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GROWL
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We're living through THE golden
age of dinosaur discoveries.
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00:00:11,780 --> 00:00:14,860
All over the world,
a whole new generation
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00:00:14,860 --> 00:00:16,740
of dinosaurs has been revealed.
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00:00:17,900 --> 00:00:20,020
From the biggest giants...
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and the deadliest killers...
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to the weird and wonderful.
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00:00:33,460 --> 00:00:36,580
From the Arctic to Africa.
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From South America to Asia.
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00:00:44,780 --> 00:00:47,020
In just the last few years,
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we have uncovered
the most extraordinary fossils,
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exquisitely preserved
and tantalisingly intact.
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00:00:54,860 --> 00:00:57,620
Combined with the latest
imaging technology,
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we have been able to probe deeper
and reveal more than ever before.
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It gives us our first truly global
view of these incredible animals.
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In this programme, we're exploring
the lost world of Africa.
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For almost 100 years,
this was a forgotten land.
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Now, new discoveries have revealed
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some of the most spectacular
dinosaurs ever found.
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Two giant killers,
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both bigger than T Rex,
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both living in the same place.
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ROARS
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One of these killers, more than any,
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has captured the imagination.
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A bizarre killer that we've only
just managed to reconstruct,
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in the last few years.
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The story begins in Egypt, in 1912,
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when fragments of a giant dinosaur
were discovered.
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A predator with two-metre-long
spines rising over its back.
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It was unlike anything seen before.
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It was only in 2005,
when a complete upper jaw was found,
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that we could accurately reconstruct
this bizarre creature.
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With a skull almost two metres long,
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this dinosaur was a colossal
17 metres
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00:02:48,940 --> 00:02:51,340
from nose to tail -
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four metres longer than T Rex.
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The reign of the dinosaurs began
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almost 250 million years ago.
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But this killer didn't appear
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until a time known
as the Mid-Cretaceous.
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95 million years ago,
its home in north Africa
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was a desert surrounding
a vast system of rivers and swamps.
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The swamps are refuges
for many large dinosaurs,
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like the duck-billed Ouranosaurus.
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BARKS
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BELLOWS
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They're also the hunting grounds
for a killer.
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BELLOWS
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00:03:53,580 --> 00:03:56,220
ROARS
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SNIFFS AND GRUNTS
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SNIFFS
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BELLOWS
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00:04:06,860 --> 00:04:11,220
At seven metres and three tonnes,
Ouranosaurs are big...
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..but easily within the scope
of a large predator.
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00:04:30,460 --> 00:04:33,500
BELLOWS
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00:04:35,020 --> 00:04:37,060
GROWLS
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00:05:07,060 --> 00:05:08,980
WATER SPLASHES
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BELLOWS
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00:05:15,060 --> 00:05:17,380
SNIFFS
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Spinosaurus.
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00:05:26,020 --> 00:05:30,340
At 17 metres, the biggest killer
ever to walk the Earth.
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An 11-tonne colossus.
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RASPS AND GROWLS
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However, for the time being,
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these Ouranosaurs
are off this killer's menu.
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00:06:07,220 --> 00:06:11,140
Spinosaurus is part of a family
of dinosaurs
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that are relatively
newly-discovered.
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00:06:13,700 --> 00:06:16,900
Recent finds have shown
that this strange group
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00:06:16,900 --> 00:06:20,380
lived from South America,
through Europe, to Asia.
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00:06:22,180 --> 00:06:26,780
But the last and biggest of all
came from north Africa.
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Spinosaurus itself.
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00:06:30,420 --> 00:06:36,300
In 2010, analysis of their bones and
teeth revealed something surprising.
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00:06:36,300 --> 00:06:40,860
Chemical traces found in the fossils
suggested the Spinosaurus lived
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00:06:40,860 --> 00:06:44,580
more like a crocodile
than other land-based dinosaurs.
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It showed that they spent a large
part of their lives in water.
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00:06:55,180 --> 00:06:56,460
BARKS
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00:07:05,580 --> 00:07:10,500
Spinosaurus is a predator,
but one that hunts in water.
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00:07:12,900 --> 00:07:15,660
It's ichthyophagous - a fish-eater.
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This is Onchopristis.
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An eight-metre-long
giant swordfish,
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similar to those alive today.
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The saw-like rostrum
is lined with lethal barbs,
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and is in itself
up to 2.5 metres in length.
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It's thought they migrated
into freshwater rivers to breed,
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where the young may be safer,
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but the adults are exposed
to new threats.
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00:07:59,180 --> 00:08:01,420
With their breeding season
at its height,
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00:08:01,420 --> 00:08:05,940
these rivers are filled
with Onchopristis.
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It's the perfect hunting opportunity
for Spinosaurus.
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00:08:40,180 --> 00:08:44,100
Spinosaurus's conical teeth
evolved to grip prey
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rather than tear off flesh.
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For that,
it needs powerful arms and claws.
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00:08:50,260 --> 00:08:51,900
GROWLS
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GROWLING
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With prey plentiful, Spinosaurus
can afford to be wasteful.
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A fact which other dinosaurs
take full advantage of.
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Rugops, an eight-metre carnivore.
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00:09:25,140 --> 00:09:27,420
Anywhere else, it might dominate.
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00:09:29,060 --> 00:09:31,620
But here, it is dwarfed
by Spinosaurus.
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00:09:41,900 --> 00:09:45,740
Spinosaurus is unique,
with long, narrow jaws
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and nostrils set high on its head.
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Its teeth were straight and conical.
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They gave us a clue
as to how it killed.
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More evidence came in 2008,
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when Spinosaurus' skull
was put through a CT scanner.
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It revealed a curious pattern
of holes and sinuses in the snout
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that looked just like those
of crocodiles.
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00:10:10,540 --> 00:10:14,740
It's thought these contained
pressure sensors,
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00:10:14,740 --> 00:10:18,980
sensors that, like a crocodile,
can detect prey,
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00:10:18,980 --> 00:10:22,140
making it perfectly adapted
to hunting in water.
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00:10:28,340 --> 00:10:32,660
This discovery gives us our best
evidence of exactly how it hunted.
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Able to hold its snout in the water
because of its high nostrils,
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it can strike
without even seeing its prey.
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GROWLING
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GRUNTS
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The ever-attendant Rugops has a weak
jaw and skull. It's no killer.
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It is a natural-born scavenger,
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living off the scraps
of this highly-efficient predator.
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We can assume so much
about the diet of Spinosaurus
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because its fossilised teeth
are commonly found
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with the remains
of the giant sawfish.
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00:11:44,020 --> 00:11:48,780
More recent discoveries appear to
provide even more direct evidence.
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00:11:50,060 --> 00:11:54,260
In 2005, a Spinosaur fossil
was found with a sawfish vertebrae
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stuck in a tooth socket.
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Another, discovered in 2008,
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had a fragment of a sawfish barb
apparently embedded in its jaw.
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They suggested
a clear predator-prey relationship.
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Spinosaurus
is the region's biggest killer
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00:12:15,700 --> 00:12:19,260
because it can exploit
an environment so successfully.
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A dinosaur at home in water.
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For a time, it lived with
little threat from other dinosaurs
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00:12:26,740 --> 00:12:29,860
and the species evolved
into a 17-metre giant.
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00:12:37,140 --> 00:12:42,340
But Spinosaurus wasn't the only
giant predator which thrived here.
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00:12:45,140 --> 00:12:50,020
Carcharodontosaurus.
Land-based killer.
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00:12:51,780 --> 00:12:55,620
A meat-eater. A carnosaur.
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00:12:56,620 --> 00:13:00,260
A cousin of Allosaurus,
but four times bigger.
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00:13:01,460 --> 00:13:04,940
With serrated teeth
16 centimetres long,
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00:13:04,940 --> 00:13:08,460
Carcharodontosaurus
was a giant killer.
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00:13:09,620 --> 00:13:13,100
Up to 13 metres long
and weighing around seven tonnes.
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00:13:14,460 --> 00:13:17,740
Like Spinosaurus,
it too was bigger than T Rex.
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Big predators
need big hunting ranges.
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00:13:23,100 --> 00:13:29,540
Carcharodontosaurus may have needed
up to 500 square kilometres each,
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00:13:29,540 --> 00:13:33,500
making competition for the best
hunting grounds intense.
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00:13:34,940 --> 00:13:37,260
ROARS
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These young, male
Carcharodontosaurus
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both want supremacy
over this territory.
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Dominating the land is the key
to survival for these killers.
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That can mean a fight to the death.
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THEY GROWL AND ROAR
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THEY PANT AND GROWL
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THEY GRUNT AND SNORT
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ROARS
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The evidence of in-fighting
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between carnivores
of the same species is dramatic.
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00:15:10,540 --> 00:15:13,420
Forensic examinations of fossils
has uncovered injuries
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00:15:13,420 --> 00:15:17,260
on the skull bones
of many large carnivores.
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00:15:17,260 --> 00:15:20,300
Tooth puncture marks and gouges
are remarkably common.
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00:15:21,460 --> 00:15:27,300
Such violent head- and face-biting
is thought likely to be territorial.
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With so much to gain,
fights over prime hunting territory
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would be commonplace.
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For this victorious
Carcharodontosaurus,
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the prize is the hunting rights
to these Ouranosaurs.
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Not an easy prey to catch,
even for the fastest of predators.
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But we think Carcharodontosaurus
has a hidden advantage.
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00:16:00,300 --> 00:16:02,660
In 2008, detailed bone analysis
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suggested these dinosaurs
employed a system of air sacs.
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Air sacs are used in breathing.
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They ensure that oxygen-rich air
flows continually through the lungs
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when breathing in and out.
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00:16:18,260 --> 00:16:22,660
It's a very efficient system,
similar to that of birds.
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It implied that dinosaurs
like Carcharodontosaurus
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were highly-active hunters.
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And they needed to be.
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It's reckoned that a dinosaur
of this size would need to eat
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a minimum of 60 kilos of meat
every day simply to survive.
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Big hunters rely on
ambushing their prey.
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Closing as much distance between it
and its chosen victim.
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HONKING
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00:17:36,740 --> 00:17:38,780
SQUEALING, GROWLING
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MOANS
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LOW GROWLING
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This Carcharodontosaurus
doesn't waste energy
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chasing the injured animal.
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Its initial attack has critically
wounded the Ouranosaurus.
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Now, it simply needs
to follow and wait.
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PANTING
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Carcharodontosaurus
were deadly killers,
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but not in the way you might expect.
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Its skull was relatively weak.
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00:19:03,500 --> 00:19:05,180
And computer analysis has shown
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00:19:05,180 --> 00:19:07,660
that they're unlikely
to be strong enough
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to hold onto struggling prey.
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Their teeth were thin, like knives,
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00:19:13,660 --> 00:19:16,180
too weak to bite easily
through bone.
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But they were sharp, with deadly
serrations, just like a shark's.
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00:19:24,340 --> 00:19:29,020
The very name Carcharodontosaurus
means "sharp-toothed lizard".
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00:19:30,300 --> 00:19:32,660
We think it used its skull and teeth
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00:19:32,660 --> 00:19:35,380
to slash deep into the flesh
of its prey,
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00:19:35,380 --> 00:19:38,580
causing massive injury
and blood loss.
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00:19:48,140 --> 00:19:51,260
Delivered at speed,
such an attack could kill
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00:19:51,260 --> 00:19:54,180
without the need
for an intense struggle.
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It's an efficient killing method
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00:19:59,220 --> 00:20:02,780
and one that's perfectly suited
to this environment.
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00:20:02,780 --> 00:20:07,220
But success can look very different
when a season changes.
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00:20:08,500 --> 00:20:13,020
For a time, Cretaceous north Africa
had two deadly killers.
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00:20:13,020 --> 00:20:15,820
By exploiting
different environments,
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00:20:15,820 --> 00:20:19,060
they didn't compete
and could coexist,
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00:20:19,060 --> 00:20:24,620
dominating their chosen habitats.
Spinosaurus was a specialist.
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00:20:24,620 --> 00:20:27,140
But this came with risks.
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00:20:27,140 --> 00:20:31,620
Small environmental changes
can make it vulnerable.
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00:20:36,540 --> 00:20:39,660
And this area is prone
to seasonal droughts.
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00:20:57,820 --> 00:20:59,060
When the river is dry,
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00:20:59,060 --> 00:21:01,940
Spinosaurus' usual food supply
has disappeared.
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00:21:05,980 --> 00:21:08,540
Other animals retreat
to a few remaining pools.
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00:21:10,740 --> 00:21:13,420
Some, the Spinosaurus
would do well to be wary of.
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00:21:22,340 --> 00:21:25,260
The smaller crocs
aren't the problem.
218
00:21:27,140 --> 00:21:31,460
Sarcosuchus
a giant 12-metre crocodile.
219
00:21:31,460 --> 00:21:32,700
ROARS
220
00:21:50,380 --> 00:21:53,460
Reptiles like these
can survive droughts
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00:21:53,460 --> 00:21:57,500
by effectively hibernating
during times of hardship.
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00:21:57,500 --> 00:21:59,900
Spinosaurus can't.
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00:21:59,900 --> 00:22:01,860
As an active hunter,
224
00:22:01,860 --> 00:22:04,660
its metabolism demands
a regular supply of food.
225
00:22:06,180 --> 00:22:11,220
Although it is a specialist,
it isn't confined to the rivers.
226
00:22:11,220 --> 00:22:15,460
In tough times,
it too can hunt on land.
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00:22:15,460 --> 00:22:17,340
SQUAWKING
228
00:22:20,380 --> 00:22:21,780
BARKS
229
00:22:21,780 --> 00:22:24,100
SQUAWKING
230
00:22:37,020 --> 00:22:38,940
ROARING
231
00:22:42,100 --> 00:22:44,100
SQUEALING
232
00:22:50,420 --> 00:22:52,220
GROWLS
233
00:22:53,740 --> 00:22:56,580
Spinosaur fossils
from other parts of the world
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00:22:56,580 --> 00:22:59,340
have given us more details
about their diets.
235
00:23:01,820 --> 00:23:05,940
In 2004, a dramatic fossil
was recovered from Brazil.
236
00:23:07,780 --> 00:23:09,900
Part of the neck of a Pterosaur.
237
00:23:12,780 --> 00:23:16,100
Embedded within one of the vertebrae
was a tooth.
238
00:23:18,580 --> 00:23:22,340
It was the unmistakable shape
of a Spinosaur tooth.
239
00:23:24,820 --> 00:23:28,260
The stomach contents of another
Spinosaur, Baryonyx,
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00:23:28,260 --> 00:23:32,900
from England, was found to contain
some bones of a juvenile Iguanodon,
241
00:23:32,900 --> 00:23:34,580
a plant-eating dinosaur.
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00:23:34,580 --> 00:23:37,300
In spite of their specialisation,
243
00:23:37,300 --> 00:23:41,220
clearly Spinosaurs
weren't exclusively fish-eaters.
244
00:23:46,100 --> 00:23:49,180
But hunting and catching prey
isn't easy.
245
00:23:49,180 --> 00:23:52,020
Particularly when
they're already alert.
246
00:24:09,700 --> 00:24:12,580
SNIFFS
247
00:24:19,420 --> 00:24:21,060
Hunting on land,
248
00:24:21,060 --> 00:24:23,860
Spinosaurus is also forced
into direct competition
249
00:24:23,860 --> 00:24:27,940
with any large predators
living in the same environment.
250
00:24:32,620 --> 00:24:36,220
And here,
that can only mean one animal...
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00:24:41,220 --> 00:24:42,740
..Carcharodontosaurus.
252
00:24:49,660 --> 00:24:52,500
GROWLING
253
00:25:00,220 --> 00:25:02,140
GROWLS
254
00:25:02,140 --> 00:25:05,380
GROWLING
255
00:25:06,540 --> 00:25:09,780
Contests over carcasses are common.
256
00:25:11,460 --> 00:25:14,820
But outcomes of such fights
are far from guaranteed.
257
00:25:14,820 --> 00:25:19,140
Risk of injury
for big animals is acute.
258
00:25:21,740 --> 00:25:25,820
Modern Komodo dragons are often
killed in fights over carcasses.
259
00:25:28,540 --> 00:25:30,980
ROARING, GROWLING
260
00:25:30,980 --> 00:25:33,340
More than three metres longer,
261
00:25:33,340 --> 00:25:36,460
Spinosaurus has size and power
on its side.
262
00:25:37,860 --> 00:25:40,540
ROARING, GROWLING
263
00:25:44,740 --> 00:25:48,220
But Carcharodontosaurus
has the more lethal bite.
264
00:25:49,380 --> 00:25:51,260
SHRIEKING
265
00:25:55,060 --> 00:25:57,140
GROWLS
266
00:26:02,740 --> 00:26:05,860
This time,
the Spinosaurus triumphed.
267
00:26:07,740 --> 00:26:11,100
But the balance of power
between these two deadly killers
268
00:26:11,100 --> 00:26:12,420
is a precarious one.
269
00:26:15,900 --> 00:26:17,580
LOW GROWLING
270
00:26:23,100 --> 00:26:26,980
In 2008, a Spinosaurus vertebra
was recovered.
271
00:26:29,180 --> 00:26:32,980
Part of the tall, neural spine
of the bone was broken off.
272
00:26:34,340 --> 00:26:36,780
It appeared to have been
bitten in half.
273
00:26:38,660 --> 00:26:39,940
It's been suggested
274
00:26:39,940 --> 00:26:43,340
that the bite was inflicted
by Carcharodontosaurus.
275
00:26:47,020 --> 00:26:50,580
Spinosaurus was the last
and the largest
276
00:26:50,580 --> 00:26:53,060
of the fish-eating dinosaurs.
277
00:26:53,060 --> 00:26:57,660
But ultimately,
these specialists were doomed.
278
00:26:57,660 --> 00:27:02,380
Something way beyond their control
caused their downfall.
279
00:27:02,380 --> 00:27:07,300
94 million years ago,
the climate changed.
280
00:27:07,300 --> 00:27:10,380
Global sea levels began to rise.
281
00:27:10,380 --> 00:27:13,780
The swamps and rivers
that Spinosaurus thrived in
282
00:27:13,780 --> 00:27:15,300
gradually were lost.
283
00:27:16,900 --> 00:27:18,420
With their loss,
284
00:27:18,420 --> 00:27:21,620
Spinosaurus's specialism
became a vulnerability.
285
00:27:24,700 --> 00:27:25,980
And the biggest predator
286
00:27:25,980 --> 00:27:29,380
ever known to have walked the Earth
disappeared.
287
00:27:37,500 --> 00:27:43,780
END
22348
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