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Welcome back and let's start
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with probably the most important design
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ingredient of all which is typography.
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And this is gonna be the lecture with the most rules
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of all and so let's get started right away.
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And we will start this lecture with two concepts
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that you need to know before learning
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about typography rules.
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And the first one is what typographic actually is.
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So according to Wikipedia, typography is the art
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and technique of arranging type
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to make written language legible, readable,
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and also appealing when applied.
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Or in other words, typography is all about
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making texts beautiful and easy to read.
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Next, we need to talk about Serif and Sans-serif typefaces.
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And I already used these terms a little bit before,
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so Serif and Sans-serif but now it's time
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to finally learn what they actually mean.
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So a serif typeface looks like this.
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So a text these small details like these tails
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at the end of the lines which we call serifs.
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And so that's why this typeface is called
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a serif typeface and serif typefaces
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are the more traditional typefaces.
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And therefore we can use them to create more traditional
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or classic looking interfaces.
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They also make the design convey trustworthiness
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for the user, and finally, it's also good for a long text.
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For example, article or an online magazine.
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Now, on the other hand, of course
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we have sans-serif typefaces.
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So typefaces which do not have these decorative lines,
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so the serifs that these serif typefaces have.
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And sans-serif typefaces usually look very clean and simple
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and therefore by using them,
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we can give any interface a very modern look
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and feel just like on this example here.
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So an extremely easy example but if you just compare
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the two texts in these two images,
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you will notice that the text in the first image
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gives the interface a completely different look and feel
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like a completely different feeling
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and a different vibe in a way.
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And so that's the power of a serif and a sans-serif typeface
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here in action.
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Now in my experience, it's a lot easier to choose
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a sans-serif typeface that fits
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the vibe and the personality of a design
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than to choose a serif typeface.
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So in other words, for beginners,
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it's way easier to work with sans-serif typefaces.
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So just keep that in mind once you start building
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your own designs.
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And now let's actually start with the rules
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and the first one is to only use good and popular
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typefaces and play it safe.
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And with playing it safe, I mean, to not choose
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any crazy or weird looking typefaces.
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That's usually never a good idea.
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So let me give you a couple of examples
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of sans-serif typefaces.
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So one very nice one that I like a lot right now
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is called "Inter" which looks like this.
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And by the way, this typeface and all the other ones
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that I'm gonna show you in this video
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are available on Google Fonts and Font squirrel.
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So these two websites and specially Google Fonts
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is part of or let's say Design Toolbox.
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So the Toolbox is as the name says,
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a lot of different tools that we need to use
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when we want to design for the web.
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And as we go through this section,
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we will start filling up or Toolbox, all right?
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And again, all these different tools,
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so these different websites and web applications
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are linked on my resources page.
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So you can very easily find all the tools
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that I mentioned throughout this section right there
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on my website, on my resources page.
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But anyway, let's now take a look at some more.
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So this one is Open Sans, then we have Roboto,
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Montserrat, Work Sans and Lato.
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So these are six very good sans-serif typefaces
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which you can use without any problem.
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Now, at first sight to the untrained eye,
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these six typefaces might actually look almost the same
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but believe me, they are really not the same.
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So if you would apply these six different typefaces
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to your page one by one, you would create
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like six completely different looking websites.
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But anyway, if you're looking for a serif typeface,
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then let me show you six examples of free serif typefaces.
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Oh, and I forgot to mention that these six
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sans-serif typefaces are actually also
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all for free of course
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such as basically all the other tools that I listed
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on my resources page,
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but now about these serif typefaces, here they are.
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So Merriweather, ALeo, Playfair Display, Cormorant
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Cardo, and Lora.
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And again, they probably all look
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very much the same but well they are not the same at all.
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These are even more different between each other
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than the sans-serif ones that I showed you.
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Now, many beginner designers think that they need
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to mix multiple typefaces in order to create
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a nice looking design, but that's actually not true.
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So when you're just starting out,
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it's completely okay to use only one typeface on one page.
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And if you're really feeling adventurous,
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then still limit your typefaces to two.
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If you use more than that, then your design
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will start looking like amateurish and strange.
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But now about actually choosing the right typeface
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for your design.
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Again, you will need to think
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about your website personality.
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So choose the right personality for your website
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and again, more about this later.
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So don't stress about the personality for now,
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but this is still important for this instruction
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that I'm gonna give you.
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So you choose the personality then you decide
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between a serif and a sans-serif typeface
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and then you can experiment with all
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the good typefaces that I just showed you.
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And of course you don't need to limit yourself to these six.
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You can, of course also experiment
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with many other typefaces that are available
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on Google Fonts.
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So based on this experimentation,
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you can see which of the typefaces
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is best to convey the message of your website.
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And of course for a beginner that's not really so simple,
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but trust me that with experience,
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this will come naturally to you.
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Finally, of course, you can also keep trying different
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typefaces as you design and build a page.
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So you don't need to really decide for one
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in the very beginning, you can just start by using one.
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And then as you're in the middle of your design process,
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you can just choose another one.
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And many times, this is actually what I do
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because when I have more content on the page,
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it then becomes more obvious
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and it becomes easier to see which of the typefaces
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best fits the website's message.
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Okay, so these are the basic rules on how
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to choose good typefaces, but now we also need
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to choose good font sizes and weights.
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So let's see how.
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So when you're looking to choose a font size,
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you should limit your choices to make your life easier.
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To do that, you can use a "type scale" tool
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or another predefined range of font sizes
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because if you do that, then you don't have
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to constantly think about coming up with font size values.
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And actually we will do that in the big course project
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and even in the project that is in this section.
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Now with that being said
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let's now talk about some guidelines
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for actual font size values in different parts of websites.
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So for normal text, you should use a font size
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between 16 and 32 pixels.
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So in this example of this page
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for example, the navigation has 16 pixels
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and then this smaller text down here is an 18 pixels.
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All right? And by the way,
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this is going to be a long list of guidelines like this.
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And so you should totally print out these lights
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to make it easier for you to follow them later
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when you design on your own.
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But anyway, for a long text format,
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you can try a font size of 20 pixels or even bigger
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because if the user needs to read something
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like a blog post, it's gonna be far easier
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if the text is a little bit bigger.
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So for example, this text down here in the example
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which describes the section has a 20 pixels text.
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Also this text up here which kind of describes
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the company, has 24 pixels.
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And this text below has 32 which we can
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kind of count actually as normal text.
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So again, it is in the range of rule five.
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So between 16 and 32 pixels, and of course,
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this is just one small example amongst thousands
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and thousands of web designs
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but I just want you to get a sense for the kind
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of values that we can use in designs.
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But anyway, for big headlines,
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you can actually go really big with your font sizes
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like even more than 50 pixels.
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And you can also make them really bold
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like more than 600.
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And we didn't learn about these bullets values yet,
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but we will maybe in the next lecture
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or maybe in our big course project.
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So the headline of this design has a font size of 85 pixels.
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And it is also really bold with a boldness of 700.
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Also this other a bit smaller headline down here
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has 64 pixels of size and it's still really bold at 700.
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Now, and then we also have 42 pixels here
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in this testimonial text.
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Now the final rule about using good font sizes
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and weight is to use a font weight that
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is not under 400.
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So if you go below 400 that would be light
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or really light text and that is then hard to read.
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So just don't go below 400 which is basically
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a regular font weight.
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Now, next up, let's learn a couple of guidelines
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and rules to create a good reading experience
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for your users which remember is one
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of the aspects of typography, remember?
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So to start, you should try to use
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less than 75 characters per line like in this example here.
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So these lines here have something
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between 65 and 72 characters
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which makes this text really easy to read.
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However, if you break this rule you might end up
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creating something like this
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which is really hard to read for your eyes.
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So here the lines have between 95 and 112 characters.
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And if you actually try to read this,
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you will find it a bit difficult to follow such a long line.
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next for a text with normal size,
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try to use a line height between 1.5 and 2.
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Now, if the text is really big like a headline,
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you can go below 1.5 and actually you can go really low
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something like 1.1 or 1.2.
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So a good rule of thumb that you keep in mind
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is that the smaller or the longer the text is
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the larger the line height needs to be.
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So here we have some good readable examples
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with the big headline having only 1.2
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then as the text gets smaller,
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we have 1.31 and then the long text has 1.5.
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Now, if you use an oversized line height like this,
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then your text again becomes hard to read.
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So we're creating a bad reading experience
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for your users because these lines
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look kind of detached.
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And so then our eyes have difficulty going from one line
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to the next one as we read the text.
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Now another nice and very subtle rule
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that can make a lot of difference is that
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if your headline kind of looks unnatural,
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you can try to decrease the letter spacing.
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Now what a natural actually means will of course
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come from experience,
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but I'm gonna show you a couple of examples right now
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and also through the rest of the course.
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So in this headline for example,
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we have a letter spacing of minus 3.5 pixels.
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And if you ask me,
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this looks quite nice and quite natural
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while on the other hand, if it was just 0 pixels,
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so basically, without us defining any letter spacing
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then the letters would look kind of detached
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from one another.
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Next, another thing that you can try
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and which is actually very popular among designers
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is to use all caps for short titles.
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Now, if you do this, then you should also
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make this title quite small and also bold
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and increase the letter spacing
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just like this interface here does.
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So basically we have one main heading here
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and then we have kind of a subtitle
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which describes that heading and that is the one
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that uses caps, and bold, and big letter spacing,
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and without doing all that, it would simply look like this
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which if you ask me, is a little bit more boring.
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Okay, and we're almost reaching the end here
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so just hang in there.
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So usually on the web, we do never justify a text.
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So it's somehow just a convention
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that basically no website ever justifies their text.
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And so you should also follow that convention.
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So not centering text looks like this
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which is exactly what we're used when we read
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some blog posts for example on the web.
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While on the other hand, I bet you're not used
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to see text like this on the web, right?
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And so therefore, if you were to design a page like this,
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that would then look quite unnatural.
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Now also about aligning text,
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you should usually not center text
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unless we are talking about really small text blocks.
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So you can just leave texts like this aligned
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to the left and not like this in the center
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because once again, this actually makes it a lot harder
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to read the text when you need to jump from one line
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to the next one.
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Okay, so that's it about guidelines
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and rules for typography.
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Now, of course there are many rules here
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and we cannot always follow all of them in all designs.
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And so that's why they are more like guidelines
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and not really strict and hard rules, okay?
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Now, something that I didn't mention here
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is that we also need to be careful about the color
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of our text, but actually we will leave that
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for the next lecture when we talk all about colors.
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But now let's actually go ahead and implement
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some of these guidelines in practice
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in the project of this section
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so I hope to see you there soon.
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