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(music intensifies)

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- [Voiceover] The story of
the penis is a long one.

So let's start at the beginning.

The very beginning
of time itself.

- [Man] About four and
a half billion years ago

the earth formed, and then
another half billion years

came the point where
water began to condense

on the early Earth.

So, the way I look at
the early Earth was,

oceans, basically a global
ocean of volcanic land masses

rising up, and sometime, in
maybe a hundred million year

time frame, somehow,
the first forms

of living systems arose.

Question is, how do
these guys reproduce?

And the answer is,
mostly, they just divided.

So, you know, that's
what bacteria do today.

Every 20 minutes, an
E. Coli can divide

if the conditions are right,

but, let me point out
that even bacteria

have a version of what we call
genetic interchange material,

otherwise known as sex.

And they have little tubules
that link up between them,

and there's just
an exchange of DNA

from one bacterium to another.

- [Voiceover] These
tubules could be seen

as the earliest
precursor of what

would one day become the penis.

- Well, the evolution
of intermittent organs

like the penis, or the
claspers in sharks,

is because originally
the oldest record of it

that we have from fossils,

these bony structures in
these ancient placoderms

that we presume were for
internal fertilization.

And they developed from
the same pattern of bones

that forms the pelvic
fins, which would

later become the legs
of higher vertebrates.

So, in other words,
we're talking about

sexual organs in the
males that are an offshoot

from the leg skeleton.

Later on, that
attachment to the legs

was completely lost as
animals left the water,

and it became a soft
organ, but it's still

genetically linked to
the origin of limbs.

- Okay, what's a penis?

A penis is a structure,
specialized for males,

that is used to take sperm
from the male's body,

and deposit it into
the female's body.

- Theoretically, you could do
that just with a simple tube.

But yet, when we look in
nature, we actually see that

penises can be
incredibly varied.

- Insects, for example,
have penis-like organs,

but they have a different
name in biology.

It's called an aedeagus in
an insect, but it's a sharp

structure that the male can

put inside the female
to deposit sperm.

Does exactly the same thing.

So, in bed bugs, the males
have evolved a stabbing penis,

which basically they
use to perforate

through the female exoskeleton.

In other creatures,
for example, barnacles,

they have incredibly
long, flexible penises

that could be nine times
the length of the male,

and they can shed them
each year and grow new ones

according to the environmental
conditions they're in.

You find them in flatworms,
you find them in snails,

on the slugs, and the
octopus, the squid,

in the vertebrates you have
turtles, and alligators,

and snakes, and lizards,
they actually have something

called hemipenes, they have two.

The Argentine lake duck
have the largest penis

known to any body weight
of any backboned animal,

a penis that can measure up
to 42 and a half centimeters

in an average-sized duck.

- These duck penises, they
have a corkscrew shape,

and the males ejaculate in
less than a third of a second.

So that is
extraordinarily rapid,

I mean, we called it
an explosive eversion,

because that is
exactly what it is.

- Then there's mammals,

which we all know and love,

every mammal has a penis,
but when it comes to

penis diversity, mammals turn
out to be kind of boring.

The mechanism by which they
make their penises erect,

in that sense,
they're all the same.

(school bell ringing)

- [Voiceover] Mammals
possess what is known as

a vascular erectile system,

as opposed to, for
example, one powered

by pressurized lymph, like
the spectacular duck penis.

This may seem elementary, but it

wasn't always common knowledge.

The Greeks were convinced
that their erections

were filled with
air, like a lung.

(deep breath)

But as we all know, when
the human male is aroused,

it's a rush of blood
that does the trick.

And this is true for
all mammal penises.

(church bell ringing)

Here, in the sleepy arctic
capital of Reykjavik,

is one of the world's
true connoisseurs
of the mammal penis.

A man who's given his life
to the study of phallology.

(singing in foreign language)

- My name is
Sigur ur Hjartarson,

and I am 72 years old.

- So how did this place
begin, with the idea of...

- Well, it's a long story.

I got the first one, this one,

this is the first specimen,

when I was a small kid.

I was given a bull's
penis like that, right,

as a whip for the, to take the
cows to pasture, and so on.

So, that was the first,
and after I got the first,

some friends of mine
started bringing me penises

from a whaling station nearby,

and, to start with,
it was just a joke,

but when I realized
that this could be made

good collection, I
intended to keep going,

and trying to improve
it, and so on.

After we got all the
Icelandic species of mammals,

we started the foreign section,

you can go on
endlessly, you know?

- Sometimes I got to go with
him, you know, to cut off

some whale penis,

or some, you know, bits,
out in the country.

That was pretty cool for
me as a boy, you know.

In his nature, he's a
teacher, and was always,

always educating us, the kids,
and everybody around him.

So maybe that's the
main difference,

compared to other dads,

his need to educate
everybody around him.

- We have 19 big families
of mammals in the world.

Species within eight of them
have a bone in their penis.

That's something people
generally don't realize.

How many species have
a bone in the limb,

and some of the mice,
it's just a tiny,

two millimeters or
something like that,

with a bone of one millimeter.

But it functions,

and these animals are
very fertile, as you know.

So, the size is not
everything, like some,

well, men, or women,
like to think.

(intense music)

(door sliding)

(water dripping)

- There's something
in the human psyche

that is ages old

that has, as part of our
interior understanding

of the world,

the primary organs of the body.

You can see it in cave
paintings from 35,000 years ago,

an early interest in
Homo sapiens sapiens,

our species, in fertility,
in the relationship

between sexuality and life,

and probably death,

and you can find that
all over the world.

- In all Egyptian
creation accounts, creation

emerges out of a
watery, primordial one-ness,

just as they see the
Nile flood each year

begin to recede in the
plants and the land

begin to come out of the water.

- So, the Egyptians had a number
of different creation myths

that are actually based
in various cities,

so, for example, the
city of Heliopolis,

you have a creation based
on the god Ray Atum,

and he actually masturbates
at the beginning of creation,

and through his
masturbation, gives birth to

the Gods Shu and
the Goddess Tefnut.

So that essentially
you have one god

that makes himself into many.

- [Voiceover] And, at least
one of those ancient gods

sported quite a healthy phallus.

- [Colleen Manassa] We
do see phallic symbolism

in ancient Egypt, one
of the main examples

is the god Min, who is
another creator deity,

and is a god of fertility
in particularly agriculture.

And he's shown as a mummiform
god with an erect phallus.

You can see that all
throughout temple walls

in ancient Egypt, so
this wouldn't have been

considered pornographic
for the ancient Egyptians,

but rather a representation
of his fertile aspects.

So, almost as if the
phallus is a hieroglyph,

marking his fertility.

- [Voiceover] As we'll see,
this theme of fertility

is a common thread across
time and civilizations.

Far across the globe, another
religion still worships

what may be the greatest
phallic god of them all.

The city of Varanasi, on
the banks of the Ganges,

is one of the great centers
of pilgrimage in all of India.

Millions come to
bathe in its waters,

and worship the city's
chief god, Shiva.

This is Shiva,

and this is his lingam.

An object of adoration
to his worshipers,

and a symbol of his
power and vitality.

- Many Hindus will
worship the lingam,

and Varanasi is the
city of lingams,

like, every courtyard,
every temple,

every time you turn around,
you'll see a lingam.

There're literally
lingams everywhere.

- Shiva is a god who is a
god of life, if you like,

and is full of energy and
power, he has (indistinct),

and that's depicted
in the Shiva linga.

On one level, it is indeed
the phallic form of Shiva,

and that's recognized
in the Shiva scriptures.

But for ordinary devotees,
the Shiva linga is

an object of great
veneration and devotion,

and it's more akin to
a crucifix, perhaps.

The word "linga" itself
refers to the phallus,

but it also means
sign, or symbol,

which is quite
interesting in itself.

- Here's my lingam, that
I have in the office,

it's a very simple form, and
many of the Shiva lingams

are just as simple as this,
smaller and larger and so forth.

It has painted on it the marks
of the worshiper of Shiva,

the three marks
across the forehead,

and it is situated inside
the symbol of the yoni,

which is the female
correspondent to the male part

of the Shiva lingam,

and the way people
would worship it,

they would do puja
to it, as they would

to an image of a god
that had a face and arms.

You would offer it
flowers, and the lingam

is said to generate heat,
and so you keep it cool

by pouring water on it, and
every worshiper of Shiva

has a lingam in some
form, this is just the one

that I happen to have here.

- [Voiceover] But Hinduism
isn't the only living religion

today that features
phallic symbolism.

Further east, in the
Land of the Rising Sun,

practitioners of Shinto
also have a long tradition.

- [Man] I've watched
businessmen do this

on the way to work,
they'll be running to work

to try to catch the train,
but they'll stop for

a couple minutes in
front of a Shinto shrine,

wash their hands, wash
out their mouth, clap,

be there silently, clap again,

and leave.

And this is just
ubiquitous in Japan.

- [Voiceover] Shrines are
indeed an integral part

of everyday life,
providing a respite from

the daily hustle and bustle.

A place where old and young
alike pray for success,

health, and fertility.

(coin dropping)

Shrines also serve
as a focal point

for the country's
many festivals.

- One of the festivals that's
probably the best known

amongst foreigners in
Japan, anyway,

is the so-called
"Phallus Festival" at Komaki,
near Nagoya.

This consists of taking
a huge wooden phallus

around the town, and a
lot of the participants

also carry phalluses themselves.

(people chanting)

(bells and whistles)

(drumming)

One particular aspect that
I enjoyed when I was there

was a row of 32-year-old
unmarried women,

all of them nursing
quite a substantial

big phallus in their arms,
which they parade to the shrine

to get the blessings of
the kami for marriage

and fertility in their marriage.

One of the aspects of
Shinto as a nature religion

is the cultivation of
fertility in the crops,

and in human beings, because
of passing on to the next

generation what
has been learned,

and the gift of life itself.

Part of that fertility
rite is, like in India,

the physical manifestation
in phallus worship.

Before Meiji times, that's
to say, before 1868,

carvings, statues, rock
representations of penises,

were common throughout
the whole of Japan.

Now, after 1868 when
the Meiji government

wanted to modernize, and to
look good in Western eyes,

these were all
smashed and removed.

Not all of them, because
you can still find some

in rural areas, but
generally, I would imagine

about 90 percent of them
were just obliterated.

- [Voiceover] The
phallus lives on in Japan

through Shinto and
its shrine culture.

But, unfortunately, its demise

most everywhere else in the
world is another common theme

in the story of the phallus.

As Christianity and
colonialism spread,

phallic symbols were erased.

Today, it's hard to
find any trace of it

in the European continent,

save a few faint vestiges.

Here, in the northern
Greek town of Tyrnavos,

a tradition tracing its
roots to the ancient

phallic processions of
Dionysus has been revived,

despite the opprobrium
of the church.

(singing in Greek)

The Greek festival may
lack some of the somber,

ceremonial aspects of
its Japanese counterpart,

but it's one hell of a party.

(Greek music)

Further west in Europe,
traces of phallic symbolism

are increasingly
difficult to find.

The Cerne Abbas Giant
in southern England

is a notable exception,

but its origins are
something of a mystery.

Were they Druids, Romans,
or 18th century pranksters

who carved this brute
into the hillside?

Nobody knows.

(wind blowing)

Across the Atlantic,
in North America,

the prospects are
even more bleak.

An unlikely group of
phallic worshipers

can be found here, in
the French Canadian

province of Quebec.

On this quiet street, in this
unassuming two-story residence

is the Montreal chapter
of Saint Priapus.

(fire crackling)

- My name is David
Francis Cassidy,

I am the Pontifex and
High Priest of Priapus.

The Temple of Priapus
is a way of calling

like-minded people who are
interested in phallic worship

and using the phallus as a
way of liberating themselves

to develop a spiritual
connection with the phallus.

"Grant me, my lord, the
privilege to receive

"the sacramental most holy seed,

"let me drink of
your precious juices

"and let me honor you
as we serve our priests,

"bringing them joy
and sexual fulfillment

"in this joining with the
brotherhood of the cock. Amen."

The phallus is one sense unique,

everybody has one, that's male,

but there's no two alike,
like a fingerprint.

"Bring the joy of cock
to all our senses,

"sight, taste, smell, feel..."

The phallus, for a
man in most case,

is what helps define
what a man is.

Once men find a comfort factor

and not a designation,
you don't have to be gay

to enjoy the phallus,

straight men have been
enjoying it for a long time,

they haven't allowed
themselves to think about it

and grow with it in a more
organized, spiritual sense.

(chanting)

That's been part of
our role, is to help to

bring that form of
liberation to people.

"Naked we stand, proudly
showing our cocks,

"the staff of life,
Priapus, cock and balls,

"together they represent
the living trinity.

"Let us worship at your
altar, spread your legs

"to better reveal the joy of
man, your cock and balls."

- [Voiceover] From
the god Min in Egypt,

and Shiva in India, to
the fertility festivals

in Japan and
Greece, and finally,

this basement
temple in Montreal,

the significance of the
phallus has steadily

diminished over time
in most of the world.

This has been in large part
due to the rise and spread

of Christianity
around the globe.

It's displacement, and, in
many cases, destruction,

of phallic imagery, and
of all things pagan.

The major monotheistic
religions,

Judaism, Christianity,
and Islam,

play a central role
in our next chapter,

as we look at a tradition
with roots as ancient

as those of phallic worship.

Once again, we have to
go back to ancient Egypt

to trace it to its
earliest origins.

- The ancient Egyptians
definitely practiced

circumcision, and in
fact, they use this

as one of the markers
of being an Egyptian.

One of the ways we
know this is through

numerous representations in art,

and even the hieroglyph
for a phallus

is always shown circumcised.

So, for the Egyptians,
the ideal phallus

was one that was circumcised.

And they note when foreigners
are not circumcised.

A great example of
this, actually, is,

following the
aftermath of a battle

around 1208 B.C. between the
Egyptians and the Libyans,

in order to count the enemy
dead, the usual practice

was to take a hand.

But because the Libyans
were uncircumcised,

they cut off the phalli
from the dead enemies

in order to count them,
and they specifically state

in the text that they are
phalli that are not circumcised,

that still have their foreskins.

And so we know from multiple
representations in text

that circumcision
was an inherent

Egyptian cultural practice.

- [Voiceover] But
it would be the Jews

who turned it into
the mark of a people.

(chanting in Hebrew)

- There's no question that
circumcision was practiced

by some groups in
the ancient near east

before it began to
be part of Judaism,

but the Torah tells us
that God spoke to Abraham

and commanded him to
perform circumcision

as a sign of the covenant
between what would become

the people of Israel, namely,
Abraham and his family,

and God.

And, as time goes on,
this is fully developed

as a sense that
circumcision of males

is the symbol of this covenant
between God and Israel.

- God creates a partnership.

He leaves it up to us to
complete the human being,

in this case, the male.

So we become God's partners,

and it's literally a bodily
sign of our commitment

to that relationship.

On an ethical, moral level, in
terms of ethical perfection,

and on a philosophical
level, in terms of

intellectual perfection.

(chanting in Hebrew)

- [Voiceover] Exactly how
the ritual must be performed

is laid out in
detail in the Torah.

(chanting in Hebrew)

- Classical Jewish
tradition, the circumcision,

otherwise known as brit or bris,

the covenantal ceremony,
takes place on the eighth day,

counting inclusively,
after birth.

There is the ritual itself,

namely in which
some experienced,
practiced individual

will cut off the foreskin
from the baby boy.

It is a very festive occasion,

even though most
of the men there

all stand around nervously.

There is a risk, a small risk,

but there is a risk of danger,
complication, infection,

blood loss, and the rest.

So it is at one in the
same time an occasion

for excitement, an occasion
for nervous anticipation,

the baby will go through the
ritual that Jewish male babies

have been going
through for millennia,

on the other hand, there's
also a tinge of nervousness

and worry, frankly, and
any parent who tells you

that they're not a little
bit worried, I think,

are deceiving themselves.

(speaking Hebrew)

(camera click)

- It's taken in stride
in ways that might seem,

to outsiders, to
be very strange.

And that's because of its
symbolism and holiness,

which is in the entire
Jewish community.

Really from all groups
from the Jewish community,

it remains a major, major
part of being a Jew.

- [Voiceover] From ancient
Judea to modern day Israel,

circumcision is an
integral aspect of Judaism.

Islam, founded by
the prophet Muhammad

long after Judaism, and
600 years after Christ,

also adopted circumcision,

though in a somewhat
less central role.

- Circumcisions is
Abraham's traditions,

it had been practiced
by the prophet Abraham,

or Ibrahim in Arabic language,

and the Holy Qur'an says,

(speaking Arabic)

"And follow the
faith of Abraham."

The prophet Muhammad,
in fact, later on,

stressed upon the
importance of circumcisions,

and it is consensusly agreed
by the Muslim scholars

that it is obligatory
upon all Muslim males

to be circumcised.

- [Voiceover] But
in Christianity,

the story is quite different.

- Jesus was Jewish, he was
born to a Jewish mother,

he went to the temple, he did
all these things that Jews do,

so, as a Jewish male, we
assume he was circumcised.

- The circumcision of Jesus
somehow, paradoxically,

means not that we
Christians are to circumcise

our own sons, imitating Christ,

rather, that the
circumcision of Jesus

somehow brings to an end
the Jewish circumcision.

This will become the
standard Christian argument.

- If Christianity was going
to insist on circumcision

for all Christians, this
was a major impediment

to the growth of the church
outside its Jewish roots.

Saint Paul very cleverly
came up with the idea

that circumcision of the
heart was sufficient,

which meant that you
didn't actually have to be

physically circumcised,
and that was a key event

in the transmission
of Christianity from
its Jewish roots

to the Roman empire.

- The division is clearly there.

Christianity instituted baptism

as its replacement
for circumcision.

- [Voiceover] Though Christians
rejected the practice

of circumcision, they
did have to contend

with the thorny
theological notion

that a piece of
their lord's flesh

had been removed at birth.

Many abbeys and monasteries
across medieval Europe

claim to house
the holy foreskin.

- At the same time, other
Christians are saying,

this is not possible.

The only flesh and
blood that there can be

is on the altar, and
so, we have one story

that when Jesus was
resurrected on the third day

after the crucifixion,
and when his physical body

went up to heaven, the
foreskin, wherever it had been,

zipped up with him,

and now he is in heaven, intact.

(choir singing)

- [Voiceover] It makes
sense that Israel

and a large portion
of the Muslim world

have high rates of
circumcision, based on

what we have seen
in this segment.

But why, then, does
the United States,

a so-called "Christian nation,"

have one of the highest
rates of circumcision,

when Christianity expressly
rejected the practice?

More than half of male babies
born today are circumcised,

and at its height in the
middle of the 20th century,

the rate reached
nearly 90 percent.

Meanwhile, in South
America, many people

have never even heard
of the practice.

This is because it was
the medical establishment

that influenced the
rise of circumcision

in the United States.

And a key event in this
evolution took place

in the 19th century,
here, in New York City.

In the Victorian era,
the medical profession

was coming into its own.

Doctors had become trusted and
revered members of society.

One in particular, an
original founder of the

Bellevue Hospital
Medical College,

was this man,

Dr. Lewis D. Sayre.

Sayre was a
well-renowned surgeon

who believed that circumcision
could, in some cases,

cure paralysis.

His was not the
first, nor last, claim

of circumcision's
wondrous potential.

But he came at a time when
the practice was beginning

to gain support as
a medical procedure.

Among many of Sayres more
moralistic contemporaries,

masturbation was seen
as a malicious vice

that could cause all
manner of ailments,

including epilepsy and insanity.

Prominent figures
in American society,

including Dr. Harvey Kellogg,
the inventor of Corn Flakes,

and Sylvester Graham,
of Graham cracker fame,

promoted bland, healthy
diets, and circumcision

as deterrents to masturbation.

But the real change would take
place nearly a century later,

when a generation of American
G.I.s returned from the war.

During their service,
many had been encouraged

to get circumcisions if they
weren't already circumcised.

This was believed to
reduce the transmission

of venereal disease, and
promote general hygiene.

Now, back in civilian
life, they would choose

to have their sons circumcised

on an unprecedented scale.

Through the 1950s, as
midwifery and home births waned

and the hospital
system flourished,

medical insurance began
to cover circumcision,

and the practice became
normalized in American society.

- [Voiceover] Meat
is a favorite with

almost everyone, everywhere.

- [Voiceover] Now, uncircumcised
males were in the minority.

(slow music)

Fast-forward to
the 21st century,

and things have
changed significantly.

Growing skepticism of
medical circumcision

has led to its
decline nationwide,

and the emergence of an
anti-circumcision movement,

largely based on the
east and west coasts.

(people cheering)

In 2011, these "intact-ivists"
decided to take legal action.

- [Voiceover] These
stacks of petitions

carry the signatures of
San Francisco residents

who want to ban the practice
of circumcising baby boys.

- It's totally unnecessary,
it's excruciatingly painful,

and it's harmful.

- Shouldn't parents be
able to make that decision?

- Well, we think the
owner of the penis

should be able to
make the decision.

- [Voiceover] The American
Academy of Pediatrics

says the medical
benefits of circumcision

are not significant
enough for the Academy

to recommend the procedure.

- The problem is banning my
right, or somebody else's right,

outright, to practice
what has been

a ritual practice for years.

- [Voiceover] Needless to say,

the proposed ballot measure
stirred controversy.

- We got over 12,000
signatures of people

that are unequivocally
supportive of restricting

infant circumcision.

People can't say, oh,
this is just a couple of

fringe people, or crazies,
that are against this.

- Well, the reaction was mixed,
there were some saying that,

you know, this is crazy,
why are we doing this,

this is a parent's right,
and of course others

were very much in favor of it,

otherwise we wouldn't
have been able to gather

that many signatures, but
we got significant push-back

from the Jewish
community, in particular,

the Jewish Community
Relations Council.

- We were stunned when we
saw this ballot measure.

It would have made it
a criminal offense,

punishable by up to a
year in county jail,

and a fine of up to $1,000
for any physician or a Mohel

to perform circumcision.

- It violates the First
Amendment, because

you cannot force people to
have to go before the public

and defend their religious
practices that way.

Reason for this is that
we're both trying to protect

people's religion, and also
we're trying to protect

the state from getting torn
into divisive controversies

about peoples' religious faith.

That's the theory of
our First Amendment.

- Circumcision is a
violation of human rights,

in my opinion, and in the
opinion of many people

working on this issue,
because the infant has not

agreed to have it done
on them, by definition,

and it violates numerous
human rights documents

that the U.S. and other
countries are signatories to,

and yes, it's against the law.

- [Lloyd Schofield]
This is San Francisco,

we don't care what you
are, we care who you are,

people are very
questioning, and don't just

follow tradition, especially
if it's going to be harmful.

So people really get this
issue on a one-to-one basis,

it certainly scared
the opposition,

who spent over
$100,000, obtained free
legal representation

from one of the most prestigious
international law firms

based in San Francisco,
Morrison and Foerster.

Their e-mail addresses all
start with "mofo dot com."

So these were pretty
severe people, and up until

the day that I arrived in court
for our final court hearing,

I did not have an attorney.

- I had not heard of the
intact-ivist community.

I knew that there was some
opposition to circumcision,

I did not realize,
personally I didn't realize

that it was an organized
group with its own

website, its own publications,
it's own political action.

- [Voiceover] Despite their
relatively limited resources,

and the negative reaction
of San Francisco's Jewish

and Muslim minorities,
public support of the

intact-ivists' ban
remained strong.

Until, that is, Debra Saunders

of the San Francisco Chronicle

introduced the world
to Foreskin Man.

- A source told me
about this comic book,

Foreskin Man, and I went
online, and I looked at it,

and I was shocked.

I mean, you had this
blond Aryan hero,

you had this slimy, oily
rabbi going after the babies.

* Foreskin man

- [Voiceover] And
who was the creator

of the controversial comic book?

None other than the author
of the proposed bill

to ban circumcision in San
Francisco, Matthew Hess.

- The number one
accusation was that

Foreskin Man is antisemitic.

I think what the problem
was, is that they didn't

realize that we're against
circumcision of all boys,

not just Jewish boys, you know,

issue number one was about
medicalized circumcision,

and issue number three was
about tribal circumcision,

that had nothing to do
with Jewish circumcision.

A lot of people were upset
when they saw these images,

but I think that's what
it's going to take,

it's going to take direct
criticism to really,

to get any sort of
change to happen,

and people are talking
about it, countries are now

trying to enact legislation,
doctors' groups are

coming out against
it, and this all came

after the Foreskin Man comic
book series was published,

so, in my mind,
it's been a success.

- Once people saw that,
that measure was done.

It was over.

Nobody, this city does
not want to engage

in that kind of vile caricature.

- Because of the
sensitivity, which is

completely understandable,
it turned into

this big media circus,
and it really distracted

from the main issue, and

then we weren't talking
about the issue anymore,

we were talking about
this other thing.

- I think we,

we opened up the discussion
on an international level,

and once the discussion's
started, it can't be,

it's like the genie, it can't
be put back in the bottle.

* Foreskin Man

* Protecting man
parts for the win *

- [Voiceover] The measure
never made it to the ballot.

A San Francisco judge threw
it out on a technicality.

Subsequently, the
California State Assembly

passed a bill prohibiting
any future ballot measures

in California regulating the
practice of circumcision.

However, the
anti-circumcision movement

continues its struggle
in other states.

- No medical excuse
for genital abuse!

- Girls are protected,
why aren't boys?

- Don't they have day jobs?

- [Voiceover] And although
it's unlikely that any laws

will pass regulating
circumcision in
the United States,

it's clear that the
practice is losing

some of its
mainstream acceptance.

- [All] Infant circumcision,
it's not your decision!

- In 2012, on the other
side of the Atlantic,

in Germany, where less
than five percent of males

are circumcised, one of the
country's regional courts

actually went so far
as to ban circumcision.

This took place in Cologne,
on the banks of the Rhine,

a city known for its history,

trendy shopping,

modern amenities,
and liberal attitude.

An unlikely flashpoint
for a culture war.

It began with the
circumcision of a

Turkish Muslim boy in Cologne.

In Turkish tradition,
boys are often circumcised

at four to eight years of age.

In this particular
case, complications

led to a trip to hospital.

Subsequently, a
complaint was filed,

and although the surgeon was
absolved of any wrongdoing,

circumcision itself
was ruled unlawful

by Cologne's regional court.

- Cologne as a whole was not
a hotbed of antisemitism,

but there were certainly

ripples under the
surface of anti-Islam.

And there had been
demonstrations whether or not

to allow a big mosque with a
big tower to be constructed.

- [Voiceover] Any restrictions
on Muslim circumcision,

of course, would also
affect the country's Jews.

- [Voiceover] With a
population of just 100,000,

compared to nearly
2 million Muslims,

Germany's Jewish minority
nevertheless carried

enormous political weight,

both at home and
internationally.

- Germany should
be the last country

to have a debate on
this general issue.

The debate on circumcision
has to be judged by

what happened to German
Jews in the Third Reich.

- [Voiceover] What is
it specifically about

German history that could
make this issue problematic?

- Oh, I would rather
not talk about that,

because that is a very
delicate subject, and

I get along with my English, but

if it comes to this, I
want to be perfect, and

I don't feel comfortable
speaking about this

topic in a foreign
language, I'm sorry.

- We have a traditional
antisemitic, antisemitic?

Or how you say this?

Antisemitic

background, I don't think
that this is the situation,

but it's strange, it's strange
for the common Germans,

circumcision, to
perform circumcision.

- [Voiceover] Ultimately, this
pressure caused Angela Merkel

and her conservative
party to move a law

through Germany's parliament
to protect circumcision.

The law was passed by a
majority in the fall of 2012.

Whether the efforts in
San Francisco, or Germany,

to restrict circumcision,
had any antisemitic

or anti-Islamic motivation,
is a matter of debate.

But what's clear is that the
controversy over circumcision

isn't just limited
to the United States.

Our chapter on circumcision
comes to a close in South Korea,

one of the most recent
and enthusiastic

adopters of the practice.

Here, as much as 80 percent
of the male population

is circumcised.

But the reasons why
may surprise you.

- South Korean circumcision
began in the year 1945,

with the arrival of American
troops in the Korean soil.

At that time, Koreans equalized
America with modernization,

westernization,
development, and so on.

So it was pretty clear that,
okay, we want to develop,

we want to be like Americans,
Americans are circumcised,

we should too.

(explosion)

- [Voiceover] However,
Korean circumcision differs

from the American
medical practice

in one very significant detail.

- Korean boys get circumcised
at around age of 10 or 12.

Somehow they created
this age of 12

as the proper age for
boys to be circumcised.

(people cheering)

(applause)

- I don't remember who
exactly said it, but

they said it would
make it bigger

after the surgery,
and at that time,

I was pretty naive, so I wasn't
sure why that was a benefit,

but I do remember
distinctly that that was

brought up to me by someone.

It's almost like the
military service here,

it's something that
everyone has to do.

Of course you don't want
to do it, and you know

there is a lot of
pain in store for you,

but you just do it, because
everyone else does it,

and you don't give that
much thought into it,

and it's much better
that way, because

the more you think
about it, the more fear

you're going to
generate in yourself.

- [Voiceover] Understanding
the reasons why circumcision

has persisted in South
Korea is difficult.

Whether it symbolizes a
rite of passage to manhood

or an exclusive
mark of modernity,

or whether it's just a
meaningless arbitrary tradition

being carried on,
is hard to say.

Much like Japan, Korean culture
is rife with manifestations

of phallic symbolism.

On the coast, four hours
east of Seoul, is this place:

Haesindang Park, built in
honor of an old legend.

- [Voiceover] The earliest
purpose of circumcision

may have been something similar;

an offering given from the body,

perhaps in place
of human sacrifice.

But the reasons why it is
practiced today are varied,

as we've seen, from the
religious, to the medical,

to less definable
cultural reasons.

It has remained a part
of the human story

for thousands of years.

No film about the
penis would be complete

without touching on the
subject of our last chapter.

The question of size has
been one for the ages.

But the answer hasn't
always been the same.

For the ancient
Greeks, a small penis

was considered to be
aesthetically superior,

and even their mightiest gods

are a little less than god-like

below the waist.

Depictions of large,
erect phalluses

were reserved for base,
barbaric creatures,

like these satyrs, whose
incessant drinking and dancing

represented a sinful lifestyle.

But things have certainly
changed a lot since then.

Each year, the luminaries and
lackeys of the adult industry

come to Las Vegas for the
Adult Entertainment Expo.

No industry has been more
central in enshrining

the over-sized penis in the
American pantheon of obsessions.

- I feel like in porn
size does matter,

just because you're
shooting at angles

that you want to be able
to catch the penetration.

- If you have a very small dick,

you can't come off
of the pussy enough

for everybody to be able
to see what's happening.

- Well, most male performers

are between seven and
10 inches, I've noticed.

I've, I don't think I've
worked with anyone below seven.

- [Voiceover] The average
penis length amongst

the general populace is between
five and six inches erect.

For male porn stars, it's
something closer to eight.

- It's a problem made up by
our culture and our media,

especially in America,

with sexuality and everything
having to be big, big, big,

to be good, good,
good, you know?

That's just how it is.

- Size matters in the business,

I would say size

wouldn't necessarily matter
in a personal relationship,

if he knew what he was doing.

(laughing)

- Average, I love it, I
don't want to be hurt,

I want to be able to go
for a long period of time

without ripping. (laughing)

So, men, don't worry
about your penis size.

- Like, I'm not, by any
means, a size queen,

I get enough big dick at work,

you know, but, you know, I like,

I like a nice penis
attached to a nice man.

- [Voiceover] But regardless
of what these porn stars say,

or what any women
say, for that matter,

the obsession with size
remains ubiquitous amongst men.

Just a quick visit to
one's e-mail junk folder

reveals a host of pills,
pumps, and procedures

that claim to
increase penis size,

and with it, they promise
a life-changing boost

of confidence.

But for those of us
who aren't porn stars,

what's life really like
being "hung like a horse"?

We met with a New Yorker who has

a thing or two to
say on the subject.

Jonah Falcon, contrary
to what you might think

when you hear his name,
is not a porn star.

But he does have
a 14 inch penis.

* It's true I've got a big one

* It's the biggest one around

* If you're lucky
I can show it off

* And you can go to town

* It looks so huge

* That giant bulge in you

- The reactions that I get

from people who see
me in bike shorts,

if they don't know who
I am, the one question

is always, is that real.

And I say, well, there's
one way to show you

that it's real,

and they either
accept it or not.

I mean, I will whip
it out on occasion,

just to show, yeah, it's real.

If someone is really
cute, I'll let them

reach in and grab it
to make sure it's real.

You know, feeling is believing,

you know, feeling is believing.

A lot of men derive confidence

from their size
if they're large,

for me, I don't
have the confidence

because I have insecurities
in other places,

so, if it's not one thing,
it's the other, basically.

The penis is not
the magic bullet.

You're just trading one
insecurity for another,

in my opinion.

What's funny is no
one's recognized me,

despite,

you know, the camera
and stuff like that.

Well, maybe I'm not
wearing tight enough jeans.

Or at least...

You can imagine
what would happen

if you asked me to wear
the bike shorts here.

* You know, my name is Jonah
and I've got a giant boner

* all the ladies and
the guys seem to want

* I caught you looking
and you're peepin'

* And you're trying
to be creepin'

* On the bulge that
I'm tryin' to flaunt

* Too damn big

* It's just too damn big

* My penis, too damn big

* It's, it's too damn big

- [Voiceover] Meanwhile, on
the other side of the spectrum,

and the other side of town,

is this man.

Nicholas Gilronan, the winner

of Brooklyn's first annual
Smallest Penis Competition,

held at King's County
Bar in Bushwick.

(dance music)

- As soon as I won, they
put the crown on me,

one of the girls
who worked the event

came up and, I thought she was
gonna kiss me on the cheeks,

she went right for the mouth.

That was a lot of fun.

I'm not gonna be
confused with Brad Pitt

or anybody like that, but

as my own person, I'm a
pretty good-looking person,

not to sound too vain,

the media might want to say
I'm not a good-looking person,

because I'm a bit overweight,

or my penis size is not up
to par with their standards,

but that doesn't
really bother me.

I go through my life,
every day is a good day,

my relationships, I've never
had a problem with that.

Penis size probably
matters to some women,

but just as there are vain
men who won't date a girl

who's a little chubby, or
too tall, or too short,

or whatever their reasons
they have for judging a person

based on their appearance,

there are definitely
women out there

who do the exact same thing.

Personality is
much more important

than body physique, figure,
penis size, body shape,

all that stuff.

Personality is always
the most important thing

in any relationship.

- [Voiceover] Unfortunately,
not all less-endowed men

can adopt Nicholas's "live
and let live" attitude.

Here, in San Diego,
our central protagonist

in this "story of
size" is taking

matters into his own hands.

- My name is Michael Chavez,

I am 47 years old,

I have a daughter
who's 24 years old,

and I've always been single,

I have never been married.

(motorcycle revving)

I am actually proceeding with
a penis augmentation surgery

and looking to
increase the length and

circumference of my penis.

I dated a girl when
I was in my 30s,

and she actually left
me due to the fact that

she flat out told me she found
a guy with a bigger penis.

We went on a couple
dates, and then our first

sexual encounter
afterwards, she goes,

Michael, I can't do it anymore.

I need somebody
with a larger penis.

You know, and I know that
I'm not some microscopic

guy out there, but, you know,

some girls just prefer a
guy with a larger dick.

Women in general, they say
that there's not a problem

with the size of a man's
penis, but there really is.

I mean, if they had a chance
to have sex with a guy

with a four inch penis as
opposed to an eight inch penis,

they're going to jump up
on that eight inch penis

all day long before
that four inch penis.

- [Voiceover] Michael
is joined in his desire

for enlargement surgery
by his twin brother Joe.

(men laughing)

- Probably like,
about, I was 27, 30,

is when I really felt
that it was just,

it just felt,
just, I don't know.

To be honest with you,
my girl was kind of

cheating on me a lot, so, it
just made me feel insecure

about myself, that, you
know, maybe something

needs to change with
me, because, you know,

she wouldn't be going
off and cheating on me

and stuff like that.

- I mean, it wasn't until
recently that, you know,

I got him to actually go, okay,
let's see the size of yours,

and we compared the size
of each other's penises,

and we're both
pretty much the same.

So the standing joke is, you
know, if I do meet a girl,

I say that my brother has
the other half of my penis.

- I've never, like,
seen you as a person

that was really, like,
insecure or anything like that,

and it was like, you
know, but I mean,

I guess everyone has the
same kind of insecurities.

- I'd have to say
that I'm not insecure,

I would just love to have a
little bit more down there.

- That's true, yeah,
yeah, maybe it's not

insecure, but, you know, it's...

- I just saw Mike's wiener,
and it's pretty little.

(laughing)

I did. Let's show 'em
again on camera, Mike.

- You'll see it too.
(laughing)

- As soon as I told Joe that
I was gonna get it done,

I immediately went and
called my daughter and said,

hey, can I talk to you when
you get off work today,

and we went for a walk together.

- Some ladies want boob jobs,
some ladies want lip jobs,

or whatever, you know,
too many wrinkles

and they want to
take care of those,

and this is something that's
bugged me for many years,

so now I have that
opportunity to do it, so,

I'm just gonna go for it.

So...

- Well that's cool,
I'm happy for you.

- Thank you. I love you.

- I love you too.

- This'll be fine.

So, you don't have to
be scared or anything.

It's going to go fast.

- [Voiceover] After
extensive research,

the twins sought out Dr.
James Ellist of Beverly Hills

to perform the surgery.

Dr. Ellist offers his
own exclusive patented
procedure that,

for Michael and Joe, offers
benefits not attainable

through other techniques.

After an initial consultation,

the twins head to Los Angeles
for Michael's surgery.

Before proceeding, Michael
is carefully measured

and photographed.

- Okay.

- All right.

- I'm going to
measure from the...

Three and a quarter.

All the measurements
are in the flaccid.

- This is one of the sample of
subcutaneous penile implant,

very, very soft silicon,
it bends easily,

this is something, you
know, which has been,

I think, built, in the
mankind, in their mind,

that, always, if you
have more is better.

Which is, most of the
time, we know, and we see,

is not true, but
that's the desire.

That's the personal desire.

That's the man's desire.

(laughing)

- Holy shit.

- I have no hair. Why
do I even need this?

- This is the
consent that say that

the procedure you're
having is the insertion

of subcutaneous penile implant,

you can sign, if you want
you can read it first,

and then sign and put the date.

- Okay, I understand.

- Having a twin, I
get to say, you first,

and, you know, that's good,

I can see the process
and see how it goes, and,

it's kind of good.

I got to see all these
things ahead of time.

- So now I'm gonna go under?

- In a few minutes, yes.

Are you ready?

Okay, that's good
that you're ready.

(heart monitor beeping)

(glove snapping)

- Originally he was here,

and now,

he is here.

- [Nurse] There you go.

More here, more here,
more here, more here.

Come on, one more time here.

- [Dr. Ellist] Michael?
How are you doing?

Are you awake?

(indistinct muttering)

- [Dr. Ellist] We're going to
the recovery room, Michael.

Take a deep breath,
Michael. Everything is fine.

(upbeat music)

- [Voiceover] Months later,
the pain has subsided,

but Michael is experiencing
some complications.

- It's been about
four months now

since I've had the
surgery with Dr. Ellist,

and, unfortunately, now I'm
dealing with an infection.

Here, this is what's going
on since the infection.

- All right.

- So, this was a
lot more swollen,

and now it's kind of
gone down a little bit...

- Now the doctors say it's
gonna go back to normal?

- Yeah, it should just take
a little bit of more time,

but it kind of just
looks funky right now.

- Okay, I'm gonna
have to check it out

every few days and
make sure it's good.

(chuckling)

- I know that the doctor
did a good job with me,

I know that the implant was
done properly in itself,

but for me, personally,
I'm still on the,

I'm really on the fence
about this, I really am.

Well, I thought that
I would be able to

make myself feel better
if women were to see

my bigger penis, but now
that I have a bigger penis,

could I have gone
without the operation?

Absolutely.

Was I perfect the way
that I was before?

Absolutely.

I had a nice looking penis
before, it was just smaller.

That's really what
it comes down to.

And that really probably
hits home more than anything

that I've done right
now, it's like,

I was perfect before.

- [Voiceover] As filming
ended, Michael's infection

had cleared up, and
he was feeling better

about the look and
feel of his penis.

Not one to be left
behind, his brother Joe

planned to follow suit and
get the procedure, too.

As surgical methods
advance, it seems the demand

for penile enhancement
will only continue to grow,

and surgeons in the
field imagine a future

where they are as common and
plentiful as breast implants.

From ancient Greece
to Los Angeles,

the question of size
has been definitively

answered for our age.

Bigger is better.

To prove that the desire
for a bigger penis

isn't just an
American phenomenon,

we end our story in Dubai,

where another set of twins are

bringing penile
surgery to the east.

(water running)

Doctor's Maurizio
and Roberto Viel,

Italian born maestros
of penile augmentation,

bring a decidedly artistic
flair to their pursuit.

- Our mother was
an opera singer,

used to go to the
Scala Opera House

to see all the opera, so...

- That was something
good for us, because

it gave us the idea,
especially our mother,

of very focus on beauty
and aesthetic and art,

so it gave us since a young age,

now we do something in
surgery that reflect what

basically has been our family...

- Yeah, what we do in
aesthetic plastic surgery

and cosmetic surgery
is an artistic world,

and we try now to change the
body, to sculpture the body,

to make the body look better,

and at the same time give a
better life to the patient.

- I think that the greatest
artist of all is Leonardo.

Leonardo, Leonardo da Vinci,
probably, in my opinion,

is my hero, my best.

His description of anatomy,
his drawings of anatomy,

is an example of beauty,
proportion, harmony,

the willingness to understand
it, to study, to see,

and something that even
it was centuries ago, but

we should have this
kind of desire to look,

to understand why.

- [Voiceover] Just as
Leonardo da Vinci illustrated

with his Vitruvian Man,

the penis sits at the
center of man's universe.

It is his link through
the generations,

the family jewels,

his most dear and
valuable treasure,

affectionately nicknamed
Johnson, Willy,

Jimmy, or John Thomas.

It's also known as a baby-maker,

the purple-headed
monster, skin flute,

chode, ding-dong, the
albino cave dweller,

custard-launcher, beefwhistle,
wiener, monkeywrench,

wedding tackle, trouser
tumor, whoopie stick,

yogurt gun, todger, tinker,
tallywhacker, shaft,

schmekel, schwanz, pecker,
one-eyed trouser snake,

old fellow, python of love,
meat injection, lap rocket,

knob, joystick, member,
longfellow, excalibur,

the bald butler, bishop, tree
of life, the pudding pump,

crotch-vomiter, wrinkle
beast, dork, donut-holder,

pied piper, pecker, love
muscle, dipstick, Dr. Feelgood,

the duke, and dick.