
crimes against peace,
1030
01:11:25,300 --> 01:11:28,798
war crimes and crimes
against humanity.
1031
01:11:28,800 --> 01:11:30,300
Life imprisonment.
1032
01:11:31,700 --> 01:11:34,865
Hjalmar Schacht: not
guilty on this indictment.
1033
01:11:34,867 --> 01:11:36,431
Released.
1034
01:11:36,433 --> 01:11:40,600
Karl Doenitz: guilty of crimes
against peace and war crimes.
1035
01:11:43,133 --> 01:11:45,731
10 years imprisonment.
1036
01:11:45,733 --> 01:11:48,898
Erich Raeder: guilty
of conspiracy,
1037
01:11:48,900 --> 01:11:51,865
crimes against peace
and war crimes.
1038
01:11:51,867 --> 01:11:54,031
Life imprisonment.
1039
01:11:54,033 --> 01:11:58,200
Baldur von Schirach: guilty
of crimes against humanity.
1040
01:12:00,333 --> 01:12:02,167
20 years imprisonment.
1041
01:12:03,267 --> 01:12:06,167
Fritz Sauckel:
guilty of war crimes
1042
01:12:07,200 --> 01:12:09,598
and crimes against humanity.
1043
01:12:09,600 --> 01:12:11,000
Death by hanging.
1044
01:12:13,233 --> 01:12:17,400
Alfred Jodl: guilty of conspiracy,
crimes against peace,
1045
01:12:19,267 --> 01:12:22,931
war crimes and crimes
against humanity.
1046
01:12:22,933 --> 01:12:24,333
Death by hanging.
1047
01:12:26,033 --> 01:12:30,598
Franz von Papen: not
guilty on this indictment.
1048
01:12:30,600 --> 01:12:32,265
Released.
1049
01:12:32,267 --> 01:12:35,100
Albert Speer:
guilty of war crimes
1050
01:12:36,067 --> 01:12:39,031
and crimes against humanity.
1051
01:12:39,033 --> 01:12:40,867
20 years imprisonment.
1052
01:12:42,067 --> 01:12:46,231
Constantin von Neurath:
guilty of conspiracy,
1053
01:12:46,233 --> 01:12:49,365
crimes against peace, war crimes
1054
01:12:49,367 --> 01:12:51,865
and crimes against humanity.
1055
01:12:51,867 --> 01:12:53,700
15 years imprisonment.
1056
01:12:56,833 --> 01:13:01,000
Artur Seyss-Inquart: guilty
of crimes against peace,
1057
01:13:02,133 --> 01:13:05,665
war crimes and crimes
against humanity.
1058
01:13:05,667 --> 01:13:07,067
Death by hanging.
1059
01:13:09,433 --> 01:13:13,565
Hanz Fritzsche: not
guilty on this indictment.
1060
01:13:13,567 --> 01:13:14,400
Released.
1061
01:13:15,900 --> 01:13:20,067
Martin Bormann, tried in
absentia: guilty of war crimes
1062
01:13:21,400 --> 01:13:23,731
and crimes against humanity.
1063
01:13:23,733 --> 01:13:25,133
Death by hanging.
1064
01:13:29,100 --> 01:13:31,667
The trial is over.
1065
01:13:47,267 --> 01:13:50,200
Seven begin their
prison sentences.
1066
01:13:52,900 --> 01:13:56,167
Goering chooses to
die by his own hand.
1067
01:13:57,333 --> 01:13:59,867
The other 10 wait
for the gallows.
1068
01:14:15,467 --> 01:14:19,633
In Nuremberg, the people of
the world found out and why.
1069
01:14:22,033 --> 01:14:26,931
But Nuremberg is more than
an answer to a question.
1070
01:14:26,933 --> 01:14:30,567
As Justice Jackson
said, this trial is part
1071
01:14:31,900 --> 01:14:36,298
of the great effort to
make the peace more secure.
1072
01:14:36,300 --> 01:14:40,265
It constitutes juridical
action of a kind to ensure
1073
01:14:40,267 --> 01:14:44,567
that those who start a war
will pay for it personally.
1074
01:14:46,300 --> 01:14:49,800
Nuremberg stands as a
warning to all those
1075
01:14:50,967 --> 01:14:53,567
who plan and wage
aggressive war.
1076
01:14:57,168 --> 01:15:02,168
Subtitles by explosiveskull
1076
01:15:03,305 --> 01:15:09,181
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