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Downloaded from
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Narrator: A remote island in
the Pacific Ocean.
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Official YIFY movies site:
YTS.MX
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A place forgotten by time.
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Here, in one of the last great ocean sanctuaries,
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a mysterious parade of giant sharks passes.
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Most are pregnant females about to give birth.
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What has drawn them here?
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And where are they going?
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Researchers have come to the Galapagos Island chain
to track these dinosaurs of the sea.
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To follow them wherever they travel across the globe.
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On a journey of discovery
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to the Galapagos.
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Realm of Giant Sharks.
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Jutting out from the sea,
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at the far northern end of the
Galapagos archipelago,
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is an ancient, crumbling volcano called
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Darwin Island.
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And just to its south,
a magnificent natural arch.
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A group of scientists, working under the
auspices of the Galapagos National Park,
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has just arrived.
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In the swirling currents below,
something else is slowly approaching.
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It's a whale shark, the largest fish
ever to have lived.
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It's part of a steady stream of giant sharks
that passes by Darwin Island.
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This team is hoping to find out what draws
them to this tiny stretch of ocean,
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and where are they going.
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They wait on a rocky reef.
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Finally,
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a massive silhouette appears.
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At about twelve meters in length,
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this female is almost fully grown.
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The team rises up to meet her.
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They'll attach satellite tracking devices
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anchoring them in the thick skin on her back.
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In his log, team leader, Jonathan Green,
describes the encounter.
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Jonathan Green: The shark had
barely flinched.
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So at this point, I swim down towards her head.
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Once in front, I turn and let the current carry me
the full length of her body, past the tail.
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Her colossal size is apparent as her body slides by.
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The whale shark continues placidly on her way,
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seemingly unaware of the
procedures going on around her.
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Narrator: Whenever she breaks the surface,
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her tags will relay her location
via satellite to the scientists.
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Ranger, as this whale shark is called,
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is now part of one of the most ambitious studies of marine animal migration ever undertaken.
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For several weeks, she stayed just
north of the Galapagos Islands.
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Then she headed south and east to the coast of Peru.
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over one thousand kilometers away.
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Ranger's is not the only incredible
journey documented by this team.
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Take the case of Jaws, another mature female.
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With tag in place,
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Jaws headed north and west
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out into the rugged undersea terrain
of the Galapagos Rift Zone.
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She appeared to be going out to sea.
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Instead, she turned around and made her way back to the Galapagos Islands.
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Like Ranger, she too went south to
the coast of Peru.
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Then there's Kimberly, a mere teenager
at 5 meters in length.
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She arrived at Darwin Island with
Jaws and followed her to the west.
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Kimberley split off, veering
to the south.
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Her route took her to another rugged zone
known as the East Pacific Rise.
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Along the way,
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Kimberly zig-zagged through the ocean
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in a pattern probably associated with feeding.
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At a point 3500 kilometers away from Darwin Island
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the transmissions showed that her tag had
detached and was floating on the surface.
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Another creature could have bitten it off.
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She may have removed it herself
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by rubbing up against rocks.
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Or she might have caught
by fishermen who discarded it.
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Where were these sharks headed?
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Were they following familiar routes?
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Or possibly shifts in water temperatures,
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or the availability of food?
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These are questions that captured
the imagination of Jonathan Green,
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a naturalist and photographer who has worked
in the Galapagos for over two decades.
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Jonathan Green: For me, one of the main
interests that held me here is as a child,
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I was very, very interested in dinosaurs,
and this is a real life Jurassic Park situation,
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because we've got a 60, 70 million
year old animal, in terms of the species.
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Sharks have been around for perhaps 300 million years. So they're definitely members of the dinosaur era.
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They roam around our earth today, around the planet,
and we know absolutely nothing about them.
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How can it be that we know more about mice or about the ant than we do about a whale shark?
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Narrator: Whale sharks belong to an ancient class
of fish whose bones are made of cartilage,
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and to a subclass that includes
sharks and rays, the elasmobranchs.
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Of at least 500 species alive today,
the ground sharks are most common,
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including hammerheads and
the classic reef sharks.
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Whale sharks belong to a relatively
small group, called the carpet sharks.
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They are known for the particular
arrangement of their fins,
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and for a distinctive fold of skin near their nostrils
and just above their mouths.
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These may be sensors, handed down by
ancestors that dwelled on murky sea bottoms.
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At full size, a whale shark can reach
18 meters in length and 30 tons.
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Over a lifetime that can last 70 years,
these giants roam the oceans,
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scooping up a diet of plankton, krill, and small fish.
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Struck by how little was known about
how whale sharks live,
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Jonathan helped spearhead an effort
to get basic data.
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He and other dive guides photographed
their unique identifying markings,
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the pattern of spots that line their bodies.
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They submitted these 'fingerprints'
to an international database.
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In time, Jonathan enlisted scientists
from the Galapagos National Park,
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the Charles Darwin Foundation,
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and the marine animal tracking program
at the University of California at Davis,
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in an ambitious project to study the movements
of whale sharks that pass by Darwin Island.
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Most attempts to track them have begun in places
where they come together in large numbers
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like the Sea of Cortez, off the Pacific Coast of Mexico.
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Here, billions of tiny crustaceans
called copepods hatch at once,
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turning the sea a milky grey.
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That draws dozens of whale sharks to feed on them.
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You can often see them feeding vertically
to get at the dense food concentrations.
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Their arrival is a welcome sight for schools of
small fish, which use them as shields.
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With a band of skipjack tuna nearby, a school gets
as close as it can to the giant shark.
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The predators keep their distance.
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This is only one of many gathering
spots for whale sharks.
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You can find them off the coast of Belize,
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where they feed on the eggs of snapper fish
that spawn here in spring.
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Or, you can find them off the coast of western Australia, where coral spawn in massive numbers
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just after the full moons of March and April.
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Alex Hearn: Most of the studies that
have been done to date
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have been focused on aggregation sites
where they come together to feed,
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and those are mainly smaller individuals,
they're mainly males.
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We have almost a unique
situation here, where we have
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a large number of very large, pregnant females.
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Nothing is really known about where they go to
give birth, how they mate, where they mate.
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So there are a lot of questions that
still need to be answered out there.
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Narrator: The answers could bring crucial information to the battle to preserve these ancient creatures.
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Whale sharks have long been hunted
on a small scale for their liver oil,
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used as waterproofing for wooden boats.
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Known as tofu sharks, they are now targeted by
fishing fleets for their characteristic white meat,
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and for fins that can fetch around $50,000 each.
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Shark fin soup is a staple at weddings
and fancy dinners in China.
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This custom is believed to be responsible
for millions of sharks killed each year.
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Whale shark fins are in demand,
not so much for soup,
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as for bold displays designed to lure shark fin buyers
into stores, or customers into restaurants.
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Whale sharks are now under the protection of the
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of the Convention on International Trade
of Endangered Species, or CITES,
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and the Convention on Migratory Species.
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There is a growing momentum to safeguard them,
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especially in countries where tourists spend
millions of dollars each year
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to swim with these gentle giants.
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The docile nature of whale sharks is what allows
the Galapagos team to approach them,
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then to clip DNA samples from fins or place
satellite tracking tags into their skin.
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But if startled, a whale shark is capable of
moving swiftly out of reach.
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At full size, a whale shark is powerful
and potentially dangerous.
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If the approach is not just right,
or the tag inserted too deeply,
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the response can be violent.
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In the first of three expeditions to Darwin Island,
Jonathan Green and his team
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managed to tag 14 whale sharks.
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To get reliable results, the team needs
at least twice that number.
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So they are making the 30-hour journey again on a
small but trusty expedition boat, the Queen Mabel.
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It's the heart of the cool season, and the
boat is carried along by north-bound
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swells generated by a current that flows from
Antarctica up the coast of South America.
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On his journey to the Galapagos Islands, Charles
Darwin noted 'the singularly low temperature
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of the surrounding water, brought here by
the great southern Polar current.'
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For thousands of humpback and other whales,
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it offers a free ride north from summer feeding
grounds off Antarctica.
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The Humboldt current is thought to have transported many of the unique creatures
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that Darwin observed on these islands.
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From the mainland, giant tortoises were
probably washed into the sea by storms.
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The current carried them across the thousand
kilometers of ocean to reach the Galapagos.
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They gradually dispersed among the islands,
each one a world unto itself.
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Down through the generations, the tortoises
adapted to unique local conditions
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and developed differences, especially in their shells.
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Iguanas most likely arrived on rafts of vegetation.
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Once here, they adapted to feeding
within intertidal zones.
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It's in the sea that the Humboldt current
has had its greatest impact.
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You can see its fertile wake in a satellite
image tracking chlorophyl,
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a tracer for plankton blooms.
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In combination with west-bound trade winds,
it causes deep nutrient-rich water
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to well up along the South-American coast,
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turning it into one of the world's
most productive fisheries.
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Rising up onto the Galapagos plateau,
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the Humboldt mixes with the cool waters of the Cromwell Current, surging in from the Pacific,
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and with warmer currents moving
down from the equator.
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That combination sets off an
explosion of sea life.
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Manta rays arrive to sift the upper levels
of the ocean for microscopic plankton.
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When conditions are right, sardines, anchovies,
mackerel and other bait fish fill the seas.
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That can attract legions of striped marlin from
around the region and beyond.
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Watching for a school to be caught out in the open,
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these swift predators dart up from below.
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The school closes ranks, forming a bait ball.
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Sea lions join the attack.
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The school evades them by
twisting and turning as one.
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But as fatigue finally sets in,
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the predators move in to pick off individuals.
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Moving through these fertile waters,
riding the north-bound current,
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a mysterious line of whale sharks is
headed for a tiny, remote outpost:
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Darwin Island.
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What draws them here?
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That's the question this team is hoping to answer
as they too arrive at Darwin island.
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Jonathan Green: The blue skies give way to low cloud
and the ocean reflects gunmetal grey.
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The morning is spent activating the satellite tags,
removing the old leaders,
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and replacing them with shorter,
plastic-covered steel wire.
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We then paint them with an antifouling coat
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and hang them to dry in the aft.
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The guns are ready, lubricated
and cleaned.
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Narrator: Boarding a pair of small boats, the team
sets out for the turbulent waters of Darwin's arch.
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Their strategy is simple:
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wait on the rocks.
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If no whale sharks pass by,
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they'll swim out into the current to
search for them in open water.
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Jonathan Green: After 30 minutes close to
the rocks, we head out to the blue
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and almost immediately spot
a large female whale shark.
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Clear markings, probably young, she is pregnant
and measures around 11 meters.
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I am able to get alongside and shoot
the dart through the dorsal fin,
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about 2/3 of the way,
close to the leading edge.
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The dart goes all the way through about
15 centimeters of cartilage.
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Narrator: Then, the team witnesses a scene that can only deepen the mystery of these giant sharks.
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Another female suddenly appears.
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It converges on the first,
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then gives it a shove
with its snout.
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Was this a show of strength?
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Or some other signal, just between sharks?
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Their two paths diverge into the deep.
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The expedition is off to a great start,
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at least, that's how it appeared
on its second day.
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Jonathan Green: The current remains
to the north, but is fluctuating.
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Sea surface temperature still high,
25 degrees centigrade.
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Big schools of hammerheads pass by,
out in the blue and down, deep below us.
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We do a shallow dive before lunch as skipjack
tuna are feeding close to the anchorage.
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Bright streams of quick silver weave
a complicated dance with sharks.
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Late afternoon, we photograph
the sunset over Darwin,
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and the light catches the spray
from the crashing breakers.
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The Arch appears to capture the last beams
of sunlight, like a magnifying glass,
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concentrating them into a single
spotlight of white and gold.
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Quite ethereal, but then, so is
the experience we are living.
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Narrator: Day three brings an unexpected shift
in the currents that swirl around Darwin.
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The north-bound flow has shifted to the south.
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The hammerheads are now schooling
much closer to the reef.
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The whale sharks seem to have
disappeared altogether.
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Jonathan Green: Conditions are far from optimum,
as the current has swung around 180 degrees.
229
00:24:37,520 --> 00:24:41,700
Ending the dive with a drift,
we swim through a tornado of jacks,
230
00:24:46,240 --> 00:24:50,280
and in less than three minutes,
are being sucked in behind the Arch.
231
00:24:53,440 --> 00:24:55,320
Time to surface quickly,
232
00:24:56,740 --> 00:25:01,440
before we get taken over the platform
and into the maelstrom of crashing waves.
233
00:25:07,800 --> 00:25:12,820
We find huge variations in currents. Daily,
you can have very low current when you dive first
234
00:25:12,820 --> 00:25:16,420
first thing in the morning, 6:30 AM,
virtually no current.
235
00:25:16,420 --> 00:25:19,320
By mid-day, you've got a howling
current going through.
236
00:25:19,320 --> 00:25:22,440
What we've had here is not only
a complete change in direction,
237
00:25:22,440 --> 00:25:24,920
but the strength seems to be
going up and down.
238
00:25:24,920 --> 00:25:27,320
This morning when we jumped in,
we had something
239
00:25:27,320 --> 00:25:31,700
probably around a five-knot current, and that
simply becomes unworkable at that point.
240
00:25:31,710 --> 00:25:34,850
Not only unworkable, but dangerous because
of the fact that you've got divers
241
00:25:34,850 --> 00:25:38,150
then that may be swept away from
the area that we're working in
242
00:25:38,150 --> 00:25:40,470
and taken out into the
very rough ocean beyond.
243
00:25:44,600 --> 00:25:50,460
Narrator: The next day, Jonathan is eager to know
whether the tags they set are on securely.
244
00:25:50,520 --> 00:25:53,040
Jonathan Green: Do you have any data
on that, anything new?
245
00:25:53,100 --> 00:25:57,320
Narrator: He calls Alex Hearn, who is monitoring the satellite signals
246
00:25:57,320 --> 00:25:59,900
from the University of California at Davis.
247
00:25:59,900 --> 00:26:03,800
Jonathan Green: Conditions that are not too good.
We've got a southerly current.
248
00:26:03,800 --> 00:26:08,280
We put the two tags on, but we just
need to know if they're on the surface,
249
00:26:08,289 --> 00:26:13,729
or if you have any data that might show what
they're doing, if the tags are still on, yeah.
250
00:26:14,920 --> 00:26:21,920
Okay, you do. 1-0-7.
Okay, fantastic, fantastic.
251
00:26:24,880 --> 00:26:32,200
Narrator: One of the tagged sharks has surfaced
40 kilometers north and west of Darwin Island.
252
00:26:32,200 --> 00:26:36,280
It's following the same route taken
by Jaws and Kymberley.
253
00:26:38,100 --> 00:26:43,040
Are these sharks following the flow of food
driven by the Humboldt current,
254
00:26:43,040 --> 00:26:46,340
or are they pursuing
some other imperative?
255
00:26:48,940 --> 00:26:52,840
Consider their response to conditions
below Darwin's Arch.
256
00:26:54,800 --> 00:27:00,740
As deep currents hit the island, they carry a
flood of nutrients to the surface.
257
00:27:02,800 --> 00:27:09,520
As a result, the rocky reefs beneath the arch
are enveloped by what one biologist called,
258
00:27:09,520 --> 00:27:11,600
"a great wall of mouths."
259
00:27:13,660 --> 00:27:17,980
Everything from microscopic zooplankton
to schools of fish.
260
00:27:20,560 --> 00:27:26,440
Moving through them are predators
such as sharks, and jacks,
261
00:27:29,100 --> 00:27:33,400
along with those giant filter feeders,
the whale sharks.
262
00:27:37,260 --> 00:27:42,660
And yet, even as they encounter enormous schools
of small fish and dense plankton,
263
00:27:42,660 --> 00:27:45,240
they keep their mouths shut tight.
264
00:27:47,540 --> 00:27:50,460
There must be another reason
they are coming here.
265
00:27:53,360 --> 00:27:56,080
Jonathan Green: We know that they are
coming here for a specific reason,
266
00:27:56,080 --> 00:27:59,220
but it's got to be something important
enough that we see literally
267
00:27:59,220 --> 00:28:05,160
hundreds of whale sharks in an area like the
Darwin arch during the season. And we don't see
268
00:28:05,160 --> 00:28:08,960
whale sharks anywhere else in the Galapagos
Archipelago, so they're coming to Darwin's Arch
269
00:28:08,960 --> 00:28:13,960
for a specific reason. I still think that the
whale sharks are coming here for birthing.
270
00:28:13,960 --> 00:28:18,809
One thing that just about all the females,
the big female whale sharks have in common
271
00:28:18,809 --> 00:28:23,429
is that they're pregnant, they seem to be
in an advanced stage of pregnancy, and so
272
00:28:23,429 --> 00:28:26,069
we think that they are probably birthing down at depth.
273
00:28:26,069 --> 00:28:29,980
Alex Hearn: There's a steady trickle
of sharks coming through.
274
00:28:29,980 --> 00:28:32,580
Why aren't they all coming at once,
you know? Are they coming
275
00:28:32,580 --> 00:28:37,980
when they're ready to come perhaps?
I suspect that there's an internal
276
00:28:37,980 --> 00:28:42,580
clock that's telling them it's time
to move up to Darwin, and then,
277
00:28:42,580 --> 00:28:46,260
out to wherever it is that they're giving birth.
278
00:28:49,960 --> 00:28:54,360
Narrator: If not in the deep channels surrounding
Darwin Island, then perhaps these
279
00:28:54,360 --> 00:28:58,940
females are giving birth out in the
Galapagos rift zone to the north.
280
00:28:59,980 --> 00:29:03,400
This region took shape millions of years ago,
281
00:29:03,400 --> 00:29:07,820
when titanic sections of the Earth's
crust began pulling apart.
282
00:29:09,340 --> 00:29:13,080
The undersea terrain is lined
with ridges and seamounts,
283
00:29:13,080 --> 00:29:18,040
and hydrothermal vents that attract
a variety of deep ocean creatures.
284
00:29:20,600 --> 00:29:23,580
The nooks and crannies of the ocean
bottom could offer
285
00:29:23,580 --> 00:29:27,740
could offer myriad safe havens for
infant whale sharks to grow.
286
00:29:32,260 --> 00:29:34,920
Where and when the females give birth
287
00:29:34,929 --> 00:29:38,569
is just one of the mysteries of
whale shark reproduction.
288
00:29:41,700 --> 00:29:48,160
A single pregnant female captured by fishermen in Taiwan offered some remarkable clues.
289
00:29:49,700 --> 00:29:52,700
Scientists moved in quickly to
dissect the shark.
290
00:29:54,180 --> 00:29:58,340
They found that she was carrying 300 offspring.
291
00:29:58,340 --> 00:30:04,620
They represented all stages of development, from tiny
embryos to pups ready to be born.
292
00:30:06,560 --> 00:30:13,480
That's not all - Genetic tests showed that each of the offspring was fathered by the same male.
293
00:30:17,360 --> 00:30:23,440
The female had been able to maximize an encounter with this male by storing up his semen,
294
00:30:23,440 --> 00:30:26,900
then using it over time to fertilize her eggs.
295
00:30:28,520 --> 00:30:33,840
This may be an adaptation to lives spent
traveling alone over long distances.
296
00:30:34,980 --> 00:30:42,360
One of the longest documented whale shark journeys
was made by a mature female named Rio Lady.
297
00:30:43,160 --> 00:30:48,460
She was tagged off Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula
in the year 2007
298
00:30:48,460 --> 00:30:54,100
by researchers from Florida's Mote Marine
Lab and Mexico's Domino Project.
299
00:31:02,700 --> 00:31:08,480
They watched as she headed over to the coast of Cuba, then turned south into the Caribbean.
300
00:31:11,300 --> 00:31:15,400
Past Jamaica, she turned and swam
straight for the Atlantic Ocean.
301
00:31:21,220 --> 00:31:26,020
Moving out to the middle of the Atlantic,
Rio Lady crossed the equator.
302
00:31:27,320 --> 00:31:33,740
That's where her tag stopped transmitting, after a journey of more than 7,000 kilometers.
303
00:31:36,840 --> 00:31:39,300
But that wasn't the end of Rio Lady.
304
00:31:40,180 --> 00:31:46,740
Four years later, scientists photographed her back
off the Yucatan, identifying her by her spots.
305
00:31:48,820 --> 00:31:53,540
She had returned as part of the largest known
gathering of whale sharks,
306
00:31:53,540 --> 00:31:57,840
with hundreds arriving to feed on
eggs spawned by a type of tuna.
307
00:32:00,500 --> 00:32:03,720
If Rio Lady's story is any indication,
308
00:32:03,720 --> 00:32:09,140
whale sharks swim with a purpose,
with clear routes and destinations.
309
00:32:11,740 --> 00:32:15,940
How do they navigate the featureless
and murky depths of the ocean,
310
00:32:15,940 --> 00:32:19,700
to reach places like the
Yucatan or Darwin's arch?
311
00:32:23,760 --> 00:32:28,900
The answer may lie in another shark species:
the scalloped hammerhead.
312
00:32:35,660 --> 00:32:43,080
For the last decade, Alex Hearn, from the University of
California at Davis, has been spearheading an effort
313
00:32:43,080 --> 00:32:47,320
to track the movement of hammerheads and
other sharks throughout the region.
314
00:32:49,400 --> 00:32:53,540
It's part of a much larger effort by
the Galapagos National Park
315
00:32:53,540 --> 00:32:59,720
to understand the role these islands play in
the survival of migratory marine species.
316
00:33:01,840 --> 00:33:07,280
This team's goal is to find out where
various shark populations go,
317
00:33:08,480 --> 00:33:11,960
what routes they use, and
how far they travel.
318
00:33:17,660 --> 00:33:21,020
The study centers on a series
of 'listening stations,'
319
00:33:21,020 --> 00:33:26,040
set up all around the archipelago in conjunction
with the Charles Darwin Foundation.
320
00:33:28,200 --> 00:33:32,500
Placed in shallow water, the stations
record high frequency beeps,
321
00:33:32,500 --> 00:33:35,460
emitted by tags that have been
placed on the sharks.
322
00:33:39,900 --> 00:33:43,680
Attaching a tag to a hammerhead
is a special skill.
323
00:33:48,360 --> 00:33:51,580
The noise from scuba tanks is
known to scare them off,
324
00:33:51,580 --> 00:33:55,060
so team members must free dive
down to get close.
325
00:33:58,520 --> 00:34:03,060
The object: to jab the tag into the
muscle on the shark's back.
326
00:34:05,160 --> 00:34:08,640
The tags usually fall off after about a year.
327
00:34:12,800 --> 00:34:16,500
The data shows that while hammerheads travel throughout the region,
328
00:34:16,500 --> 00:34:19,300
they congregate in large numbers only
329
00:34:19,300 --> 00:34:24,440
where strong south currents sweep the edges of
Darwin and nearby Wolf island.
330
00:34:28,120 --> 00:34:29,560
It's a remarkable sight,
331
00:34:29,560 --> 00:34:35,180
considering that these strange creatures were
practically fished out of here in the mid 1990's.
332
00:34:39,380 --> 00:34:47,220
Their population surged again with protections offered
by the Galapagos Marine Reserve, established in 1998.
333
00:34:49,800 --> 00:34:54,900
Since then, Darwin and Wolf Islands
have become a Mecca for divers,
334
00:34:54,900 --> 00:34:58,460
who come from all over the world
to take in the spectacle.
335
00:35:09,780 --> 00:35:16,200
Hammerheads are among the few sharks that must always swim forward to force water through their gills.
336
00:35:17,760 --> 00:35:22,520
Facing into the current here during the day
offers them a period of rest.
337
00:35:23,480 --> 00:35:27,080
The warm surface waters may also aid their digestion.
338
00:35:30,780 --> 00:35:34,940
While the sharks are here, they can
swing in close to the rocks,
339
00:35:34,940 --> 00:35:38,940
where king angel fish come out
to clean them of parasites.
340
00:35:47,380 --> 00:35:51,620
At times, larger ocean creatures do return the favor.
341
00:35:55,140 --> 00:35:58,800
A sea turtle draws the attention of
a school of pompano,
342
00:35:58,800 --> 00:36:02,040
who prize its rough shell as a
kind of scraping stone.
343
00:36:11,880 --> 00:36:17,420
After a day spent at the reef, the hammerheads
peel off into the surrounding waters,
344
00:36:17,420 --> 00:36:20,280
where they use their acute senses to hunt.
345
00:36:23,480 --> 00:36:28,740
How do they find their way back to Darwin through
the featureless and murky depths?
346
00:36:35,300 --> 00:36:40,360
Sea turtles, along with some migrating bird
species and whales,
347
00:36:40,360 --> 00:36:45,760
are thought to orient themselves by reading
the alignment of Earth's magnetic field.
348
00:36:50,420 --> 00:36:56,880
If sharks possess their own navigational supersense,
it's probably related to sensory abilities
349
00:36:56,880 --> 00:37:00,860
that have allowed them to thrive
all these millions of years.
350
00:37:04,580 --> 00:37:09,040
The snouts of most sharks are
dotted with specialized organs
351
00:37:09,040 --> 00:37:14,900
that pick up electrical impulses given off by
the heartbeats or muscle action of prey.
352
00:37:19,540 --> 00:37:23,420
Research shows that hammerheads may use this electrical mastery
353
00:37:23,420 --> 00:37:29,660
to read magnetic signals given off by volcanic
formations that lead, like roads,
354
00:37:29,660 --> 00:37:34,460
up the sides of Darwin and and other landmarks
strewn about the world's oceans.
355
00:37:39,040 --> 00:37:43,720
Whale sharks may be reading these same signals,
356
00:37:43,720 --> 00:37:47,000
but that doesn't mean they always arrive on cue.
357
00:37:52,180 --> 00:37:53,720
Day Five.
358
00:37:53,720 --> 00:37:58,860
The team spreads out on the rocks to increase the chances of spotting a whale shark.
359
00:38:03,740 --> 00:38:08,380
With none in sight, they move out
into the blue and drift.
360
00:38:16,120 --> 00:38:19,020
Toward the end of the scheduled 40-minute dive,
361
00:38:19,020 --> 00:38:21,760
a whale shark finally appears.
362
00:38:25,740 --> 00:38:28,960
But it's about 40 meters down.
363
00:38:28,960 --> 00:38:31,700
It will take considerable effort to reach it,
364
00:38:33,120 --> 00:38:36,340
and their air is already running low.
365
00:38:39,740 --> 00:38:44,140
With few other sharks around,
Jonathan decides to take the risk.
366
00:38:46,740 --> 00:38:51,860
Jonathan Green: I see her, deeper than where I am,
a few more kicks is all it will take.
367
00:38:53,900 --> 00:38:56,300
The next few seconds are a blur.
368
00:38:57,560 --> 00:39:01,260
I see her dorsal fin is bent over,
but still go for a fin shot.
369
00:39:04,500 --> 00:39:08,240
Narrator: The shot bounces off the dense tissue
at the base of the fin.
370
00:39:10,200 --> 00:39:13,900
Jonathan signals a team member to try another tag.
371
00:39:16,360 --> 00:39:18,680
But there's just not enough time.
372
00:39:21,880 --> 00:39:26,260
As the shark swims off into the deep,
they must rise up slowly
373
00:39:26,260 --> 00:39:31,040
to expel the excess nitrogen that
builds up in divers' bodies at depth,
374
00:39:31,040 --> 00:39:35,200
and can lead to a life-threatening condition
known as the bends.
375
00:39:37,700 --> 00:39:40,780
But several divers, including Jonathan,
376
00:39:40,780 --> 00:39:44,320
do not have enough air to safely
reach the surface.
377
00:39:47,700 --> 00:39:50,720
Fortunately, teammates are there to assist.
378
00:39:58,820 --> 00:40:01,900
Day six.
No whale sharks in sight.
379
00:40:08,140 --> 00:40:12,300
To widen their search, the team tries
snorkeling out into the blue.
380
00:40:19,760 --> 00:40:22,900
Jonathan Green: Three dives punctuated
by a snorkle in deep water.
381
00:40:24,340 --> 00:40:25,760
But there was nothing.
382
00:40:29,480 --> 00:40:34,200
Swam with dolphins though, so the day
has not been without its moments.
383
00:40:46,980 --> 00:40:54,320
Narrator: Even a series of timelapse shots, taken
throughout the day, fails to turn up any whale sharks.
384
00:41:00,800 --> 00:41:03,060
The current has now picked up speed.
385
00:41:07,200 --> 00:41:09,620
The team struggles to hold on to the reef.
386
00:41:18,340 --> 00:41:21,340
The end of this expedition is just days away.
387
00:41:22,820 --> 00:41:27,600
Finally, on Day 8, with only three
more days of diving left,
388
00:41:27,600 --> 00:41:31,020
there is a subtle shift in conditions
below the arch.
389
00:41:35,400 --> 00:41:37,400
The south-bound current has slowed.
390
00:41:40,300 --> 00:41:42,480
Jonathan Green: Dropping in we feel the change.
391
00:41:44,620 --> 00:41:46,740
Galapagos sharks are hugging the rocks,
392
00:41:48,020 --> 00:41:50,040
silkies patrolling the blue,
393
00:41:53,820 --> 00:42:00,000
and yes, swimming gently along the wall,
a small, approximately 3.5 meter whale shark.
394
00:42:05,000 --> 00:42:07,280
Narrator: This one is too small to tag.
395
00:42:07,280 --> 00:42:10,200
But it could be a sign that
the whale sharks are back.
396
00:42:15,120 --> 00:42:18,580
By afternoon, the north-bound current is surging.
397
00:42:23,080 --> 00:42:27,140
Cesar Penaherrera, from the
Charles Darwin Foundation,
398
00:42:27,140 --> 00:42:31,280
spots a large whale shark approaching
and signals the others.
399
00:42:36,100 --> 00:42:40,560
Eduardo Espinosa, a scientist with
the Galapagos National Park,
400
00:42:40,560 --> 00:42:43,280
and a seasoned shark tagger,
is on it.
401
00:42:45,680 --> 00:42:47,960
But the shark is racing away.
402
00:42:50,200 --> 00:42:52,200
He struggles to catch up.
403
00:43:00,260 --> 00:43:01,940
His shot is off.
404
00:43:01,940 --> 00:43:04,560
The tag breaks off and is lost.
405
00:43:05,640 --> 00:43:06,980
Another setback.
406
00:43:12,840 --> 00:43:18,100
The sharks may be back, but the cables that hold
the satellite tags keep breaking.
407
00:43:22,340 --> 00:43:30,600
Later, on the Queen Mabel, Moab Villagomez, a crew member, suggests a type of knot used by fishermen,
408
00:43:30,640 --> 00:43:33,660
to secure the tags to their steel cables.
409
00:43:36,300 --> 00:43:40,460
Because some of the shots have not been
penetrating the whale shark's skin
410
00:43:40,480 --> 00:43:43,820
they give the air guns fifty percent more power.
411
00:43:50,320 --> 00:43:51,300
Day nine
412
00:43:51,820 --> 00:43:52,940
In his log,
413
00:43:52,940 --> 00:43:57,600
Jonathan notes that the trip now hangs in the balance.
414
00:43:57,600 --> 00:44:02,540
But that it may not be in his power to tip it in their direction.
415
00:44:06,780 --> 00:44:11,620
Hanging at twenty-five meters,
I see a dark form above and out to the blue,
416
00:44:11,620 --> 00:44:13,920
then clearly the outline of a shark.
417
00:44:16,140 --> 00:44:20,080
I head out to swim under
and then rise up on the left flank.
418
00:44:26,940 --> 00:44:28,960
The shot will be easier from the right.
419
00:44:28,960 --> 00:44:31,640
So exchanging sides, I move forward
420
00:44:31,640 --> 00:44:35,820
And the shot goes in just for and to the right of the dorsal fin.
421
00:44:41,220 --> 00:44:43,060
The harpoon slides back out
422
00:44:43,060 --> 00:44:47,480
and the tag, 108-103, glides off to an unknown destination.
423
00:44:55,104 --> 00:44:57,904
This time, it’s the beginning of the dive
424
00:44:57,904 --> 00:45:03,384
And Jonathan has enough air
to stay and take in the scene.
425
00:45:08,420 --> 00:45:10,500
I crawl south, across the balcony
426
00:45:10,500 --> 00:45:15,360
And just lie there for about ten minutes
as the hammerheads just stream by.
427
00:45:18,720 --> 00:45:22,100
Their silver and bronze sheen,
almost aglow in the midday light
428
00:45:22,100 --> 00:45:25,120
Like celestial bodies floating in aquatic space.
429
00:45:27,500 --> 00:45:30,200
Far too beautiful to capture in mere words.
430
00:45:30,200 --> 00:45:32,820
I wish I could exchange my gun for my camera.
431
00:45:34,520 --> 00:45:37,220
But instead, capture the image in my mind.
432
00:45:37,220 --> 00:45:37,980
Mine,
433
00:45:37,980 --> 00:45:38,480
forever.
434
00:45:53,540 --> 00:45:56,240
It’s the final day of the expedition.
435
00:46:03,760 --> 00:46:09,560
Eduardo Espinosa sees a shark
they’ll come to know as Margarita.
436
00:46:18,040 --> 00:46:20,940
Based on her size, twelve meters long,
437
00:46:20,940 --> 00:46:24,160
Margarita is thirty to forty years old.
438
00:46:25,980 --> 00:46:27,200
And a survivor,
439
00:46:27,200 --> 00:46:31,920
judging by the circular bites or
propeller marks on her lower abdomen.
440
00:46:36,674 --> 00:46:37,874
Later on,
441
00:46:37,880 --> 00:46:40,860
Jonathan finds Margarita still at the reef.
442
00:46:40,860 --> 00:46:44,080
Identifying her by tag number.
443
00:46:48,380 --> 00:46:51,400
Here’s an opportunity to get a closer look.
444
00:46:56,340 --> 00:46:58,440
With the current sweeping him away,
445
00:46:58,440 --> 00:47:00,840
he descends to the rocks below.
446
00:47:06,200 --> 00:47:08,360
She’s barely moving against the current.
447
00:47:10,120 --> 00:47:12,740
I drop back then use the rocks to get ahead.
448
00:47:16,320 --> 00:47:18,520
I float up, then pass below her,
449
00:47:19,540 --> 00:47:22,640
checking her huge belly for signs of birthing.
450
00:47:24,480 --> 00:47:25,920
Nothing I can detect,
451
00:47:25,920 --> 00:47:28,297
but then, this is hardly my area of expertise.
452
00:47:32,980 --> 00:47:36,400
If a newborn shark does come in to the world,
453
00:47:36,400 --> 00:47:40,220
several jacks are there, ready to grab a meal.
454
00:47:46,280 --> 00:47:49,480
The cool season is now drawing to a close.
455
00:47:54,900 --> 00:47:55,880
On land,
456
00:47:55,880 --> 00:48:01,900
the turbulence of mating season is
overtaking the colonies of marine iguanas.
457
00:48:03,533 --> 00:48:06,813
The big males keep a watchful eye on their harems.
458
00:48:07,300 --> 00:48:10,420
And on the other sires that may challenge them.
459
00:48:24,620 --> 00:48:27,620
Out at sea, the water is getting warmer,
460
00:48:27,620 --> 00:48:32,780
as the Humboldt current slows and
Equatorial currents push south.
461
00:48:35,140 --> 00:48:38,140
This is the time when Humpbacks and other whales
462
00:48:38,140 --> 00:48:41,940
head back south to summer
feeding grounds off Antarctica.
463
00:48:46,640 --> 00:48:49,460
With less prey in the waters off Darwin Island,
464
00:48:49,460 --> 00:48:53,320
jacks, tuna, and other large predators move away.
465
00:48:56,820 --> 00:48:58,940
So do the crowds of sharks.
466
00:49:00,140 --> 00:49:02,060
Including the whale sharks.
467
00:49:04,340 --> 00:49:09,400
Margarita, the shark with the circular
bites or propeller marks, headed north.
468
00:49:09,920 --> 00:49:12,120
She wandered about for a month.
469
00:49:12,120 --> 00:49:14,120
Then her signal disappeared.
470
00:49:14,120 --> 00:49:20,620
She'll be easy to recognize if they see
her again on a future trip to Darwin's Arch.
471
00:49:22,320 --> 00:49:27,520
Most likely, she headed south with
the other sharks that still had their tags on.
472
00:49:29,960 --> 00:49:31,560
Including Jaws,
473
00:49:35,820 --> 00:49:38,400
a shark they called "Sin Nombre",
474
00:49:41,880 --> 00:49:44,200
George, the only male in the group,
475
00:49:48,780 --> 00:49:49,940
and Carla.
476
00:49:53,300 --> 00:49:57,880
They all went to a region off the coast
of Peru, lined with steep ridges.
477
00:50:01,700 --> 00:50:08,240
As the chlorophyll data shows, these are
some of the most fertile waters on the planet.
478
00:50:09,240 --> 00:50:15,920
Deep nutrient rich currents rise to surface
and sea life is abundant year round.
479
00:50:17,200 --> 00:50:24,320
If the female sharks are giving birth up north,
perhaps this is where they are finding their males,
480
00:50:24,320 --> 00:50:30,940
as well as the food supply that will sustain them
on their way back to the Galapagos and beyond.
481
00:50:33,860 --> 00:50:37,020
The data include a few notable exceptions.
482
00:50:37,020 --> 00:50:44,520
Like Ranger, who was on her way down the coast of South America when her tag stopped transmitting.
483
00:50:46,700 --> 00:50:52,620
And Kimberly, the teenager last seen
heading south in the Mid-Pacific.
484
00:50:55,720 --> 00:50:57,580
When the study began,
485
00:50:57,580 --> 00:51:04,540
almost nothing was known about the parade of
whale sharks that passes by Darwin Island.
486
00:51:06,940 --> 00:51:12,400
More years of research are needed
to find out just how widely they travel,
487
00:51:13,440 --> 00:51:15,280
where they go to give birth,
488
00:51:16,780 --> 00:51:22,500
and what is it that draws them in such
numbers to this narrow, rocky reef.
489
00:51:26,920 --> 00:51:31,700
Darwin Island was born in the
formation of the Galapagos Rift Zone
490
00:51:31,700 --> 00:51:35,160
around three and a half million years ago.
491
00:51:37,000 --> 00:51:43,140
That's recent compared to the tens of millions
of years that whale sharks have plied the oceans.
492
00:51:47,120 --> 00:51:50,920
As we search for fleeting glimpses
into their lives and history,
493
00:51:52,380 --> 00:51:57,360
we marvel at their return to this Realm of Giant Sharks.
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