All language subtitles for Incredible.Inventions.Series.1.04of10.The.Bicycle

Narrator: AROUND THE WORLD,
THE RACE TO WIN WARS

AND EXPLORE THE UNIVERSE
HAS CREATED SOME OF THE MOST

INCREDIBLE PRODUCTS
EVER DESIGNED,

AND WE USE THEM EVERY DAY,

UNAWARE OF THEIR
AMAZING ORIGINS.

ON "INCREDIBLE INVENTIONS"...

THE BICYCLE --

THE SECRET WARTIME PAST
OF A TWO-WHEELED WONDER.

ENCRYPTION -- WORLD WAR II
ENCODING TECHNIQUES

THAT ARE KEEPING
YOUR E-MAILS SAFE TODAY.

ENERGY BARS --

MILITARY FOOD TECHNOLOGY
PROVIDING ENERGY

FOR OUR BUSY
WORKING DAY.

WE REVEAL THE AMAZING HISTORY

AND ENGINEERING BEHIND THESE
INCREDIBLE INVENTIONS.

-- Captions by VITAC --
www.vitac.com

CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS

THE BICYCLE -- AN INVENTION
THAT, TODAY,

WE TAKE FOR GRANTED,

BECAUSE FROM COUNTRY LANES
TO INNER CITIES,

MUD TRACKS TO RACETRACKS,
THEY'RE EVERYWHERE.

SINCE THEY WERE INVENTED

IN THE 19th CENTURY,

THE HUMBLE BIKE HAS BECOME
A FAMILIAR SIGHT

IN OUR EVERY DAY LIVES.

ITS FIRST INCARNATION
IS CALLED THE DANDY HORSE,

AND IT HAS A WOODEN FRAME,

SOLID RUBBER TIRES,
AND NO PEDALS.

AFTER MORE THAN 40 YEARS
OF IMPROVEMENTS AND DESIGN,

IN THE 1860s,
THE VELOCIPEDE IS BORN.

THIS IS NOT ONLY A REDESIGN,

BUT IT CHANGES THE ENTIRE WAY
THAT BIKES ARE NOW USED.

THE FRENCHMEN PIERRE MICHAUX
AND PIERRE LALLEMENT

EQUIP THE TRADITIONAL BIKE
WITH A PEDAL IN THE FRONT
WHEEL.

WITH ITS ELEVATED SADDLE
AND GIANT WHEEL,

THE VELOCIPEDE BECOMES

FAMOUSLY KNOWN
AS THE PENNY-FARTHING.

THE HUGE SUCCESS
OF THIS NEW MODEL MEANS

THAT THE BICYCLE BECOMES
ONE OF THE MAIN

MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION.

IT ALSO BECOMES A SYMBOL
OF PROGRESS AND GROWTH

AND IS SOON SYNONYMOUS
WITH VICTORIAN GENTRY.

AS THE BICYCLE EVOLVES,

IT CATCHES THE EYE
OF THE MILITARY

AND IS ADOPTED AS AN EASY

AND SPEEDY FORM
OF TRANSPORTATION.

IF YOU GO BACK OVER
100 YEARS AGO,

GO BACK BEFORE
THE FIRST WORLD WAR,

AN OFFICER PERHAPS
WOULD HAVE SEEN

THE USE OF A BIKE
WITHIN BARRACKS.

CHEAPER THAN A HORSE,
EASIER TO USE,

ALL YOU GOT TO DO
IS REPAIR THE PUNCTURES.

Narrator:
BY THE END OF THE CENTURY,

ALL EUROPEAN ARMIES

AND THE U.S. ARMED FORCES
HAD BICYCLE INFANTRY.

WHEN WORLD WAR I BREAKS OUT,

ALL SIDES GIVE BICYCLES
TO SCOUTS, MESSENGERS

AND AMBULANCE CARRIERS.

THEY'RE SUCH A HUGE SUCCESS
THAT THEY'RE EVEN

AN INTEGRAL PART
OF THE JAPANESE VICTORY

IN SINGAPORE
DURING WORLD WAR II.

Hicks: THEIR TIRES ARE GONE.

THEY WERE ON THE RIMS
OF THEIR BIKES,

BUT THEY WERE STILL CYCLING,

HELL FOR LEATHER,
TOWARDS SINGAPORE.

AND THE BRITISH FORCES BELIEVED
THERE WERE TANKS COMING

BECAUSE THE RATTLE
OF THESE BIKES.

BIG MISTAKE, IT WAS
THE JAPANESE ON PUSH-BIKES,

A UNIQUE USE
OF THE PUSH-BIKE.

Narrator: AT ENIGMA BIKES
IN THE UNITED KINGDOM,

THEY PRODUCE CUSTOM-BUILT

HANDMADE TITANIUM BICYCLES
FOR CYCLISTS

ALL OVER THE WORLD.

AFTER CAREFULLY HAND-SELECTING

THE BEST TUBES
AND PARTS FOR EACH BIKE,

THE FIRST STEP IS TO SET UP
THE JIG WITH THE PRECISE

MEASUREMENTS SPECIFIED
BY THE CUSTOMER.

A JIG IS A DEVICE
THAT HOLDS THE FRAME

AND GUIDES THE TOOL
THAT IS TO BE USED.

NEXT, THE TUBES
ARE MEASURED AND CUT

TO SIZE BEFORE MITER JOINTS
ARE FORMED IN THE TUBES

BY CUTTING BEVELS
OF EQUAL ANGLES

AT THE END OF EACH PIECE

TO ENSURE
THAT THE MAIN TRIANGULAR

FRAME OF THE BICYCLE
FITS SNUGLY TOGETHER.

THE REAR DROP AXLE
AND THE HEAD TUBE

ARE THEN PLACED ONTO THE JIG,

READY FOR THE WELDING PROCESS.

THE TUBES ARE FIRST
TACK-WELDED INTO PLACE.

TACK WELDS ARE SMALLER WELDS

THAT HOLD THE FRAME TOGETHER
READY FOR THE MAIN WELDING.

BEFORE THIS IS DONE, THOUGH,

THE FRAME IS LIFTED FROM THE
JIG

AND PLACED
ONTO THE ALIGNMENT TABLE

READY TO BE TRACKED AND
CHECKED.

THE DOWN TUBE IS CHECKED FIRST,
FOLLOWED BY THE SEAT TUBE.

IT IS IMPORTANT TO DO THIS
THROUGH THE STAGES

OF THE BIKE-BUILDING PROCESS.

WITH THE FRAME ALIGNED,

THE MAIN WELDING
PROCESS CAN BEGIN.

THIS HAND-WELDING IS DONE
WITH EXPERT PRECISION

AND FORMS AND ENTIRELY STURDY

AND DURABLE FRAME FOR THE BIKE.

FACING CUTS THE OUTSIDE
OF THE TUBE,

AND REAMING OPENS UP THE HOLE
TO A SLIGHTLY BIGGER SIZE.

THIS PROCESS CORRECTS
ANY DISTORTIONS INSIDE THE TUBE

THAT COULD HAVE BEEN CAUSED
IN THE WELDING PROCESS.

NOW IT'S TIME TO GIVE
THE FRAME SOME TLC.

AS MUCH CARE IS PUT INTO
THE BIKE'S APPEARANCE

AS WITH THE BUILDING PROCESS.

THE FRAME IS SCRUBBED TO GIVE
IT

A NEAT FINISH
BEFORE THE BRAND DECALS

ARE APPLIED BY HAND.

THESE ARE SPECIFIC
TO THE MODEL OF EACH BIKE.

THE FRAME IS THEN READY
TO BE PASSED ON

TO THE MECHANIC
TO BE BUILT UP.

TO BEGIN THE BUILD,
THE FRONT FORK OF THE BIKE

IS ADDED TO THE FRAME.

THE MECHANIC MEASURES
THE STEERING TUBE OF THE FORK

AND CUTS IT TO SIZE
SO THAT THE HEADSET

AND HANDLEBAR STEM
CAN BE FITTED.

THE BOTTOM BRACKET OF THE BIKE

IS PREPARED IN ORDER
FOR THE CHAIN RING

AND PEDAL CRANK ARM
TO BE SECURED INTO PLACE.

REAR DERAILLEUR GEARS
ARE FITTED TO THE FRAME

ALONG WITH THE BRAKES
BEFORE THE HANDLEBARS

ARE SLID INTO THE STEM.

THE REAR COGS, OR CASSETTE,

ARE CAREFULLY PLACED
ONTO THE REAR

WHEEL OF THE BIKE, TIGHTENED,

AND THEN IT'S ALL FITTED
TO THE FRAME.

THE MECHANIC ADJUSTS
AND TIGHTENS THE REAR BRAKES

BEFORE ADDING THE FRONT WHEEL

AND ALSO ADJUSTING
THE FRONT BRAKES.

THE BRAKE AND SHIFT LEVER
IS SLIPPED INTO THE HANDLEBARS

AND FIXED INTO PLACE.

HE THEN MEASURES THE CHAIN
BY HAND AND CUTS IT

USING A CHAIN SPLITTER.

THIS IS LINKED TO CREATE
A SEAMLESSLY JOINED BIKE CHAIN.

HERE, THE REAR DERAILLEUR

CAN NOW BE LINED UP
WITH THE COGS.

BRAKE CABLES ARE
MEASURED AND CUT

BEFORE BEING FITTED TO THE
BIKE.

THE MECHANIC THEN ADDS CABLE
STOPS TO THE ENDS OF EACH CABLE

TO PREVENT THEM
FROM SLIPPING OUT OF PLACE.

AFTER FIXING THE CABLES
NEATLY TO THE HANDLEBARS,

HANDLEBAR TAPE THAT HAS BEEN
SPECIALLY DESIGNED

FOR THE PERFECT COMBINATION
OF COMFORT

AND ENDURANCE IS WOUND
AROUND THE BARS.

WITH THIS DONE,
THE MECHANIC RUNS

THROUGH THE GEAR CHANGES
OF THE BIKE,

ENSURING NO PROBLEMS
SUCH AS A SLIPPING CHAIN.

HE UNBOXES AND FITS THE PEDALS

AND THEN ATTACHES THE SADDLE
TO THE SEAT POST

BEFORE THIS IS
SLIPPED INTO PLACE.

AND THAT'S IT,
A PERFECTLY ENGINEERED,

HANDMADE BIKE FROM START
TO FINISH

READY TO HIT THE STREETS.

FROM A TWO-WHEELED WONDER

TO THE SECRETS
OF THE INTERNET,

COMING UP NEXT,
ON "INCREDIBLE INVENTIONS."

Narrator: THE INTERNET HAS
GIVEN
US ENORMOUS FREEDOM.

WE CAN BROWSE, WATCH,
BUY, AND SHARE ALMOST ANYTHING.

BUT WITH SO MUCH INFORMATION
BEING PASSED AROUND THE GLOBE,

GROWING CONCERNS ABOUT DATA

AND PRIVACY PROTECTION HAVE LED
THE BEST MINDS IN THE WORLD

TO COME UP WITH WAYS
TO PROTECT OUR INFORMATION.

AND THEIR SOLUTION?
ENCRYPTION.

Gybels: ENCRYPTION IS REALLY
TAKING ANY READABLE MESSAGE

AND TRANSFORMING IT SO THAT IT
BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE TO
UNDERSTAND

OR READ IT IF YOU DON'T
HAVE THE SECRET KEY.

AND THIS ALLOWS YOU
TO TAKE A MESSAGE AND SEND IT

WITHOUT ANYBODY ELSE BEING ABLE
TO READ OR UNDERSTAND IT.

Narrator:
ALTHOUGH WE THINK OF ENCRYPTION

AS A THOROUGHLY MODERN CONCEPT,
IT HAS BEEN USED,

STUDIED, AND REFINED
FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS

THROUGH THE SCIENCE
OF CRYPTOGRAPHY,

WHICH LITERALLY MEANS "SECRET
WRITING" IN ANCIENT GREEK.

IT IS ACTUALLY
THE ANCIENT GREEKS

WHO CREATE SOME OF
THE EARLIEST WAYS

TO BAFFLE SNOOPING EYES.

THE ANCIENT GREEKS
USED TO WRITE MESSAGES

ON PIECES OF LEATHER THAT WERE
STRUNG AROUND A WOODEN STICK.

AND THEN IF YOU TAKE
THE LEATHER OFF THE STICK,

IT KIND OF UNFOLDS,

AND IT BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE
TO READ THE MESSAGE

UNLESS YOU HAVE
THE RIGHT TYPE OF STICK

TO PUT THE LEATHER AROUND AGAIN

AND RECOMPOSE THE MESSAGE.

SO PEOPLE HAVE BEEN
DOING ENCRYPTION

AND FINDING WAYS
OF HIDING THEIR MESSAGES

FOR A VERY LONG TIME, REALLY.

Narrator: THE FIRST KNOWN USE
OF CRYPTOGRAPHY

DATES BACK
TO ANCIENT EGYPTIAN TIMES

IN THE FORM OF HIEROGLYPHICS

THAT WERE CARVED
INTO MONUMENTS.

SINCE THEN, GENERALS,

MONARCHS, AND LOVERS
USED CRYPTOGRAPHY

TO SEND ENCRYPTED MESSAGES.

WARS ARE WON OR LOST
WITH THE HELP OF CRYPTOGRAPHY,

EITHER BECAUSE ONE SIDE
SUCCESSFULLY HIDES

THEIR COMMUNICATIONS
THROUGH ENCRYPTION

OR BY THE OTHER SIDE
BREAKING THEIR ENEMY'S CODES

AND DECRYPTING THEIR MESSAGES.

ENCRYPTION THAT WAS USED
IN WORLD WAR II

BY THE GERMANS, IN PARTICULAR,

WENT BACK TO THE LAST DAYS

OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR, REALLY,

WHERE THE ORIGINAL
ENIGMA MACHINES

WERE BEING DEVELOPED AS A MEANS
OF TAKING A MESSAGE

AND USING SUBSTITUTION
TO REPLACE

THE CHARACTERS OF THE MESSAGE

BY SOMETHING ELSE
SO THAT THE INFORMATION

BECOMES UNREADABLE
OR SECRETIVE.

SO MUCH OF WHAT
WENT ON IN PLACES

LIKE BLETCHLEY PARK WAS REALLY
ABOUT TRYING TO UNDERSTAND

WHAT HAPPENED IN
THOSE ENIGMA MACHINES

AND HOW THE CODE WORKED

SO THAT, BY KNOWING
WHAT THE KEYS ARE

AND HOW THE CODE
LOGICALLY WORKS,

YOU CAN THEN REVERSE ENGINEER
THE PLAIN TEXT MESSAGE

FROM THE ENCRYPTED MESSAGE
THAT YOU INTERCEPTED.

Narrator: WITH THE INVENTION
OF THE INTERNET

IN THE 20th CENTURY,

SCIENTISTS AND TECHNOLOGY
EXPERTS BEGAN USING ENCRYPTION

TO SECURE DATA TRAFFIC
TRAVELING AROUND THE NETWORK.

SO, OF COURSE, TODAY,
WE RELY ON ENCRYPTION

TO KEEP OUR COMMUNICATIONS
ON THE INTERNET SAFE

AND SECURE AND RELIABLE.

AND IN FACT,
WITHOUT ENCRYPTION,

THE INTERNET AS WE KNOW
IT TODAY WOULD NOT EXIST.

Narrator:
DIGITAL ENCRYPTION IS PRODUCED

BY USING COMPLEX
MATHEMATICAL ALGORITHMS

TO ENCRYPT AND DECRYPT
THE INFORMATION

THAT IS BEING PASSED
BACK AND FORTH.

AN ALGORITHM IS NOTHING MORE
BUT A SERIES OF STEPS YOU TAKE.

SO YOU GET SOME INPUT,

YOU PERFORM A NUMBER
OF STEPS ON IT,

AND THAT GENERATES SOME OUTPUT.

THAT'S BASICALLY
WHAT AN ALGORITHM IS,

A RECIPE FOR A SET OF STEPS
OF THINGS TO DO

WITH A PIECE OF INFORMATION
TO PRODUCE AN OUTPUT.

Narrator: TODAY, ONE OF
THE MOST COMMON FORMS

OF COMPUTER ENCRYPTION
IS ASYMMETRIC-KEY ALGORITHMS.

HOW IT WORKS CAN BE EXPLAINED
BY THIS SIMPLIFIED SCENARIO.

IMAGINE TINA HAS
A PRIVATE MESSAGE

SHE WANTS TO SEND TO JOHN.

TINA AND JOHN HAVE
THEIR OWN PADLOCKED BOXES.

IF TINA WANTS TO SEND
A MESSAGE TO JOHN,

SHE ASKS FOR HIS
UNLOCKED PADLOCK BOX.

ONCE SHE RECEIVES IT,
TINA PUTS HER MESSAGE INSIDE

AND SENDS IT TO JOHN,

WHO USES HIS OWN KEY
TO OPEN IT.

IF JOHN WANTS TO REPLY, HE ASKS
FOR TINA'S OPEN PADLOCK BOX

AND PUSHES HIS MESSAGE INSIDE,
LOCKS IT, AND SENDS IT TO TINA,

WHO THEN USES HER OWN KEY
TO OPEN THE BOX

AND READ THE MESSAGE.

NICE AND CLEAR?
SOUNDS VERY STRAIGHTFORWARD,

BUT BEHIND THIS
SIMPLE EXPLANATION,

THERE IS COMPLEX
MATHEMATICAL WORK

THAT GOES INTO REAL-WORLD
COMPUTER ENCRYPTION TECHNIQUES.

ENCRYPTION IS USED IN ALL
ASPECTS OF OUR MODERN-DAY LIFE.

WE RELY SO MUCH ON TECHNOLOGY
THAT, WITHOUT ENCRYPTION,

THE DETAILS
OF OUR EVERYDAY LIVES

WOULD BE EXPOSED
AND OPEN TO ABUSE.

MANY COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS,
THINGS LIKE ONLINE BANKING,

BUT JUST ALSO KNOWING

THAT WHEN YOU CONNECT
TO A WEB SERVER,

YOU CONNECT TO
THE GENUINE WEB SERVER

AND NOT SOME FAKE SERVER

THAT IS TRYING
TO STEAL YOUR DETAILS.

THOSE SORT OF THINGS RELY
VERY HEAVILY ON ENCRYPTION

IN ORDER TO BE ABLE TO WORK.

Narrator: IN ORDER TO MAKE OUR
ELECTRONIC WORLD MORE SECURE,

WE HAVE TO RELY ON TECHNOLOGY

FROM THE ANCIENT MILITARY PAST.

THOUSANDS OF YEARS OF
ENCRYPTION

IS CERTAINLY
AN INCREDIBLE INVENTION.

SO THAT'S HOW IT WORKS,

BUT HOW ABOUT
AN ENCRYPTION CIPHER

YOU CAN DO YOURSELF?

WE'LL SHOW YOU
HOW WHEN WE RETURN.

Narrator: ENCRYPTION
DOES SEEM COMPLICATED,

BUT HERE'S A CIPHER
YOU CAN DO YOURSELF.

THE CIPHER WE ARE
GOING TO USE

IS BASED ON BINARY
X.O.R. OPERATION,

WHERE TWO INPUTS WILL
CREATE AN OUTPUT.

THE INPUTS CAN
ONLY BE ZERO OR ONE,

AND THE RESULT CAN
ONLY BE ZERO OR ONE

IF YOU FOLLOW THESE RULES.

TWO ZEROS INPUTTED
WILL RESULT IN A ZERO OUTPUT.

A ZERO AND A ONE
WILL GIVE YOU A ONE.

A ONE AND A ZERO
WILL LEAD TO A ONE.

AND FINALLY, A ONE AND A ONE

WILL LEAVE YOU
WITH A ZERO OUTPUT.

THE LETTER A IN BINARY CODE

IS WRITTEN AS 0100001.

OUR TESTER COMES UP
WITH A KEY,

WHICH BASICALLY MEANS
HE RANDOMLY ATTACHES

DIFFERENT VALUES FOR EACH
DIGIT.

IN THIS EXAMPLE,
HE IS USING 11101010,

BUT HE COULD USE ANY
COMBINATIONS OF ONES AND ZEROS.

HE THEN ADDS EACH DIGIT
TOGETHER
TO CREATE THE CIPHER TEXT.

IF WE FOLLOW ALONG THE LINE,
ZERO PLUS ONE EQUALS ONE,

ONE PLUS ONE EQUALS ZERO,

ZERO PLUS ONE EQUALS ONE,

ZERO PLUS ZERO EQUALS ZERO,

ZERO PLUS ONE EQUALS ONE,

ZERO PLUS ZERO EQUALS ZERO,

ZERO PLUS ONE EQUALS ONE,

AND FINALLY, ONE PLUS
ZERO EQUALS ONE.

THIS GIVES US THE CIPHER
TEXT 10101011,

WHICH, WITHOUT THE KEY,
IS RANDOM GOBBLEDYGOOK.

NOW, IF OUR TESTER'S
FRIEND HAS THE KEY,

HE CAN TAKE THAT GOBBLEDYGOOK

AND APPLY THE SAME
X.O.R. OPERATION.

SO ONE PLUS ONE EQUALS ZERO,

ZERO PLUS ONE EQUALS ONE,

ONE PLUS ONE EQUALS ZERO,

ZERO PLUS ZERO EQUALS ZERO,

ONE PLUS ONE EQUALS ZERO,

ZERO PLUS ZERO EQUALS ZERO,

ONE PLUS ONE EQUALS ZERO,

ONE PLUS ZERO EQUALS ONE,

AND THERE YOU GO -- 01000001,

OUR ORIGINAL BINARY LETTER "A."

THE SECRET?

THE REASON THIS WORKS
IS THAT, IF YOU APPLY

AN X.O.R. OPERATION TWICE,

YOU CAN GET
THE INITIAL INPUT AGAIN.

CLEVER STUFF.

THE KEY CAN LITERALLY BE
ANY COMBINATION OF ONES

OR ZEROS THAT
YOU WANT TO USE.

JUST REMEMBER,
YOU NEED THE SAME KEY

TO UNLOCK YOUR
SUPERSECRET CIPHER.

FOOD AND WATER ARE THE TWO

MOST BASIC HUMAN NEEDS
FOR SURVIVAL.

THE AVERAGE INTAKE
FOR A FULLY GROWN MALE

IS 2,500 CALORIES,
AND FOR FEMALE,

ABOUT 2,000 CALORIES.

OF COURSE,
THIS COMPLETELY CHANGES

AND IS DEPENDENT ON YOUR
HEIGHT,

YOUR BUILD, YOUR SIZE.

SO IT REALLY DOES DEPEND

ON WHAT YOU'RE DOING
BECAUSE KCAL,

IT'S LIKE WHAT YOU PUT IN
IS WHAT YOU GET OUT.

SO YOUR BODY NEEDS THESE TO
KIND
OF KEEP OPERATING, KEEP GOING.

AND THE MORE YOU'RE DOING,
THE MORE FOOD YOU NEED.

Narrator:
WITH OUR BUSY LIFESTYLES
AND EXERCISE ROUTINES,

SOMETIMES YOU NEED TO REACH
FOR A HANDY NUTRITIONAL SNACK,

AND THE ENERGY BAR
SEEMS TO DO THE JOB PERFECTLY.

BUT DID YOU KNOW THAT
IS HAS MILITARY ORIGINS?

WELL, AFTER THE BREAK,
WE'LL EXPLAIN WHY

AND EXPLORE HOW THE MILITARY
HELPED US BETTER UNDERSTAND

THE FOOD WE EAT.

Narrator: DURING WORLD WAR II,

AUTHORITIES STRUGGLED
TO MEET A SOLDIER'S

RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL NEEDS.

TROOPS ARE STILL BEING SUPPLIED
WITH HARDTACK BISCUITS,

THE SAME KIND OF FOOD
THAT HAD BEEN SUPPLIED

TO THE ROMAN ARMIES
2,000 YEARS EARLIER.

IN 1941, THE U.S. WAR
DEPARTMENT SEEKS

TO DESIGN A MEAL
THAT IS NONPERISHABLE,

READY-TO-EAT, AND WILL FIT
IN A SOLDIER'S POCKET.

THE RESULT IS THE K-RATION.

THE K-RATION IS THE FIRST PACK

TO MANAGE HUNGER
AND PROVIDE ENERGY.

WE KNOW THEM TODAY AS MREs.
IN TOTAL, THREE MEALS ARE

PROVIDED -- BREAKFAST,
LUNCH AND DINNER.

TOGETHER, THESE GIVE A SOLDIER

A CALORIE INTAKE
OF 3,000 CALORIES.

A YEAR LATER, IT IS
STANDARD ISSUE AMONG U.S.
FORCES

AND IS TAKEN UP
BY THEIR ALLIES.

Hurd: SOLDIERS IN KIND OF
OUT IN THE FIELD,

FIELD RATIONS AT THE MOMENT
BY THE U.S. MILITARY,

THE U.K. MILITARY ARE SET
AT AROUND 4,500 CALORIES,

SO DOUBLE THE AVERAGE INTAKE.

AND THAT REALLY IS SEEN AS,
YOU KNOW, GOING ON LONG SLOGS,

MARCHES,

INTENSE PHYSICAL EXERCISE.

Narrator: ENERGY BARS TODAY
PROMISE TO REPLACE MEALS

BY GIVING YOU NUTRITION
IN A HANDY SNACK-SIZED BAR,

IDEAL FOR OUR BUSY LIFESTYLES.

SO THE PROTEIN
IN THE ENERGY BARS,

THEY CAN BE USED AS ENERGY
BUT ACTUALLY, MAINLY,

TO USE TO HELP
REPAIR YOUR MUSCLE

AND TO HELP BUILD IT
BACK UP AGAIN.

THEIR CONSTITUENTS HAVE
A LOW AMOUNT OF FAT AND FIBER,

AND THIS IS MAINLY THAT
FIBER CAN REDUCE THE
ABSORPTION.

IT SLOWS DOWN
THE RELEASE OF SUGARS

INTO YOUR BLOOD SYSTEM,

SO, HENCE, KEEPING IT
AS LOW AS POSSIBLE

ACTUALLY ALLOWS YOU
TO GET A QUICK PEAK OF SUGAR

INTO YOUR BLOODSTREAM
WHEN YOU NEED IT.

Narrator: THERE ARE STILL
SOME BARS THAT STICK

TO THAT MILITARY FORMULA.

SOLDIER FUEL IS ONE SUCH BAR.

MANUFACTURED
IN CANADA SINCE 2004,

IT IS SPECIFICALLY
DESIGNED TO MEET

THE NEEDS OF THE MODERN
SOLDIER.

D'Andrea: THE STORY OF THE BAR
IS BASICALLY

THE THREE BROTHERS GOT TOGETHER
AND WE CREATED AN ENERGY BAR

THAT WAS DESIGNED
FOR SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES.

IT DELIVERS STEADY ENERGY.

IT GIVES YOU A FRUIT-BASED
SUGAR BURST, INITIALLY UP,

AND THEN IT GIVES YOU
THIS PROTEIN-MODULATED STREAM

OF STEADY ENERGY
FOR A STEADY ENERGY BURN.

AND THE PRODUCT TOOK OFF.

Narrator: ALL THE INGREDIENTS
ARE ADDED

TO A DOUBLE SIGMA ARM MIXER.

THE DOUBLE BLADES ROTATE AND
MIX

WITH CONSTANT TORQUE
TO MAKE A DOUGH.

ONCE THE PRODUCT
HAS BEEN MIXED,

THE BOWL IS TILTED FORWARD,

AND THE DOUGH IS RELEASED INTO
A STAINLESS-STEEL BIN

AND TAKEN TO THE SLAB FORMER.

THE DOUGH IS DRAWN THROUGH
A CONTINUOUS-FEED SLAB FORMER,

WHICH CREATES THE BASE SHEET
OF DOUGH ONTO A LINE BELOW.

THEN A TOPPING LAYER
IS ADDED TO THE NEW SLAB

BEFORE IT GOES THROUGH COOLING.

IT MAKES ITS WAY THROUGH
A SLITTER CALLED A SOLLICH

THAT CUTS THE DOUGH
INTO LONG INDIVIDUAL ROWS.

THE LINE THEN MOVES UP
TO THE GUILLOTINE,

WHERE THE FINAL SHAPE
OF THE PRODUCT

IS DETERMINED AND THEN CUT.

THE FRESH BARS THEN TRAVEL
ALONG THE LINES INDIVIDUALLY,

BUT THEY HAVE TO PASS NUMEROUS
WEIGHT AND VISUAL INSPECTIONS.

ONCE WE BLEND ALL THESE
INGREDIENTS TOGETHER,

WE GET A MIXTURE
THAT WILL LOOK LIKE THIS.

AND WE NEED TO MAKE SURE,
AT THIS POINT IN THE LAB,

WHEN WE WORK ON
THE FINAL PRODUCT,

THAT THE TEXTURE OF IT
AND STICKINESS

AND THE APPEARANCE,

ALSO, WILL BE THE ONE
THAT WE'RE LOOKING FOR.

ONCE THE BARS HAVE PASSED
THEIR INSPECTIONS,

THEY'RE SENT UP TO
A DOUGHBOY MACHINE,

WHERE THEY'RE
INDIVIDUALLY WRAPPED

AND SEALED
IN A SPECIAL FOIL

THAT GIVES
A VERY LONG SHELF LIFE,

MAKING SOLDIER FUEL PERFECT
FOR THE MILITARY.

D'Andrea: THEY'RE FED INTO A
MACHINE

WHICH VERY PRECISELY SEALS THEM
IN THEIR WRAPPER

AND CUTS THE WRAPPER JUST
RIGHT.

IT CRIMPS THE ENDS JUST RIGHT
AND SEALS THAT ENERGY BAR,

AND THAT MEANS IT'S NOW
PROTECTED FROM MOISTURE.

THAT MEANS IT STAYS FRESH FOR
AN EXTRAORDINARILY LONG TIME.

Narrator: NOW THE FRESHLY
WRAPPED BARS

MOVE FURTHER UP THE LINE,

WHERE THEY ARE BOXED BY MACHINE
AND SENT ALONG THE BELTS,

GATHERED, AND MADE READY
FOR DISTRIBUTION.

D'Andrea: SEALs USE IT.

SPECIAL OPERATIONS
FORCES USE IT.

FOREIGN MILITARIES NOW USE IT.

BUT WHAT BECAME INTERESTING
TO US WAS CIVILIANS

AND ELITE ATHLETES,

LIKE TRIATHLETES, WOULD SAY,
"WAIT A MINUTE.

IF A NAVY SEAL IS
EATING THIS ENERGY BAR,

THEN I'D LIKE TO EAT
THIS ENERGY BAR, TOO.

LET ME GIVE IT A SHOT."

IT BEGAN AS A PRODUCT FOR ELITE
SPECIAL OPERATIONS PERSONNEL,

AND THEN THE CIVILIAN
WORLD TOOK INTEREST.

Narrator:
SO THERE YOU HAVE IT --

A GLANCE THROUGH
THE HIDDEN HISTORY

AND SUPER SCIENCE
OF SOME AMAZING PRODUCTS

WE USE EVERY DAY.

THE BICYCLE, ENCRYPTION,
AND ENERGY BARS.

THEY MAY SEEM
COMMON AND ORDINARY.

HOWEVER, THESE PRODUCTS
HELPED CHANGE THE WORLD

ONE INCREDIBLE INVENTION
AT A TIME.