All language subtitles for through.the.wormhole.s01e08.beyond.the.darkness.hdtv.xvid-momentum

All around the
Universe, stars are exploding.

They are cosmic catastrophes.

But to these scientists,

they are beacons
in the depths of space.

They illuminate an epic battle

between two mysterious
and invisible forces.

To one
we owe our very existence.

The other
is trying to tear us apart.

Now we're
in a struggle of our own

to understand
these colossal forces,

to learn to see
beyond the darkness.

Space, time, life itself.

The secrets of the cosmos
lie through the wormhole.

♪ Through the Wormhole 1x08 ♪
Beyond the Darkness
Original air date on July 28, 2010

-- sync, corrected by elderman --
-- for www.Addic7ed.Com --

You, me, the sun, stars --

everything we see
has one thing in common.

We're all made of atoms.

Atoms make up almost all the
matter in the known Universe,

but...There is a whole lot more
to the cosmos,

a side we're
only just beginning to see.

Our bodies, our homes,
our world,

even the vast void of space

is teeming
with a mysterious substance...

...A form of matter so strange

that many scientists
once doubted its very existence.

But in 2009, an incredibly
sensitive particle detector

caught the first glimpse of it.

It's an Earth-shaking discovery,

and it's forcing us
to radically reassess

our place in the Universe

and even our eventual fate.

As a boy, I used to lie
in my room at night,

gripped by fear that something
was out there in the darkness.

Was that a demon...

Or my clothes
slung over the back of a chair?

I'd shine my flashlight at the
furthest corner of the closet,

hoping to catch the phantom
presence I sensed lurking there.

Well, I never did find
anything in the shadows.

But just because
you can't see something

doesn't mean
there's nothing there.

In the 1960s, a young astronomer
called Vera Rubin

decided to explore an area of
space that was little-studied.

I had 2 children,
one almost 2 and one almost 4,

and I didn't like the idea

of competing with astronomers
for real hot topics.

Vera Rubin knew

if she studied something sexy,
like black holes,

other astronomers would end up
beating her to publication.

So instead she began surfing
the galactic backwaters.

I'm not sure I really know

why I was studying galaxies,

except they seemed
very mysterious to me,

and there was not a lot known,

especially about
their motions -- almost nothing.

Vera first trained her telescope

on the Milky Way's closest
galactic neighbor, Andromeda.

Like most galaxies, it had
a dense central bulge of stars.

She expected
the billions of stars

circling around
this central bulge

to orbit just like
the planets in our solar system,

obeying Isaac Newton's
laws of gravity.

The further away
they are from the center,

the slower they orbit.

This is a model
of the solar system

that my father built for me

about 40 years ago,
when he retired,

that shows exactly what
Newton knew from his theories.

The four
that you're seeing here --

Mercury, Venus,
Earth, and Mars --

Mars is going the slowest,
the Earth the next slowest.

Mercury is
the most rapidly moving.

Because the force of gravity
is considerably less for Mars

than it is for Mercury,

the orbit
is correspondingly slower.

This is exactly
the pattern Vera expected to see

when she studied stars as
they orbited in their galaxies.

The further from the center, the
slower they should be moving.

But that's not what Vera found.

It took us about two years

to get velocities of 90 stars
in the Andromeda galaxy.

And the results
were rather startling.

We found that all of the stars

were moving
at the same velocity,

the same number,
250 kilometers per second.

For the next few years,

every galaxy Vera looked at

gave her the same
seemingly crazy results.

All the stars all the way
to the edge of the galaxies

were moving at the same speed,

completely different from
the way the solar system works.

The only explanation

was that the force of gravity
did not get weaker

the further a star was
from the center of a galaxy.

But that could only happen

if the galaxies had more mass
than astronomers could see.

The explanation
was that there must be

very significant amounts
of matter that are invisible.

In fact, perhaps 90% or 95%
of the material in the galaxy

is invisible.

This was
a truly revolutionary idea.

Galaxies might be filled
with an unseeable substance,

something scientists could only
think to call "Dark Matter."

But such a radical theory
demanded ironclad evidence.

Soon dozens of astronomers were
checking Vera's observations,

either struggling
to disprove her

or scrambling to discover

what or where this
mysterious Dark Matter might be.

I did
find it amazing, and amusing,

that I had picked this field
because I was interested

in doing something
that no one would care about,

and suddenly I was involved with
lots and lots of astronomers

who had ideas and observations,
and it was a hot topic.

Across the Atlantic in England,

leading cosmologist Carlos Frenk

began to investigate
the idea of Dark Matter,

using not telescopes
but equations.

Take Newton's laws of gravity
and feed them

into a highly sophisticated
computer simulation...

Then go for lunch.

This is the cosmology machine,
a very large supercomputer

whose only purpose
is to simulate the Universe.

It's made up of 1,300 computers
all working together.

Even then, it takes months

to complete a simulation
of a small part of our Universe.

This is awesome computing power
almost beyond imagination,

but that's what it takes if you
want to emulate the Universe.

Carlos
started out his simulation

with what scientists think the
early Universe was made of --

a giant cloud of gas
floating in empty space.

Then he sat back and waited

to see if his cosmology machine
could build a galaxy

like the ones we see.

What happens if you try to make
a galaxy in a computer

using simply
the material that we can see?

What happens is,
you end up with a failed galaxy.

Stars form, they evolve,

the biggest ones explode
as supernovae,

and they inject so much energy.

But there just
isn't enough gravity

to keep these gases together,

so the galaxy essentially
blows itself apart.

The gas dissipates,
leaving very little behind.

This is not
how our Universe is made.

So Carlos started to add
Dark Matter to his equations --

first a little, then more,

and eventually five times
as much of it as visible matter.

After several weeks,

something strange came
out of the cosmology machine --

strange
because it was so familiar.

This is a computer simulation
of the formation of the galaxy,

now with invisible Dark Matter
and gas, shown here in green.

About a billion years
after the Big Bang,

clumps of Dark Matter formed.

Gas fell into these clumps,
turning to stars.

But attracted
by the force of Dark Matter --

invisible Dark Matter,
gravity --

these clumps came together,

fused to build
ever larger structures,

so that 10 billion years later,

a beautiful spiral galaxy
like our Milky Way was formed.

Carlos has shown

that galaxies should form
when filled with Dark Matter.

But is there any way to prove

that this
is what actually happened?

In Edinburgh, Scotland,

Richard Massey is still
trying to answer that question

and is pioneering a new way
of detecting Dark Matter --

gravitational lensing.

It's all thanks to the genius
of this man.

Albert Einstein saw space
in a new way --

as a bendable,
malleable material

that is influenced by gravity.

Anything that has mass --
a star or a galaxy --

can bend the fabric of space
and act like a lens.

As it bends space, so the light
traveling past it is also bent.

Dark Matter
doesn't reflect light,

it doesn't absorb light,
it doesn't emit light.

Light just passes
straight through it unaffected.

So we have to look
for something else --

the way it affects,
gravitationally,

things around it
that we can see.

Now, this idea of light
being deflected and bent

by warped space-time
sounds crazy,

but actually it's very familiar.

We see light being bent
all the time --

every time you look through
the bottom of a wineglass.

Let me show you what I mean.

Although the bottom
of the wineglass is transparent

and light passes straight
through it, you know it's there

because of these distorted
images in the background.

Dark Matter is exactly the same.

It bends light, through
a different physical effect,

but the net result
is the same -- that these images

of very distinct galaxies
appear distorted

whenever there's some
Dark Matter in front of them.

For two years,

Richard has been leading a team
of international astronomers

and directing
a fleet of telescopes

to scour
one section of the night sky

for every single
visible gravitational lens arc.

So, what we're seeing here is
gravitational lensing in action.

All of the yellow blobs
that we see are galaxies

in a group
which are fairly near to us.

These strange shapes,
these arcs,

are actually
very distant galaxies,

and the light
from those distant galaxies

has to pass
nearer the yellow blobs,

which are foreground galaxies.

And because they bend space,

they bend the light rays
from the distant galaxies,

distorting their images

into these circular,
arclike patterns.

But when Richard
runs calculations

on the amount the light from
the distant galaxies is bent

and compares it to the visible
mass of the foreground galaxies,

he finds it's warped
much more than it should be.

His conclusion?

An invisible shroud
of Dark Matter

must engulf all the galaxies.

From the amount of gravitational
lensing they produce,

we find that there's
about five times as much

of this Dark Matter as there is
the ordinary material.

So what we can see
is but the tip of an iceberg

in the Universe --
most of it is Dark Matter.

Everywhere astronomers look,

they are starting to sense the
heavy presence of Dark Matter.

But Richard Massey is
about to go a huge step further

and take the first picture
of this cosmic giant.

And when he does,
we've discovered

that Dark Matter
is more important to us

than we ever imagined.

Astronomer Richard Massey
has spent several years

trying to prove
the existence of Dark Matter,

an invisible substance
that seems to form a shroud

around every galaxy
in the cosmos.

He's exploring
one small corner of the Universe

in incredible detail

in an attempt to make the
first-ever map of Dark Matter.

This is
a real picture of the sky.

The Hubble Space Telescope sees
an incredible number of galaxies

with minute precision.

So we're able to measure
their shapes very accurately,

and it's
the distortion in those shapes

when the light
from those galaxies is bent

on its way to us,
past Dark Matter,

that lets us map out the
invisible part of the Universe.

As it bends its way
towards Earth,

past galaxy after galaxy,

that light traces the contours
of a cosmic map of Dark Matter.

For one section of the Universe,

he's rendered
the invisible visible.

For the first time,
this is the map, in 3-D,

of what the Universe
actually looks like --

what the main constituents
of the Universe are.

And if some alien
were to come to our Universe

and start to look around

and if he could see all of the
constituents of our Universe,

this is what
he will say it would look like.

It's a cosmic soup
of Dark Matter.

Wherever the soup is thickest,
that's where galaxies form.

Here we see
the same map of Dark Matter,

just seen end-on.

On the left, what we see
is actually the positions

of all the galaxies and
all the gas in the Universe --

all the ordinary material.

So, wherever there's
a giant cluster of galaxies,

there's a large concentration
of Dark Matter.

Here we have
a large cluster of galaxies,

and here is the corresponding
halo around it of Dark Matter.

What we find
when we overlay them

is that
they're in the same place,

that the ordinary matter

lives inside
this dark-matter scaffolding.

And what Richard has
done for one corner of the sky,

Carlos Frenk has now done

with a simulation
of the whole Universe.

We can see here

the intricate patterns
that the Dark Matter forms,

this network
of filaments and lumps

that we refer to
as the cosmic Web.

It is in these clumps
of Dark Matter

that galaxies like the Milky Way
would have formed

as these gases cooled
and condensed inside them,

eventually producing stars.

The Dark Matter
is the skeleton of the Universe.

It is the scaffolding
that allows galaxies to form.

The implication
is extraordinary.

Dark Matter has allowed
everything we know to form.

Without Dark Matter,
there would be no galaxies.

Without galaxies,
there would be no stars.

Without stars,
there would be no planets.

Without planets,
there would be no life.

Dark Matter,

an idea that came
out of left field 40 years ago,

is now much more than an idea.

It turns out to be
crucial to our very existence,

and, slowly, we're closing in
on how it works.

We know
it doesn't interact with light.

We know it feels the force
of gravity.

Then, in 2004,
a telescope caught this image,

and we learned something new
about Dark Matter.

4 billion light-years away --

that's 1/3 of the way
across the known Universe --

two clusters of galaxies
are colliding.

It's a strike
of incredible power.

Trillions of stars
hurtle past one another

at 3,000 miles per second.

One galaxy cluster

is distorted by the shock wave
into a bullet shape

and gives the event its name --

the Bullet Cluster Collision.

It's the kind
of cosmic spectacle

that delights astronomers.

But even more exciting,
it reveals Dark Matter

to be stranger than anyone
could possibly have imagined.

The Bullet Cluster is actually

two separate clusters
of galaxies,

both of which contain
Dark Matter, shown in blue,

and ordinary material,
here shown in pink.

And when they
smashed into each other,

it was like
a giant cosmic car crash.

The ordinary material
slowed down.

It started glowing in x-rays,
and it slowed down.

It stopped, basically,
close to the point of impact.

But the Dark Matter,
shown in blue,

kept going after the impact
and ended up further away

from the point of collision
than the ordinary material.

To understand
how this can happen,

we need a crash course
in galactic collisions.

So, in this experiment,

we're gonna represent the
ordinary material with the cars,

but we're gonna add
an extra ingredient --

these particles
representing Dark Matter.

And we're gonna see
how they behave differently

during a collision.

The ordinary matter behaved
just like you'd expect it to --

it stopped.

Dark Matter
is fundamentally different.

The Dark Matter
doesn't interact in any way,

so it just passed
straight through the collision.

It kept on going,

and we now see it
further from the point of impact

than the ordinary material,
which stopped.

The Bullet Cluster
is the best proof that we have

that all this missing material

that astronomers have seen
for decades

has very different properties
to the ordinary matter.

It's something completely new,

and science knows
very little about it.

It doesn't feel ordinary matter.
It doesn't even feel itself.

And when the two lumps of dark
matter smashed into each other,

they didn't even notice.

They just passed
straight through.

Cosmic disasters
halfway across the Universe

have proved
that Dark Matter is out there

and unlike anything we know --

invisible, intangible,
almost like a ghost.

Could we ever devise a way

to see a piece
of this elusive substance?

Some scientists believe
it may be possible,

but to find it, they're not
looking up in the heavens.

They're headed down into the
deep, dark bowels of the Earth.

We live in a Universe
of matter and light --

matter that makes us
and light that sustains us.

But now we know that's only
a small fraction of reality.

Our Universe is also teeming

with a mysterious substance
we call "Dark Matter."

We can't see it...
We can't touch it...

But it's everywhere.

Billions
of dark-matter particles

pass through our bodies
every second.

Now, if science can somehow

trap one of these particles
and study it,

then we might finally understand

what most of the Universe
is made of...

And what this
really means for us.

In the past century,

physicists have worked out
that all matter is built

from about
20 basic subatomic particles.

They go by names

like bosons, electrons,
quarks, and neutrinos.

But they also suspect other
more exotic particles exist.

There are
plenty of theories out there

for what Dark Matter might be.

We're gradually
working through the list

and trying to rule them out
one by one.

That's the scientific method.

The favorite theory
for what Dark Matter is

is a supersymmetric particle --
that is to say

that all the ordinary particles
that we know about

have this sort
of a mirror image,

that there's
this extra set of particles

that is in the dark sector

that don't interact in any way
with the ordinary material

except through the force
of gravity, which is very weak.

Scientists have another name

for these
dark-matter particles --

weakly interacting
massive particles,

"wimps" for short.

Wimps hardly ever interact
with atoms of normal matter,

so capturing and studying them
is really hard.

And since the world is full
of particles of regular matter,

it's all too easy to end up
snagging them by mistake

and letting the wimps get away.

Dan Bauer has found the perfect
place to hunt for wimps --

down an abandoned Minnesota iron
mine half a mile underground.

We're now
heading down underground

into the Soudan
Underground Laboratory.

It'll be
about a 3-minute trip down.

This is the same way the miners
used to go down before 1960

to do the iron mining.

It's about
2,341 feet underground,

or about half a mile.

It's not the first place
you'd think of to do physics,

but, on the other hand,
we're down here for a reason.

We're down here to avoid the
particles coming from space --

the so-called
cosmic-ray particles.

We've arrived at level 27.

You'd think
half a mile of bedrock

would be enough of a shield
from background noise

to make wimp-hunting a cinch...

But it's not.

The wimp detectors are buried

inside several more feet
of solid metal

and heavy plastic shielding.

Throughout
the rock of the cavern,

the materials around us,
even in us,

there are
small amounts of radioactivity.

Those particles,
if they got to our detectors,

would be a huge background

such that we would
never be able to see wimps.

And this shield

prevents those particles
from reaching the detectors

because we're trying to find
wimps, not background particles.

Inside the shield

is a stack
of 18 hockey-puck-sized crystals

of solid germanium.

They're designed to pick up
the faintest of vibrations

if and when a wimp bumps
into one of the germanium atoms.

To have a chance of doing that,

they have to be
ultrapure and ultracold.

This is our model
of a germanium crystal.

These tennis balls represent the
germanium atoms in the crystal.

And at room temperature,

what's happening is that
all of these atoms are moving

relative to one another.

This is what we know as heat.

What would happen if you tossed
a wimp into this crystal?

You wouldn't even notice
the difference,

because the crystal
is vibrating so much.

However, if I cool this crystal
down to very near absolute zero

so that the motion
of the atoms stops,

then if I toss our wimp
into the crystal,

I see the vibration
of the crystal,

and that's the signal
we're looking for.

Looking for particles

that hardly ever interact
with normal matter

is not a job for the impatient.

There are millions of wimps
passing through us every second.

And because
they're weakly interacting,

they do exactly that --

they pass right through us
and just go on their way.

They pass through the entire
Earth and go on their way.

We maybe expect
one or two of these

to interact in our detectors
per year.

So, incredibly low rate.

To help prevent false positives,

the data is blindly collected
in a sealed box

on the hard drive of a computer.

No one on the team is allowed
to search it for wimp signals

for an entire year.

And then they look and hope.

In 2007, when we last opened
the box and found nothing,

it was certainly
a bit disappointing

because we had been running
the experiment for a year.

But it had taken us almost seven
years to build the experiment,

and so it would have been nice
to find something at that point.

But after seven years
and tens of millions of dollars,

Dan and his team
of wimp catchers

were not about to give up.

And in late 2009,

they opened the box on another
entire year's worth of data.

What you see in this region

is where the
background radiation would be.

These are events
we're not interested in.

We know that they're not wimps.

In this area,

bordered by the magenta
and above this green line,

is where we should see wimps.

If any of these
are wimp candidates,

then they will turn red
when we open the box.

So, let's just click through.

This detector doesn't have
any red dots in that area,

so there are no wimp candidates.

Same with this one and this one.

Ah, but look here --

we do have one
that appears right here

in the region that we
would expect a wimp to appear.

Nothing here.
Nothinghere.

Oh!
But look right down here.

We have one that just made it
into the region

that we think
is the wimp region.

Two events,
two possible wimp impacts

in one year
of 24-hour-a-day detecting.

For the first time,
we may have actually trapped

pieces of this elusive
Dark Matter.

This could be a giant leap

toward understanding
what Dark Matter really is.

But Dan's not 100% sure

that what he has
are even wimps at all.

So the search must go on.

It's exciting,

but you have to temper
that excitement as a scientist

and realize
that you haven't proven it yet.

If we see half a dozen wimps,
say, in this next run,

what we will be able to say is,
definitively,

there is Dark Matter getting
down to this level of Soudan,

which means that Earth
is surrounded by Dark Matter

and the Milky Way
has Dark Matter.

If a wimp is found, it opens up
a whole new range of physics.

If there is this extra

supersymmetric class
of particles out of there,

they're doing
their own interruptions,

they're doing their own thing,
and that really,

since it's the main stuff
in the Universe,

that's what's going on
in the Universe.

We're just
the little bit on the side.

But just as scientists
begin to feel

they're getting a handle
on Dark Matter,

they discover
something very strange.

Dark Matter may be the stuff

that's allowed
our galaxy to form,

but it's not
the end of the story.

At the dawn of the 21st century,

a space probe found something
else hiding in the darkness.

While Dark Matter
strives to hold us all together,

this force might be preparing
to destroy the entire Universe.

We now know
that the visible Universe

is nothing more
than a layer of foam

floating on a vast sea
of Dark Matter.

Astronomers find themselves
adrift on this unfamiliar ocean.

Saul Perlmutter
has been navigating these waters

for the past two decades,
trying to determine

what Dark Matter might mean
for our eventual fate.

As a young student in physics,
I very much wanted to measure

something
that seemed fundamental,

which is,
what's the fate of the Universe?

Will the Universe last forever,

or someday will it
come to a halt and collapse?

Saul chose
to walk in the footsteps

of the 20th century's
most illustrious astronomer,

Edwin Hubble.

Back in the 1920s,
Hubble began a meticulous survey

of dozens of galaxies
in the night sky.

But he noticed
something strange.

Almost all of the galaxies
were tinged red.

Just as sound coming
from objects moving away from us

gets lower...

...Light gets redder.

Hubble deduced that every galaxy
in the Universe

is actually
hurtling away from us.

There was only one conclusion --
the Universe must be expanding.

But he couldn't tell how fast.

Why?

Because galaxies that are close
and relatively dim

look very similar to those that
are far away but very bright,

so he couldn't judge
their distance.

Of course, the tricky thing
is that you need to know

how bright
the actual galaxies are

if you're going to tell
how far away they are.

If you're a sailor out at sea

and you're looking at a distant
lighthouse through the fog,

you don't know whether
it's a very bright lighthouse

and you're very far away

or whether
it's a very faint lighthouse

and you're very nearby.

This is
the fundamental problem, then,

that astronomers
have had to struggle with

through the last centuries.

But there is
a solution to this problem.

Astrophysicists have known
since the 1980s

about a particular type
of star explosion

called a type 1A Supernova.

When a star
slightly bigger than our sun

runs out of fuel to burn,

it shrinks down
into a dimmer, denser state

known as a white dwarf.

There it hangs in a netherworld
between life and death.

But the dwarf
still has the potential

to spring back into life
if it can find fresh fuel.

When a white dwarf
is part of a two-star system,

the neighboring star
can provide that fuel.

Once the gravity
of the white dwarf

has snagged enough mass
from its companion,

there's no turning back.

It explodes.

Its temperature rises
to more than a billion degrees,

and most of its gas
is blown off into space.

These type 1A Supernovae
are just perfect for our purpose

because it's always
the same amount of mass

just when it explodes, and so
it makes the same brightness

when it reaches its peak.

It brightens in a few weeks,
it fades away in a few months,

and if you can catch it

and watch just
that little bit of an event,

even billions of years later,
when the light arrives at us,

you have a standard star,
a standard candle,

to recognize distances with.

Brilliant explosions
borne from identical mass,

all giving off exactly
the same amount of light.

How much reached us should
tell us how far away each was.

In principle,
the idea should have worked,

but in practice,
there was a problem.

Now, it sounds great,

but they're a real
pain in the neck to work with.

You only find a couple of them
per millennium

in any given galaxy
that you look at,

and you never know
when one's gonna go off,

so it's not very easy

to schedule the largest
telescopes in the world,

which have to be booked
months in advance.

It doesn't make
a very good proposal to say,

"I would like
the night of march the 3rd

"because sometime
in the next 500 years,

a supernova's going to explode."

Then Saul and his team
had a flash of inspiration --

take identical
wide-angle pictures of the sky

several weeks apart
and use an automated program

to search them
for the flashes of supernovas.

The idea
being that if we could develop

a sophisticated enough
computer software,

it could compare those thousands
and thousands of galaxies

that we have in those images
that we collected

and find the ones
that had a new speck of light

that wasn't there
three weeks earlier.

And those specks would be
the supernova discoveries.

In just over five years,

Saul and his team
spot 38 different stars

in 38 different galaxies
go supernova.

Their ability to spot
these exploding fireballs

becomes legendary,

and when they finally
have enough data

to measure what is happening
to the Universe,

they produce the biggest shock
in astronomy

since the great Hubble himself.

The picture
that we all had at the time was,

the Universe is expanding,

that all of the stuff
in the Universe

gravitationally attracts all
the other stuff in the Universe,

so it should be
slowing the expansion.

The question has always been,
"how far will that go?

How long will it last?
Will it slow to a halt someday?"

What we found when we
put the points on the plot

was none of the above --
it wasn't slowing at all.

Apparently,
the Universe is, in fact,

speeding up in its expansion.

Saul's team had discovered

a totally unexpected
and unexplained

repulsion between galaxies

that is gradually
blowing the Universe apart.

They called it...

Dark Energy.

It was startling
to think that the Universe

is apparently not mostly the
stuff that we're used to seeing

that gravitationally attracts,
but may be dominated

by something
that we've never studied before.

We call it now "Dark Energy,"

where the "dark"
refers to our ignorance,

not to the color of the stuff.

We know very little about it

except that it does want
the Universe --

makes the Universe expand
faster and faster.

Ignition.
Lift-off. We have lift-off.

In the summer of 2001,

a Delta II rocket hurls a small
scientific probe into space.

Little does anyone know
at the time,

but this probe will tell us

something truly astonishing
about Dark Energy.

It is called WMAP,

and its task is to peer
further out across space

and further back in time
than ever before,

to study the faint echoes
of the Big Bang.

David Spergel
is a WMAP scientist.

We're really getting a snapshot

of what the Universe looked like
very close to The Big Bang,

back in a time
when it was very simple.

And we can use that information
about the early Universe

to learn a great deal.

We like to think about this

as kind of taking
the Universe's baby picture.

For six months,

WMAP probe slowly builds up
a mosaic of the baby Universe,

reading the tiny fluctuations

in the temperature
of the embers of the Big Bang.

You can think about the early
Universe a lot like this lake --

nearly perfectly uniform
and smooth.

In the early Universe,

there were tiny variations
in density from place to place.

These variations
set off sound waves,

a lot like these ripples
you see in the lake here.

The way these ripples behave

depends upon
the depth of the lake,

the properties of the water.

And these ripples
would look a lot different

if I was throwing this
in a lake filled with Mercury.

So, by measuring the rate
at which the ripples move,

how they spread with time,

I can learn about
the properties of the lake.

Works the same way
with the early Universe.

By studying the size and shape

of the ripples
of the microwave background,

we can infer the composition of
the lake, or the early Universe.

Untangling all those ripples

in the echo of the Big Bang

is a monumental task
of data analysis.

David and his team
crunch piles of numbers

and wrestle with
complex equations tirelessly

for an entire year and a half.

But eventually they unravel,
with incredible precision,

just what the Universe
is made of.

So today, atoms make up
about 5% -- 4.6% to be precise.

Dark Matter makes up about 23%.

And what's very strange is,

72% is made up
of this Dark Energy.

Put another way,
Dark Matter dwarfs us,

but Dark Energy,
a mysterious, repulsive force

that scientists
do not understand at all,

dwarfs Dark Matter.

It makes up very nearly
3/4 of the Universe.

In the last century,
we've come on from thinking

that the entire Universe
was within our own Milky Way

to knowing
that there are actually

billions of other galaxies
out there,

like the Milky Way
but separate from us.

We now even know
that the Universe is expanding.

They're all moving away from us.

What's more, that expansion
is actually accelerating.

The Universe has gone from being

this very familiar,
sort of homey place

to being this huge, vast, vast
expanse of emptiness.

Dark Energy rules the Universe,

and it appears to be
growing stronger day by day.

How long will it be
before this mysterious force

rips apart
every atom in the cosmos?

Peering into the darkness

is revolutionizing
the way we see the cosmos

and ourselves.

Only 5% of the Universe
is made of atoms,

the stuff we're made of.

Almost 1/4 of the Universe
is Dark Matter,

a substance
that allowed galaxies to form.

And 3/4 is Dark Energy,

an inexplicable force that's
trying to push everything apart.

How will this struggle end?

Could it eventually
tear our Universe to pieces?

Brenna Flaugher
plans on solving this puzzle

by measuring just how powerful
Dark Energy is.

And this is the device
she's going to use.

It's the digital eye
of a new telescope

called the Dark Energy camera.

So, we want to understand
Dark Energy as best we can.

We need to gather
as much information as possible.

This sensor has
an incredible 520 megapixels.

Each one,
chilled by liquid helium,

is capable of picking up
particles of light

that have traveled across the
Universe for billions of years.

We're going deeper than
other cameras have in the past,

so we're measuring stuff
further and further back in time

and also doing it quickly
with this big camera.

The Dark Energy camera

will be able to cover
huge swaths of the sky

in a single night

and will keep on doing so
for five years,

slowly building up more detail
in its images,

searching for clues about
how Dark Energy has evolved

as our Universe has evolved.

Right now the information
that we have about Dark Energy

is that it's
getting stronger and stronger

and the Universe
is expanding faster and faster.

And we don't know why.

And since we don't know why,
we don't know what comes next.

We want to take
these deeper surveys

to try to understand that.

The hope is that these surveys

will reveal
our Universe's future

by looking back at its
14 billion years of development

in unprecedented detail.

As best as scientists
understand it now,

Dark Matter
was the dominant force

in determining
the form of the Universe

in its first 7 billion years.

It was Dark Matter, after all,
that allowed galaxies to form,

attracting regular matter
with its invisible mass.

In its second 7 billion years,

Dark Energy grew,
overtook Dark Matter,

and now seems to be winning
the cosmic contest,

driving galaxies further and
further away from one another.

The way that
we're going to understand better

what is this Dark Energy

that's accelerating
through the Universe today

is to go back in time
and look at,

when did Dark Energy
first start to become important?

When did we switch from
a Universe that was slowing down

to a Universe that's speeding
up, and how did that happen?

What was the actual history

of the switch
from slowing to speeding?

If you can get
a very detailed history

of the expansion
of the Universe,

that will differentiate

between these different theories
of Dark Energy.

And that's one of the jobs
that we're tackling right now.

Where will
this mighty battle end...

A truce or a crushing victory
for one side?

It all depends
on what Dark Energy actually is,

and there are
several competing theories.

One of the more ominous
calls it "Phantom Energy."

Out of all these many theories
of Dark Energy,

one of them is that it's this
Phantom Energy, it's called.

And that has
this interesting consequence

that as it's accelerating
the expansion of the Universe,

making it bigger and bigger,

its acceleration gets
faster and faster and faster.

If Dark Energy
is this phantom energy,

it's accelerating
the expansion of the Universe

so much that the Universe
gets bigger and bigger,

more rarified and diluted,

and eventually galaxies
will start to get torn apart.

Even after that, solar systems
will get pulled apart,

and then stars, and eventually
even the constituent

atoms and particles
that the Universe is made of

will get ripped apart in
what is known as the big rip.

But there is one bright spot

in this dark
and threatening picture.

One thing that we know
little about, Dark Matter,

may end up being the best tool
to study Dark Energy.

Dark Energy is a force

that's trying to push
the Universe apart.

Dark Matter is trying to clump
things together.

And it's the interplay
of these two things

that has led to the formation

of the structures that we see
in the Universe today.

And so by understanding

how fast the galaxy clusters
form and clump together,

that tells us about Dark Matter
but also about how much

Dark Energy was pushing it apart
at the same time.

Scientists using
something they barely understand

to try to get a handle

on something
they don't understand at all.

These are truly strange days
in cosmology.

We have come a long way

in a quest
to understand the Universe.

I remember 30 years ago,

when the mere concept
of Dark Matter

was deemed to be revolutionary.

It was speculative.
It was even somewhat heretical.

I would have never dreamt then
that 30 years later,

truly alien concepts
like Dark Matter and Dark Energy

are actually taken for granted.

Turns out I was right.

There really is
something in the shadows.

But I never knew
just how important it was.

From the corner
of my own bedroom

to the farthest reaches
of space,

darkness dominates
the Universe...

And controls our fate.

So far, the struggle between
Dark Matter and Dark Energy

has been good to us.

After all, without it,
there would be

no galaxies, no planets,
no you, no me.

But our days may be numbered.

One day...

Darkness could extinguish
the light...

Forever.

Until we fully understand
these colossal forces,

what ultimately lies in store,
heaven only knows.

-- sync, corrected by elderman --
-- for www.Addic7ed.Com --