Original subtitles

Narrator: AROUND THE WORLD, THE RACE TO WIN WARS

AND EXPLORE THE UNIVERSE HAS CREATED SOME OF THE MOST

INCREDIBLE PRODUCTS EVER DESIGNED,

AND WE USE THEM EVERY DAY,

UNAWARE OF THEIR AMAZING ORIGINS.

ON "INCREDIBLE INVENTIONS"...

THE BICYCLE --

THE SECRET WARTIME PAST OF A TWO-WHEELED WONDER.

ENCRYPTION -- WORLD WAR II ENCODING TECHNIQUES

THAT ARE KEEPING YOUR E-MAILS SAFE TODAY.

ENERGY BARS --

MILITARY FOOD TECHNOLOGY PROVIDING ENERGY

FOR OUR BUSY WORKING DAY.

WE REVEAL THE AMAZING HISTORY

AND ENGINEERING BEHIND THESE INCREDIBLE INVENTIONS.

-- Captions by VITAC -- www.vitac.com

CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS

THE BICYCLE -- AN INVENTION THAT, TODAY,

WE TAKE FOR GRANTED,

BECAUSE FROM COUNTRY LANES TO INNER CITIES,

MUD TRACKS TO RACETRACKS, THEY'RE EVERYWHERE.

SINCE THEY WERE INVENTED

IN THE 19th CENTURY,

THE HUMBLE BIKE HAS BECOME A FAMILIAR SIGHT

IN OUR EVERY DAY LIVES.

ITS FIRST INCARNATION IS CALLED THE DANDY HORSE,

AND IT HAS A WOODEN FRAME,

SOLID RUBBER TIRES, AND NO PEDALS.

AFTER MORE THAN 40 YEARS OF IMPROVEMENTS AND DESIGN,

IN THE 1860s, THE VELOCIPEDE IS BORN.

THIS IS NOT ONLY A REDESIGN,

BUT IT CHANGES THE ENTIRE WAY THAT BIKES ARE NOW USED.

THE FRENCHMEN PIERRE MICHAUX AND PIERRE LALLEMENT

EQUIP THE TRADITIONAL BIKE WITH A PEDAL IN THE FRONT WHEEL.

WITH ITS ELEVATED SADDLE AND GIANT WHEEL,

THE VELOCIPEDE BECOMES

FAMOUSLY KNOWN AS THE PENNY-FARTHING.

THE HUGE SUCCESS OF THIS NEW MODEL MEANS

THAT THE BICYCLE BECOMES ONE OF THE MAIN

MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION.

IT ALSO BECOMES A SYMBOL OF PROGRESS AND GROWTH

AND IS SOON SYNONYMOUS WITH VICTORIAN GENTRY.

AS THE BICYCLE EVOLVES,

IT CATCHES THE EYE OF THE MILITARY

AND IS ADOPTED AS AN EASY

AND SPEEDY FORM OF TRANSPORTATION.

IF YOU GO BACK OVER 100 YEARS AGO,

GO BACK BEFORE THE FIRST WORLD WAR,

AN OFFICER PERHAPS WOULD HAVE SEEN

THE USE OF A BIKE WITHIN BARRACKS.

CHEAPER THAN A HORSE, EASIER TO USE,

ALL YOU GOT TO DO IS REPAIR THE PUNCTURES.

Narrator: BY THE END OF THE CENTURY,

ALL EUROPEAN ARMIES

AND THE U.S. ARMED FORCES HAD BICYCLE INFANTRY.

WHEN WORLD WAR I BREAKS OUT,

ALL SIDES GIVE BICYCLES TO SCOUTS, MESSENGERS

AND AMBULANCE CARRIERS.

THEY'RE SUCH A HUGE SUCCESS THAT THEY'RE EVEN

AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE JAPANESE VICTORY

IN SINGAPORE DURING WORLD WAR II.

Hicks: THEIR TIRES ARE GONE.

THEY WERE ON THE RIMS OF THEIR BIKES,

BUT THEY WERE STILL CYCLING,

HELL FOR LEATHER, TOWARDS SINGAPORE.

AND THE BRITISH FORCES BELIEVED THERE WERE TANKS COMING

BECAUSE THE RATTLE OF THESE BIKES.

BIG MISTAKE, IT WAS THE JAPANESE ON PUSH-BIKES,

A UNIQUE USE OF THE PUSH-BIKE.

Narrator: AT ENIGMA BIKES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM,

THEY PRODUCE CUSTOM-BUILT

HANDMADE TITANIUM BICYCLES FOR CYCLISTS

ALL OVER THE WORLD.

AFTER CAREFULLY HAND-SELECTING

THE BEST TUBES AND PARTS FOR EACH BIKE,

THE FIRST STEP IS TO SET UP THE JIG WITH THE PRECISE

MEASUREMENTS SPECIFIED BY THE CUSTOMER.

A JIG IS A DEVICE THAT HOLDS THE FRAME

AND GUIDES THE TOOL THAT IS TO BE USED.

NEXT, THE TUBES ARE MEASURED AND CUT

TO SIZE BEFORE MITER JOINTS ARE FORMED IN THE TUBES

BY CUTTING BEVELS OF EQUAL ANGLES

AT THE END OF EACH PIECE

TO ENSURE THAT THE MAIN TRIANGULAR

FRAME OF THE BICYCLE FITS SNUGLY TOGETHER.

THE REAR DROP AXLE AND THE HEAD TUBE

ARE THEN PLACED ONTO THE JIG,

READY FOR THE WELDING PROCESS.

THE TUBES ARE FIRST TACK-WELDED INTO PLACE.

TACK WELDS ARE SMALLER WELDS

THAT HOLD THE FRAME TOGETHER READY FOR THE MAIN WELDING.

BEFORE THIS IS DONE, THOUGH,

THE FRAME IS LIFTED FROM THE JIG

AND PLACED ONTO THE ALIGNMENT TABLE

READY TO BE TRACKED AND CHECKED.

THE DOWN TUBE IS CHECKED FIRST, FOLLOWED BY THE SEAT TUBE.

IT IS IMPORTANT TO DO THIS THROUGH THE STAGES

OF THE BIKE-BUILDING PROCESS.

WITH THE FRAME ALIGNED,

THE MAIN WELDING PROCESS CAN BEGIN.

THIS HAND-WELDING IS DONE WITH EXPERT PRECISION

AND FORMS AND ENTIRELY STURDY

AND DURABLE FRAME FOR THE BIKE.

FACING CUTS THE OUTSIDE OF THE TUBE,

AND REAMING OPENS UP THE HOLE TO A SLIGHTLY BIGGER SIZE.

THIS PROCESS CORRECTS ANY DISTORTIONS INSIDE THE TUBE

THAT COULD HAVE BEEN CAUSED IN THE WELDING PROCESS.

NOW IT'S TIME TO GIVE THE FRAME SOME TLC.

AS MUCH CARE IS PUT INTO THE BIKE'S APPEARANCE

AS WITH THE BUILDING PROCESS.

THE FRAME IS SCRUBBED TO GIVE IT

A NEAT FINISH BEFORE THE BRAND DECALS

ARE APPLIED BY HAND.

THESE ARE SPECIFIC TO THE MODEL OF EACH BIKE.

THE FRAME IS THEN READY TO BE PASSED ON

TO THE MECHANIC TO BE BUILT UP.

TO BEGIN THE BUILD, THE FRONT FORK OF THE BIKE

IS ADDED TO THE FRAME.

THE MECHANIC MEASURES THE STEERING TUBE OF THE FORK

AND CUTS IT TO SIZE SO THAT THE HEADSET

AND HANDLEBAR STEM CAN BE FITTED.

THE BOTTOM BRACKET OF THE BIKE

IS PREPARED IN ORDER FOR THE CHAIN RING

AND PEDAL CRANK ARM TO BE SECURED INTO PLACE.

REAR DERAILLEUR GEARS ARE FITTED TO THE FRAME

ALONG WITH THE BRAKES BEFORE THE HANDLEBARS

ARE SLID INTO THE STEM.

THE REAR COGS, OR CASSETTE,

ARE CAREFULLY PLACED ONTO THE REAR

WHEEL OF THE BIKE, TIGHTENED,

AND THEN IT'S ALL FITTED TO THE FRAME.

THE MECHANIC ADJUSTS AND TIGHTENS THE REAR BRAKES

BEFORE ADDING THE FRONT WHEEL

AND ALSO ADJUSTING THE FRONT BRAKES.

THE BRAKE AND SHIFT LEVER IS SLIPPED INTO THE HANDLEBARS

AND FIXED INTO PLACE.

HE THEN MEASURES THE CHAIN BY HAND AND CUTS IT

USING A CHAIN SPLITTER.

THIS IS LINKED TO CREATE A SEAMLESSLY JOINED BIKE CHAIN.

HERE, THE REAR DERAILLEUR

CAN NOW BE LINED UP WITH THE COGS.

BRAKE CABLES ARE MEASURED AND CUT

BEFORE BEING FITTED TO THE BIKE.

THE MECHANIC THEN ADDS CABLE STOPS TO THE ENDS OF EACH CABLE

TO PREVENT THEM FROM SLIPPING OUT OF PLACE.

AFTER FIXING THE CABLES NEATLY TO THE HANDLEBARS,

HANDLEBAR TAPE THAT HAS BEEN SPECIALLY DESIGNED

FOR THE PERFECT COMBINATION OF COMFORT

AND ENDURANCE IS WOUND AROUND THE BARS.

WITH THIS DONE, THE MECHANIC RUNS

THROUGH THE GEAR CHANGES OF THE BIKE,

ENSURING NO PROBLEMS SUCH AS A SLIPPING CHAIN.

HE UNBOXES AND FITS THE PEDALS

AND THEN ATTACHES THE SADDLE TO THE SEAT POST

BEFORE THIS IS SLIPPED INTO PLACE.

AND THAT'S IT, A PERFECTLY ENGINEERED,

HANDMADE BIKE FROM START TO FINISH

READY TO HIT THE STREETS.

FROM A TWO-WHEELED WONDER

TO THE SECRETS OF THE INTERNET,

COMING UP NEXT, ON "INCREDIBLE INVENTIONS."

Narrator: THE INTERNET HAS GIVEN US ENORMOUS FREEDOM.

WE CAN BROWSE, WATCH, BUY, AND SHARE ALMOST ANYTHING.

BUT WITH SO MUCH INFORMATION BEING PASSED AROUND THE GLOBE,

GROWING CONCERNS ABOUT DATA

AND PRIVACY PROTECTION HAVE LED THE BEST MINDS IN THE WORLD

TO COME UP WITH WAYS TO PROTECT OUR INFORMATION.

AND THEIR SOLUTION? ENCRYPTION.

Gybels: ENCRYPTION IS REALLY TAKING ANY READABLE MESSAGE

AND TRANSFORMING IT SO THAT IT BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE TO UNDERSTAND

OR READ IT IF YOU DON'T HAVE THE SECRET KEY.

AND THIS ALLOWS YOU TO TAKE A MESSAGE AND SEND IT

WITHOUT ANYBODY ELSE BEING ABLE TO READ OR UNDERSTAND IT.

Narrator: ALTHOUGH WE THINK OF ENCRYPTION

AS A THOROUGHLY MODERN CONCEPT, IT HAS BEEN USED,

STUDIED, AND REFINED FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS

THROUGH THE SCIENCE OF CRYPTOGRAPHY,

WHICH LITERALLY MEANS "SECRET WRITING" IN ANCIENT GREEK.

IT IS ACTUALLY THE ANCIENT GREEKS

WHO CREATE SOME OF THE EARLIEST WAYS

TO BAFFLE SNOOPING EYES.

THE ANCIENT GREEKS USED TO WRITE MESSAGES

ON PIECES OF LEATHER THAT WERE STRUNG AROUND A WOODEN STICK.

AND THEN IF YOU TAKE THE LEATHER OFF THE STICK,

IT KIND OF UNFOLDS,

AND IT BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE TO READ THE MESSAGE

UNLESS YOU HAVE THE RIGHT TYPE OF STICK

TO PUT THE LEATHER AROUND AGAIN

AND RECOMPOSE THE MESSAGE.

SO PEOPLE HAVE BEEN DOING ENCRYPTION

AND FINDING WAYS OF HIDING THEIR MESSAGES

FOR A VERY LONG TIME, REALLY.

Narrator: THE FIRST KNOWN USE OF CRYPTOGRAPHY

DATES BACK TO ANCIENT EGYPTIAN TIMES

IN THE FORM OF HIEROGLYPHICS

THAT WERE CARVED INTO MONUMENTS.

SINCE THEN, GENERALS,

MONARCHS, AND LOVERS USED CRYPTOGRAPHY

TO SEND ENCRYPTED MESSAGES.

WARS ARE WON OR LOST WITH THE HELP OF CRYPTOGRAPHY,

EITHER BECAUSE ONE SIDE SUCCESSFULLY HIDES

THEIR COMMUNICATIONS THROUGH ENCRYPTION

OR BY THE OTHER SIDE BREAKING THEIR ENEMY'S CODES

AND DECRYPTING THEIR MESSAGES.

ENCRYPTION THAT WAS USED IN WORLD WAR II

BY THE GERMANS, IN PARTICULAR,

WENT BACK TO THE LAST DAYS

OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR, REALLY,

WHERE THE ORIGINAL ENIGMA MACHINES

WERE BEING DEVELOPED AS A MEANS OF TAKING A MESSAGE

AND USING SUBSTITUTION TO REPLACE

THE CHARACTERS OF THE MESSAGE

BY SOMETHING ELSE SO THAT THE INFORMATION

BECOMES UNREADABLE OR SECRETIVE.

SO MUCH OF WHAT WENT ON IN PLACES

LIKE BLETCHLEY PARK WAS REALLY ABOUT TRYING TO UNDERSTAND

WHAT HAPPENED IN THOSE ENIGMA MACHINES

AND HOW THE CODE WORKED

SO THAT, BY KNOWING WHAT THE KEYS ARE

AND HOW THE CODE LOGICALLY WORKS,

YOU CAN THEN REVERSE ENGINEER THE PLAIN TEXT MESSAGE

FROM THE ENCRYPTED MESSAGE THAT YOU INTERCEPTED.

Narrator: WITH THE INVENTION OF THE INTERNET

IN THE 20th CENTURY,

SCIENTISTS AND TECHNOLOGY EXPERTS BEGAN USING ENCRYPTION

TO SECURE DATA TRAFFIC TRAVELING AROUND THE NETWORK.

SO, OF COURSE, TODAY, WE RELY ON ENCRYPTION

TO KEEP OUR COMMUNICATIONS ON THE INTERNET SAFE

AND SECURE AND RELIABLE.

AND IN FACT, WITHOUT ENCRYPTION,

THE INTERNET AS WE KNOW IT TODAY WOULD NOT EXIST.

Narrator: DIGITAL ENCRYPTION IS PRODUCED

BY USING COMPLEX MATHEMATICAL ALGORITHMS

TO ENCRYPT AND DECRYPT THE INFORMATION

THAT IS BEING PASSED BACK AND FORTH.

AN ALGORITHM IS NOTHING MORE BUT A SERIES OF STEPS YOU TAKE.

SO YOU GET SOME INPUT,

YOU PERFORM A NUMBER OF STEPS ON IT,

AND THAT GENERATES SOME OUTPUT.

THAT'S BASICALLY WHAT AN ALGORITHM IS,

A RECIPE FOR A SET OF STEPS OF THINGS TO DO

WITH A PIECE OF INFORMATION TO PRODUCE AN OUTPUT.

Narrator: TODAY, ONE OF THE MOST COMMON FORMS

OF COMPUTER ENCRYPTION IS ASYMMETRIC-KEY ALGORITHMS.

HOW IT WORKS CAN BE EXPLAINED BY THIS SIMPLIFIED SCENARIO.

IMAGINE TINA HAS A PRIVATE MESSAGE

SHE WANTS TO SEND TO JOHN.

TINA AND JOHN HAVE THEIR OWN PADLOCKED BOXES.

IF TINA WANTS TO SEND A MESSAGE TO JOHN,

SHE ASKS FOR HIS UNLOCKED PADLOCK BOX.

ONCE SHE RECEIVES IT, TINA PUTS HER MESSAGE INSIDE

AND SENDS IT TO JOHN,

WHO USES HIS OWN KEY TO OPEN IT.

IF JOHN WANTS TO REPLY, HE ASKS FOR TINA'S OPEN PADLOCK BOX

AND PUSHES HIS MESSAGE INSIDE, LOCKS IT, AND SENDS IT TO TINA,

WHO THEN USES HER OWN KEY TO OPEN THE BOX

AND READ THE MESSAGE.

NICE AND CLEAR? SOUNDS VERY STRAIGHTFORWARD,

BUT BEHIND THIS SIMPLE EXPLANATION,

THERE IS COMPLEX MATHEMATICAL WORK

THAT GOES INTO REAL-WORLD COMPUTER ENCRYPTION TECHNIQUES.

ENCRYPTION IS USED IN ALL ASPECTS OF OUR MODERN-DAY LIFE.

WE RELY SO MUCH ON TECHNOLOGY THAT, WITHOUT ENCRYPTION,

THE DETAILS OF OUR EVERYDAY LIVES

WOULD BE EXPOSED AND OPEN TO ABUSE.

MANY COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS, THINGS LIKE ONLINE BANKING,

BUT JUST ALSO KNOWING

THAT WHEN YOU CONNECT TO A WEB SERVER,

YOU CONNECT TO THE GENUINE WEB SERVER

AND NOT SOME FAKE SERVER

THAT IS TRYING TO STEAL YOUR DETAILS.

THOSE SORT OF THINGS RELY VERY HEAVILY ON ENCRYPTION

IN ORDER TO BE ABLE TO WORK.

Narrator: IN ORDER TO MAKE OUR ELECTRONIC WORLD MORE SECURE,

WE HAVE TO RELY ON TECHNOLOGY

FROM THE ANCIENT MILITARY PAST.

THOUSANDS OF YEARS OF ENCRYPTION

IS CERTAINLY AN INCREDIBLE INVENTION.

SO THAT'S HOW IT WORKS,

BUT HOW ABOUT AN ENCRYPTION CIPHER

YOU CAN DO YOURSELF?

WE'LL SHOW YOU HOW WHEN WE RETURN.

Narrator: ENCRYPTION DOES SEEM COMPLICATED,

BUT HERE'S A CIPHER YOU CAN DO YOURSELF.

THE CIPHER WE ARE GOING TO USE

IS BASED ON BINARY X.O.R. OPERATION,

WHERE TWO INPUTS WILL CREATE AN OUTPUT.

THE INPUTS CAN ONLY BE ZERO OR ONE,

AND THE RESULT CAN ONLY BE ZERO OR ONE

IF YOU FOLLOW THESE RULES.

TWO ZEROS INPUTTED WILL RESULT IN A ZERO OUTPUT.

A ZERO AND A ONE WILL GIVE YOU A ONE.

A ONE AND A ZERO WILL LEAD TO A ONE.

AND FINALLY, A ONE AND A ONE

WILL LEAVE YOU WITH A ZERO OUTPUT.

THE LETTER A IN BINARY CODE

IS WRITTEN AS 0100001.

OUR TESTER COMES UP WITH A KEY,

WHICH BASICALLY MEANS HE RANDOMLY ATTACHES

DIFFERENT VALUES FOR EACH DIGIT.

IN THIS EXAMPLE, HE IS USING 11101010,

BUT HE COULD USE ANY COMBINATIONS OF ONES AND ZEROS.

HE THEN ADDS EACH DIGIT TOGETHER TO CREATE THE CIPHER TEXT.

IF WE FOLLOW ALONG THE LINE, ZERO PLUS ONE EQUALS ONE,

ONE PLUS ONE EQUALS ZERO,

ZERO PLUS ONE EQUALS ONE,

ZERO PLUS ZERO EQUALS ZERO,

ZERO PLUS ONE EQUALS ONE,

ZERO PLUS ZERO EQUALS ZERO,

ZERO PLUS ONE EQUALS ONE,

AND FINALLY, ONE PLUS ZERO EQUALS ONE.

THIS GIVES US THE CIPHER TEXT 10101011,

WHICH, WITHOUT THE KEY, IS RANDOM GOBBLEDYGOOK.

NOW, IF OUR TESTER'S FRIEND HAS THE KEY,

HE CAN TAKE THAT GOBBLEDYGOOK

AND APPLY THE SAME X.O.R. OPERATION.

SO ONE PLUS ONE EQUALS ZERO,

ZERO PLUS ONE EQUALS ONE,

ONE PLUS ONE EQUALS ZERO,

ZERO PLUS ZERO EQUALS ZERO,

ONE PLUS ONE EQUALS ZERO,

ZERO PLUS ZERO EQUALS ZERO,

ONE PLUS ONE EQUALS ZERO,

ONE PLUS ZERO EQUALS ONE,

AND THERE YOU GO -- 01000001,

OUR ORIGINAL BINARY LETTER "A."

THE SECRET?

THE REASON THIS WORKS IS THAT, IF YOU APPLY

AN X.O.R. OPERATION TWICE,

YOU CAN GET THE INITIAL INPUT AGAIN.

CLEVER STUFF.

THE KEY CAN LITERALLY BE ANY COMBINATION OF ONES

OR ZEROS THAT YOU WANT TO USE.

JUST REMEMBER, YOU NEED THE SAME KEY

TO UNLOCK YOUR SUPERSECRET CIPHER.

FOOD AND WATER ARE THE TWO

MOST BASIC HUMAN NEEDS FOR SURVIVAL.

THE AVERAGE INTAKE FOR A FULLY GROWN MALE

IS 2,500 CALORIES, AND FOR FEMALE,

ABOUT 2,000 CALORIES.

OF COURSE, THIS COMPLETELY CHANGES

AND IS DEPENDENT ON YOUR HEIGHT,

YOUR BUILD, YOUR SIZE.

SO IT REALLY DOES DEPEND

ON WHAT YOU'RE DOING BECAUSE KCAL,

IT'S LIKE WHAT YOU PUT IN IS WHAT YOU GET OUT.

SO YOUR BODY NEEDS THESE TO KIND OF KEEP OPERATING, KEEP GOING.

AND THE MORE YOU'RE DOING, THE MORE FOOD YOU NEED.

Narrator: WITH OUR BUSY LIFESTYLES AND EXERCISE ROUTINES,

SOMETIMES YOU NEED TO REACH FOR A HANDY NUTRITIONAL SNACK,

AND THE ENERGY BAR SEEMS TO DO THE JOB PERFECTLY.

BUT DID YOU KNOW THAT IS HAS MILITARY ORIGINS?

WELL, AFTER THE BREAK, WE'LL EXPLAIN WHY

AND EXPLORE HOW THE MILITARY HELPED US BETTER UNDERSTAND

THE FOOD WE EAT.

Narrator: DURING WORLD WAR II,

AUTHORITIES STRUGGLED TO MEET A SOLDIER'S

RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL NEEDS.

TROOPS ARE STILL BEING SUPPLIED WITH HARDTACK BISCUITS,

THE SAME KIND OF FOOD THAT HAD BEEN SUPPLIED

TO THE ROMAN ARMIES 2,000 YEARS EARLIER.

IN 1941, THE U.S. WAR DEPARTMENT SEEKS

TO DESIGN A MEAL THAT IS NONPERISHABLE,

READY-TO-EAT, AND WILL FIT IN A SOLDIER'S POCKET.

THE RESULT IS THE K-RATION.

THE K-RATION IS THE FIRST PACK

TO MANAGE HUNGER AND PROVIDE ENERGY.

WE KNOW THEM TODAY AS MREs. IN TOTAL, THREE MEALS ARE

PROVIDED -- BREAKFAST, LUNCH AND DINNER.

TOGETHER, THESE GIVE A SOLDIER

A CALORIE INTAKE OF 3,000 CALORIES.

A YEAR LATER, IT IS STANDARD ISSUE AMONG U.S. FORCES

AND IS TAKEN UP BY THEIR ALLIES.

Hurd: SOLDIERS IN KIND OF OUT IN THE FIELD,

FIELD RATIONS AT THE MOMENT BY THE U.S. MILITARY,

THE U.K. MILITARY ARE SET AT AROUND 4,500 CALORIES,

SO DOUBLE THE AVERAGE INTAKE.

AND THAT REALLY IS SEEN AS, YOU KNOW, GOING ON LONG SLOGS,

MARCHES,

INTENSE PHYSICAL EXERCISE.

Narrator: ENERGY BARS TODAY PROMISE TO REPLACE MEALS

BY GIVING YOU NUTRITION IN A HANDY SNACK-SIZED BAR,

IDEAL FOR OUR BUSY LIFESTYLES.

SO THE PROTEIN IN THE ENERGY BARS,

THEY CAN BE USED AS ENERGY BUT ACTUALLY, MAINLY,

TO USE TO HELP REPAIR YOUR MUSCLE

AND TO HELP BUILD IT BACK UP AGAIN.

THEIR CONSTITUENTS HAVE A LOW AMOUNT OF FAT AND FIBER,

AND THIS IS MAINLY THAT FIBER CAN REDUCE THE ABSORPTION.

IT SLOWS DOWN THE RELEASE OF SUGARS

INTO YOUR BLOOD SYSTEM,

SO, HENCE, KEEPING IT AS LOW AS POSSIBLE

ACTUALLY ALLOWS YOU TO GET A QUICK PEAK OF SUGAR

INTO YOUR BLOODSTREAM WHEN YOU NEED IT.

Narrator: THERE ARE STILL SOME BARS THAT STICK

TO THAT MILITARY FORMULA.

SOLDIER FUEL IS ONE SUCH BAR.

MANUFACTURED IN CANADA SINCE 2004,

IT IS SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED TO MEET

THE NEEDS OF THE MODERN SOLDIER.

D'Andrea: THE STORY OF THE BAR IS BASICALLY

THE THREE BROTHERS GOT TOGETHER AND WE CREATED AN ENERGY BAR

THAT WAS DESIGNED FOR SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES.

IT DELIVERS STEADY ENERGY.

IT GIVES YOU A FRUIT-BASED SUGAR BURST, INITIALLY UP,

AND THEN IT GIVES YOU THIS PROTEIN-MODULATED STREAM

OF STEADY ENERGY FOR A STEADY ENERGY BURN.

AND THE PRODUCT TOOK OFF.

Narrator: ALL THE INGREDIENTS ARE ADDED

TO A DOUBLE SIGMA ARM MIXER.

THE DOUBLE BLADES ROTATE AND MIX

WITH CONSTANT TORQUE TO MAKE A DOUGH.

ONCE THE PRODUCT HAS BEEN MIXED,

THE BOWL IS TILTED FORWARD,

AND THE DOUGH IS RELEASED INTO A STAINLESS-STEEL BIN

AND TAKEN TO THE SLAB FORMER.

THE DOUGH IS DRAWN THROUGH A CONTINUOUS-FEED SLAB FORMER,

WHICH CREATES THE BASE SHEET OF DOUGH ONTO A LINE BELOW.

THEN A TOPPING LAYER IS ADDED TO THE NEW SLAB

BEFORE IT GOES THROUGH COOLING.

IT MAKES ITS WAY THROUGH A SLITTER CALLED A SOLLICH

THAT CUTS THE DOUGH INTO LONG INDIVIDUAL ROWS.

THE LINE THEN MOVES UP TO THE GUILLOTINE,

WHERE THE FINAL SHAPE OF THE PRODUCT

IS DETERMINED AND THEN CUT.

THE FRESH BARS THEN TRAVEL ALONG THE LINES INDIVIDUALLY,

BUT THEY HAVE TO PASS NUMEROUS WEIGHT AND VISUAL INSPECTIONS.

ONCE WE BLEND ALL THESE INGREDIENTS TOGETHER,

WE GET A MIXTURE THAT WILL LOOK LIKE THIS.

AND WE NEED TO MAKE SURE, AT THIS POINT IN THE LAB,

WHEN WE WORK ON THE FINAL PRODUCT,

THAT THE TEXTURE OF IT AND STICKINESS

AND THE APPEARANCE,

ALSO, WILL BE THE ONE THAT WE'RE LOOKING FOR.

ONCE THE BARS HAVE PASSED THEIR INSPECTIONS,

THEY'RE SENT UP TO A DOUGHBOY MACHINE,

WHERE THEY'RE INDIVIDUALLY WRAPPED

AND SEALED IN A SPECIAL FOIL

THAT GIVES A VERY LONG SHELF LIFE,

MAKING SOLDIER FUEL PERFECT FOR THE MILITARY.

D'Andrea: THEY'RE FED INTO A MACHINE

WHICH VERY PRECISELY SEALS THEM IN THEIR WRAPPER

AND CUTS THE WRAPPER JUST RIGHT.

IT CRIMPS THE ENDS JUST RIGHT AND SEALS THAT ENERGY BAR,

AND THAT MEANS IT'S NOW PROTECTED FROM MOISTURE.

THAT MEANS IT STAYS FRESH FOR AN EXTRAORDINARILY LONG TIME.

Narrator: NOW THE FRESHLY WRAPPED BARS

MOVE FURTHER UP THE LINE,

WHERE THEY ARE BOXED BY MACHINE AND SENT ALONG THE BELTS,

GATHERED, AND MADE READY FOR DISTRIBUTION.

D'Andrea: SEALs USE IT.

SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES USE IT.

FOREIGN MILITARIES NOW USE IT.

BUT WHAT BECAME INTERESTING TO US WAS CIVILIANS

AND ELITE ATHLETES,

LIKE TRIATHLETES, WOULD SAY, "WAIT A MINUTE.

IF A NAVY SEAL IS EATING THIS ENERGY BAR,

THEN I'D LIKE TO EAT THIS ENERGY BAR, TOO.

LET ME GIVE IT A SHOT."

IT BEGAN AS A PRODUCT FOR ELITE SPECIAL OPERATIONS PERSONNEL,

AND THEN THE CIVILIAN WORLD TOOK INTEREST.

Narrator: SO THERE YOU HAVE IT --

A GLANCE THROUGH THE HIDDEN HISTORY

AND SUPER SCIENCE OF SOME AMAZING PRODUCTS

WE USE EVERY DAY.

THE BICYCLE, ENCRYPTION, AND ENERGY BARS.

THEY MAY SEEM COMMON AND ORDINARY.

HOWEVER, THESE PRODUCTS HELPED CHANGE THE WORLD

ONE INCREDIBLE INVENTION AT A TIME.