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William shatner: A shining
wonder that brightens our nights,
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measures our days,
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and may possess
incredible powers.
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The moon. Look at it.
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Is there anything
more marvelous,
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more inspiring,
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than this glowing orb
that hangs in the night sky?
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But is the moon just
a giant rock in space,
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or does it hold
profound secrets?
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Could it harbor signs of life,
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or perhaps evidence
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of an ancient civilization?
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That is what we'll
try and find out.
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? ?
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each fall,
the people of this city gather along
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the banks of the qiantang river
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to see something extraordinary:
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A massive wave
that barrels upstream
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and keeps surging for
miles and miles up the river.
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The wave's rapid speed,
loud roaring sound,
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and white crests have
earned it a fitting nickname:
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The silver dragon.
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A hundred miles
southwest of shanghai,
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every year there is this really
interesting tidal phenomena
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that happens that's very
much related to the moon.
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The silver dragon
is a 30-foot-tall,
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25-mile-an-hour wave,
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so it draws a massive crowd.
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Over a 100,000 people annually
come out to watch this wave,
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and people even surf on it.
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Michael dennin: It's huge,
it comes down and it can
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flood to the side,
and it's actually quite dangerous,
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and people often
get way too close.
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Teitel: We're used to seeing
tides at beaches on the ocean,
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they go in and out,
but it's never this dramatic.
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This is an extremely tangible
thing you can point to and say,
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"this is the moon's
effect on the earth,
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happening now as we see it."
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michio kaku: The gravity
of the moon lifts the water up
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to give you high tide,
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and when the moon passes,
it drops, giving you low tide.
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Think of that: The
entire planet earth's water
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being lifted several feet.
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And that tremendous
cosmic energy
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comes from the
gravitational pull of the moon.
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Shatner: Today,
the process by which the moon
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generates earth's ocean
tides is widely understood.
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But what is less commonly known
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is how the moon
causes a phenomenon
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like the silver dragon.
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Well, scientists have a name
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for this kind of
strange occurrence.
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It's called a tidal bore.
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One of the most amazing
things the moon does,
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from my perspective,
is create tidal bores.
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And the way to think about it is
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the tide rises the
oceans a certain height,
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and if you have the
right combination
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of the shape of the connection
of the ocean into a river,
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you can actually
funnel all of that height
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into a narrow, extra high,
massive wave.
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And then that will run
up a gorge or a river.
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It's kind of a fascinating
interaction between moon, water,
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nature and then people and
what we do in response to it.
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Shatner: Tidal bores
are a striking example
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of the power that the
moon exerts on the earth.
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But, according to scientists,
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creating tides is just
one of many effects
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that the moon has on our planet.
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For instance,
as the moon circles the earth,
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its gravitational force
causes molten liquids
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deep within the
earth's core to swirl,
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a process which some
experts refer to as "churning."
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we now realize that
the orbit of the moon
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creates churning
inside the earth.
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The moon churns
the inside of the earth
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by tidal forces,
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causing currents in
the form of electricity,
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which creates the
earth's magnetic field.
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We depend upon a magnetic shield
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to protect us against
solar flares from the sun.
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And we think that's
where the moon comes in.
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If it wasn't for the
presence of the moon,
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you go outside,
you get a sunburn
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within just a matter
of a few minutes.
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Shatner: A sunburn
within a few minutes?
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It's enough to make you
wonder what else could happen
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if the unimaginable occurred
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and the moon...
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Just disappeared?
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One of the questions I get asked a lot is,
you know,
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can we survive without the moon?
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If the moon suddenly
disappeared,
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I think not.
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The result on earth would be
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catastrophic and very,
very rapid.
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The tides would stop working.
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The earth would
start slowing down.
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As the earth slows down,
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it can start
wobbling on its axis.
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If it wobbles very far,
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this would melt
the polar ice caps,
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and sea levels
would rise radically.
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Also, a place like las vegas
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could be freezing in winter
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and yet boiling in summer.
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There's all sorts
of things that could
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cause trouble for life on earth.
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Brian keating: The moon is
sort of the earth's bodyguard
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because the moon
has protected us
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from asteroid impacts.
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All the craters that
we see on the moon
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are the result of impacts
of asteroid fragments.
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And all those craters,
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they could have
been impacts on earth.
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Kaku: So we have
this cosmic coincidence.
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All the characteristics
to the moon are just so
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that we have life
on the planet earth.
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So, in other words,
we hit the jackpot.
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We have this cosmic lottery,
and we hit the jackpot.
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We got a moon that makes
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possible conditions on the
earth compatible with life.
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Shatner: The fact
that the moon is so vital
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to life on earth raises
some intriguing questions.
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Such as,
is there something special
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about our moon that enables it
to make life on earth possible?
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And, if our moon is unique,
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what makes it different
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from the more than 200 other
moons in our solar system?
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Keating: A moon is just
what we call a natural satellite,
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a satellite that's
not human-made
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that orbits around a planet.
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Other planets,
such as the massive gas planets
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like jupiter and saturn,
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have many, many dozens of moons.
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We're the only planet
in the solar system
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that has only one moon.
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And our moon is actually
the fifth largest moon
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in the solar system,
it's quite large.
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Teitel: It's really big
compared to the planet.
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It's a very unique setup.
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Usually moons are
significantly smaller,
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but our moon is relatively
large compared to our planet.
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Mike bara: It's very bizarre.
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It's basically a
double planet system.
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The moon is so big and so close.
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And there is no other example
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anywhere in the
observable universe like this.
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Lynn picknett:
Because it's so big
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and it has so many
effects on the earth,
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the moon is always fascinating.
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There's something inherently
amazing and mesmerizing
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about how big and
how powerful it is.
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I mean, there it is,
hanging in our skies,
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this extraordinary
spherical object,
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just this amazing
orb in the sky.
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Shatner: Scientists
have observed
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that there is another
strange aspect
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of the moon's dimensions.
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It is precisely the right size
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and distance from the sun
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to occasionally create...
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A total solar eclipse.
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If you look at the moon
and you look at the sun,
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the sun is actually 400 times
the diameter of the moon,
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but the moon happens to be
400 times closer to the earth.
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This means that the sun
and the moon look as if
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they're the same
size in the sky.
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That means that when the
moon goes in front of the sun,
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it totally blocks off the sun.
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I've been very lucky,
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and I've seen two
total eclipses of the sun,
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and they are magical.
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They literally
blew my socks off.
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Bara: The fact is,
the moon is exactly the right size
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and exactly the right
distance from the earth
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to create perfect
solar eclipses.
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Some people think
that's a coincidence.
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I don't think it's
a coincidence.
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There has to be
something very special
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and very mysterious
about the moon itself.
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Shatner: The unique
size relationship
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between the moon and
earth may help explain
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why the moon has such a
strong impact on our planet.
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But does the moon's
gravity only affect the earth?
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Or could it also have
a direct influence
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on human beings?
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Perhaps the answers can be found
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by examining how the
moon alters not just our planet
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but also...
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Our minds.
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How does a full
moon make you feel?
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A little nervous?
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Afraid, perhaps?
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Well, maybe you should be.
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After all,
the word "lunatic" comes from the notion
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that when the full moon rises,
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it causes insanity, mayhem,
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and even murder.
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But are-are these just stories?
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Or does the moon
actually have the power
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to make people crazy,
and drive them to kill?
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(thunder rumbles)
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picknett: The word "lunatic"
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means "the moon
has made you mad."
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the word "luna" is latin...
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Is roman,
essentially... for "moon."
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so, clearly, over the millennia,
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the moon has been associated
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with a rise in madness,
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or manifestations of
mental disturbance,
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emotional disturbance.
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Young: The dancing in the moonlight,
the witchcraft,
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the ceremonies of the occult,
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somehow are related to the moon.
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You take something
like the werewolf.
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The moon comes up,
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out comes the werewolf.
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Some powerful alter ego.
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Eric hickey: Way back
in victorian England
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people would claim,
"it wasn't my fault.
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"the moon made me do it,
it was a moon madness,
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it was lunacy."
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and so people could
actually be institutionalized
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rather than be hung because
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they were crazy,
it was not their fault.
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That's how strong
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the belief was in-in the moon.
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Shatner: The connection
between the full moon,
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insanity and violence
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is not merely an
antiquated fantasy.
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In fact,
similar stories about the moon
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persist into modern times.
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Picknett: It's well
known people who work
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for emergency services...
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Paramedics, or the police,
for example,
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and they all report
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the numbers go up at full moon,
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of people in accidents
or suffering from violence.
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But science has
challenged these stories.
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Young: That's myth,
that is legendary talk.
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We don't have science
to back that up and yet,
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00:12:08,854 --> 00:12:12,856
when we look at the night sky,
the big object is the moon.
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It is the dominant
sighting in the heavens.
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When the moon is full,
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poetically,
there are lots of effects.
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Shatner: Humanity has long
expressed a belief that the moon
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can influence our minds.
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But is that all just a figment
of our collective imagination?
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00:12:35,922 --> 00:12:39,215
Or is it possible to
scientifically prove
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that the moon can
affect the mind?
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Psychiatrist dr. David avery
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is counseling a 35-year-old man
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00:12:55,400 --> 00:12:58,109
who suffers from
bipolar disorder
255
00:12:58,153 --> 00:13:00,069
and has experienced a number
256
00:13:00,155 --> 00:13:02,655
of sleepless nights.
257
00:13:02,741 --> 00:13:04,991
He had bipolar disorder,
258
00:13:05,076 --> 00:13:07,494
sometimes known as
manic-depressive illness.
259
00:13:07,579 --> 00:13:09,579
He was typical in that
260
00:13:09,664 --> 00:13:11,956
he had a history
of these episodes...
261
00:13:12,959 --> 00:13:15,752
...Of having short sleep,
262
00:13:15,837 --> 00:13:17,921
manic symptoms,
263
00:13:18,006 --> 00:13:20,632
hyperactivity,
thoughts going very fast,
264
00:13:20,675 --> 00:13:23,301
and might get only one
or two hours of sleep
265
00:13:23,345 --> 00:13:24,928
during the manic phase.
266
00:13:25,847 --> 00:13:28,848
Shatner: The patient,
an engineer by trade,
267
00:13:28,934 --> 00:13:31,309
kept detailed records
of his sleep habits,
268
00:13:31,394 --> 00:13:35,146
noting the dates and times
when he had trouble falling asleep.
269
00:13:35,190 --> 00:13:37,899
When dr. Avery studied the log,
270
00:13:37,984 --> 00:13:40,235
he made a startling connection
271
00:13:40,320 --> 00:13:43,446
between the patient's
sleeplessness and the moon.
272
00:13:45,534 --> 00:13:48,493
It was very clear these
short sleep periods
273
00:13:48,537 --> 00:13:52,330
were correlated both with the
full moon and the new moon.
274
00:13:53,959 --> 00:13:56,292
And so my jaw kind of dropped
275
00:13:56,378 --> 00:13:59,337
when I saw the
regularity of the pattern
276
00:13:59,422 --> 00:14:01,631
and the fact that
this was associated
277
00:14:01,716 --> 00:14:03,800
with changes of the moon.
278
00:14:04,761 --> 00:14:07,679
Shatner: The evidence
showed a pattern that suggested
279
00:14:07,764 --> 00:14:10,849
that the lunar cycle
may be responsible
280
00:14:10,892 --> 00:14:13,810
for causing some people
to become restless,
281
00:14:13,895 --> 00:14:16,688
to the point where
they can't sleep.
282
00:14:16,773 --> 00:14:19,941
I saw this, um, pattern in 2004,
283
00:14:20,026 --> 00:14:22,193
but it was a sample size of one,
284
00:14:22,237 --> 00:14:25,405
which scientifically
is not all that strong.
285
00:14:25,490 --> 00:14:29,701
But in 2017, dr. Thomas wehr
286
00:14:29,744 --> 00:14:31,536
from the national
institute of mental health
287
00:14:31,580 --> 00:14:33,830
published a paper
in which he had
288
00:14:33,915 --> 00:14:37,500
17 rapid-cycling
bipolar patients
289
00:14:37,586 --> 00:14:41,337
who had synchrony
with the lunar tidal cycles.
290
00:14:41,423 --> 00:14:44,340
I realized at that
point that my patient
291
00:14:44,426 --> 00:14:47,010
um, was not the only one.
292
00:14:47,095 --> 00:14:50,680
Shatner: In 2018,
dr. Avery and dr. Wehr
293
00:14:50,765 --> 00:14:54,559
joined forces and published
their findings on the connection
294
00:14:54,603 --> 00:14:57,854
between moon cycles
and sleeplessness.
295
00:14:58,899 --> 00:15:02,025
They theorized that the moon
has this effect on some people
296
00:15:02,110 --> 00:15:04,027
because they are
particularly sensitive
297
00:15:04,112 --> 00:15:06,112
to its gravitational pull.
298
00:15:06,197 --> 00:15:09,741
We have a vestibular
system in the ears
299
00:15:09,784 --> 00:15:12,243
that helps us with balance.
300
00:15:12,329 --> 00:15:14,704
And in the vestibular system,
301
00:15:14,789 --> 00:15:18,958
there are tiny stones that are
on the end of small filaments
302
00:15:19,044 --> 00:15:22,003
that move around with gravity.
303
00:15:22,088 --> 00:15:26,883
These filaments send
signals to parts of the brain
304
00:15:26,968 --> 00:15:30,887
that are involved with
our body clocks and sleep.
305
00:15:30,931 --> 00:15:33,973
So it's conceivable that,
in some way,
306
00:15:34,059 --> 00:15:37,977
changes in gravity
generated by the moon
307
00:15:38,063 --> 00:15:40,396
are affecting these filaments,
308
00:15:40,482 --> 00:15:43,107
perhaps influencing
the body clock,
309
00:15:43,193 --> 00:15:45,860
then influencing sleep and mood.
310
00:15:45,946 --> 00:15:48,613
When I think of the moon,
I think
311
00:15:48,657 --> 00:15:51,282
of the gravitational
changes that it creates.
312
00:15:51,326 --> 00:15:54,285
It may be that these
gravitational forces
313
00:15:54,329 --> 00:15:59,624
have a greater impact on our
sleep than you might expect.
314
00:15:59,709 --> 00:16:02,627
These are all questions that I think,
uh,
315
00:16:02,712 --> 00:16:04,629
should be answered.
316
00:16:04,673 --> 00:16:08,007
Shatner: It seems that the
more we study the moon,
317
00:16:08,093 --> 00:16:11,094
the more we realize
that there is much about it
318
00:16:11,179 --> 00:16:12,971
that remains a mystery.
319
00:16:13,014 --> 00:16:16,057
For instance,
it wasn't that long ago that we believed
320
00:16:16,142 --> 00:16:19,435
the moon was just a huge
rock floating in space...
321
00:16:19,479 --> 00:16:22,605
Until scientists were
surprised to discover
322
00:16:22,691 --> 00:16:25,233
that part of our
attraction to the moon
323
00:16:25,318 --> 00:16:29,737
may be due to the fact
that it's actually magnetic.
324
00:16:41,710 --> 00:16:44,127
Shatner: A group of
scientists publish the results
325
00:16:44,170 --> 00:16:46,254
of a remarkable
study on the moon.
326
00:16:47,215 --> 00:16:51,926
By analyzing information
collected by nasa space probes,
327
00:16:52,012 --> 00:16:55,179
the team discovered that
an enormous mass of metal
328
00:16:55,265 --> 00:16:58,558
is buried beneath the
surface of the moon.
329
00:16:58,643 --> 00:17:02,812
This mysterious mass is
1,200 miles in diameter,
330
00:17:02,897 --> 00:17:05,606
and,
because it's hidden deep underground,
331
00:17:05,692 --> 00:17:08,943
before this paper was published,
332
00:17:09,029 --> 00:17:13,031
scientists had no idea
the metal was there.
333
00:17:14,951 --> 00:17:17,618
Kaku: What happened
is we have satellites
334
00:17:17,704 --> 00:17:19,495
that go around the moon,
335
00:17:19,581 --> 00:17:23,791
and it turns out that the
gravitational pull increased,
336
00:17:23,877 --> 00:17:28,004
indicating the presence of a massive,
dense object
337
00:17:28,089 --> 00:17:30,673
underneath the
surface of the moon.
338
00:17:30,759 --> 00:17:32,592
Keating: According
to the scientists
339
00:17:32,677 --> 00:17:34,302
who made this discovery,
340
00:17:34,387 --> 00:17:37,221
it's made of metals,
very dense, very heavy metals
341
00:17:37,307 --> 00:17:39,682
like iron, cobalt, nickel,
342
00:17:39,768 --> 00:17:41,684
which are also highly magnetic.
343
00:17:41,770 --> 00:17:45,063
Aderin-pocock: Now,
the question is how did it get there?
344
00:17:45,106 --> 00:17:49,025
How did this blob of
iron get to the moon?
345
00:17:49,110 --> 00:17:52,361
There were sort of a few theories afoot,
but I think
346
00:17:52,447 --> 00:17:55,907
the one that makes most sense
is that it was an asteroid strike.
347
00:17:55,950 --> 00:17:59,410
And it seems quite
likely that a metal asteroid
348
00:17:59,496 --> 00:18:02,747
came and hit the moon's
surface with huge impact.
349
00:18:02,832 --> 00:18:05,124
It sort of melted into
the moon's surface,
350
00:18:05,210 --> 00:18:07,960
and then magma from
the moon covered it over,
351
00:18:08,046 --> 00:18:10,213
so that's why we hadn't
discovered it before.
352
00:18:10,298 --> 00:18:13,883
Shatner: One reason why the
discovery of metal on the moon
353
00:18:13,968 --> 00:18:15,885
came as such a surprise
354
00:18:15,929 --> 00:18:19,263
is because it's easy to
assume that we already know
355
00:18:19,349 --> 00:18:22,183
most of what there is
to know about the moon.
356
00:18:23,061 --> 00:18:25,728
After all,
we've photographed it,
357
00:18:25,814 --> 00:18:30,233
studied it,
and sent astronauts to walk on its surface.
358
00:18:30,318 --> 00:18:33,569
But despite everything
we've learned,
359
00:18:33,613 --> 00:18:37,240
the moon still
holds many secrets.
360
00:18:38,827 --> 00:18:41,744
The moon is so fascinating
because it's mysterious.
361
00:18:41,830 --> 00:18:44,580
It's close to us, and yet,
it's very inscrutable.
362
00:18:44,666 --> 00:18:46,833
There are places
and parts of the moon
363
00:18:46,918 --> 00:18:48,793
we know almost nothing about,
364
00:18:48,837 --> 00:18:52,296
that are completely
unexplored and unexplained.
365
00:18:52,382 --> 00:18:55,758
There's so many mysteries about
our nearest celestial neighbor.
366
00:18:55,844 --> 00:18:58,928
For example,
what's inside the moon?
367
00:18:58,972 --> 00:19:01,013
What's on the far
side of the moon?
368
00:19:01,099 --> 00:19:03,808
It's amazing that we've
sent space probes to saturn,
369
00:19:03,893 --> 00:19:07,270
jupiter, uranus, neptune,
even past pluto,
370
00:19:07,355 --> 00:19:11,232
and yet there's so many things
we don't know about the moon.
371
00:19:11,317 --> 00:19:14,277
Shatner: The detection
of metal on the moon
372
00:19:14,362 --> 00:19:18,990
was followed by an even
more extraordinary discovery.
373
00:19:20,034 --> 00:19:22,285
In October of 2020,
374
00:19:22,328 --> 00:19:26,289
nasa's stratospheric
observatory for infrared astronomy
375
00:19:26,374 --> 00:19:30,626
announced that they
had detected water
376
00:19:30,670 --> 00:19:32,795
on the sunlit
surface of the moon.
377
00:19:32,881 --> 00:19:36,632
And in other studies,
scientists have found evidence
378
00:19:36,718 --> 00:19:39,969
of ice on the north
pole of the moon.
379
00:19:40,054 --> 00:19:42,847
Aderin-pocock: Many people
assumed that the moon was dry.
380
00:19:42,891 --> 00:19:45,308
And, looking at the environment,
it wasn't so surprising
381
00:19:45,351 --> 00:19:47,310
that they sort of
concluded this.
382
00:19:47,395 --> 00:19:49,604
But one thing we
have got confirmation of
383
00:19:49,689 --> 00:19:52,857
is large volumes of frozen water
384
00:19:52,942 --> 00:19:56,152
in these craters which
never see sunlight.
385
00:19:57,030 --> 00:19:59,197
These craters are some
of the coldest places
386
00:19:59,282 --> 00:20:00,656
in the solar system.
387
00:20:00,742 --> 00:20:03,367
And so substances
like water can condense.
388
00:20:03,453 --> 00:20:05,995
Dennin: When you look
at the water on the moon,
389
00:20:06,039 --> 00:20:08,623
there's a shockingly
large amount of water
390
00:20:08,708 --> 00:20:10,499
compared to what we think of it.
391
00:20:10,585 --> 00:20:12,668
Now it's water in frozen form,
it's ice.
392
00:20:12,754 --> 00:20:15,504
But it still was fascinating
just to know that there was
393
00:20:15,590 --> 00:20:17,882
something we were
wrong about the moon.
394
00:20:17,926 --> 00:20:21,219
Shatner: As a result of these findings,
scientists have been compelled
395
00:20:21,262 --> 00:20:25,223
to reexamine the belief
that the moon is inert,
396
00:20:25,266 --> 00:20:29,518
and to ask whether
it can harbor life.
397
00:20:31,397 --> 00:20:34,190
Whether or not we can
have life on the moon,
398
00:20:34,275 --> 00:20:36,359
that's, of course,
a big question mark.
399
00:20:36,402 --> 00:20:39,028
Today,
when you think of the moon,
400
00:20:39,113 --> 00:20:41,280
you think of a
lifeless environment.
401
00:20:41,366 --> 00:20:43,908
But that's not always true.
402
00:20:43,952 --> 00:20:47,536
We think that in the
early days of the moon,
403
00:20:47,622 --> 00:20:51,415
perhaps there was a thicker
atmosphere to the moon,
404
00:20:51,459 --> 00:20:55,419
and that's what's required
to create life on a planet.
405
00:20:55,463 --> 00:20:58,631
So if we drill deep
into the lunar soil,
406
00:20:58,716 --> 00:21:00,883
perhaps we'll pick up evidence
407
00:21:00,927 --> 00:21:04,011
of ancient microbial
life that existed
408
00:21:04,097 --> 00:21:05,888
billions of years ago
409
00:21:05,974 --> 00:21:08,766
when the atmosphere was
quite different on the moon.
410
00:21:09,769 --> 00:21:12,728
Shatner: Was the
moon a place in which life
411
00:21:12,772 --> 00:21:16,190
could actually thrive
in the distant past?
412
00:21:17,110 --> 00:21:19,193
Well,
according to some researchers,
413
00:21:19,279 --> 00:21:23,322
there is photographic evidence
not only of life on the moon
414
00:21:23,408 --> 00:21:28,703
but of something
much more profound.
415
00:21:34,294 --> 00:21:37,128
Nasa launches ranger 7,
416
00:21:37,213 --> 00:21:39,922
a lunar probe designed to take
417
00:21:40,008 --> 00:21:43,050
the first close-up photographs
of the lunar surface.
418
00:21:43,136 --> 00:21:47,471
The landmark images
fascinated the world,
419
00:21:47,515 --> 00:21:49,932
and since that time,
other nations have sent
420
00:21:50,018 --> 00:21:52,977
probes to capture more
images of the moon.
421
00:21:53,021 --> 00:21:55,938
Over the years,
researchers have identified
422
00:21:56,024 --> 00:21:58,983
strange anomalies
in these photographs.
423
00:21:59,068 --> 00:22:02,653
Anomalies that look an awful lot
424
00:22:02,739 --> 00:22:05,823
like artificial structures.
425
00:22:05,908 --> 00:22:09,076
Bara: In one picture you
see a rectangular structure
426
00:22:09,162 --> 00:22:11,662
with some structure on top of it
427
00:22:11,706 --> 00:22:13,914
that looks almost like
the spires of a roof,
428
00:22:14,000 --> 00:22:16,625
as if there was a glass
dome over this at one time
429
00:22:16,711 --> 00:22:19,920
that has a few girders
left that used to hold it up.
430
00:22:20,006 --> 00:22:23,341
Now,
there is nothing in natural lunar geology
431
00:22:23,426 --> 00:22:27,386
that can account for that
as a real extant possibility
432
00:22:27,472 --> 00:22:29,388
on the surface of the moon.
433
00:22:29,474 --> 00:22:33,768
And in another image taken
is a gigantic spire or tower.
434
00:22:35,063 --> 00:22:38,481
It almost looks exactly like
a gigantic egyptian obelisk.
435
00:22:38,524 --> 00:22:40,358
The way this
thing is sticking up,
436
00:22:40,443 --> 00:22:42,943
it simply defies explanation.
437
00:22:43,029 --> 00:22:45,863
The fact that it even
exists in the image
438
00:22:45,907 --> 00:22:48,616
is absolute de facto proof
439
00:22:48,701 --> 00:22:52,119
that there is ancient
extraterrestrial technology
440
00:22:52,205 --> 00:22:54,080
on the lunar surface.
441
00:22:54,999 --> 00:22:58,501
Shatner: Giant
structures left behind
442
00:22:58,586 --> 00:23:01,670
by an extraterrestrial
civilization?
443
00:23:01,714 --> 00:23:03,714
It's certainly a
provocative theory
444
00:23:03,800 --> 00:23:05,800
and one that is hard to prove.
445
00:23:06,844 --> 00:23:09,303
But if these anomalies
446
00:23:09,389 --> 00:23:12,181
are the ruins of an
advanced civilization,
447
00:23:12,266 --> 00:23:14,642
is it possible...
448
00:23:14,727 --> 00:23:19,188
They were intentionally
left there for us to find?
449
00:23:20,149 --> 00:23:22,817
Keating: The moon has
properties that make it ideal
450
00:23:22,902 --> 00:23:25,486
for conducting research
into the deep past
451
00:23:25,571 --> 00:23:28,739
and even, potentially,
very speculatively,
452
00:23:28,783 --> 00:23:31,742
for the presence
of-of potentially finding
453
00:23:31,828 --> 00:23:35,204
alien artifacts,
which is a very fascinating prospect,
454
00:23:35,289 --> 00:23:38,457
that an alien civilization
might want to leave a marker,
455
00:23:38,543 --> 00:23:42,586
a time capsule attesting to
their existence, for us to find,
456
00:23:42,630 --> 00:23:45,423
and it would be perfectly
preserved for billions of years.
457
00:23:46,426 --> 00:23:50,052
Shatner: Are there "time
capsules" on the moon?
458
00:23:50,972 --> 00:23:53,514
Tangible pieces of
evidence which suggest
459
00:23:53,599 --> 00:23:56,767
that we might not be
alone in the universe?
460
00:23:58,396 --> 00:24:01,397
Perhaps the answers can be
found by taking a closer look
461
00:24:01,482 --> 00:24:03,149
at the apollo missions...
462
00:24:04,068 --> 00:24:07,403
...And what the
astronauts discovered
463
00:24:07,488 --> 00:24:10,448
while walking on the moon.
464
00:24:18,082 --> 00:24:20,958
On July 20th,
1969 history was made
465
00:24:21,043 --> 00:24:22,460
when american neil armstrong
466
00:24:22,503 --> 00:24:24,962
became the first man
to walk on the moon.
467
00:24:25,006 --> 00:24:27,923
For the united states,
it was a moment of immense
468
00:24:27,967 --> 00:24:31,135
national pride,
a triumph over the soviets
469
00:24:31,220 --> 00:24:33,012
in the space race.
470
00:24:33,097 --> 00:24:37,099
But is that what going to
the moon was all about?
471
00:24:37,143 --> 00:24:39,310
Bragging rights?
472
00:24:40,188 --> 00:24:43,481
Or did the apollo program
have a hidden agenda?
473
00:24:43,524 --> 00:24:45,483
And, if so,
474
00:24:45,526 --> 00:24:49,278
what was the
mission's real objective?
475
00:24:49,906 --> 00:24:54,158
Mission control: Ten,
nine. Ignition sequence starts.
476
00:25:11,260 --> 00:25:13,385
Shatner: Four days
after taking off from earth,
477
00:25:13,471 --> 00:25:17,181
the apollo 11 astronauts landed
on the surface of the moon.
478
00:25:23,231 --> 00:25:26,440
And over a billion
people around the world
479
00:25:26,526 --> 00:25:28,776
tuned in to watch.
480
00:25:37,411 --> 00:25:41,038
Teitel: This was such a pivotal
moment in human history.
481
00:25:41,123 --> 00:25:42,706
It was just the culmination
482
00:25:42,750 --> 00:25:44,667
of incredible
technological ingenuity
483
00:25:44,752 --> 00:25:46,752
and engineering prowess
484
00:25:46,837 --> 00:25:49,672
that we actually managed to
send three people to the moon
485
00:25:49,715 --> 00:25:52,383
and two of them were
going to walk on its surface.
486
00:25:54,845 --> 00:25:57,721
Keating: If you look at the
plaque that was on the apollo 11
487
00:25:57,807 --> 00:26:01,392
eagle lander, it said,
"we came in peace for all mankind."
488
00:26:01,435 --> 00:26:04,395
nowadays,
we use that as the calibration
489
00:26:04,438 --> 00:26:06,397
for the greatness that
mankind can achieve.
490
00:26:07,358 --> 00:26:10,359
Kaku: I still remember
when the apollo spacecraft
491
00:26:10,444 --> 00:26:13,571
was approaching a
landing site on the moon.
492
00:26:13,656 --> 00:26:17,408
Scientists were asked,
"what do we expect to find on the moon?"
493
00:26:17,493 --> 00:26:19,285
and the answer
is: We're clueless.
494
00:26:20,204 --> 00:26:22,913
We didn't know how
solid the surface was.
495
00:26:22,957 --> 00:26:24,748
Perhaps the lunar module,
496
00:26:24,834 --> 00:26:26,917
as it lands on the moon,
will sink.
497
00:26:26,961 --> 00:26:29,086
So we simply kept
our fingers crossed
498
00:26:29,130 --> 00:26:33,132
and hoped that the surface
of the moon was solid
499
00:26:33,217 --> 00:26:37,011
and not basically
made out of dust.
500
00:26:37,096 --> 00:26:40,889
So, back then in 1969,
it was a crapshoot.
501
00:26:40,933 --> 00:26:44,393
We really didn't know what we
were going to find on the moon.
502
00:26:45,271 --> 00:26:47,354
Shatner: The gamble paid off,
503
00:26:47,440 --> 00:26:50,107
and, for the first time,
504
00:26:50,192 --> 00:26:54,486
humanity was able to explore
earth's closest neighbor.
505
00:26:54,572 --> 00:26:57,906
There were many questions
that nasa was hoping to answer
506
00:26:57,992 --> 00:26:59,867
on the apollo missions,
507
00:26:59,952 --> 00:27:02,119
but perhaps none
were more important
508
00:27:02,204 --> 00:27:05,956
than solving the moon's
most enduring mystery:
509
00:27:06,042 --> 00:27:09,126
How did it get there
in the first place?
510
00:27:09,962 --> 00:27:12,171
There had been a
number of theories
511
00:27:12,256 --> 00:27:14,298
about how the moon was formed.
512
00:27:14,342 --> 00:27:18,594
Uh, one idea was that the
moon was an asteroid drifting past
513
00:27:18,638 --> 00:27:21,138
and got caught up
by the earth's gravity.
514
00:27:21,182 --> 00:27:22,848
Now,
looking at the size of the moon,
515
00:27:22,933 --> 00:27:24,642
this seems an unlikely scenario.
516
00:27:24,727 --> 00:27:28,896
Another idea is when the
solar system was being formed,
517
00:27:28,981 --> 00:27:31,482
the planets formed
and maybe the moon
518
00:27:31,525 --> 00:27:33,651
formed at the same
time as the earth.
519
00:27:33,694 --> 00:27:35,672
But, again,
looking at the size of the moon and sort of
520
00:27:35,696 --> 00:27:37,988
the dynamics of that,
it doesn't really add up.
521
00:27:38,032 --> 00:27:41,158
Shatner: At the time,
each of the commonly proposed theories
522
00:27:41,202 --> 00:27:43,952
was ultimately
rejected by scientists.
523
00:27:44,038 --> 00:27:48,165
So nasa sent six manned
missions to the moon
524
00:27:48,250 --> 00:27:52,336
to try and find the answer as to
how the moon came into being.
525
00:27:53,339 --> 00:27:57,007
Astronauts collected more
than 800 pounds of lunar rocks...
526
00:27:58,094 --> 00:28:00,052
...Took atmospheric samples,
527
00:28:00,137 --> 00:28:03,847
and drilled into
the moon's surface.
528
00:28:04,725 --> 00:28:07,017
Teitel: Right after
the crew splashdown,
529
00:28:07,061 --> 00:28:08,686
the rocks were
actually quarantined
530
00:28:08,771 --> 00:28:10,688
to keep all of
their germs inside.
531
00:28:10,773 --> 00:28:13,148
They went right into a
converted airstream trailer
532
00:28:13,192 --> 00:28:15,484
that was their mobile
quarantine facility.
533
00:28:15,569 --> 00:28:17,403
That was then airlifted
534
00:28:17,488 --> 00:28:19,196
to the mainland united states
535
00:28:19,240 --> 00:28:21,532
and transported to houston
where they were then
536
00:28:21,617 --> 00:28:24,034
deposited into the
lunar receiving lab,
537
00:28:24,120 --> 00:28:26,036
which was a
custom-built facility
538
00:28:26,122 --> 00:28:29,915
to deal with everything
coming back from the moon.
539
00:28:30,918 --> 00:28:34,545
Shatner: When scientists
carefully examined the composition
540
00:28:34,588 --> 00:28:38,257
of the lunar rocks gathered
on the apollo missions,
541
00:28:38,342 --> 00:28:41,552
they proposed a
dramatic new theory
542
00:28:41,595 --> 00:28:45,305
about the moon's origins.
543
00:28:45,391 --> 00:28:47,891
The current leading theory
about the moon's creation
544
00:28:47,935 --> 00:28:49,893
is the so-called
giant-impact theory.
545
00:28:50,771 --> 00:28:55,065
This theory posits that a large,
mars-sized body
546
00:28:55,151 --> 00:28:58,235
called theia hit the
earth when it was young...
547
00:29:01,949 --> 00:29:05,284
...And all of that
debris from that impact
548
00:29:05,369 --> 00:29:09,163
coalesced around the planet
and eventually formed the moon.
549
00:29:11,417 --> 00:29:14,251
Shatner: The
theory that the moon
550
00:29:14,295 --> 00:29:16,545
is the result of a
massive collision
551
00:29:16,589 --> 00:29:20,007
is one that is widely supported.
552
00:29:20,092 --> 00:29:22,968
But there's just one problem.
553
00:29:23,053 --> 00:29:26,722
Some scientists are
still not convinced.
554
00:29:27,892 --> 00:29:30,267
Aderin-pocock: Now,
if this theory is correct,
555
00:29:30,352 --> 00:29:32,936
then what we'd expect is for,
um, the moon
556
00:29:33,022 --> 00:29:35,939
should be made out of this
sort of a mars-like planet,
557
00:29:35,983 --> 00:29:39,610
which we called theia,
and to have some earth in it.
558
00:29:39,653 --> 00:29:42,112
But one of the crazy
things we found is that,
559
00:29:42,198 --> 00:29:45,407
when we went to the moon,
the composition of the moon
560
00:29:45,493 --> 00:29:49,077
and the composition of earth are very,
very similar.
561
00:29:49,997 --> 00:29:52,790
Kaku: It turns out the
composition of moon rocks
562
00:29:52,833 --> 00:29:55,542
and the composition earth rocks
563
00:29:55,628 --> 00:29:58,212
is uniformly the same,
which shouldn't be.
564
00:29:59,131 --> 00:30:01,799
And so the collision
theory has a problem.
565
00:30:03,344 --> 00:30:06,762
We should find remnants
of the original asteroid
566
00:30:06,847 --> 00:30:09,139
which created the moon.
567
00:30:09,225 --> 00:30:12,392
And we don't find that.
And so that's still a mystery.
568
00:30:13,354 --> 00:30:15,437
Teitel: It's fascinating
to think that,
569
00:30:15,481 --> 00:30:18,899
even though we've been
studying the moon very closely,
570
00:30:18,984 --> 00:30:22,236
we still don't have this one
basic key mystery solved.
571
00:30:22,321 --> 00:30:24,154
There's so much more to learn.
572
00:30:25,157 --> 00:30:27,658
Shatner: The apollo program
brought us much closer
573
00:30:27,743 --> 00:30:30,077
to knowing how the
moon was created,
574
00:30:30,162 --> 00:30:33,413
even if we still don't
have the final answer.
575
00:30:33,499 --> 00:30:36,959
But nasa had other goals in
mind for the apollo missions,
576
00:30:37,002 --> 00:30:40,087
some of which are not as
well known by the public.
577
00:30:40,172 --> 00:30:42,589
They conducted experiments
which were intended
578
00:30:42,675 --> 00:30:46,426
to learn more,
not about the lunar surface,
579
00:30:46,512 --> 00:30:50,138
but about what's
inside the moon.
580
00:31:00,025 --> 00:31:03,902
Shatner: Less than four months
after the success of apollo 11,
581
00:31:03,988 --> 00:31:06,822
nasa launches apollo 12,
582
00:31:06,866 --> 00:31:10,284
its second manned
mission to the moon.
583
00:31:12,580 --> 00:31:14,997
On this mission,
one of the key objectives was
584
00:31:15,082 --> 00:31:18,792
to learn more about what's
below the surface of the moon.
585
00:31:19,753 --> 00:31:22,337
One of the big lunar mysteries
that the apollo astronauts
586
00:31:22,423 --> 00:31:24,381
were hoping to at
least answer in part
587
00:31:24,425 --> 00:31:25,883
was what is inside the moon.
588
00:31:26,927 --> 00:31:30,220
We're limited in how much
we can really look at the moon
589
00:31:30,264 --> 00:31:32,681
and look into the moon
to understand its interior
590
00:31:32,766 --> 00:31:34,349
from the earth.
591
00:31:34,435 --> 00:31:36,894
Keating: The
astronauts on apollo 12
592
00:31:36,937 --> 00:31:38,729
left seismometers just like
593
00:31:38,772 --> 00:31:41,064
we use on earth to detect
earthquakes on earth.
594
00:31:41,108 --> 00:31:43,233
They wanted to see
if the moon had these
595
00:31:43,277 --> 00:31:46,361
quaking type behaviors
called moonquakes.
596
00:31:47,239 --> 00:31:50,365
And they wanted to see
how did the moon behave?
597
00:31:50,451 --> 00:31:52,868
What kind of
resonances does it have?
598
00:31:52,953 --> 00:31:55,412
And those are related
to its properties,
599
00:31:55,497 --> 00:31:57,205
its inner structure, its core.
600
00:31:57,291 --> 00:32:00,334
And these are things that
you can learn about only
601
00:32:00,419 --> 00:32:03,545
from placing these seismometers
on the moon's surface.
602
00:32:03,631 --> 00:32:05,923
Teitel: To understand what's
going on inside the moon,
603
00:32:05,966 --> 00:32:08,133
the apollo astronauts
and the scientists at nasa
604
00:32:08,218 --> 00:32:10,058
came up with a really
interesting experiment...
605
00:32:11,013 --> 00:32:13,764
...Which was to crash
things into the moon
606
00:32:13,849 --> 00:32:16,975
and measure their
impact with seismometers.
607
00:32:17,895 --> 00:32:21,438
The idea being if you
smash a known mass
608
00:32:21,523 --> 00:32:24,232
into the lunar surface,
that allows you to understand
609
00:32:24,318 --> 00:32:26,443
exactly the seismic
data that you're seeing.
610
00:32:27,446 --> 00:32:30,197
Shatner: After the astronauts
had safely left the moon's surface,
611
00:32:30,282 --> 00:32:33,617
they intentionally sent
their ascent stage module,
612
00:32:33,661 --> 00:32:35,953
which they no longer needed,
613
00:32:35,996 --> 00:32:38,372
crashing into the moon.
614
00:32:38,457 --> 00:32:41,500
When apollo 12 sent its
lunar module ascent stage
615
00:32:41,585 --> 00:32:44,127
hurtling into the moon,
it hit...
616
00:32:48,300 --> 00:32:52,678
...And the scientists on
earth saw the seismic data,
617
00:32:52,763 --> 00:32:54,930
but it didn't do what
anyone was expecting.
618
00:32:59,979 --> 00:33:04,147
The signal seemed to be going
back and forth inside the moon
619
00:33:04,233 --> 00:33:07,275
almost like it was a
bell that was ringing.
620
00:33:08,070 --> 00:33:10,278
And it went on for an hour.
621
00:33:10,364 --> 00:33:13,490
And no one has been
able to understand why.
622
00:33:14,493 --> 00:33:17,828
Shatner: The moon rang...
623
00:33:17,871 --> 00:33:19,955
Like a bell?
624
00:33:22,209 --> 00:33:25,377
The discovery came as a shock,
and it opened
625
00:33:25,462 --> 00:33:30,090
the door to new,
thought-provoking possibilities.
626
00:33:30,175 --> 00:33:32,384
Dennin: The oscillations
lasted for a very long time,
627
00:33:32,469 --> 00:33:34,553
much longer than we expected.
628
00:33:35,514 --> 00:33:37,931
And that's surprising
fundamentally because we're just
629
00:33:38,017 --> 00:33:40,058
really used to the
way the earth vibrates.
630
00:33:40,144 --> 00:33:41,852
And the moon just
behaves differently,
631
00:33:41,937 --> 00:33:44,771
and it let us know that
the structure of the moon
632
00:33:44,857 --> 00:33:47,691
is very different than
the structure of the earth.
633
00:33:47,776 --> 00:33:50,068
Some people thought that
might mean the moon is hollow.
634
00:33:51,030 --> 00:33:54,239
Bara: The moon
basically resonated,
635
00:33:54,324 --> 00:33:56,575
and to put it the
way nasa put it,
636
00:33:56,660 --> 00:33:59,536
it rang like a bell,
637
00:33:59,621 --> 00:34:02,581
which doesn't really make
any sense if the moon is solid.
638
00:34:02,666 --> 00:34:06,334
Now this can only happen if
there were vast empty spaces
639
00:34:06,420 --> 00:34:07,836
inside the moon
640
00:34:07,921 --> 00:34:09,671
where these sound waves
641
00:34:09,757 --> 00:34:12,340
would be bouncing around
for hours and hours afterwards.
642
00:34:12,384 --> 00:34:14,217
It was not a result
they expected.
643
00:34:14,261 --> 00:34:17,846
So,
it's possible what we're looking at here
644
00:34:17,931 --> 00:34:20,849
is that there are interior
portions of the moon
645
00:34:20,934 --> 00:34:22,642
which are hollowed out.
646
00:34:23,604 --> 00:34:26,480
Shatner: Did the apollo
12 mission actually reveal
647
00:34:26,565 --> 00:34:29,524
that the moon is hollow?
648
00:34:29,568 --> 00:34:32,694
While that may sound
like a farfetched notion,
649
00:34:32,780 --> 00:34:36,490
many researchers believe
that the answer is yes.
650
00:34:36,575 --> 00:34:38,408
And for further evidence,
651
00:34:38,494 --> 00:34:41,203
they point to a classified
experiment that was conducted
652
00:34:41,288 --> 00:34:44,706
on the apollo 17
mission in 1972.
653
00:34:45,959 --> 00:34:49,795
Bara: On apollo 17,
there was a nasa experiment
654
00:34:49,880 --> 00:34:52,214
called chapel bell,
which was classified.
655
00:34:52,299 --> 00:34:54,341
If you think about
the name chapel bell,
656
00:34:54,426 --> 00:34:56,718
it implies something
to do with sound waves
657
00:34:56,804 --> 00:34:58,220
and the ringing of a bell.
658
00:34:58,305 --> 00:35:00,847
But nobody knows
what chapel bell is.
659
00:35:00,933 --> 00:35:04,601
It's 50 years later,
the test itself is still classified.
660
00:35:05,604 --> 00:35:08,438
There's a lot of secrecy
that seems unnecessary,
661
00:35:08,482 --> 00:35:10,857
especially 50 years later.
662
00:35:12,069 --> 00:35:13,360
It doesn't make any sense.
663
00:35:13,445 --> 00:35:15,737
The only reason it makes sense
664
00:35:15,823 --> 00:35:18,740
for the chapel bell experiment,
the separate experiment,
665
00:35:18,826 --> 00:35:22,369
to be classified
is if the results
666
00:35:22,454 --> 00:35:24,329
were something extraordinary,
667
00:35:24,414 --> 00:35:26,915
something unexpected,
and something that implied
668
00:35:27,000 --> 00:35:28,875
that the moon was far,
far different
669
00:35:28,961 --> 00:35:30,877
than nasa had been telling us.
670
00:35:31,839 --> 00:35:34,756
Shatner: What was the
chapel bell experiment?
671
00:35:34,842 --> 00:35:37,425
And what were its results?
672
00:35:37,511 --> 00:35:40,428
Could it have
provided more evidence
673
00:35:40,514 --> 00:35:42,973
to suggest that
the moon is hollow?
674
00:35:43,934 --> 00:35:46,143
And, if so,
has nasa deliberately withheld
675
00:35:46,228 --> 00:35:47,978
this information for 50 years?
676
00:35:51,066 --> 00:35:54,317
Perhaps the answers can be
found by examining bold new plans,
677
00:35:54,361 --> 00:35:58,029
proposed by space agencies
from around the world,
678
00:35:58,115 --> 00:36:01,032
for future missions
that will send astronauts
679
00:36:01,118 --> 00:36:04,161
back to the moon.
680
00:36:11,170 --> 00:36:14,129
Shatner: The moon is the most
visible object in the night sky.
681
00:36:14,214 --> 00:36:16,173
For thousands of years,
humanity has looked up
682
00:36:16,258 --> 00:36:20,093
at this shining celestial
body with a sense of wonder.
683
00:36:20,179 --> 00:36:24,014
But when we look at the moon,
684
00:36:24,057 --> 00:36:28,101
we only ever see one side of it,
because, as it turns out,
685
00:36:28,187 --> 00:36:30,854
the far side of the moon
686
00:36:30,939 --> 00:36:33,523
never faces earth.
687
00:36:33,567 --> 00:36:35,650
Aderin-pocock: Many
people don't realize,
688
00:36:35,736 --> 00:36:38,153
but we only see
one face of the moon.
689
00:36:38,197 --> 00:36:40,113
As the moon orbits
around the earth,
690
00:36:40,199 --> 00:36:43,742
what happens is that it spins,
so the same face of the moon
691
00:36:43,827 --> 00:36:45,827
is always facing
towards the earth.
692
00:36:45,913 --> 00:36:49,331
Kaku: Every night we can look at it,
and it's the same moon
693
00:36:49,416 --> 00:36:52,500
that you've seen ever
since you were a child.
694
00:36:52,586 --> 00:36:54,920
You've never seen the
backside of the moon
695
00:36:55,005 --> 00:36:57,714
unless you've seen pictures
from the space program.
696
00:36:58,634 --> 00:37:01,092
Shatner: Why does
the far side of the moon
697
00:37:01,178 --> 00:37:03,345
never face towards the earth?
698
00:37:03,430 --> 00:37:05,597
Well,
the time that it takes for the moon to do
699
00:37:05,682 --> 00:37:07,682
one complete spin on its axis,
700
00:37:07,768 --> 00:37:09,351
is the same length of time
701
00:37:09,436 --> 00:37:13,688
it takes to orbit
the earth: 27 days.
702
00:37:13,774 --> 00:37:17,108
This effect is known as
"synchronous rotation."
703
00:37:17,194 --> 00:37:18,944
keating: The moon is rotating
704
00:37:19,029 --> 00:37:21,363
and always presents the
same face to the earth.
705
00:37:21,448 --> 00:37:23,782
The question is:
Why does that occur?
706
00:37:23,867 --> 00:37:26,576
And it occurs because the
moon and the earth share energy,
707
00:37:26,662 --> 00:37:28,870
we transfer energy
between one another,
708
00:37:28,956 --> 00:37:31,539
and the moon exerts
force on the earth,
709
00:37:31,583 --> 00:37:33,959
and the earth exerts a force on the moon,
as well.
710
00:37:34,044 --> 00:37:36,127
That reaction on the moon
has caused it to become
711
00:37:36,213 --> 00:37:38,046
what's called "tidally locked."
712
00:37:38,131 --> 00:37:40,090
so, for that reason,
you'll always see
713
00:37:40,175 --> 00:37:41,675
the same side of the moon.
714
00:37:41,760 --> 00:37:44,427
Shatner: Because
the far side of the moon
715
00:37:44,513 --> 00:37:46,388
is not visible from earth,
716
00:37:46,473 --> 00:37:50,267
it is much harder to study
than the moon's near side.
717
00:37:50,310 --> 00:37:54,271
In fact,
nasa has never landed a spacecraft
718
00:37:54,314 --> 00:37:56,731
on the far side of the moon.
719
00:37:57,776 --> 00:38:00,777
But on January 2, 2019,
720
00:38:00,821 --> 00:38:03,613
the chinese government did.
721
00:38:05,492 --> 00:38:07,575
The change'e 4 lunar lander,
722
00:38:07,619 --> 00:38:10,704
part of the chinese
lunar exploration program,
723
00:38:10,789 --> 00:38:12,914
became the first space vehicle
724
00:38:13,000 --> 00:38:15,875
to achieve this historic
accomplishment.
725
00:38:17,629 --> 00:38:19,629
Teitel: China recently landed
726
00:38:19,715 --> 00:38:22,257
a robotic mission on
the far side of the moon,
727
00:38:22,342 --> 00:38:23,925
which is a really
incredible feat
728
00:38:23,969 --> 00:38:25,760
because you don't
have communications
729
00:38:25,846 --> 00:38:27,595
with the earth on the far side.
730
00:38:27,681 --> 00:38:30,598
You have to do it
completely autonomously.
731
00:38:30,684 --> 00:38:32,559
Dennin: The far
side of the moon,
732
00:38:32,644 --> 00:38:34,602
or what we call the
dark side of the moon,
733
00:38:34,688 --> 00:38:36,313
it's always been a
mysterious place.
734
00:38:36,356 --> 00:38:38,982
We don't expect it to
be radically different
735
00:38:39,026 --> 00:38:41,109
than the side that you can see,
736
00:38:41,194 --> 00:38:44,946
but it's still an interesting
question of what's there.
737
00:38:45,032 --> 00:38:48,658
So it's an exciting and very
important thing to explore.
738
00:38:48,702 --> 00:38:51,119
And what's more,
china was doing this,
739
00:38:51,204 --> 00:38:53,788
in part,
to prepare for a human mission to the moon.
740
00:38:53,874 --> 00:38:56,291
It's bringing to light
a renewed interest
741
00:38:56,376 --> 00:38:58,752
in sending humans
to explore the moon.
742
00:38:59,713 --> 00:39:01,880
Shatner: China is not
the only country interested
743
00:39:01,965 --> 00:39:04,799
in sending astronauts
to the moon.
744
00:39:04,885 --> 00:39:07,802
A growing list of nations
are planning similar missions,
745
00:39:07,846 --> 00:39:11,306
including india, israel,
746
00:39:11,391 --> 00:39:13,933
japan, the european union,
747
00:39:14,019 --> 00:39:16,770
- mission control: Ignition...
- Shatner: And the united states.
748
00:39:18,315 --> 00:39:21,691
Aderin-pocock: We're
excited by the moon again.
749
00:39:21,735 --> 00:39:23,902
Taking samples and
getting a better understanding
750
00:39:23,987 --> 00:39:26,071
of the moon is a big driver.
751
00:39:26,156 --> 00:39:29,157
There's lots of science
to be done on the moon.
752
00:39:29,242 --> 00:39:32,827
There are so many mysteries
that remain unresolved.
753
00:39:32,913 --> 00:39:35,914
The renewed interest in the
moon isn't just for science.
754
00:39:35,999 --> 00:39:38,041
There's a whole new
industry popping up
755
00:39:38,085 --> 00:39:40,043
for space tourism.
756
00:39:40,128 --> 00:39:43,588
There's also companies who
are looking to mine the moon
757
00:39:43,673 --> 00:39:46,508
for resources like helium-3
and other rare elements
758
00:39:46,593 --> 00:39:48,885
that we don't have in
abundance on earth,
759
00:39:48,929 --> 00:39:51,346
but are in abundance
on the moon.
760
00:39:51,431 --> 00:39:54,391
There's a whole new wave
of lunar exploration coming
761
00:39:54,476 --> 00:39:56,226
largely to make money off it.
762
00:39:57,229 --> 00:39:59,854
Shatner: The prospect
of more trips to the moon
763
00:39:59,940 --> 00:40:02,607
raises the possibility
that humanity
764
00:40:02,692 --> 00:40:06,152
will finally fulfill one
of its long-held dreams:
765
00:40:07,072 --> 00:40:11,074
Establishing permanent
colonies on the moon.
766
00:40:12,077 --> 00:40:15,578
Kaku: If you want to
create a city on the moon,
767
00:40:15,664 --> 00:40:19,541
the quickest way is
to exploit lava tubes.
768
00:40:19,626 --> 00:40:23,795
Ancient channels of molten
lava that create a tube that can
769
00:40:23,880 --> 00:40:27,048
shelter our astronauts,
readymade.
770
00:40:27,134 --> 00:40:30,093
It's a lunar base
waiting to be inhabited.
771
00:40:30,137 --> 00:40:33,471
Another possibility is why
not take moon rock, melt it,
772
00:40:33,557 --> 00:40:38,017
reform it to create the
building blocks for a lunar city.
773
00:40:38,937 --> 00:40:41,896
Dennin: A permanent
moon base really is
774
00:40:41,982 --> 00:40:45,942
a key steppingstone to exploring
the rest of the solar system
775
00:40:45,986 --> 00:40:48,778
and, eventually, the galaxy.
776
00:40:48,822 --> 00:40:51,906
I'm an optimist at heart,
and I really think the moon
777
00:40:51,992 --> 00:40:54,284
is going to be a
positive next step.
778
00:40:54,327 --> 00:40:56,327
I'm really hopeful for that.
779
00:40:56,413 --> 00:40:59,456
I think that's
something we can do.
780
00:40:59,541 --> 00:41:02,625
Right now,
because of all the asteroids and comets
781
00:41:02,669 --> 00:41:05,295
and-and other threats
that may be out there,
782
00:41:05,338 --> 00:41:08,965
our survival is in question.
783
00:41:09,009 --> 00:41:11,468
Imagine if we could go
to the moon back and forth
784
00:41:11,511 --> 00:41:14,345
in just a few minutes. We
could start building moon bases.
785
00:41:14,431 --> 00:41:16,264
We could turn it
into a second earth,
786
00:41:16,349 --> 00:41:20,310
and we could ensure
humanity's survival into the future.
787
00:41:24,191 --> 00:41:26,941
Shatner: It seems that,
in the near future,
788
00:41:27,027 --> 00:41:28,943
some people will
have the opportunity
789
00:41:29,029 --> 00:41:30,987
to live on the moon.
790
00:41:31,072 --> 00:41:34,908
But if given the choice
between staying here on earth
791
00:41:34,993 --> 00:41:36,826
or living on a moon colony...
792
00:41:37,871 --> 00:41:39,871
...What would you do?
793
00:41:40,707 --> 00:41:43,124
Would you stick
to what you know?
794
00:41:43,168 --> 00:41:45,084
Or are you drawn
795
00:41:45,170 --> 00:41:48,963
to that luminous sphere,
796
00:41:49,049 --> 00:41:51,549
compelled to learn its secrets,
797
00:41:51,635 --> 00:41:55,136
and inspired to explore
the surface of the moon
798
00:41:55,180 --> 00:41:57,430
in order to explain...
799
00:41:57,516 --> 00:41:59,474
The unexplained?63978
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