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In kindergarten,
I realized that the world
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was not what I
was told it would be.
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00:00:23,417 --> 00:00:26,997
The dogma, the theatrics,
were now transparent.
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00:00:29,500 --> 00:00:31,420
Killing
and enslaving other beings,
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00:00:31,625 --> 00:00:34,665
created a dilemma
for the Roman Catholic Church.
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00:00:34,917 --> 00:00:36,167
The compromise...
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00:00:36,250 --> 00:00:38,630
freedom for the savages,
the Indians.
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00:00:38,875 --> 00:00:42,125
Slavery for the barbarians,
the Africans.
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00:00:43,166 --> 00:00:45,956
Brought by force,
and pushed to death.
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00:00:46,166 --> 00:00:48,456
A state-sponsored genocide.
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00:00:50,959 --> 00:00:54,459
The 18th century was
called "The Age of Revolutions."
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00:00:54,542 --> 00:00:57,502
But one usually thinks
of the American Revolution,
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00:00:57,709 --> 00:01:01,379
not the Haitian Revolution,
which played a central role
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00:01:01,458 --> 00:01:04,458
in the collapse
of the entire system of slavery.
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00:01:04,959 --> 00:01:07,209
The silencing
of the Haitian Revolution
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00:01:07,458 --> 00:01:10,288
is part of a narrative
of global domination.
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00:01:10,792 --> 00:01:14,632
The debt owed to Haiti
still remains to be paid.
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00:01:42,417 --> 00:01:45,377
Since its first
appearance in East Africa,
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the human species has been
on a long migration,
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00:01:48,667 --> 00:01:51,957
first to Asia,
and then to Central Europe.
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00:01:54,208 --> 00:01:57,958
This process, lasting
for multiple thousands of years,
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00:01:58,041 --> 00:02:01,291
can be considered
as the premise of globalization.
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00:02:03,417 --> 00:02:04,707
On these roads,
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00:02:04,792 --> 00:02:08,582
the circulation of the most
vital and decisive commodities
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00:02:08,667 --> 00:02:11,207
would permit the survival
of the human race
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00:02:11,291 --> 00:02:13,331
and its adaptation
on the planet.
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00:02:15,333 --> 00:02:18,293
And along these roads,
for better or worse,
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00:02:18,375 --> 00:02:20,495
silk, of course,
would circulate,
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00:02:20,583 --> 00:02:24,503
but also religion, language,
refugees, artists,
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00:02:24,583 --> 00:02:27,463
technology, and pandemics.
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00:02:33,375 --> 00:02:37,495
People create
families, tribes, nations.
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00:02:37,583 --> 00:02:40,333
Sometimes,
they need to protect the family,
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00:02:40,417 --> 00:02:44,417
defend the tribe,
increase the nation's resources.
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00:02:44,500 --> 00:02:47,500
Sometimes,
it's just about surviving.
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00:02:47,583 --> 00:02:50,923
Other times,
it's for the wrong reasons.
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00:02:51,000 --> 00:02:53,750
But whether for protection
or conquest,
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00:02:53,834 --> 00:02:55,834
for preservation or profit,
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00:02:55,917 --> 00:02:59,327
these acts
might require being armed.
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00:02:59,417 --> 00:03:02,537
And over the centuries,
we lost our purpose,
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00:03:02,625 --> 00:03:04,035
and then our bearings.
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00:03:35,542 --> 00:03:39,042
-Fire!
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00:03:55,792 --> 00:03:58,542
At the beginning,
the very powerful Moguls,
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00:03:58,625 --> 00:04:02,535
whose empire was founded
in 1526 in India,
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00:04:02,625 --> 00:04:05,455
were more developed
than any European state.
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00:04:06,875 --> 00:04:10,705
But they had no ships
able to withstand artillery fire
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00:04:10,792 --> 00:04:12,632
or carry heavy guns.
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00:04:12,709 --> 00:04:15,169
Instead of building up
their own fleet,
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00:04:15,250 --> 00:04:18,210
the Moguls chose to purchase
defense services
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00:04:18,291 --> 00:04:20,131
from these European states.
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00:04:22,125 --> 00:04:24,665
This extremely
lucrative commerce
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00:04:24,750 --> 00:04:25,960
would lead to the creation
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00:04:26,041 --> 00:04:29,041
of the first
multinational corporations ever,
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00:04:30,000 --> 00:04:32,330
the British East India Company
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00:04:32,417 --> 00:04:34,537
and The Dutch
East India Company.
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00:04:35,959 --> 00:04:38,209
Meanwhile,
the Chinese had already
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00:04:38,291 --> 00:04:39,581
discovered gunpowder
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00:04:39,667 --> 00:04:41,917
and had already cast
the first cannon
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00:04:42,000 --> 00:04:43,830
in the mid-13th century.
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00:04:46,125 --> 00:04:48,785
But they felt so safe
in their part of the world
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00:04:48,875 --> 00:04:51,165
that they refrained
from participating
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00:04:51,250 --> 00:04:53,040
in the naval arms race.
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00:04:55,542 --> 00:04:58,292
So the backward
and poorly resourced Europe
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00:04:58,375 --> 00:05:01,455
of the 16th century
would acquire a monopoly
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00:05:01,542 --> 00:05:04,672
on ocean-traveling ships,
with guns capable
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00:05:04,750 --> 00:05:06,790
of spreading death
and destruction
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00:05:06,875 --> 00:05:08,745
across huge distances.
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00:05:10,125 --> 00:05:12,455
Europeans
became the masters of cannons
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00:05:12,542 --> 00:05:14,632
that killed
long before the weapons
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00:05:14,709 --> 00:05:16,789
of their opponents
could reach them.
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00:05:22,834 --> 00:05:25,134
The art of killing at a distance
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00:05:25,208 --> 00:05:27,208
became a European specialty.
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00:05:28,333 --> 00:05:31,213
Meanwhile,
in the so-called Third World,
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00:05:31,291 --> 00:05:33,881
small arms were still able
to measure up
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00:05:34,000 --> 00:05:36,000
-to those in Europe.
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00:05:36,083 --> 00:05:38,753
The standard weapon
was a muzzle-loaded,
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00:05:38,834 --> 00:05:41,004
smooth-bored flintlock musket...
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00:05:41,083 --> 00:05:42,833
-...which was also manufactured
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00:05:42,917 --> 00:05:45,327
by village blacksmiths
in Africa.
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00:05:45,417 --> 00:05:49,037
But these weapons were slow
and difficult to handle.
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00:05:49,125 --> 00:05:51,035
They emitted puffs of smoke
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00:05:51,125 --> 00:05:53,705
that revealed
where the marksman was.
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To say nothing of the fact
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00:05:55,333 --> 00:05:58,383
that he also had to stand up
while reloading.
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00:05:59,917 --> 00:06:01,577
The musket
was a frightening weapon
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00:06:01,667 --> 00:06:04,417
for those who heard it
for the first time.
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00:06:04,500 --> 00:06:06,960
But its range
was only 100 yards.
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00:06:08,417 --> 00:06:10,037
So the colonial wars
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00:06:10,125 --> 00:06:12,495
of the first half
of the 19th century
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00:06:12,583 --> 00:06:14,423
were lengthy and expensive.
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00:06:16,834 --> 00:06:19,384
Prussia replaced
its muzzle loaders
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00:06:19,458 --> 00:06:21,538
with a breech-loaded
Dreyse rifle.
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00:06:22,792 --> 00:06:26,042
This was tested
for the first time in 1866
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00:06:26,125 --> 00:06:30,125
in the Austro-Prussian war
over hegemony in Germany.
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00:06:31,542 --> 00:06:35,042
In 1884,
Hiram Stevens Maxim
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00:06:35,125 --> 00:06:37,325
who also invented
the mousetrap,
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00:06:37,417 --> 00:06:41,207
manufactured an automatic weapon
that was light to carry
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00:06:41,291 --> 00:06:43,711
and fired nine rounds
per second.
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00:06:45,417 --> 00:06:49,627
It was used by the Germans
in East Africa in 1888,
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00:06:49,709 --> 00:06:55,039
and by the British in 1893
during the First Matabele War.
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00:06:55,125 --> 00:06:58,075
At the same time,
steel had become so cheap,
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00:06:58,166 --> 00:07:00,746
it could be used
for the manufacture of arms
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00:07:00,834 --> 00:07:02,214
on a large scale.
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00:07:03,333 --> 00:07:04,883
In Africa and Asia,
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00:07:04,959 --> 00:07:08,289
local smiths could no longer
make copies of the new weapons
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00:07:08,375 --> 00:07:12,705
as they did not have access to
industrially manufactured steel.
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00:07:12,792 --> 00:07:15,542
-At the end of the 1890s,
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the revolution of the rifle
was complete.
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00:07:18,500 --> 00:07:21,330
All European infantrymen
could now fire
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00:07:21,417 --> 00:07:23,287
lying down
without being spotted,
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00:07:23,375 --> 00:07:24,665
-in all weathers.
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00:07:24,750 --> 00:07:26,880
Fifteen shots in as many seconds
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at targets up to a distance
of 1,000 yards,
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confirming the myth
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of the white man's
invincibility.
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00:07:41,125 --> 00:07:42,955
Unfortunately, their bullets
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00:07:43,041 --> 00:07:45,501
were not totally efficient
against "the savages
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00:07:45,583 --> 00:07:48,963
and fanatical tribesmen,"
as they called them,
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00:07:49,041 --> 00:07:51,581
for they often
continued their charges
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00:07:51,667 --> 00:07:54,627
even after being hit
four or five times.
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00:07:56,125 --> 00:07:58,455
The answer
was the dumdum bullet,
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00:07:58,542 --> 00:07:59,832
or expanding bullet,
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00:07:59,917 --> 00:08:04,127
named after the factory
in Dum Dum outside Calcutta.
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00:08:04,208 --> 00:08:06,458
The lead core
of the dumdum bullet
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00:08:06,542 --> 00:08:08,002
explodes the casing,
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00:08:08,083 --> 00:08:12,253
causing large, painful wounds
that do not heal well.
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00:08:12,333 --> 00:08:16,173
The use of dumdum bullets
between civilized states
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00:08:16,250 --> 00:08:18,580
would soon be prohibited.
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00:08:18,667 --> 00:08:21,417
They were to be reserved
for big game hunting
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00:08:21,500 --> 00:08:25,830
and non-white unarmed
populations in colonial wars.
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00:08:29,792 --> 00:08:32,132
At Omdurman, in 1898,
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the whole new European arsenal
was tested
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against a numerically superior
and very determined enemy.
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00:08:40,917 --> 00:08:43,667
One of the most cheerful
depicters of war,
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00:08:43,750 --> 00:08:44,880
Winston Churchill,
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00:08:44,959 --> 00:08:48,329
later winner of
the Nobel Prize for Literature,
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00:08:48,417 --> 00:08:51,377
was the war correspondent
of the Morning Post.
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00:08:57,291 --> 00:08:59,631
"Nothing like
the Battle of Omdurman
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00:08:59,709 --> 00:09:03,539
will ever be seen again,"
wrote Churchill in a book
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00:09:03,625 --> 00:09:05,455
published after the experience.
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00:09:07,000 --> 00:09:09,630
"It was the last link
in the long chain
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00:09:09,709 --> 00:09:11,879
of those spectacular conflicts
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00:09:11,959 --> 00:09:14,169
whose vivid
and majestic splendor
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00:09:14,250 --> 00:09:18,710
has done so much
to invest war with glamour.
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00:09:18,792 --> 00:09:22,832
This kind of war was full
of fascinating thrills,"
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00:09:22,917 --> 00:09:23,997
he wrote.
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00:09:25,333 --> 00:09:30,423
The morning of September 2nd,
1898, the following occurred.
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"The White Flags
were nearly over the crest.
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00:09:38,583 --> 00:09:39,713
In another minute,
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00:09:39,792 --> 00:09:41,962
they would become visible
to the batteries."
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00:09:43,291 --> 00:09:46,381
"Did they realize
what would come to meet them?
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They were in a dense mass,
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00:09:50,208 --> 00:09:53,828
2,800 yards
from the 32nd Field Battery
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00:09:53,917 --> 00:09:55,207
and the gunboats.
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00:09:56,375 --> 00:10:00,285
The ranges were known.
It was a matter of machinery.
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00:10:01,458 --> 00:10:05,208
The mind was fascinated
by the impending horror.
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00:10:05,291 --> 00:10:07,961
I could see it coming.
In a few seconds,
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swift destruction
would rush on these brave men.
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00:10:15,291 --> 00:10:16,581
They topped the crest
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00:10:16,667 --> 00:10:19,707
and drew out into full view
of the whole army.
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00:10:19,792 --> 00:10:22,962
Their white banners made them
conspicuous above all.
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00:10:24,709 --> 00:10:26,919
As they saw the camp
of their enemies,
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00:10:27,000 --> 00:10:30,790
they discharged their rifles
with a great roar of musketry
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and quickened their pace."
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00:10:34,250 --> 00:10:35,790
"It was a terrible sight,
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00:10:35,875 --> 00:10:38,415
for as yet
they had not hurt us at all,
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00:10:38,500 --> 00:10:40,670
and it seemed
an unfair advantage
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00:10:40,750 --> 00:10:44,040
to strike thus cruelly
when they could not reply."
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00:10:49,959 --> 00:10:52,749
Churchill found
the enemy's plan of attack
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00:10:52,834 --> 00:10:57,834
wise and well-thought-out,
except for one vital point.
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00:10:57,917 --> 00:11:00,577
It was based
on a fatal underestimation
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00:11:00,667 --> 00:11:03,577
of the effectiveness
of modern weapons.
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00:11:05,291 --> 00:11:06,961
"Within the space of five hours,
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00:11:07,041 --> 00:11:09,751
the strongest
and best-armed savage army
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00:11:09,834 --> 00:11:13,004
yet arrayed
against a modern European power
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had been destroyed
and dispersed
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with hardly any difficulty,
comparatively small risk,
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00:11:19,083 --> 00:11:21,923
and insignificant loss
to the victors.
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00:11:23,083 --> 00:11:25,753
Thus ended
the Battle of Omdurman,
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00:11:25,834 --> 00:11:28,004
the most striking triumph
ever gained
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00:11:28,083 --> 00:11:31,213
by the arms of science
over barbarians,"
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00:11:31,291 --> 00:11:32,791
wrote Churchill.
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00:11:33,250 --> 00:11:34,380
At Omdurman,
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00:11:34,458 --> 00:11:36,918
no British soldier
expected to be killed,
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00:11:37,000 --> 00:11:39,630
for this was only
a sporting element
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in a splendid game.
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00:11:43,333 --> 00:11:45,923
The industrial development
of firearms
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was playing an important role
in U.S. colonization as well.
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00:11:50,333 --> 00:11:52,673
As a war president,
George Washington
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00:11:52,750 --> 00:11:56,710
thought it unreasonable
to rely on foreign weapons.
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00:11:56,792 --> 00:12:00,752
With generous start-up funds,
lucrative long-term contracts,
191
00:12:00,834 --> 00:12:03,214
and heavy tariffs
on foreign imports,
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00:12:03,291 --> 00:12:06,501
he literally jumpstarted
the U.S. arms industry
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00:12:06,583 --> 00:12:10,253
into becoming the world's
first arms manufacturer.
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00:12:14,208 --> 00:12:15,708
The very first corporation
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00:12:15,792 --> 00:12:17,792
established
by the United States
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00:12:17,875 --> 00:12:20,955
was the Springfield Armory
in Western Massachusetts,
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00:12:21,041 --> 00:12:24,381
founded in 1777.
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00:12:24,458 --> 00:12:28,288
It soon introduced standardized
interchangeable parts
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00:12:28,375 --> 00:12:31,955
and assembly line production,
key factors in the takeoff
200
00:12:32,041 --> 00:12:34,751
of the Industrial Revolution
in the U.S.
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00:12:34,834 --> 00:12:36,084
and its establishment
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00:12:36,166 --> 00:12:38,956
as a capitalist,
imperialist state.
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00:12:41,166 --> 00:12:44,746
And having more arms
allows more expansion.
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00:12:44,834 --> 00:12:47,754
More expansion means more wars,
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00:12:47,834 --> 00:12:50,334
for which you then need
more arms.
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00:12:50,417 --> 00:12:53,077
A profitable
chicken-and-egg bonanza
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00:12:53,166 --> 00:12:55,166
in a totally
incestuous relationship
208
00:12:55,250 --> 00:12:58,330
between military industry
and governments.
209
00:13:41,709 --> 00:13:43,749
The so-called Monroe Doctrine
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00:13:43,834 --> 00:13:45,754
became the order of the day.
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00:13:45,834 --> 00:13:49,544
At its core, in 1850,
it was a mere commitment
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00:13:49,625 --> 00:13:52,125
to keep the Americas,
North and South,
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00:13:52,208 --> 00:13:54,878
safe from European
colonizing ambitions.
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00:13:56,583 --> 00:13:59,883
Over the years, from
President Theodore Roosevelt
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00:13:59,959 --> 00:14:02,209
to John F. Kennedy
and Ronald Reagan,
216
00:14:02,291 --> 00:14:05,171
the doctrine came to cover
any perceived threat
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00:14:05,250 --> 00:14:07,750
to U.S. interests
around the world.
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00:14:09,458 --> 00:14:12,288
Overseas domination
became the goal.
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00:14:17,417 --> 00:14:21,667
As Reverend Josiah Strong
argued in 1885
220
00:14:21,750 --> 00:14:24,580
in his best-selling book
Our Country,
221
00:14:25,250 --> 00:14:26,830
"As a superior race,
222
00:14:26,917 --> 00:14:29,667
the U.S.
had a divine responsibility
223
00:14:29,750 --> 00:14:31,580
to control the world."
224
00:14:44,417 --> 00:14:47,167
There is something
we need to talk about.
225
00:14:47,250 --> 00:14:49,380
Something that keeps
bothering me,
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00:14:49,458 --> 00:14:52,498
and that we cannot leave out
of the present story...
227
00:14:53,375 --> 00:14:55,375
especially
because it represents,
228
00:14:55,458 --> 00:14:59,168
in a troublesome way,
the symbol of all evil.
229
00:15:00,625 --> 00:15:04,875
It is something odd,
hidden deep behind two words.
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00:15:04,959 --> 00:15:08,039
Hiroshima. Nagasaki.
231
00:15:08,125 --> 00:15:11,285
It was said that it was a war
against fascism.
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00:15:11,375 --> 00:15:15,625
It was said that it was to
prevent further American death.
233
00:15:15,709 --> 00:15:18,499
But hundreds of thousands died.
234
00:15:18,583 --> 00:15:20,833
The accounting is irrefutable.
235
00:15:22,291 --> 00:15:25,421
In a chess game,
the objective is to checkmate
236
00:15:25,500 --> 00:15:26,920
the opponent's king.
237
00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:30,290
All other pieces
then become collateral.
238
00:15:30,375 --> 00:15:34,205
Their respective value
depends on the strategic value
239
00:15:34,291 --> 00:15:36,581
you assign to them.
240
00:15:36,667 --> 00:15:39,627
In the present case,
the king is an emperor,
241
00:15:39,709 --> 00:15:43,709
and Japanese deaths
will provide the collateral.
242
00:15:43,792 --> 00:15:48,672
Shock and awe. A massacre
determined by an algorithm.
243
00:15:50,041 --> 00:15:55,001
It came at eight o'clock
on August 6th, 1945.
244
00:15:55,083 --> 00:15:57,083
Nobody was expecting it.
245
00:15:57,166 --> 00:16:00,536
They were pawns
in a sordid game.
246
00:16:00,625 --> 00:16:05,035
"Killing at a distance"
had just taken on a new meaning.
247
00:16:05,125 --> 00:16:07,075
No explanation required.
248
00:16:07,166 --> 00:16:10,206
No cries tolerated, nor pity.
249
00:16:10,291 --> 00:16:12,961
Surrender or death at best.
250
00:16:31,041 --> 00:16:34,041
An endless wasteland
of dead people.
251
00:16:35,583 --> 00:16:40,383
For it is a massacre,
not a heroic act.
252
00:16:40,458 --> 00:16:44,328
Why wasn't it ever called
a war crime?
253
00:16:44,417 --> 00:16:47,207
Is it because
those who dropped the bombs
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00:16:47,291 --> 00:16:49,751
are those who got to name
the deed?
255
00:16:52,250 --> 00:16:54,790
"Naming is power,"
said Trouillot.
256
00:17:04,667 --> 00:17:07,327
Two days
after the bombing of Nagasaki,
257
00:17:07,417 --> 00:17:09,827
President Truman said...
258
00:17:09,917 --> 00:17:13,167
"The only language
they seem to understand
259
00:17:13,250 --> 00:17:15,460
is the one we used to bomb them.
260
00:17:16,583 --> 00:17:18,253
When dealing with an animal...
261
00:17:19,041 --> 00:17:21,581
treat it like an animal.
262
00:17:21,667 --> 00:17:25,787
It's totally unfortunate,
but it's still the truth."
263
00:17:27,959 --> 00:17:30,629
Indeed, there is no more to say.
264
00:17:31,542 --> 00:17:34,712
We know now
what the task truly is...
265
00:17:34,792 --> 00:17:38,212
for Kurtz in Joseph Conrad's
Heart of Darkness,
266
00:17:38,291 --> 00:17:41,001
as well
as at the Battle of Omdurman.
267
00:17:41,792 --> 00:17:44,002
Exterminate all the brutes.
268
00:17:45,333 --> 00:17:47,253
-Take the cup.
269
00:17:47,333 --> 00:17:49,003
Okay, great.
270
00:17:49,083 --> 00:17:51,883
Why don't you
take off your shirt?
271
00:17:51,959 --> 00:17:55,499
No, not you, Henry.
The young man.
272
00:17:55,583 --> 00:17:58,043
Can you translate for him?
273
00:17:58,125 --> 00:18:00,325
Good.
Make him look more natural.
274
00:18:00,417 --> 00:18:04,707
Yeah, native, blending in.
You know what I mean?
275
00:18:04,792 --> 00:18:06,882
-Yeah, okay.
276
00:18:06,959 --> 00:18:09,079
Change position.
277
00:18:09,166 --> 00:18:12,536
Really? You want
to just lay down like this?
278
00:18:12,625 --> 00:18:15,495
Well, at least take the cigar.
279
00:18:16,291 --> 00:18:18,041
Take the cigar!
280
00:18:18,125 --> 00:18:22,035
Okay, boy? Hey, you, boy!
281
00:18:22,125 --> 00:18:25,415
Look at him.
282
00:18:25,500 --> 00:18:28,500
Of course, I know
he doesn't speak Spanish.
283
00:18:28,583 --> 00:18:32,133
Put a hand on your hip
like this.
284
00:18:32,208 --> 00:18:35,918
-Yeah, you see? Perfect!
285
00:18:36,000 --> 00:18:39,790
Change position.
Both of you stand up.
286
00:18:39,875 --> 00:18:41,575
Okay. Pick up the rifles.
287
00:18:41,667 --> 00:18:43,627
-Him, too. Yeah. One each.
288
00:18:43,709 --> 00:18:47,629
Okay. And put the gun
on your shoulder.
289
00:18:47,709 --> 00:18:48,879
Well, help him with it.
290
00:18:48,959 --> 00:18:52,209
Henry-- Okay.
Don't tell him, show him.
291
00:18:52,875 --> 00:18:54,125
No. You know what?
292
00:18:54,208 --> 00:18:55,918
-Put it on the other side.
293
00:18:56,000 --> 00:18:59,920
Yeah. Now, Henry,
look at the distance.
294
00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:04,420
You are looking
at the Nile River over there.
295
00:19:04,500 --> 00:19:07,460
Be inspired. Show some passion.
296
00:19:07,542 --> 00:19:11,132
The whole world
has been waiting for you.
297
00:19:11,208 --> 00:19:12,958
-That's it!
298
00:19:13,041 --> 00:19:14,251
Awesome!
299
00:19:16,333 --> 00:19:18,383
Yup. Classic Stanley.
300
00:19:18,458 --> 00:19:22,458
He tends to overdramatize
every so often. Can't help it.
301
00:19:22,542 --> 00:19:26,132
The man changed my name
from Ndugu M'hali
302
00:19:26,208 --> 00:19:28,958
to Kalulu
because it sounded better.
303
00:19:30,083 --> 00:19:31,333
I have never told him
304
00:19:31,417 --> 00:19:33,997
how I enjoy
his company sometimes.
305
00:19:34,083 --> 00:19:37,083
But occasionally,
he can be quite a bully too.
306
00:19:38,291 --> 00:19:41,131
He brought me with him
to Europe and America,
307
00:19:41,208 --> 00:19:43,208
as his butler, officially.
308
00:19:43,291 --> 00:19:45,881
But when alone,
we were just friends.
309
00:19:45,959 --> 00:19:47,629
Go figure.
310
00:19:47,709 --> 00:19:51,629
The fearless explorer
and the noble savage.
311
00:19:51,709 --> 00:19:55,209
That in the press, he called me
his "infant cannibal"
312
00:19:55,291 --> 00:19:56,791
should have tipped me off.
313
00:20:05,542 --> 00:20:08,422
I have been
a good soldier all my life.
314
00:20:08,500 --> 00:20:11,040
The perfectly
well-educated pupil
315
00:20:11,125 --> 00:20:14,665
of a Western
humanistic civilization.
316
00:20:14,750 --> 00:20:18,330
I thought that to be mature
was to be knowledgeable,
317
00:20:18,417 --> 00:20:21,627
smart, sophisticated,
and gracious.
318
00:20:21,709 --> 00:20:25,379
I was educated to believe
that some types of behavior
319
00:20:25,458 --> 00:20:28,958
were acceptable,
and others were not.
320
00:20:29,041 --> 00:20:30,831
And that when I had done wrong,
321
00:20:30,917 --> 00:20:33,127
I had to learn
from that experience.
322
00:20:34,792 --> 00:20:37,672
My parents taught me that,
as a Black person,
323
00:20:37,750 --> 00:20:41,420
I should never find myself
on the wrong side of the tracks.
324
00:20:42,500 --> 00:20:44,290
I learned to behave.
325
00:20:44,375 --> 00:20:48,075
I learned to be sociable,
presentable, congenial.
326
00:20:48,166 --> 00:20:52,416
I had to negotiate daily
with an intimate, unnamed,
327
00:20:52,500 --> 00:20:57,080
and vulgar enemy, infatuated
with a superiority complex.
328
00:20:57,166 --> 00:20:59,746
Let's say,
like Frank T.J. Mackey.
329
00:21:01,041 --> 00:21:03,381
I will not apologize
for what I need.
330
00:21:03,458 --> 00:21:06,078
Or Jordan Belfort.
331
00:21:10,542 --> 00:21:11,962
I have been a good soldier
332
00:21:12,041 --> 00:21:13,211
and a good learner,
333
00:21:13,291 --> 00:21:16,751
but I could never really fathom
what it actually means
334
00:21:16,834 --> 00:21:18,004
to be superior,
335
00:21:18,083 --> 00:21:22,253
logically degrading
everybody else as inferior.
336
00:21:22,333 --> 00:21:25,463
A singular assumption,
to say the least.
337
00:21:26,959 --> 00:21:30,709
Visiting Europe, I discovered
people who genuinely thought,
338
00:21:30,792 --> 00:21:34,792
and were naively convinced,
that they embodied the world.
339
00:21:34,875 --> 00:21:37,625
The whole world.
And in that world,
340
00:21:37,709 --> 00:21:40,079
I was assigned
the role of a footnote.
341
00:21:40,166 --> 00:21:43,126
Or at best,
like in most Hollywood movies,
342
00:21:43,208 --> 00:21:45,958
a supporting role
with guarantied death
343
00:21:46,041 --> 00:21:49,211
and careless disposal
by some wild beast,
344
00:21:49,291 --> 00:21:51,081
sometimes before the third act.
345
00:21:53,000 --> 00:21:55,130
-Go back!
346
00:21:55,208 --> 00:21:58,078
Back across the log!
Get Jimmy outta here!
347
00:21:59,875 --> 00:22:01,535
-No!
-Gotta run, Jimmy.
348
00:22:01,625 --> 00:22:04,915
-Run!
349
00:22:19,709 --> 00:22:22,539
Joseph Conrad's book,
Heart of Darkness,
350
00:22:22,625 --> 00:22:25,245
was influenced
by the Battle of Omdurman.
351
00:22:27,417 --> 00:22:28,957
Conrad starts the novel
352
00:22:29,041 --> 00:22:32,501
with what has been called
"the toolbox of imperialism,"
353
00:22:32,583 --> 00:22:36,883
which involves the ship's guns
that fire on a continent,
354
00:22:36,959 --> 00:22:41,169
the railway that facilitates
the plundering of the continent,
355
00:22:41,250 --> 00:22:45,000
the river steamer that carries
Europeans and their weapons
356
00:22:45,083 --> 00:22:46,923
into the heart of the continent.
357
00:23:12,667 --> 00:23:15,877
This new era
in the history of imperialism
358
00:23:15,959 --> 00:23:20,579
also became a new era
in the history of racism.
359
00:23:20,667 --> 00:23:24,377
Europeans started mistaking
military superiority
360
00:23:24,458 --> 00:23:28,288
for intellectual
and even biological superiority.
361
00:23:30,709 --> 00:23:33,289
That's when things turned nasty.
362
00:23:34,125 --> 00:23:36,375
No one had to pretend anymore.
363
00:23:40,834 --> 00:23:44,004
Okay. Please look over here. Mm.
364
00:23:44,709 --> 00:23:46,129
Please, you there!
365
00:23:46,208 --> 00:23:48,878
Could you move
a bit to the right?
366
00:23:49,959 --> 00:23:52,079
And you! That's not you!
Don't move.
367
00:23:52,166 --> 00:23:54,876
You, a little to the left. Yep.
368
00:23:55,583 --> 00:23:57,833
Now, you give him a hand.
369
00:23:59,125 --> 00:24:01,825
No! You give him a hand, I said.
370
00:24:02,667 --> 00:24:04,037
Well, then,
you take another hand.
371
00:24:04,125 --> 00:24:07,995
And you, it's this one.
It's a hand and hand.
372
00:24:10,166 --> 00:24:14,126
Excellent. Okay.
So, the big guy,
373
00:24:14,208 --> 00:24:18,288
with the towel head,
if you can just move back a bit.
374
00:24:19,417 --> 00:24:20,497
Perfect.
375
00:24:21,375 --> 00:24:23,875
Excellent. I think that's it.
376
00:24:25,709 --> 00:24:26,749
I like that.
377
00:24:30,709 --> 00:24:33,499
Can you just uncross your arms,
please?
378
00:24:33,583 --> 00:24:36,083
-Why?
-You wanna know why?
379
00:24:36,166 --> 00:24:39,246
It makes you look defiant,
that's why.
380
00:24:40,625 --> 00:24:42,285
I'm just saying.
381
00:24:42,375 --> 00:24:45,125
Okay. Keep it that way,
for all I care.
382
00:25:17,625 --> 00:25:20,245
"Does the West
have the will to survive?"
383
00:25:20,333 --> 00:25:22,333
asked a U.S. president.
384
00:25:24,000 --> 00:25:26,380
The question itself
is perplexing.
385
00:25:26,458 --> 00:25:30,828
Clearly, I am not included
in his concept of the West.
386
00:25:33,125 --> 00:25:36,745
Unquestionably, to belong
to the right civilization
387
00:25:36,834 --> 00:25:39,334
does bear some entitlements.
388
00:25:41,041 --> 00:25:44,381
I might be wary
of white institutions in general
389
00:25:44,458 --> 00:25:47,078
and of the religious ones
in particular,
390
00:25:47,166 --> 00:25:48,376
but for some reason,
391
00:25:48,458 --> 00:25:52,078
I was attracted to the idea
of joining the Boy Scouts.
392
00:25:54,375 --> 00:25:57,205
My best friend and neighbor
in Leopoldville,
393
00:25:57,291 --> 00:26:00,751
the son of a French doctor,
was a Boy Scout.
394
00:26:02,291 --> 00:26:05,211
Robert knew
all the regulatory moves.
395
00:26:05,291 --> 00:26:08,461
He even had a code name,
Red Raven,
396
00:26:08,542 --> 00:26:10,252
because he had red hair.
397
00:26:10,333 --> 00:26:12,673
He taught me the signs,
the knots,
398
00:26:12,750 --> 00:26:14,580
and even tightly kept secrets.
399
00:26:14,667 --> 00:26:18,877
The idea of a brotherhood of
the like-minded captivated me,
400
00:26:18,959 --> 00:26:23,209
but not as much as the idea of
owning a multi-task pocketknife
401
00:26:23,291 --> 00:26:27,291
and being allowed to dare make
unsafe fires in the woods.
402
00:26:29,000 --> 00:26:32,420
Baden-Powell is the founder
of the Boy Scouts.
403
00:26:32,500 --> 00:26:35,960
During the second Ashanti War
in 1896,
404
00:26:36,041 --> 00:26:39,461
two days' march away
from the capital, Kumasi,
405
00:26:39,542 --> 00:26:41,922
as the commander
of the advance troop,
406
00:26:42,000 --> 00:26:46,250
he received an envoy offering
unconditional surrender.
407
00:26:46,333 --> 00:26:49,583
To his disappointment,
he did not have to fire
408
00:26:49,667 --> 00:26:51,877
a single shot at the natives.
409
00:26:53,500 --> 00:26:55,290
To get hostilities going,
410
00:26:55,375 --> 00:26:59,415
the British then planned
extreme provocations.
411
00:26:59,500 --> 00:27:01,880
So they arrested
the king of Ashanti,
412
00:27:01,959 --> 00:27:04,999
King Prempeh,
together with his whole family.
413
00:27:07,375 --> 00:27:11,325
The king and his mother were
forced to crawl on all fours
414
00:27:11,417 --> 00:27:13,457
up to the British officers
415
00:27:13,542 --> 00:27:15,752
sitting on crates
of biscuit tins,
416
00:27:15,834 --> 00:27:18,384
to demonstrate
their subjugation.
417
00:27:20,208 --> 00:27:24,248
But still, this time as well,
the British unfortunately
418
00:27:24,333 --> 00:27:26,463
found no use for their weapons.
419
00:27:26,542 --> 00:27:29,382
Baden-Powell
writes to his mother...
420
00:27:29,458 --> 00:27:31,958
"I thoroughly enjoyed
the outing,
421
00:27:32,041 --> 00:27:34,171
except for the want of a fight
422
00:27:34,250 --> 00:27:37,670
which I fear will preclude
our getting any medals
423
00:27:37,750 --> 00:27:39,380
or decoration."
424
00:31:32,625 --> 00:31:35,455
This is young
and ambitious Georges Cuvier.
425
00:31:36,959 --> 00:31:40,209
On January 27th, 1796,
426
00:31:40,291 --> 00:31:42,501
Georges has just arrived
in Paris
427
00:31:42,583 --> 00:31:45,213
to hold his first lecture
at the newly opened
428
00:31:45,291 --> 00:31:48,631
Institut National de France.
He is 26.
429
00:31:52,500 --> 00:31:54,460
Cuvier was sensational.
430
00:31:54,542 --> 00:31:57,792
He spoke of the mammoth
and the mastodon.
431
00:31:57,875 --> 00:32:01,075
Remnants of these huge
elephantine animals
432
00:32:01,166 --> 00:32:05,166
had recently been found
in Siberia and North America.
433
00:32:06,709 --> 00:32:09,249
Cuvier demonstrated
that they did not belong
434
00:32:09,333 --> 00:32:10,583
to the same species
435
00:32:10,667 --> 00:32:13,497
as either the Indian
or the African elephant,
436
00:32:13,583 --> 00:32:18,003
but constituted species
of their own, now extinct.
437
00:32:20,041 --> 00:32:22,251
"Now extinct."
438
00:32:22,333 --> 00:32:26,423
Those were the two words
that horrified the listeners.
439
00:32:26,500 --> 00:32:28,420
Because in the 18th century,
440
00:32:28,500 --> 00:32:31,420
people still believed
in a ready-made universe
441
00:32:31,500 --> 00:32:33,460
to which nothing could be added.
442
00:32:33,542 --> 00:32:37,962
And perhaps, even more important
to mankind's peace of mind,
443
00:32:38,041 --> 00:32:39,961
nothing could be
subtracted from it.
444
00:32:42,166 --> 00:32:45,166
All of God's creatures,
once created,
445
00:32:45,250 --> 00:32:47,540
could not disappear
from His universe.
446
00:32:49,500 --> 00:32:52,830
"What then was the explanation
for these gigantic bones
447
00:32:52,917 --> 00:32:56,877
and strange animal-like stones
that had puzzled man
448
00:32:56,959 --> 00:32:59,499
since antiquity?" asked Cuvier.
449
00:33:01,208 --> 00:33:03,748
Cuvier's idea,
that there could be species
450
00:33:03,834 --> 00:33:07,214
that had died out,
gave rise to such resistance
451
00:33:07,291 --> 00:33:11,381
that it took over 100 years
to become accepted.
452
00:33:11,458 --> 00:33:16,328
But how they had died out
and why, he did not explain.
453
00:33:22,875 --> 00:33:24,075
In 1850,
454
00:33:24,166 --> 00:33:27,826
the great liberal philosopher
Herbert Spencer--
455
00:33:27,917 --> 00:33:29,997
yes, that Spencer--
456
00:33:30,083 --> 00:33:34,003
wrote, "Imperialism
has served civilization
457
00:33:34,083 --> 00:33:37,213
by clearing the inferior races
off the Earth."
458
00:33:39,375 --> 00:33:41,375
"The forces
which are working out
459
00:33:41,458 --> 00:33:43,958
the great scheme
of perfect happiness,
460
00:33:44,041 --> 00:33:47,171
taking no account
of incidental suffering,
461
00:33:47,250 --> 00:33:50,000
exterminate such sections
of mankind
462
00:33:50,083 --> 00:33:51,963
as stand in their way.
463
00:33:52,041 --> 00:33:54,171
Be he human or be he brute,
464
00:33:54,250 --> 00:33:56,330
the hindrance
must be got rid of."
465
00:33:57,750 --> 00:34:00,750
Here, the human being
was expressly placed
466
00:34:00,834 --> 00:34:03,084
on an equal footing
with the animal
467
00:34:03,166 --> 00:34:05,076
as an object for extermination.
468
00:34:07,291 --> 00:34:11,041
One could take Spencer's
fantasies of annihilation
469
00:34:11,125 --> 00:34:12,875
as personal eccentricities,
470
00:34:12,959 --> 00:34:17,129
explained perhaps by the fact
that all Spencer's siblings
471
00:34:17,208 --> 00:34:19,288
had died when he was a child.
472
00:34:28,333 --> 00:34:31,293
A calm
and comforting conclusion.
473
00:34:34,083 --> 00:34:36,423
Enter Robert Knox.
474
00:34:36,500 --> 00:34:39,040
Knox had studied
comparative anatomy
475
00:34:39,125 --> 00:34:40,825
with Cuvier in Paris.
476
00:34:40,917 --> 00:34:44,037
He was a Scot, had served
as an army doctor
477
00:34:44,125 --> 00:34:46,495
in South Africa, and had founded
478
00:34:46,583 --> 00:34:48,543
a school of anatomy
in Edinburgh.
479
00:34:49,834 --> 00:34:52,714
"Can the dark races
become civilized?
480
00:34:52,792 --> 00:34:55,132
I should say not," says Knox.
481
00:34:56,208 --> 00:34:57,168
All we know
482
00:34:57,250 --> 00:34:59,420
is that since the beginning
of history,
483
00:34:59,500 --> 00:35:01,580
the dark races
have been the slaves
484
00:35:01,667 --> 00:35:03,457
of those lighter-skinned.
485
00:35:05,458 --> 00:35:09,038
Of course, what he meant exactly
by "dark race"
486
00:35:09,125 --> 00:35:11,125
is not easy to answer.
487
00:35:11,208 --> 00:35:15,668
Are the Jews a dark race?
The Gypsies? The Chinese?
488
00:35:15,750 --> 00:35:17,250
One could ask.
489
00:35:46,750 --> 00:35:50,460
"I feel disposed to think
that there must be a physical
490
00:35:50,542 --> 00:35:52,752
and, consequently,
a psychological
491
00:35:52,834 --> 00:35:55,214
inferiority in the dark races,"
492
00:35:55,291 --> 00:35:56,541
asserted Knox.
493
00:35:56,625 --> 00:36:00,705
"The texture of the brain is,
I think, generally darker,
494
00:36:00,792 --> 00:36:03,582
and the white part
more strongly fibrous.
495
00:36:03,667 --> 00:36:06,577
But I speak from extremely
limited experience."
496
00:36:08,000 --> 00:36:11,670
Indeed, Knox says
that he had done an autopsy
497
00:36:11,750 --> 00:36:13,790
on only one colored person,
498
00:36:13,875 --> 00:36:15,825
which somehow does demonstrate
499
00:36:15,917 --> 00:36:18,207
the limitations
of his experiments.
500
00:36:20,959 --> 00:36:23,789
Thomas Jefferson
found it inconceivable
501
00:36:23,875 --> 00:36:27,745
that one single species
could disappear from nature.
502
00:36:32,750 --> 00:36:35,330
But nevertheless,
more than 99 percent
503
00:36:35,417 --> 00:36:38,497
of all species
have already died out...
504
00:36:41,917 --> 00:36:44,417
...most of them
in a few catastrophes
505
00:36:44,500 --> 00:36:47,750
that came close
to wiping out all life.
506
00:37:35,125 --> 00:37:37,495
This is the scope of our story.
507
00:38:00,291 --> 00:38:02,751
As a young student,
Charles Darwin,
508
00:38:02,834 --> 00:38:06,254
regarded as the father
of evolutionary biology,
509
00:38:06,333 --> 00:38:09,673
heard Knox's
controversial lectures.
510
00:38:09,750 --> 00:38:12,540
In his book
On the Origins of the Species,
511
00:38:12,625 --> 00:38:15,915
published in 1859,
he would demonstrate
512
00:38:16,000 --> 00:38:18,960
that all species
adapt to their environment
513
00:38:19,041 --> 00:38:20,501
through natural selection.
514
00:38:21,875 --> 00:38:24,915
Darwin argued in favor
of a common origin
515
00:38:25,000 --> 00:38:27,290
of all human races.
516
00:38:27,375 --> 00:38:31,375
Although his thesis as such
neither confirmed nor denied
517
00:38:31,458 --> 00:38:35,208
Knox's and others' ideas
regarding any hierarchy
518
00:38:35,291 --> 00:38:38,631
within mankind,
his theory of evolution
519
00:38:38,709 --> 00:38:41,709
was clearly useful
to the racists.
520
00:38:41,792 --> 00:38:45,832
After Darwin, race became
the decisive explanation
521
00:38:45,917 --> 00:38:47,417
in far wider circles.
522
00:38:48,709 --> 00:38:52,079
Racism was accepted
and became a central element
523
00:38:52,166 --> 00:38:54,996
in British imperial ideology.
524
00:38:55,083 --> 00:38:58,333
After Darwin,
it also became accepted
525
00:38:58,417 --> 00:39:00,917
to shrug your shoulders
at genocide.
526
00:39:02,000 --> 00:39:03,460
If you were upset,
527
00:39:03,542 --> 00:39:05,922
you were just showing
your lack of education.
528
00:39:07,709 --> 00:39:09,879
Genocide began to be regarded
529
00:39:09,959 --> 00:39:12,829
as the inevitable byproduct
of progress.
530
00:39:12,917 --> 00:39:15,207
And prejudice
against alien peoples,
531
00:39:15,291 --> 00:39:19,331
which had always existed,
was now given organized form
532
00:39:19,417 --> 00:39:21,787
and apparent
scientific validation.
533
00:39:23,917 --> 00:39:28,497
"Meanwhile," added Darwin,
"Regarding future life,
534
00:39:28,583 --> 00:39:31,583
each person will have to
judge for himself."
535
00:39:44,709 --> 00:39:46,629
In just a few years,
536
00:39:46,709 --> 00:39:49,419
the surface of the earth
will be quite changed.
537
00:39:49,959 --> 00:39:52,379
A new era is dawning
538
00:39:52,458 --> 00:39:55,128
that will multiply
the undertakings of man.
539
00:39:56,083 --> 00:39:58,883
Light is consuming the darkness.
540
00:40:04,125 --> 00:40:06,035
Let me introduce to you now,
my dear colleague
541
00:40:06,125 --> 00:40:09,325
Dr. Frederic Farrar,
who has been recently elected
542
00:40:09,417 --> 00:40:11,877
a fellow at the Royal Society.
543
00:40:23,125 --> 00:40:26,375
In his major book,
Systema Naturae,
544
00:40:26,458 --> 00:40:29,958
the great Swedish botanist
Carl Linnaeus discriminates,
545
00:40:31,041 --> 00:40:33,251
with his usual acuteness,
546
00:40:33,333 --> 00:40:36,423
the intellectual
and moral characteristics
547
00:40:36,500 --> 00:40:38,460
of four great human families.
548
00:40:40,333 --> 00:40:43,923
The Homo americanus,
the Homo europeus,
549
00:40:44,000 --> 00:40:47,630
the Homo asiaticus,
the Homo afer.
550
00:40:48,375 --> 00:40:50,705
Yet we believe
551
00:40:50,792 --> 00:40:54,582
that these and all other races
552
00:40:54,667 --> 00:40:58,957
may be reduced to three
great classes or divisions.
553
00:41:01,166 --> 00:41:04,036
Savage... semicivilized...
554
00:41:05,542 --> 00:41:06,712
and civilized.
555
00:41:07,959 --> 00:41:12,039
Only two races,
the Aryan and the Semitic,
556
00:41:12,125 --> 00:41:13,325
were civilized.
557
00:41:14,750 --> 00:41:17,540
The Chinese
belonged to the semicivilized,
558
00:41:17,625 --> 00:41:19,575
as they had once been brilliant,
559
00:41:19,667 --> 00:41:23,377
but suffered
from arrested development.
560
00:41:24,875 --> 00:41:28,035
The savage races have always
lived in the same ignorance
561
00:41:28,125 --> 00:41:29,745
and wretchedness.
562
00:41:29,834 --> 00:41:33,334
They are without a past
and without a future...
563
00:41:34,458 --> 00:41:35,458
doomed,
564
00:41:35,542 --> 00:41:38,132
as races infinitely nobler
have been before them,
565
00:41:38,208 --> 00:41:41,748
to a rapid
and inevitable extinction.
566
00:41:42,583 --> 00:41:44,463
Out of all
their teeming myriads,
567
00:41:44,542 --> 00:41:47,832
never have they produced
one single man
568
00:41:47,917 --> 00:41:49,957
whose name
is of the slightest importance
569
00:41:50,041 --> 00:41:52,381
to the history of our race.
570
00:41:52,458 --> 00:41:57,168
History starts
when man starts to write.
571
00:41:57,250 --> 00:42:00,750
Take a specimen from
the 100 million of Africans,
572
00:42:00,834 --> 00:42:04,174
not one of the most degenerates,
such as the Hottentot,
573
00:42:04,250 --> 00:42:07,420
but a real, pure-blooded Negro.
574
00:42:09,458 --> 00:42:12,788
What hope was there
that he could be civilized?
575
00:42:19,417 --> 00:42:22,747
The great majority of Negroes
will go under in a decline
576
00:42:22,834 --> 00:42:24,634
from which only a few
can be saved.
577
00:42:24,709 --> 00:42:26,209
Many races
have already disappeared.
578
00:42:27,792 --> 00:42:31,212
Please, gentlemen.
Ladies, let's be civil.
579
00:42:31,291 --> 00:42:35,041
Show some respect.
After all, it's just science.
580
00:42:35,125 --> 00:42:39,205
Fuck you! Fuck you. Two times.
581
00:42:48,291 --> 00:42:51,381
These races,
the lowest types of humanity
582
00:42:51,458 --> 00:42:53,498
and presenting
its most hideous features
583
00:42:53,583 --> 00:42:55,923
of moral
and intellectual degradation,
584
00:42:56,000 --> 00:42:57,880
were doomed to go under.
585
00:42:57,959 --> 00:43:00,829
And I call them
irreclaimable savages.
586
00:43:01,875 --> 00:43:05,125
-Irreclaimable savages!
587
00:43:06,041 --> 00:43:08,881
Irreclaimable savages!
588
00:43:11,917 --> 00:43:13,577
What did actually happen
589
00:43:13,667 --> 00:43:16,417
when knowledge,
industry, and enlightenment
590
00:43:16,500 --> 00:43:19,460
exterminated the inferior races?
591
00:43:19,542 --> 00:43:22,172
Darwin, who had traveled
to South America
592
00:43:22,250 --> 00:43:24,290
in his younger years, knew.
593
00:43:26,250 --> 00:43:29,250
He had seen General Rosas' men
in Argentina,
594
00:43:29,333 --> 00:43:33,083
butchering Indians,
smothered in blood and vomit.
595
00:43:34,166 --> 00:43:36,746
He knew how eyes
were gouged out
596
00:43:36,834 --> 00:43:40,084
when an Indian
had sunk his teeth into a thumb
597
00:43:40,166 --> 00:43:41,826
and refused to let go.
598
00:43:43,333 --> 00:43:46,833
How women were killed,
and prisoners made to talk.
599
00:43:48,709 --> 00:43:50,289
He had a name for it.
600
00:43:50,375 --> 00:43:53,205
He called it
"the struggle for life."
601
00:44:00,750 --> 00:44:03,040
-Last name?
-Trouillot.
602
00:44:07,625 --> 00:44:10,415
-First name?
-Rolph-Michel.
603
00:44:38,875 --> 00:44:41,245
-Ready?
-Sure.
604
00:45:03,417 --> 00:45:07,127
Like Roxanne,
Michel-Rolph, and Sven,
605
00:45:07,208 --> 00:45:09,418
I do have my nightmares
as well.
606
00:45:22,417 --> 00:45:24,627
Churchill said after the war,
607
00:45:24,709 --> 00:45:28,919
"We are in the presence
of a crime without a name."
608
00:45:29,000 --> 00:45:33,250
But Raphael Lemkin, a lawyer
of Polish-Jewish descent,
609
00:45:33,333 --> 00:45:37,333
had already created that name
in 1943.
610
00:45:37,417 --> 00:45:40,207
Combining the ancient Greek
"genos,"
611
00:45:40,291 --> 00:45:43,041
which means "race, tribe, clan,"
612
00:45:43,125 --> 00:45:44,705
and the Latin "cide,"
613
00:45:44,792 --> 00:45:47,252
which expresses
the notion of killing,
614
00:45:47,333 --> 00:45:50,423
Lemkin invented the word
"genocide."
615
00:45:56,667 --> 00:45:58,627
At the New York Public Library,
616
00:45:58,709 --> 00:46:00,789
in the
Raphael Lemkin Collection,
617
00:46:00,875 --> 00:46:05,075
in Reel 3, Box 2, Folder 1,
618
00:46:05,166 --> 00:46:09,916
there is a list of the world's
genocides throughout history.
619
00:49:42,041 --> 00:49:44,081
"Some things are so evil
620
00:49:44,166 --> 00:49:46,786
that it's enough
that they simply happened,"
621
00:49:46,875 --> 00:49:48,205
said the man.
622
00:49:51,917 --> 00:49:54,537
"They don't need to be given
a second existence
623
00:49:54,625 --> 00:49:56,205
by being retold."
624
00:49:57,000 --> 00:49:59,500
He took a drag on his cigarette.
625
00:49:59,583 --> 00:50:03,003
"That's what I think
on some days, anyway,"
626
00:50:03,041 --> 00:50:04,421
he went on.
627
00:50:04,500 --> 00:50:07,420
"Other days,
I think the opposite."
628
00:50:09,834 --> 00:50:12,714
The past has a future
we never expect.
629
00:50:37,875 --> 00:50:39,705
One of the fundamental ideas
630
00:50:39,792 --> 00:50:41,212
of the 19th century
631
00:50:41,291 --> 00:50:45,751
was that there are races,
peoples, nations, and tribes
632
00:50:45,834 --> 00:50:48,964
that are in the process
of dying out.
633
00:50:49,041 --> 00:50:52,291
Or, as the Prime Minister
of England, Lord Salisbury,
634
00:50:52,375 --> 00:50:54,535
expressed it
in his famous speech
635
00:50:54,625 --> 00:50:58,825
in Albert Hall
on May 4th, 1898...
636
00:50:58,917 --> 00:51:02,537
"One can roughly divide
the nations of the world
637
00:51:02,625 --> 00:51:04,705
into the living and the dying.
638
00:51:04,792 --> 00:51:08,042
The weak nations
become increasingly weaker
639
00:51:08,125 --> 00:51:10,325
and the strong, stronger."
640
00:51:10,417 --> 00:51:13,497
It was in the nature of things
that the living nations
641
00:51:13,583 --> 00:51:17,793
would fraudulently "encroach on
the territory of the dying."
642
00:51:20,166 --> 00:51:21,706
He spoke the truth.
643
00:51:21,792 --> 00:51:25,292
During the 19th century,
Europeans had encroached
644
00:51:25,375 --> 00:51:27,995
on vast territories
around the world.
645
00:51:29,041 --> 00:51:32,331
The word "genocide"
had not yet been invented,
646
00:51:32,417 --> 00:51:34,577
but the matter existed.
647
00:51:34,667 --> 00:51:38,997
Joseph Conrad may not have heard
Lord Salisbury's speech.
648
00:51:39,667 --> 00:51:41,537
He had no need to.
649
00:51:41,625 --> 00:51:43,625
Conrad could no more
avoid hearing
650
00:51:43,709 --> 00:51:47,419
of the ceaseless genocide
that marked his century
651
00:51:47,500 --> 00:51:50,540
than any
of his contemporaries could.
652
00:51:50,625 --> 00:51:52,995
It is we who have suppressed it.
653
00:51:53,750 --> 00:51:55,500
We do not want to remember.
654
00:51:56,458 --> 00:51:58,078
We would prefer for genocide
655
00:51:58,166 --> 00:52:01,286
to have begun
and ended with Nazism.
656
00:52:01,375 --> 00:52:05,125
This would indeed
be most comforting.
657
00:52:05,208 --> 00:52:08,208
For sure,
the nine-year-old Adolf Hitler
658
00:52:08,291 --> 00:52:10,041
was not in Albert Hall either
659
00:52:10,125 --> 00:52:12,325
when Lord Salisbury
was speaking.
660
00:52:13,041 --> 00:52:14,381
He had no need to.
661
00:52:15,333 --> 00:52:16,583
He knew it already.
662
00:52:37,291 --> 00:52:40,671
The air Hitler
and all other Western people
663
00:52:40,750 --> 00:52:42,460
in his childhood breathed
664
00:52:42,542 --> 00:52:44,002
was soaked in the conviction
665
00:52:44,083 --> 00:52:48,133
that imperialism is
a biologically necessary process
666
00:52:48,208 --> 00:52:50,668
which,
according to the laws of nature,
667
00:52:50,750 --> 00:52:54,750
leads to the inevitable
destruction of the lower races.
668
00:52:57,041 --> 00:52:59,251
It was a conviction
that had already cost
669
00:52:59,333 --> 00:53:01,003
millions of human lives
670
00:53:01,083 --> 00:53:04,793
before Hitler provided
his highly personal application.
671
00:53:06,291 --> 00:53:08,421
But in the mid-19th century,
672
00:53:08,500 --> 00:53:12,170
the Germans had still
not exterminated any people.
673
00:53:12,250 --> 00:53:13,290
So they were able
674
00:53:13,375 --> 00:53:15,495
to look more critically
on the phenomenon
675
00:53:15,583 --> 00:53:18,003
than other Europeans did.
676
00:53:18,083 --> 00:53:21,173
In South West Africa, in 1904,
677
00:53:21,250 --> 00:53:25,670
the Germans demonstrated that
they, too, could master an art
678
00:53:25,750 --> 00:53:29,000
that Americans, British,
and other Europeans
679
00:53:29,083 --> 00:53:32,673
had exercised all through
the 19th century.
680
00:53:33,667 --> 00:53:36,167
The art of hastening
the extermination
681
00:53:36,250 --> 00:53:38,630
of a people of inferior culture.
682
00:53:42,000 --> 00:53:44,380
Following the North American
example,
683
00:53:44,458 --> 00:53:48,168
the Herero people
were banished to reservations
684
00:53:48,250 --> 00:53:50,540
and their grazing lands
were handed over
685
00:53:50,625 --> 00:53:53,785
to German immigrants
and colonial companies.
686
00:54:06,458 --> 00:54:10,418
For over two decades,
their leader, Samuel Maharero,
687
00:54:10,500 --> 00:54:13,880
had signed one treaty
after another with the Germans,
688
00:54:14,000 --> 00:54:18,580
and ceded large areas
of land to avoid war.
689
00:54:18,667 --> 00:54:21,577
But just as the Americans
did not feel bound
690
00:54:21,667 --> 00:54:24,077
by their treaties
with the Indians,
691
00:54:24,166 --> 00:54:27,246
the Germans did not think that,
as a higher race,
692
00:54:27,333 --> 00:54:29,883
they had any need to abide
by treaties
693
00:54:29,959 --> 00:54:32,709
they made with the natives.
694
00:54:32,792 --> 00:54:36,752
As in North America,
the German plans for immigration
695
00:54:36,834 --> 00:54:40,084
presupposed that the natives
were to be relieved
696
00:54:40,166 --> 00:54:42,206
of all land of any value.
697
00:54:44,709 --> 00:54:46,829
When the Hereros resisted,
698
00:54:46,917 --> 00:54:49,417
General
Adolf Lebrecht von Trotha
699
00:54:49,500 --> 00:54:51,420
ordered their extermination.
700
00:54:51,500 --> 00:54:54,710
Every Herero
found within the German borders,
701
00:54:54,792 --> 00:54:57,882
with or without weapons,
was to be shot.
702
00:54:59,250 --> 00:55:02,960
But most of them died
without direct violence.
703
00:55:03,041 --> 00:55:06,081
The Germans simply drove them
into the desert
704
00:55:06,166 --> 00:55:07,746
and sealed off the border.
705
00:55:09,208 --> 00:55:12,538
One didn't yet talk
about the final solution,
706
00:55:12,625 --> 00:55:16,165
but that was what one
had in mind.
707
00:55:16,250 --> 00:55:18,540
In the official account
of the war,
708
00:55:18,625 --> 00:55:20,785
the German officers wrote,
709
00:55:20,875 --> 00:55:24,955
"The army earned the gratitude
of the whole fatherland.
710
00:55:25,041 --> 00:55:27,131
The sentence
had been carried out,
711
00:55:27,208 --> 00:55:31,498
and the Hereros had ceased
to be an independent people."
712
00:55:33,709 --> 00:55:37,749
Eighty thousand human beings
died in the desert.
713
00:55:37,834 --> 00:55:41,294
The few thousand left
were sentenced to hard labor
714
00:55:41,375 --> 00:55:43,075
in concentration camps.
715
00:55:43,750 --> 00:55:45,670
A new concept of incarceration,
716
00:55:45,750 --> 00:55:49,750
invented in 1896
by the Spaniards in Cuba,
717
00:55:49,834 --> 00:55:52,174
anglicized by the Americans,
718
00:55:52,250 --> 00:55:54,920
entered German language
and politics.
719
00:56:01,959 --> 00:56:04,829
Paul Rohrbach
wrote in his best seller,
720
00:56:04,917 --> 00:56:08,997
German Thought in the World,
published in 1912,
721
00:56:09,083 --> 00:56:12,213
that "existences,
be they of peoples
722
00:56:12,291 --> 00:56:15,791
or individuals who do not
produce anything of value,
723
00:56:15,875 --> 00:56:18,665
cannot make any claim
to the right to exist."
724
00:56:23,125 --> 00:56:25,125
We believe that married people
725
00:56:25,208 --> 00:56:31,998
who have transmissible diseases
should not have children.
726
00:56:32,083 --> 00:56:36,753
No couple who has the disease
of feeble-mindedness,
727
00:56:36,834 --> 00:56:38,294
or insanity,
728
00:56:38,375 --> 00:56:40,575
or epilepsy
should have children.
729
00:57:27,500 --> 00:57:31,580
The over-infatuation
with genetic purity.
730
00:57:31,667 --> 00:57:33,667
An impressive amount of energy
731
00:57:33,750 --> 00:57:36,290
put into the classification
of people.
732
00:57:37,667 --> 00:57:41,747
A pathological obsession
for the concept of race
733
00:57:41,834 --> 00:57:44,834
that scientifically
does not exist.
734
00:58:11,208 --> 00:58:13,578
Despite the careful staging,
735
00:58:13,667 --> 00:58:17,827
one gesture, an unexpected
gesture of irritation,
736
00:58:17,917 --> 00:58:21,627
not foreseen by the director
of this strange display,
737
00:58:21,709 --> 00:58:25,539
will betray the masquerade
and restore dignity.
738
00:58:44,417 --> 00:58:45,787
What is sure
739
00:58:45,875 --> 00:58:48,705
is that their way
of life is threatened.
740
00:58:54,417 --> 00:58:56,917
Has he, indeed,
any right to exist?
741
00:58:59,041 --> 00:59:00,131
Does she?
742
00:59:02,208 --> 00:59:05,998
-Do they?
743
00:59:06,083 --> 00:59:08,293
But after all we know now,
744
00:59:08,375 --> 00:59:11,125
indeed, who is to judge?
745
01:00:51,750 --> 01:00:53,880
I have seen these images before.
746
01:00:54,542 --> 01:00:56,502
The same hatred of aliens.
747
01:00:57,542 --> 01:00:58,632
The same violence.
748
01:00:59,458 --> 01:01:02,208
The same roar
when the leader speaks.
749
01:01:04,709 --> 01:01:06,289
The western world is panicking.
750
01:01:06,375 --> 01:01:07,955
You will not replace us!
751
01:01:08,041 --> 01:01:10,711
A delirious,
spiraling panic.
752
01:01:11,875 --> 01:01:13,745
People are looking for saviors.
753
01:01:14,041 --> 01:01:15,081
Any kind will do.
754
01:01:15,166 --> 01:01:18,246
This is not immigration.
This is invasion.
755
01:01:18,917 --> 01:01:21,917
But possibly,
one with easy-sounding solutions
756
01:01:22,000 --> 01:01:23,710
that others will pay for.
757
01:01:23,792 --> 01:01:26,582
Make America great again.
758
01:01:27,208 --> 01:01:30,248
We have been there before,
without learning much.
759
01:01:30,834 --> 01:01:33,754
The facts are staring us
in the face.
55595
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