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NARRATOR: High in the Peruvian Andeslies the ancient city of Machu Picchu.
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A lost city of doorways and passages
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that hint at the ghosts of its past.
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Who were the mysterious peoplewho built it and why here?
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The answers lie below the surface,
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and mummy kingswait to share their stories.
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But will these revelations
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finally lay the ghosts of Machu Picchuto rest.
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Perched at 2,450 meterson a narrow ridge in the high Andes,
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Machu Picchu is a remoteand mysterious ancient wonder.
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Spread across the top of this ridgeare more than 200 structures,
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each built with exquisitely cut stone.
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Some appear to be homes,
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others temples.
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They surround a half-hectare green
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and all are fed by open waterwaysand fountains.
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A place that is at once beautiful
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and baffling.
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There are no written clues in the city.
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No carvings to suggest a purpose.
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At its highest point,the mystery only deepens.
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There, a beautifully carved pillar stands,
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a graceful riddle to cap the site.
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From this lofty height,the views leave one stunned,
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but also curious.
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How did the buildersget all this stone up here,
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and then cut it so finely
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that they didn't even need mortarto hold their walls in place?
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Who built Machu Picchu?
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And why did they build itin this impossible place?
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Even more perplexing,why did they abandon it?
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Throughout the city,
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stones seemed to be on the vergeof being placed when work came to a stop.
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Now, as never before, clues are emerging.
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They Inca rose to power in the mid-1400s
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in partbecause they built such good roads.
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Much of their 16,000-kilometer networkis still visible today.
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They left other evidence thatthey were master engineers and builders.
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Their terraces, canals, and stone citiesrival those of ancient Rome.
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But unlike the ancient Romans,they did all of this without the wheel,
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without iron,and without a written language.
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But the most surprising detailabout the Inca
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is that they ruled for only 100 years.
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Then their empire was decimated,first by disease,
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then civil war,finally the Spanish Conquistadors.
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From the Spanish,we know that the last Inca emperor
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retreated into the mountains...
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to a city called Vilcabamba.
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The Inca held out at Vilcabambafor 35 years,
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until, finally, in 1572...
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(neighing)
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...the Spanish destroyed the city.
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(men groaning)
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Strangely, they left no written recordof where it was located,
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and the legendof the lost city of Vilcabamba was born.
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It was a mystery that had powerful allure.
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Almost 350 years later,
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it pulled an American explorer namedHiram Bingham here on a quest to find it.
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On the morning of July 24th, 1911,
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Bingham, camera at the ready,reached the top of a ridge,
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and stepped into history.
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"It fairly took my breath away,"he later wrote.
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Bingham's photosmarked one of the first times
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that a moment of discoveryhad been captured on film.
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Today, those pictures are partof a rare 23-volume explorer's album
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detailing Bingham's discovery.
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But what, exactly, had he found?
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He called it by its local name,Machu Picchu,
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but he thoughtit was the lost city of Vilcabamba.
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A year later,when his team discovered over 100 burials,
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Bingham believed he'd found the evidenceto make his case.
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After thorough examination, Binghamand his bone expert, Dr. George Eaton,
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reached an astonishing conclusion.
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80% of the dead were women.
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JOHN:
Eaton's data gave a sex ratio of 4 to 1,
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four times as many females as males.
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Four to one
really would be a tremendous bias,
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and I think that's what got Eaton excited.
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He thought, "My God, this--
they're almost all women."
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NARRATOR: What could explaina predominantly female cemetery?
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Bingham thought he'd found the remainsof the so-called Virgins of the Sun.
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According to Spanish accounts,
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the most beautiful girls in the empirewere chosen for this sacred convent.
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Selected around the age of eight,
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these virgins served the Inca emperorfor the rest of their lives.
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Bingham guessed
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that when the last Inca king retreatedinto the mountains to escape the Spanish,
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he took his sacred virgins with him.
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So it all added up.
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The skeletons of the virgins confirmed
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that this spectacular city in the skyhad to be Vilcabamba.
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Clearly for him, it created
a great magical romantic kind of picture
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that--that made good book reading.
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NARRATOR: When publishedin the April 1913 issue
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of National Geographic,
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the story was an overnight sensation.
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Bingham became a star.
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The only problemwas that the theory was wrong.
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Investigationsof other Inca ruins revealed
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that the Spanish desecrated almostevery Inca holy site they could find.
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At Machu Picchu,the entire city remained untouched.
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But the most convincing evidenceagainst Bingham's theory
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was in the very boneshe had found at the site.
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When forensic anthropologist, John Verano,re-examined them,
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he found that the sex of the skeletonswas almost evenly split,
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a far cry from Eaton's 4 to 1 ratio.
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To figure out the sex of a skeleton,
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you have to compare itacross many ethnic and racial groups.
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Eaton's references were limited to peopleof European or African descent.
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JOHN: People in the Andes are--are relatively short, delicately built.
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And I can only guess thatwhat he was looking at was bone size
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and he said this looks like
a small person, therefore it's female.
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NARRATOR: In Bingham's collection,
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Verano also foundthe bones of several children,
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and children and virginsjust didn't add up.
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I just...
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I can't find evidence to support that idea
that these were Virgins of the Sun.
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I think--I think that--
that can be pretty well ruled out.
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NARRATOR: Without the Virginsor any sign of Spanish desecration,
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there was no proof to supportBingham's theory that this was Vilcabamba.
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So what was it?
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NARRATOR: With so few written records,
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archeologists like Fernando Astete
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must piece together cluesabout Machu Picchu's history
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wherever they can find them.
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And he thinks he's just found onein a nearby town called Patallacta.
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(Fernando speaking in Spanish)
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TRANSLATOR: Patallacta was important
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because it supplied the foodfor all the people living at Machu Picchu.
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NARRATOR: Patallacta is a few hours walkfrom Machu Picchu
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along the main Inca trailthrough the region.
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It is the closest place to Machu Picchu
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where large-scale farmingcould have taken place.
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(Fernando speaking Spanish)
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TRANSLATOR: The people who livedat Patallacta
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weren't just farmers, though,
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they likely played many roles,
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they could have been stoneworkers,builders, laborers.
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NARRATOR: Astete's best hopefor understanding Machu Picchu
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is to learn about the peoplewho lived here,
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the possible builders of the city.
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Above the old Inca town,up a nearly vertical slope,
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a local guide has foundwhat looks like a burial niche.
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Astete and fellow archeologist,Elva Torres,
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believe it may be undisturbed,
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a gravesite last touched 500 years ago.
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(both speaking in Spanish)
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Hey, what's up?
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And the tomb?
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It's sealed.
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We need to open it.
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NARRATOR: Before the tomb can be opened,
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Astete's Quechua guidemakes an offering of coca leaves
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to the spirits that dwell here,
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just as his Inca forebearswould have done.
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(speaking in Spanish)
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Pass it to me, pass it to me.
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Be careful so the others don't fall.
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NARRATOR: Astete and Torres
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have investigated many other burialsin the area.
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Most are far more accessible.
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(Elva speaking Spanish)
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TRANSLATOR:This tomb has been constructed.
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The other tombs don't use this style.
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They're simply in caves, in naturalrock formations that are easy to get to.
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(man speaking Spanish)
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Do you see anything?
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No, it's very dark.
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NARRATOR: In the dim tomb light...
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a human skull.
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(all speaking Spanish)
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Yes, I see a skull.
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So there's a skull and lots of bones.
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Be careful, don't step on anything.
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NARRATOR:As Torres enters the cramped tomb,
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the find only gets more tantalizing.
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Gracias.
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(speaking Spanish)
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TRANSLATOR: It appearsthere's a couple of individuals.
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(camera shutter clicks)
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NARRATOR: But as she investigates,
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she finds a lot more skeletons,nine in all.
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And many show signs of injury.
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(Elva speaking Spanish)
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TRANSLATOR:Well, this problem regarding fractures,
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they could be from everyday activities.
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They could have been from a fall,
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something may have fallen on themor perhaps some other sort of activity.
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(continues speaking Spanish)
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TRANSLATOR: In this case, they may havebeen working in the quarries.
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NARRATOR: Could these be the skeletonsof the builders of Machu Picchu?
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They can't be sureuntil they take a closer look in the lab.
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There, Torres is joined bybio-archeologist, Valerie Andrushko.
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Right away, they find some surprises
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in the skulls from the tombsnear Patallacta.
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They're full of holes.
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It's the sign of a procedurecalled trepanation.
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Trepanation is the partial removal
of part of the skull
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that the Inca practiced
with very high degrees of success.
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Our understanding is that
trepanation was often done
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in order to release intracranial
pressure due to fractures.
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NARRATOR: It's skull surgery,
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and healed woundsfound throughout the empire
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show that the Inca were skilledat using it to treat head trauma.
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When we see evidence for trauma,
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the question is always, is it related
to accidents or is related to violence?
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This individual right here,
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this is a complete fracture
of the frontal bone.
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It has perforated
all the way to the frontal sinus.
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This type of injury
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is not the type of injury thatone would get from an accidental fall.
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To me, this is the type of injury
more indicative of a weapon type injury,
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possibly indicative of warfare.
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NARRATOR: In fact, several skullsfrom the tombs
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show signs of blunt force trauma,
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the type of fractureyou'd get from a club.
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So these weren't builders,they were likely warriors.
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Possibly, these individuals
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may have been engaged
in defense of the sites around them,
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possibly engaged
in defense of Machu Picchu.
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NARRATOR:This revelation stands in stark contrast
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to the appearance of Machu Picchuas a religious sanctuary.
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This is a city dominatedby sacred temples and shrines.
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The Temple of the Three Windows,
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the Temple of the Condor,
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named for its carved floorand stone wings.
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The elegantly curved Temple of the Sun,
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built on a rockthat is illuminated on the solstice.
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And, at the highest point in the city,
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a stone pillar known as the Intihuatana.
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The evidence seems to be in conflict.
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Was Machu Picchu a military fortressor was it a religious center?
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In the ancient capital of Cuzco,descendants of the Inca still live.
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Every year, during the Roman Catholicfestival of Corpus Christi,
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statues of the Virgin Mary,along with 15 other saints,
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are removed from the cathedraland brought to the square.
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(band playing)
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These performers may be paying homageto Christian saints,
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but the instruments they playand the steps they move to
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are actually Inca in origin.
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That's becausethis Corpus Christi procession
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is a Christian revision of an Inca ritual.
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Five hundred years ago,the Inca also processed through Cuzco.
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But they didn't carry statues of saints.
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They carried the mummies of their kingswhom they revered as gods.
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It was likely one of these kingswho built Machu Picchu.
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The quality of the stonework alonesuggests the city was royal.
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(men speaking in Spanish)
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NARRATOR: Fernando Astete estimates
250
00:18:58,003 --> 00:19:01,173
that it would have takenat least 50 years to complete.
251
00:19:02,508 --> 00:19:05,878
Since the Inca Empireonly lasted 100 years,
252
00:19:06,178 --> 00:19:08,914
focus has been on the earliest kings.
253
00:19:13,152 --> 00:19:16,655
The accounts of a Spanish Jesuitnamed Bernabe Cobo
254
00:19:17,089 --> 00:19:20,626
point to a dynamic leaderwho founded the Inca Empire,
255
00:19:21,660 --> 00:19:23,729
a king named Pachacuti.
256
00:19:25,797 --> 00:19:29,701
But no one could ever provethat Pachacuti built Machu Picchu.
257
00:19:30,969 --> 00:19:36,975
A small clue was hidden in his name,which means, "He who remakes the world."
258
00:19:39,077 --> 00:19:43,015
Pachacuti was sort of
the Alexander the Great of the Incas.
259
00:19:43,982 --> 00:19:47,719
He was the one who startedthe expansion out of the Cuzco region
260
00:19:48,487 --> 00:19:51,590
and the Inca Empirebegan to expand tremendously
261
00:19:51,657 --> 00:19:54,426
over areas that had never been conqueredby the Incas before.
262
00:20:01,200 --> 00:20:05,837
NARRATOR: What we know of Pachacuti'shistory is due in part to Father Cobo.
263
00:20:07,739 --> 00:20:11,843
Cobo arrived in Peruafter the conquest in the late 1500s,
264
00:20:12,211 --> 00:20:16,181
and wrote his account based on interviewswith descendants of the Inca.
265
00:20:16,248 --> 00:20:17,349
(speaking Spanish)
266
00:20:21,887 --> 00:20:26,258
NARRATOR: According to Father Cobo,Pachacuti was renowned as a builder.
267
00:20:29,228 --> 00:20:33,232
MAN: "Having enlarged his empirewith so many and such vast provinces,
268
00:20:34,566 --> 00:20:38,270
during the remainder of his lifethis king devoted himself
269
00:20:38,337 --> 00:20:43,976
to building magnificent templesand palaces and strong castles."
270
00:20:46,545 --> 00:20:49,214
NARRATOR: The beautiful stoneworkat Machu Picchu,
271
00:20:49,281 --> 00:20:53,452
so similar in style to Pachacuti's templesin other Inca cities,
272
00:20:54,086 --> 00:20:58,123
suggests that the same handwas behind the structures here.
273
00:21:02,861 --> 00:21:07,165
But the most convincing evidencelinking Pachacuti to Machu Picchu
274
00:21:07,232 --> 00:21:12,237
comes from a Spanish register,held in the Colonial Archives in Cuzco.
275
00:21:15,674 --> 00:21:17,509
Dated 1568,
276
00:21:17,876 --> 00:21:20,045
it mentions the town of Picchu
277
00:21:20,112 --> 00:21:24,316
with a clear referenceto its owner, Inca Yupanqui,
278
00:21:24,616 --> 00:21:26,551
also known as Pachacuti.
279
00:21:26,618 --> 00:21:28,654
(reading Spanish)
280
00:21:36,328 --> 00:21:38,163
The evidence is convincing.
281
00:21:38,563 --> 00:21:43,835
It is Pachacuti, the first Inca emperor,who ordered Machu Picchu's construction,
282
00:21:45,170 --> 00:21:48,774
and in a placethat would give any engineer pause.
283
00:21:49,274 --> 00:21:51,076
KENNETH: If I was called in by Pachacuti
284
00:21:51,143 --> 00:21:54,780
and ordered to build Machu Picchuat that particular location,
285
00:21:54,846 --> 00:21:56,315
I would've gulped.
286
00:21:56,381 --> 00:22:00,419
Engineering-wise, it would seem
almost impossible to handle.
287
00:22:05,891 --> 00:22:07,726
NARRATOR: Fifteen years of study
288
00:22:07,793 --> 00:22:11,096
by hydrologist Ken Wrightand a team of engineers
289
00:22:11,163 --> 00:22:14,199
is revealing how the Inca pulled this off.
290
00:22:15,967 --> 00:22:19,271
Because the steepness of the siteisn't the only problem.
291
00:22:19,838 --> 00:22:21,106
(thunder cracking)
292
00:22:22,341 --> 00:22:26,211
Machu Picchu also receivestorrential rains each year,
293
00:22:26,278 --> 00:22:28,313
triggering frequent landslides.
294
00:22:31,483 --> 00:22:34,086
And the site is crossed by not one,
295
00:22:35,020 --> 00:22:37,522
but two earthquake fault lines,
296
00:22:37,589 --> 00:22:41,460
making it a terrible placeon which to build a city of stone.
297
00:22:44,796 --> 00:22:47,199
The location does have two virtues.
298
00:22:47,499 --> 00:22:52,003
A nearby fresh water springand a supply of granite,
299
00:22:53,505 --> 00:22:55,440
there's a quarry right on the site.
300
00:23:02,447 --> 00:23:04,950
When the Inca engineersturned to building,
301
00:23:05,250 --> 00:23:08,720
their first step would have beento shore up the mountain.
302
00:23:11,957 --> 00:23:15,994
They did it by constructinga remarkable bulwark of terraces.
303
00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:25,470
As Astete's teamrappels further down the cliff face,
304
00:23:26,304 --> 00:23:29,508
they are discovering hundredsof new terraces hidden below.
305
00:23:32,711 --> 00:23:34,012
(Fernando speaking Spanish)
306
00:23:34,079 --> 00:23:36,615
TRANSLATOR: Usually,when people refer to Machu Picchu,
307
00:23:36,681 --> 00:23:39,985
they're only thinking aboutthe Inca buildings on top of the ridge.
308
00:23:41,253 --> 00:23:43,522
But constructionhas to begin at the bottom.
309
00:23:44,055 --> 00:23:46,858
In other words,you have to start with the terraces.
310
00:23:51,463 --> 00:23:54,132
NARRATOR:Terraces are fundamental to Machu Picchu.
311
00:23:54,566 --> 00:23:58,336
While some terraces would have been usedfor small-scale farming,
312
00:23:58,403 --> 00:24:02,073
their primary purposewas to hold the mountain in place
313
00:24:02,140 --> 00:24:05,377
while draininga huge volume of rainwater away.
314
00:24:07,179 --> 00:24:10,949
That averages about, uh,
76 inches per year,
315
00:24:11,016 --> 00:24:15,620
and in terms of let's say, uh,
Middle America, that's a lot of water,
316
00:24:15,687 --> 00:24:18,890
roughly two and half times as much
as the city of Chicago would get.
317
00:24:20,625 --> 00:24:22,027
NARRATOR: Left unmanaged,
318
00:24:22,093 --> 00:24:25,096
that rainwaterwould turn the hillsides to mud,
319
00:24:25,163 --> 00:24:27,599
and Machu Picchu would slide away.
320
00:24:34,506 --> 00:24:37,442
NARRATOR: The Inca createda sophisticated drainage system.
321
00:24:38,076 --> 00:24:39,744
Inside the terraces,
322
00:24:39,811 --> 00:24:42,848
archeologists founda layer of rich topsoil.
323
00:24:43,315 --> 00:24:49,087
Under that, a layer of sandy dirt,and finally, gravel and larger stones.
324
00:24:51,089 --> 00:24:53,158
(speaking Spanish)
325
00:24:53,225 --> 00:24:55,527
TRANSLATOR: We could saythat they are filtering galleries,
326
00:24:55,594 --> 00:25:00,131
meaning, even when you get a lot of rain,the terraces never flood
327
00:25:00,198 --> 00:25:04,002
because the water is filtered throughthese progressive layers of material.
328
00:25:06,505 --> 00:25:08,673
NARRATOR:Instead of racing down the mountain,
329
00:25:09,040 --> 00:25:11,843
the water slowly works its wayinto the ground
330
00:25:12,677 --> 00:25:14,713
so there's almost no erosion.
331
00:25:17,415 --> 00:25:19,684
With this basic design in hand,
332
00:25:19,751 --> 00:25:22,754
the Inca fixed the first terraceinto the mountain,
333
00:25:23,154 --> 00:25:24,923
then started on the next,
334
00:25:24,990 --> 00:25:27,092
replicating their way to the top.
335
00:25:31,463 --> 00:25:36,501
Once there, Inca engineers had to reckonwith an even bigger water problem.
336
00:25:37,736 --> 00:25:42,908
This is a city paved with stonewith few places for rainwater to go.
337
00:25:46,978 --> 00:25:49,214
But the Inca had foreseen that problem,
338
00:25:50,882 --> 00:25:55,887
and during construction carefully placedmore than 100 drains throughout the city.
339
00:25:59,958 --> 00:26:04,129
Many of these drains delivered the runofffrom the elevated parts of the city
340
00:26:04,195 --> 00:26:05,630
into the central plaza.
341
00:26:08,900 --> 00:26:10,468
Further digging there revealed
342
00:26:10,535 --> 00:26:13,772
a remarkable innovationto handle all of that water.
343
00:26:15,807 --> 00:26:19,244
Beneath the usual layers of top-soiland gravelly dirt,
344
00:26:19,744 --> 00:26:23,181
Wright's team hit a thick layerof white granite chips,
345
00:26:23,515 --> 00:26:26,251
the spoil from yearsof Inca stone-cutting.
346
00:26:28,987 --> 00:26:33,358
In effect, what the Inca did was to build
an underground drainage system,
347
00:26:33,425 --> 00:26:36,595
a type of conduit,
to carry water safely away.
348
00:26:38,563 --> 00:26:41,066
NARRATOR: These were colossal earthworks,
349
00:26:41,132 --> 00:26:44,936
extending nearly 2.7 metersbelow the surface
350
00:26:45,003 --> 00:26:47,205
and encompassing several hectares.
351
00:26:47,739 --> 00:26:51,343
They collected waterand shunted it away from the city.
352
00:26:53,211 --> 00:26:59,751
The Inca engineers spent about 50%,
maybe 60% over their overall effort,
353
00:26:59,818 --> 00:27:03,722
underground, doing foundations,
site preparation,
354
00:27:03,788 --> 00:27:06,992
to make sure that Machu Picchu
would last forever.
355
00:27:11,196 --> 00:27:16,801
NARRATOR: So as vast as the city appears,there's 60% more of it underground,
356
00:27:17,235 --> 00:27:18,870
holding it all in place.
357
00:27:22,540 --> 00:27:25,710
While the Inca went to great lengthsto get rid of water,
358
00:27:26,211 --> 00:27:29,814
they also built fountainswhich seem to celebrate it.
359
00:27:32,150 --> 00:27:34,452
There are 16 fountains in the city,
360
00:27:35,487 --> 00:27:37,122
each beautifully designed
361
00:27:38,356 --> 00:27:40,692
and a practical source of drinking water.
362
00:27:46,297 --> 00:27:48,733
The fountains are fed by a natural spring,
363
00:27:49,300 --> 00:27:52,604
found nearby on the flanksof Machu Picchu Mountain.
364
00:27:58,610 --> 00:28:01,813
From there, the Inca engineered a canal
365
00:28:01,880 --> 00:28:04,749
whose 3% grade was carefully crafted
366
00:28:05,016 --> 00:28:08,186
to deliver just the right amount of waterto the fountains.
367
00:28:09,654 --> 00:28:15,093
Wright calculated the flow to bebetween 23 and 114 liters per minute,
368
00:28:15,427 --> 00:28:17,028
depending on the time of year,
369
00:28:17,095 --> 00:28:20,832
enough to sustain a populationof close to 1,000 people.
370
00:28:23,835 --> 00:28:25,236
KENNETH: It was remarkable.
371
00:28:25,303 --> 00:28:28,707
It was somethingthat created great respect by us,
372
00:28:28,773 --> 00:28:31,576
for the Inca engineersall those years ago.
373
00:28:32,510 --> 00:28:33,478
(hammering)
374
00:28:36,881 --> 00:28:39,918
NARRATOR: It is a respectalso shared by Astete's team
375
00:28:40,652 --> 00:28:43,054
as they restorethe Inca's original stonework.
376
00:28:47,325 --> 00:28:50,061
In spite of their lack of iron tools,
377
00:28:50,128 --> 00:28:53,998
the Inca were somehow ableto transform granite,
378
00:28:54,065 --> 00:28:56,501
a notoriously hard stone.
379
00:28:59,604 --> 00:29:03,074
There's a clue to how they did thisin Machu Picchu's quarry.
380
00:29:04,008 --> 00:29:05,477
(speaking Spanish)
381
00:29:06,878 --> 00:29:10,381
TRANSLATOR: We see here the basic methodthe Inca used to cut rocks.
382
00:29:11,983 --> 00:29:17,322
The idea is to create a neck in the blockand then cause it to fracture.
383
00:29:19,924 --> 00:29:21,760
NARRATOR: It was bone-jarring work.
384
00:29:22,494 --> 00:29:24,229
(Fernando speaking in Spanish)
385
00:29:25,964 --> 00:29:28,833
TRANSLATOR: The techniquethe Inca used was direct hammering.
386
00:29:30,535 --> 00:29:33,938
With the rough blocks, they'd startwith a large tool, like this one.
387
00:29:37,408 --> 00:29:39,911
As you can see, it sheers very easily.
388
00:29:46,351 --> 00:29:48,987
Then they'd gradually usethe smaller and harder tools
389
00:29:49,287 --> 00:29:51,689
to give it that strong, smooth surface.
390
00:29:55,593 --> 00:29:57,595
NARRATOR:Once the cutters had roughed it out,
391
00:29:57,662 --> 00:30:00,732
they put the stone on log rollers or mud
392
00:30:00,799 --> 00:30:03,201
and pulled itclose to the construction site.
393
00:30:06,905 --> 00:30:10,108
The final stepwas to move the stone into place,
394
00:30:10,175 --> 00:30:12,110
and match it to its mate.
395
00:30:13,711 --> 00:30:14,746
(speaking Spanish)
396
00:30:15,747 --> 00:30:18,116
TRANSLATOR:And here is the indentation they made,
397
00:30:18,183 --> 00:30:20,251
which matches the edgeof the rock below it.
398
00:30:23,054 --> 00:30:26,591
It's held up by this wedge untilthey shape the two surfaces to match.
399
00:30:28,626 --> 00:30:32,897
Then the wedge is removedand the two stones fit together perfectly.
400
00:30:37,902 --> 00:30:42,040
Here you can see the brace points theyused to push the block up into place.
401
00:30:44,209 --> 00:30:46,578
They put beams here to lift the rock up.
402
00:30:48,346 --> 00:30:51,816
Once the rock was in place,these points were beaten,
403
00:30:52,183 --> 00:30:56,387
just as you see here, and here,in all these other rocks.
404
00:30:57,055 --> 00:31:00,258
That means that the finishing workwas done at the site.
405
00:31:01,426 --> 00:31:03,528
We can see thatthis corner wasn't finished yet.
406
00:31:04,262 --> 00:31:08,032
All this portion was yet to be cut offin order to finish the wall.
407
00:31:14,005 --> 00:31:16,975
NARRATOR: Driven by a royal mandateto build it here,
408
00:31:17,408 --> 00:31:21,346
Machu Picchu is a tributeto Inca engineering and artistry.
409
00:31:23,414 --> 00:31:26,417
Its hundreds of terracesbuttress it from below.
410
00:31:27,218 --> 00:31:31,522
The granite walls are still solidafter 500 years
411
00:31:31,589 --> 00:31:33,892
because of a remarkable drainage system.
412
00:31:34,392 --> 00:31:38,029
And it is crownedby an ingenious lacework of fountains
413
00:31:38,096 --> 00:31:40,598
cascading from the mountain spring above.
414
00:31:44,335 --> 00:31:46,738
But why go to all this effort?
415
00:31:53,144 --> 00:31:56,681
NARRATOR: Machu Picchuis an unusual place to build
416
00:31:56,748 --> 00:31:58,116
even for the Inca.
417
00:31:59,050 --> 00:32:01,886
Their capital, now modern-day Cuzco,
418
00:32:03,054 --> 00:32:08,192
and other Inca towns like PĂsac,are in flatter, more accessible terrain.
419
00:32:10,929 --> 00:32:15,466
It's also remote, a five-day walkfrom the capital in Inca times
420
00:32:16,334 --> 00:32:19,871
and today,it takes tourists four hours by train
421
00:32:20,171 --> 00:32:23,141
followed by a harrowing bus rideup to the ruins.
422
00:32:26,244 --> 00:32:27,712
But throughout the site
423
00:32:27,779 --> 00:32:32,283
are hints why the Inca thoughtthat this place was worth the trouble.
424
00:32:36,154 --> 00:32:37,689
In certain places,
425
00:32:37,755 --> 00:32:42,193
the Inca carved stones in the shapeof sacred peaks surrounding the city,
426
00:32:42,560 --> 00:32:46,197
then displayed themlike massive, holy icons.
427
00:32:48,566 --> 00:32:51,569
Even Bingham was struckby stones like this one,
428
00:32:51,636 --> 00:32:53,571
called the Sacred Rock,
429
00:32:53,638 --> 00:32:57,842
that mirrors the outline of Mount Yanantindirectly to the northeast.
430
00:33:01,245 --> 00:33:05,416
In Inca times, visitors would approachMachu Picchu from above,
431
00:33:05,750 --> 00:33:09,854
where they could see the cityis surrounded by the holy Urubamba River.
432
00:33:12,290 --> 00:33:13,925
For an agricultural people,
433
00:33:14,392 --> 00:33:16,861
there was nothing more importantthan water,
434
00:33:16,928 --> 00:33:20,231
and here was a placefirmly in the water's embrace.
435
00:33:26,137 --> 00:33:28,039
There is one more piece of evidence
436
00:33:28,106 --> 00:33:30,975
connecting Machu Picchuto the sacred landscape.
437
00:33:35,213 --> 00:33:38,850
At the top of a pyramid-shaped peakwithin the complex
438
00:33:38,916 --> 00:33:41,986
is the sacred pillarknown as the Intihuatana.
439
00:33:44,455 --> 00:33:47,959
This sacred pillar is in alignmentwith four mountain gods
440
00:33:48,026 --> 00:33:52,230
of supreme importance to the Inca,according to Johann Reinhard.
441
00:33:54,632 --> 00:33:57,635
JOHAN: The Intihuatana is situated
442
00:33:57,702 --> 00:34:01,406
such that it's at a high pointin the center of the entire complex.
443
00:34:02,874 --> 00:34:06,811
But at the same time,it's the center of this massive landscape
444
00:34:06,878 --> 00:34:10,715
because you have in the far distancethese great snow-capped peaks.
445
00:34:10,782 --> 00:34:12,683
The highest ones in the entire region.
446
00:34:14,318 --> 00:34:18,089
NARRATOR: They also happen tocorrespond to the cardinal directions.
447
00:34:22,727 --> 00:34:26,697
Its views to sacred peaks,proximity to the holy river,
448
00:34:27,098 --> 00:34:30,501
and the alignmentwith four powerful mountain gods
449
00:34:30,568 --> 00:34:34,205
must have made this locationirresistible to the Inca.
450
00:34:38,109 --> 00:34:43,681
But how did the first Inca emperor,Pachacuti, actually use Machu Picchu?
451
00:34:45,483 --> 00:34:49,287
Within the city,there was a distinctive royal residence.
452
00:34:49,854 --> 00:34:52,056
It is located near the first fountain,
453
00:34:52,857 --> 00:34:56,594
insuring that the kingwould have the purest water to drink.
454
00:34:59,497 --> 00:35:02,033
It's also close to the holiest temples.
455
00:35:04,202 --> 00:35:07,171
But whether the citywas Pachacuti's royal court,
456
00:35:07,238 --> 00:35:11,843
a religious center or a military postremains a mystery.
457
00:35:16,314 --> 00:35:19,717
A re-analysis of the skeletonsthat Hiram Bingham found
458
00:35:20,017 --> 00:35:22,086
suggests a possible solution.
459
00:35:24,288 --> 00:35:27,158
During Bingham's excavation in 1912,
460
00:35:27,458 --> 00:35:30,394
his team mistakenly identifiedthese skeletons
461
00:35:30,461 --> 00:35:32,196
as the Virgins of the Sun.
462
00:35:34,298 --> 00:35:36,701
Recently, they've been re-examined.
463
00:35:37,201 --> 00:35:40,571
If we could identifywho these people were,
464
00:35:40,638 --> 00:35:43,774
it might explainhow Machu Picchu was used.
465
00:35:48,112 --> 00:35:49,514
During his study,
466
00:35:49,580 --> 00:35:53,885
anthropologist, John Veranofound no evidence of violent injury,
467
00:35:55,086 --> 00:35:56,888
so these weren't soldiers.
468
00:35:58,389 --> 00:36:03,828
He also confirmed that their burials hadbeen simple with no high-value artifacts.
469
00:36:04,195 --> 00:36:06,164
That meant they weren't royalty.
470
00:36:07,598 --> 00:36:12,303
In their bones, Verano found hints thatthey weren't common laborers either.
471
00:36:12,970 --> 00:36:16,874
Instead, they were froma class of people in between.
472
00:36:18,309 --> 00:36:22,313
I didn't see a lot of arthritis,
even in the older adults at Machu Picchu,
473
00:36:22,380 --> 00:36:24,715
and that again made me think
474
00:36:24,782 --> 00:36:27,218
these are not people
working really hard in--
475
00:36:27,285 --> 00:36:30,721
with, say, stone masonry
or dragging rocks up the hills.
476
00:36:31,322 --> 00:36:33,691
NARRATOR: So, what were they doing here?
477
00:36:34,859 --> 00:36:37,929
In some ways I guess
you could see it as a big hotel staff.
478
00:36:40,698 --> 00:36:43,467
The caretakers and servants of the estate.
479
00:36:46,571 --> 00:36:48,339
NARRATOR: This was a large staff.
480
00:36:48,773 --> 00:36:53,978
Verano ultimately identified the remainsof 177 individuals.
481
00:36:56,147 --> 00:36:57,882
The evidence is strong
482
00:36:57,949 --> 00:37:02,753
that Machu Picchu was a royal estatefor the emperor, Pachacuti.
483
00:37:06,257 --> 00:37:08,326
This would have been a peaceful retreat
484
00:37:08,626 --> 00:37:11,329
where he and his courtierswould have come to rest,
485
00:37:12,230 --> 00:37:14,899
worship and enjoy themselves,
486
00:37:14,966 --> 00:37:18,336
their needs tended toby well-trained royal servants.
487
00:37:20,304 --> 00:37:22,006
JOHN:And you can kind of imagine an entourage
488
00:37:22,073 --> 00:37:24,609
of the royalty coming from Cuzcoalong the road,
489
00:37:25,109 --> 00:37:28,079
uh, and everybody at Machu Picchu saying,"Whoops, let's get it ready,
490
00:37:28,145 --> 00:37:32,016
clean it up, and get food and--and so onand--and welcome our guests."
491
00:37:40,791 --> 00:37:42,927
NARRATOR: But the new finds from the tombs
492
00:37:42,994 --> 00:37:45,029
at the nearby farming centerof Patallacta...
493
00:37:46,697 --> 00:37:49,634
don't seem to fitwith this peaceful picture.
494
00:37:50,434 --> 00:37:53,371
The severe injuries in those skeletons
495
00:37:53,437 --> 00:37:56,974
suggest that Machu Picchumay have been connected to warfare.
496
00:38:01,245 --> 00:38:05,916
So how could Machu Picchube a place of both war and peace?
497
00:38:11,255 --> 00:38:14,892
NARRATOR: According to Spanish accounts,the Inca conquered this valley
498
00:38:14,959 --> 00:38:17,828
about a decade afterPachacuti came to power.
499
00:38:20,631 --> 00:38:24,602
So perhaps he built itas a way to seal his conquest.
500
00:38:28,906 --> 00:38:31,142
STELLA: Incas were very skilledin psychological warfare,
501
00:38:31,208 --> 00:38:36,947
and they decide to buildthis magnificent estate on the hilltop,
502
00:38:37,014 --> 00:38:40,284
that everybody livingup and down that valley is going to see
503
00:38:40,351 --> 00:38:42,353
from the first thingthey walk outside their door
504
00:38:42,420 --> 00:38:44,155
to the last thingthat they go to bed at night.
505
00:38:44,221 --> 00:38:45,890
That's a very powerful thing.
506
00:38:46,857 --> 00:38:49,160
It's a message of conquest
and of possession,
507
00:38:49,226 --> 00:38:50,561
that they own that land,
508
00:38:50,628 --> 00:38:53,431
and they control the people
who live within it.
509
00:38:56,567 --> 00:39:00,805
NARRATOR: So Machu Picchuwas a formidable symbol of Inca power,
510
00:39:00,871 --> 00:39:03,341
a spectacular boast by Pachacuti,
511
00:39:04,108 --> 00:39:06,711
not just of their engineering prowess,
512
00:39:06,777 --> 00:39:10,748
but of their paramount linkto the sacred mountains and rivers.
513
00:39:14,218 --> 00:39:17,555
Still, if this placeplayed such a critical role
514
00:39:17,621 --> 00:39:21,459
in demonstrating the religiousand military power of the Inca,
515
00:39:21,859 --> 00:39:27,031
why didn't the Spanish deface itas they did to other sacred Inca sites?
516
00:39:27,631 --> 00:39:31,535
And why isn't it ever describedin any Spanish accounts?
517
00:39:33,838 --> 00:39:34,972
(music blaring)
518
00:39:37,308 --> 00:39:38,743
Part of the answer lies
519
00:39:38,809 --> 00:39:41,612
in the Corpus Christi processionback in Cuzco,
520
00:39:43,047 --> 00:39:47,518
the annual festival that isa Christian revision of an Inca ritual.
521
00:39:51,522 --> 00:39:55,559
In that ritual, the Inca carried mummiesinstead of saints,
522
00:39:56,494 --> 00:39:59,330
especially the mummies of their kings.
523
00:40:08,205 --> 00:40:12,610
When Pachacuti died in 1471,he wasn't buried,
524
00:40:13,411 --> 00:40:14,512
he was mummified.
525
00:40:17,214 --> 00:40:19,784
The exact process is unknown.
526
00:40:20,418 --> 00:40:24,755
One theory suggests his bodywould have been gradually freeze-dried.
527
00:40:25,322 --> 00:40:28,058
Left out in the searing sun by day,
528
00:40:28,492 --> 00:40:30,961
and, alternately, frozen at night.
529
00:40:33,230 --> 00:40:36,567
Through this repeated heating,freezing and thawing,
530
00:40:36,934 --> 00:40:39,870
the corpse would have becomecompletely desiccated.
531
00:40:43,140 --> 00:40:45,276
Curiously, this is similar
532
00:40:45,342 --> 00:40:48,345
to how the local Quechua peoplepreserve llama meat.
533
00:40:49,447 --> 00:40:51,081
The result is jerky,
534
00:40:51,615 --> 00:40:54,785
which is one of the few Quechua wordsused in English.
535
00:40:58,856 --> 00:41:02,493
Once preserved,Pachacuti would not have been entombed.
536
00:41:03,027 --> 00:41:06,730
Instead, he would have continuedto play an active role
537
00:41:06,797 --> 00:41:09,733
in the politics and ritualsof the Inca world.
538
00:41:13,270 --> 00:41:16,707
Drawings made by the Incan artist,Guaman Poma,
539
00:41:17,041 --> 00:41:19,577
confirm the use of mummies in this way.
540
00:41:20,845 --> 00:41:25,382
JOHAN: We don't actually havea mummy of an Inca emperor,
541
00:41:25,449 --> 00:41:26,851
but we have descriptions of them.
542
00:41:27,351 --> 00:41:32,289
And we know that they were taken out
during major festivals and paraded.
543
00:41:32,356 --> 00:41:36,360
We know that they had attendants
who would shoo away the flies
544
00:41:36,861 --> 00:41:40,798
and give offerings every day,food offerings, and drink to the mummies.
545
00:41:40,865 --> 00:41:42,299
In other words, they were worshiped,
546
00:41:42,733 --> 00:41:47,738
and, uh, believed to, uh,
still play a role in the community.
547
00:41:50,307 --> 00:41:52,142
NARRATOR: Care and handling of the mummy
548
00:41:52,209 --> 00:41:54,478
would have fallento a group of family members
549
00:41:54,545 --> 00:41:55,646
called the panaca,
550
00:41:56,614 --> 00:42:00,117
who also took controlof all the king's royal estates.
551
00:42:02,987 --> 00:42:08,926
But, over time, even Pachacuti's panacacould have run short of resources.
552
00:42:09,994 --> 00:42:12,696
Work at Machu Picchu may have slowed,
553
00:42:13,163 --> 00:42:14,932
then stopped altogether.
554
00:42:17,568 --> 00:42:21,572
The descendants of Pachacutihad more pressing concerns.
555
00:42:22,907 --> 00:42:26,477
Even before the Spanish Conquest,small pox came.
556
00:42:26,911 --> 00:42:29,213
It was followed by a bloody civil war
557
00:42:29,280 --> 00:42:32,716
that left the Inca Empire weakenedand fragmented.
558
00:42:35,719 --> 00:42:39,156
Barely 60 years after Pachacuti died,
559
00:42:39,223 --> 00:42:42,860
the Inca Empire finally collapsedunder the Spanish invasion.
560
00:42:45,195 --> 00:42:48,332
When the royal families were--
had lost their power,
561
00:42:48,399 --> 00:42:50,200
they were disorganized.
562
00:42:50,267 --> 00:42:53,470
There was civil war.There was massive destruction of sites.
563
00:42:53,537 --> 00:42:57,775
And the people at Machu Picchuprobably at some point just said,
564
00:42:57,841 --> 00:43:00,778
"Well, nobody is coming to visit,"
565
00:43:00,844 --> 00:43:06,250
and, uh, the site really hadno reason to exist at that point.
566
00:43:09,620 --> 00:43:11,121
NARRATOR: By then, it is likely
567
00:43:11,188 --> 00:43:14,592
that all but the loyal servantshad forgotten Machu Picchu.
568
00:43:15,292 --> 00:43:19,463
And, after time,even they probably just drifted away.
569
00:43:24,535 --> 00:43:27,938
So the Spanish probablynever heard about Machu Picchu
570
00:43:28,005 --> 00:43:30,541
and more importantly, never found it.
571
00:43:32,142 --> 00:43:35,212
It was, for us, the luckiest mistake.
572
00:43:38,349 --> 00:43:41,485
It meant thatMachu Picchu was left untouched,
573
00:43:41,785 --> 00:43:45,255
one of the only major Inca sitesto remain intact.
574
00:43:47,324 --> 00:43:48,559
(speaking indistinctly in Spanish)
575
00:43:50,060 --> 00:43:53,130
NARRATOR: While it still posesconfounding mysteries,
576
00:43:53,197 --> 00:43:57,968
it also holds great promiseas new technologies and finds
577
00:43:58,268 --> 00:44:03,841
allow us to come to termswith the ghosts of Machu Picchu.
578
00:44:07,845 --> 00:44:09,847
Captioned by
Visual Data Media Services
53462
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