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00:00:01,517 --> 00:00:04,586
Narrator:
PYRAMIDS, TEMPLES, TOMBS --
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00:00:04,586 --> 00:00:07,655
THESE ANCIENT WONDERS
PROMISE EVEN GREATER SECRETS
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00:00:07,655 --> 00:00:10,827
STILL TO BE FOUND
UNDER THE SANDS OF EGYPT.
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00:00:10,827 --> 00:00:13,379
NOW CUTTING-EDGE SCIENCE
FINALLY DECODES
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00:00:13,379 --> 00:00:15,931
THE MYSTERIOUS
LAND OF THE PHARAOHS.
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00:00:15,931 --> 00:00:19,586
WITH MODERN TECHNOLOGY,
WE ARE GAINING AN INSIGHT
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00:00:19,586 --> 00:00:21,931
INTO THE WAY
THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS LIVED
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00:00:21,931 --> 00:00:25,379
AND THE MANNER
AT WHICH THEY DIED.
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00:00:25,379 --> 00:00:26,655
Narrator: THIS TIME,
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00:00:26,655 --> 00:00:29,310
CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
ANCIENT EGYPT,
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00:00:29,310 --> 00:00:33,379
CAN CUTTING-EDGE SCANS
PROVE RAMESSES III WAS MURDERED?
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00:00:33,379 --> 00:00:37,482
THIS IS AN ATTEMPT TO CHANGE
THE ARC OF EGYPTIAN HISTORY.
13
00:00:37,482 --> 00:00:40,275
Narrator: COULD NEW TECHNOLOGY
FINALLY SOLVE THE MYSTERY
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00:00:40,275 --> 00:00:43,689
OF THE MOST FAMOUS STATUE
OF QUEEN NEFERTITI?
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00:00:43,689 --> 00:00:46,517
IS IT GENUINE OR IS IT A FAKE?
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00:00:46,517 --> 00:00:50,620
Narrator:
AND CAN THE FBI RECOVER
THE FIRST-EVER ANCIENT DNA
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00:00:50,620 --> 00:00:52,517
FROM AN EGYPTIAN MUMMY?
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00:00:52,517 --> 00:00:55,655
IT WAS THE FBI THAT
HAD THE SCIENTIFIC TOOLS
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00:00:55,655 --> 00:00:57,793
TO ANALYZE THIS HEAD.
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00:00:57,793 --> 00:01:02,206
Narrator:
ANCIENT CLUES ON EARTH,
LONG-LOST EVIDENCE REEXAMINED,
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00:01:02,206 --> 00:01:06,241
PRECIOUS ARTIFACTS BROUGHT INTO
THE LIGHT OF THE 21st CENTURY.
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00:01:06,241 --> 00:01:09,275
THESE ARE
"EGYPT'S UNEXPLAINED FILES."
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00:01:09,275 --> 00:01:12,206
--Captions by VITAC--
www.vitac.com
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CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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FBI AGENTS BELIEVE THEY CAN
SOLVE A 4,000-YEAR-OLD COLD CASE
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00:01:20,103 --> 00:01:23,896
BY EXTRACTING DNA
FROM AN ANCIENT EGYPTIAN MUMMY
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00:01:23,896 --> 00:01:25,827
FOR THE FIRST TIME EVER.
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00:01:25,827 --> 00:01:29,172
NOBODY EVER GOT DNA
FROM EGYPTIAN SAMPLES,
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00:01:29,172 --> 00:01:31,344
SO I DIDN'T THINK
IT WAS GONNA WORK.
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Narrator:
IT COULD REVEAL WHAT HAD ELUDED
RESEARCHERS FOR 100 YEARS --
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THE PERSON'S IDENTITY.
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Berman: PEOPLE NATURALLY
WANT TO KNOW WHOSE IT WAS.
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WE HAVE A MYSTERY.
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♪♪
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Narrator: THE BOSTON MUSEUM
OF FINE ART, 2005.
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CURATORS REEXAMINE A STRANGE
ARTIFACT KEPT IN THEIR VAULTS --
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A MUMMIFIED HEAD
MISSING ITS BODY.
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THEY'VE NEVER KNOWN
ITS IDENTITY,
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00:02:00,034 --> 00:02:02,655
DESPITE DECADES OF RESEARCH.
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00:02:02,655 --> 00:02:05,862
THEY BELIEVE NOW IS THE TIME
TO FIND AN ANSWER.
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00:02:05,862 --> 00:02:10,000
AND WE THOUGHT THAT
WITH ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY,
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00:02:10,000 --> 00:02:12,482
WE MIGHT BE ABLE
TO GET MORE INFORMATION
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ABOUT THE MUMMY'S HEAD.
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SO, WE TOOK THE HEAD TO THE
MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL,
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00:02:17,689 --> 00:02:21,034
AND WE DID VERY ADVANCED
AND DETAILED CT SCANS.
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♪♪
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Narrator: FROM THE 2005 CT SCAN,
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SCIENTISTS CREATE
A 3-D MODEL OF THE SKULL.
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IT MAY DETERMINE WHETHER
THE PERSON WAS A MALE OR FEMALE.
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00:02:33,965 --> 00:02:39,793
BUT WHEN THEY EXAMINE THE MODEL,
CRUCIAL EVIDENCE IS MISSING.
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Berman: WE HAVE 3-D MODELS
THAT WERE PRINTED OUT.
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IF YOU LOOK AT THE JAW AREAS,
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YOU CAN SEE
WHAT HAD BEEN REMOVED.
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THESE ARE PRECISELY THE BONES
THAT WOULD BE THE MOST TELLING
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00:02:52,724 --> 00:02:56,931
IN DETERMINING WHETHER
THE SKULL WAS MALE OR FEMALE.
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00:02:56,931 --> 00:03:00,655
Narrator: IT IS A SETBACK
FOR THE SCIENTISTS.
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THEY NOW REEXAMINE
THE DISCOVERY OF THE TOMB,
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00:03:03,448 --> 00:03:05,413
SEARCHING FOR MISSED EVIDENCE.
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♪♪
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Berman:
THE HEAD WAS FOUND IN 1915
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WHILE THE MUSEUM
WAS EXCAVATING TOMBS
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IN THE CEMETERY
OF DEIR EL-BERSHA,
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00:03:14,896 --> 00:03:18,448
WHICH IS ABOUT 175 MILES
SOUTH OF CAIRO.
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00:03:20,448 --> 00:03:24,206
Narrator:
THE BURIAL PLACE HAS BEEN
RANSACKED BY LOOTERS.
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Berman: THEY BROKE IN THROUGH
THE HEAD-ENDS OF THE COFFIN
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AND YANKED THE MUMMY OUT.
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IT WAS IN GREAT DISARRAY.
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Cooney:
STRANGELY, THE LOOTERS LEFT
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ONE OF THE HEADS
OF THE INHABITANTS
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SEVERED FROM ITS BODY
ON TOP OF THE COFFIN.
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00:03:40,172 --> 00:03:43,172
Narrator:
IDENTIFYING THE HEAD FROM
THE CONTENTS FOUND IN THE TOMB
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WAS IMPOSSIBLE.
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SINCE NONE OF THEM
WERE IN THE COFFINS,
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WE DIDN'T KNOW WHO THEY WERE.
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Narrator:
SO ARCHAEOLOGISTS EXAMINE
THE COFFINS THEMSELVES,
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HOPING FOR A CLUE
TO WHOM THEY BELONG.
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THEY DISCOVERED INSCRIPTIONS
THAT SUGGEST TWO POSSIBILITIES.
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THE COFFINS
ARE COPIOUSLY INSCRIBED
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00:04:03,413 --> 00:04:06,620
WITH INSCRIPTIONS THAT CONTAIN
THEIR NAME AND TITLES --
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THE GOVERNOR DJEHUTYNAKHT
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AND OF HIS WIFE WHOSE NAME
WAS ALSO DJEHUTYNAKHT.
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Narrator:
THE INSCRIPTIONS SHOW THE COUPLE
ARE IMPORTANT PEOPLE
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AROUND 2,000 B.C.E.,
84
00:04:17,275 --> 00:04:19,379
BUT THE MYSTERY
OF THE HEAD REMAINS.
85
00:04:19,379 --> 00:04:22,068
NO ONE KNEW WHETHER IT BELONGED
TO DJEHUTYNAKHT THE GOVERNOR
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OR TO HIS WIFE.
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IS IT HIM OR IS IT HER?
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♪♪
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Narrator:
TO SOLVE THE QUESTION, MUSEUM
CURATORS SEEK OUTSIDE EXPERTISE.
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IN 2016, THE WORLD'S
LEADING CRIME FIGHTERS
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00:04:36,517 --> 00:04:38,344
COME TO THE RESCUE.
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00:04:38,344 --> 00:04:41,103
IN THIS PARTICULAR CASE,
IT WAS THE FBI
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00:04:41,103 --> 00:04:45,517
THAT HAD THE SCIENTIFIC TOOLS
TO ANALYZE THIS HEAD.
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00:04:45,517 --> 00:04:47,068
Narrator:
THE MUMMY'S HEAD IS ASSIGNED
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TO TWO OF THE FBI'S MOST
EXPERIENCED INVESTIGATORS --
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00:04:51,310 --> 00:04:54,275
JODI IRWIN, A RESEARCH BIOLOGIST
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AND ODILE LOREILLE,
A SPECIALIST IN ANCIENT DNA.
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00:04:58,862 --> 00:05:00,241
Loreille:
THE MUSEUM WANTED TO KNOW
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WHETHER THE HEAD
OF THE MUMMY BELONGED
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TO GOVERNOR DJEHUTYNAKHT
OR TO HIS WIFE.
101
00:05:05,068 --> 00:05:06,896
Narrator:
FOR THE FIRST TIME EVER,
102
00:05:06,896 --> 00:05:11,482
THE FBI USES A DNA SEQUENCING
TECHNIQUE NEW TO FORENSICS.
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WE HAD
A REALLY DIFFICULT SITUATION,
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00:05:13,586 --> 00:05:16,103
A SITUATION THAT WE WOULDN'T
HAVE BEEN ABLE TO SOLVE
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00:05:16,103 --> 00:05:19,344
WITH ALL OF OUR CURRENTLY-
IMPLEMENTED TECHNOLOGIES.
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Narrator:
THE NEW TECHNOLOGY IS CALLED
NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING.
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IT CAN EXAMINE
THE TINIEST OF SAMPLES.
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SO, FOR ANCIENT DNA
WHERE, YOU KNOW,
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YOU DON'T HAVE A LOT OF DNA
TO START WITH.
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THESE ARE INSTRUMENTS THAT ALLOW
YOU TO COPY AND SEQUENCE DNA
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00:05:35,172 --> 00:05:37,862
THAT ARE VERY SMALL
AND IN VERY HIGH THROUGHPUT,
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00:05:37,862 --> 00:05:41,034
SO YOU HAVE MILLIONS
AND MILLIONS OF SEQUENCES.
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Narrator:
BUT FIRST, THE FBI TEAM MUST
FIND ANCIENT DNA IN THE SKULL,
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A NEARLY IMPOSSIBLE TASK.
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THEY WOULDN'T NORMALLY HAVE
TO WORK WITH 4,000-YEAR-OLD DNA,
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00:05:52,137 --> 00:05:54,862
BUT OFTEN THEY ARE FACED
WITH CHALLENGING SITUATIONS.
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00:05:56,344 --> 00:05:58,413
Narrator: OVER THE COURSE
OF FOUR MILLENNIA,
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00:05:58,413 --> 00:06:01,758
TIME, ALONG WITH THE HEAT
OF THE DESERT CLIMATE,
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00:06:01,758 --> 00:06:04,896
BREAKS DOWN THE DNA IN THE HEAD.
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00:06:04,896 --> 00:06:08,862
BUT GENETICISTS POTENTIALLY FACE
A FAR BIGGER ISSUE --
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CONTAMINATION.
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Loreille: THE MUMMY HAS BEEN
TOUCHED BY MULTIPLE PEOPLE --
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00:06:13,482 --> 00:06:17,172
THE LOOTERS, OBVIOUSLY,
THE ARCHAEOLOGISTS,
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00:06:17,172 --> 00:06:20,758
AND THEN PROBABLY SOME CURATORS
AT THE MUSEUM IN BOSTON,
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SO WE WERE VERY CONCERNED
ABOUT CONTAMINATION.
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Narrator:
TO EXTRACT UNCONTAMINATED DNA,
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THE FBI TEAM NEED
AN UNTOUCHED SAMPLE,
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00:06:30,379 --> 00:06:34,310
A DAUNTING TASK
AFTER 4,000 YEARS.
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00:06:34,310 --> 00:06:37,655
Loreille:
WHAT WE DID IS WE GOT A SAMPLE
FROM INSIDE A TOOTH
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BY GOING THROUGH THE NECK
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SO THAT WE KNEW FOR SURE
THAT IT HAD NEVER BEEN TOUCHED.
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00:06:43,206 --> 00:06:45,068
Berman:
THE REMOVAL OF THE MOLAR
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WAS DONE AS DELICATELY
AS IT WOULD BE
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00:06:48,448 --> 00:06:52,689
IF YOU WERE OPERATING
ON A LIVING PERSON.
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00:06:52,689 --> 00:06:57,206
Narrator: THE TOOTH COULD YIELD
A VIABLE DNA SAMPLE,
136
00:06:57,206 --> 00:07:00,896
BUT THE SCIENTISTS KNOW
THE ODDS ARE AGAINST THEM.
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00:07:00,896 --> 00:07:02,206
Loreille:
I WAS REALLY SKEPTICAL.
138
00:07:02,206 --> 00:07:04,310
WHEN I STARTED,
I THOUGHT THERE MIGHT BE
139
00:07:04,310 --> 00:07:08,137
A 5% CHANCE
IT WOULD WORK AT BEST.
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00:07:08,137 --> 00:07:10,517
Narrator: EXTRACTING USEFUL DNA
FROM THE TOOTH
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IS A DELICATE
AND PAINSTAKING PROCESS.
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Loreille: WE SANDED THE SURFACE
TO REMOVE CONTAMINATION,
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00:07:18,000 --> 00:07:22,137
AND THEN WE DRILLED THROUGH
THE TOOTH TO REMOVE POWDER.
144
00:07:22,137 --> 00:07:24,655
ONCE YOU HAVE THE POWDER,
YOU EXTRACT THE DNA,
145
00:07:24,655 --> 00:07:28,896
YOU PUT IT IN SOLUTION,
AND THAT'S THE DNA EXTRACT.
146
00:07:28,896 --> 00:07:30,758
Narrator:
FOR THE FIRST TIME EVER,
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THE FBI USES THE VERY-LATEST
SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGY
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00:07:33,965 --> 00:07:37,448
TO PROCESS
A MUMMY'S ANCIENT DNA.
149
00:07:37,448 --> 00:07:42,344
THE RESULTS SHOW UP AS A HUGE
DATA SET OF CHEMICAL SEQUENCES.
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00:07:42,344 --> 00:07:45,000
ONCE YOU'VE DONE THAT, YOU SEE
HOW MANY SEQUENCES
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00:07:45,000 --> 00:07:47,379
YOU HAVE
THAT MATCH CHROMOSOME 1,
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00:07:47,379 --> 00:07:51,448
HOW MANY CHROMOSOME 2,
3, 4, 5, "X" AND "Y."
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00:07:51,448 --> 00:07:54,379
Narrator: ODILE IS HUNTING
FOR THE "Y" CHROMOSOME
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00:07:54,379 --> 00:07:58,793
BECAUSE "Y" CHROMOSOMES
ARE ONLY PRESENT IN MALE DNA.
155
00:07:58,793 --> 00:08:02,758
IF THEY SUCCEED, IT MAY BE
THE FIRST ANCIENT DNA EXTRACTION
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00:08:02,758 --> 00:08:06,137
FROM AN EGYPTIAN MUMMY
IN HISTORY.
157
00:08:06,137 --> 00:08:09,517
NOBODY EVER GOT DNA
FROM EGYPTIAN SAMPLES,
158
00:08:09,517 --> 00:08:12,034
SO I DIDN'T THINK
IT WAS GONNA WORK.
159
00:08:12,034 --> 00:08:14,758
Narrator: WHEN THE FBI TEAM
STUDY THEIR RESULTS,
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00:08:14,758 --> 00:08:18,137
THEY DISCOVER SOMETHING
LONG THOUGH UNATTAINABLE --
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00:08:18,137 --> 00:08:21,068
ANCIENT DNA.
162
00:08:21,068 --> 00:08:25,310
THEY CAN NOW SOLVE THE MYSTERY
OF THE SEVERED HEAD.
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00:08:25,310 --> 00:08:28,034
Irwin: THE DNA RESULTS SHOWED
THAT THE MUMMY'S TOOTH,
164
00:08:28,034 --> 00:08:29,689
AND THEREFORE THE MUMMY,
165
00:08:29,689 --> 00:08:31,655
IS FROM
THE GOVERNOR DJEHUTYNAKHT
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00:08:31,655 --> 00:08:33,482
AND NOT HIS WIFE.
167
00:08:33,482 --> 00:08:34,689
YEAH, IT WAS BOY.
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[ LAUGHS ]
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Berman: ALTHOUGH I'M VERY HAPPY
THAT WE KNOW
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00:08:39,379 --> 00:08:41,965
THAT IT IS THE GOVERNOR
AND NOT HIS WIFE,
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00:08:41,965 --> 00:08:44,827
I WAS KIND OF HOPING
THAT IT WAS HER.
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00:08:44,827 --> 00:08:46,620
Narrator:
AFTER 4,000 YEARS,
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00:08:46,620 --> 00:08:49,689
AN ANCIENT MUMMY
HAS HIS IDENTITY RESTORED
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00:08:49,689 --> 00:08:53,275
THANKS TO THE WORLD-CLASS
EXPERTISE OF THE FBI.
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00:08:53,275 --> 00:08:56,172
BUT WHAT IS MORE, THEY MAKE
A SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGH
176
00:08:56,172 --> 00:09:00,034
IN THE FIELD OF ANCIENT DNA
THAT WILL UNDOUBTEDLY LEAD
177
00:09:00,034 --> 00:09:02,344
TO FURTHER
DISCOVERIES IN THE FUTURE.
178
00:09:02,344 --> 00:09:07,413
♪♪
179
00:09:07,413 --> 00:09:12,517
♪♪
180
00:09:12,517 --> 00:09:15,103
THE MYSTERIOUS NEFERTITI.
181
00:09:15,103 --> 00:09:18,517
HER ICONIC BUST
IS A PRICELESS TREASURE.
182
00:09:18,517 --> 00:09:20,517
Fletcher: THE BUST OF NEFERTITI
HAS LONG BEEN
183
00:09:20,517 --> 00:09:23,241
THE CROWNING GLORY
OF EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES.
184
00:09:23,241 --> 00:09:25,551
IT'S A SUPERB WORK OF ART.
185
00:09:25,551 --> 00:09:28,965
Narrator:
BUT SOME EXPERTS BELIEVE
THIS BEAUTIFUL FACE
186
00:09:28,965 --> 00:09:31,000
COULD BE A FORGERY.
187
00:09:31,000 --> 00:09:34,551
YOU WOULD NEVER IN THE ANCIENT
WORLD FIND AN ANCIENT STATUE
188
00:09:34,551 --> 00:09:37,965
WHERE THEY'D FINISHED OFF
THE HARD PARTS WITH PLASTER.
189
00:09:37,965 --> 00:09:41,931
THIS HAS GOT TO BE ONE OF THE
MOST CONTROVERSIAL WORKS OF ART
190
00:09:41,931 --> 00:09:43,827
IN HUMAN HISTORY.
191
00:09:43,827 --> 00:09:46,137
Narrator:
NOW STATE-OF-THE-ART SCANNERS
192
00:09:46,137 --> 00:09:49,103
ARE FINALLY PEERING BENEATH
THE STATUE'S VENEER
193
00:09:49,103 --> 00:09:52,241
TO ANSWER ONE OF
EGYPT'S GREATEST QUESTIONS.
194
00:09:52,241 --> 00:09:54,448
IS IT GENUINE OR IS IT A FAKE?
195
00:09:54,448 --> 00:10:00,206
♪♪
196
00:10:02,931 --> 00:10:07,310
Narrator: SHE IS THE ICONIC FACE
OF EGYPT'S 18th DYNASTY --
197
00:10:07,310 --> 00:10:08,827
QUEEN NEFERTITI.
198
00:10:08,827 --> 00:10:10,551
NEFERTITI HAS GONE
DOWN IN HISTORY
199
00:10:10,551 --> 00:10:14,172
AS THE MOST BEAUTIFUL
EGYPTIAN QUEEN OF ALL TIME.
200
00:10:14,172 --> 00:10:16,103
Narrator:
BUT FOR OVER 100 YEARS,
201
00:10:16,103 --> 00:10:19,241
QUESTIONS ABOUT THIS BEAUTY
LOOM LARGE.
202
00:10:19,241 --> 00:10:22,896
SOME BELIEVE THE LIFE-SIZE BUST
THAT CREATED HER IMAGE
203
00:10:22,896 --> 00:10:24,241
MAY NOT BE REAL.
204
00:10:24,241 --> 00:10:27,551
I THINK THAT THE BUST OF
NEFERTITI IS A MASTERPIECE,
205
00:10:27,551 --> 00:10:32,793
AND MASTERPIECES
ARE VERY HARD TO EVALUATE
206
00:10:32,793 --> 00:10:35,068
IN TERMS OF AUTHENTICITY.
207
00:10:35,068 --> 00:10:37,241
Fletcher:
A LOT OF DUPLICATES WERE MADE
208
00:10:37,241 --> 00:10:39,517
BECAUSE THE BUST
WAS SO VERY POPULAR.
209
00:10:39,517 --> 00:10:43,793
EVERY COLLECTION WANTED
A REPLICA SO VISITORS COULD COME
210
00:10:43,793 --> 00:10:46,034
AND ADMIRE
THE BUST OF NEFERTITI
211
00:10:46,034 --> 00:10:48,413
EVEN IF IT'S NOT
THE ORIGINAL ONE.
212
00:10:48,413 --> 00:10:51,655
AND I THINK THE PROLIFERATION
OF THESE REPRODUCTION BUSTS
213
00:10:51,655 --> 00:10:54,793
HAS SORT OF LED TO A CERTAIN
AMOUNT OF UNCERTAINTY.
214
00:10:54,793 --> 00:10:56,862
WHICH IS THE REAL ONE?
215
00:10:56,862 --> 00:11:00,310
WE CAN'T 100% SAY IT'S ACCURATE.
216
00:11:00,310 --> 00:11:04,172
Narrator:
SO SCIENTISTS BEGIN
A 21st-CENTURY INVESTIGATION
217
00:11:04,172 --> 00:11:05,448
TO FIND THE TRUTH.
218
00:11:05,448 --> 00:11:07,000
EXPERTS ARE ANALYZING THIS BUST
219
00:11:07,000 --> 00:11:09,137
USING THE LATEST
SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUES
220
00:11:09,137 --> 00:11:12,551
TO TRY AND FIND OUT
IF IT TRULY IS ANCIENT.
221
00:11:12,551 --> 00:11:17,655
Narrator:
THEY START BY PROBING THE STATUE
WITH A 64-SECTION CT SCAN,
222
00:11:17,655 --> 00:11:23,448
REVEALING FOR THE FIRST TIME
THE BUST'S INNER STRUCTURE.
223
00:11:23,448 --> 00:11:26,620
Harrison: CT SCANS REVEAL
THAT IT'S A LIMESTONE CORE
224
00:11:26,620 --> 00:11:28,655
WHICH HAS BEEN COVERED
WITH A LAYER OF STUCCO
225
00:11:28,655 --> 00:11:30,379
WHICH WAS THEN PAINTED.
226
00:11:30,379 --> 00:11:34,793
Narrator:
FOR EGYPTOLOGISTS, THE DISCOVERY
IS DEEPLY SUSPICIOUS.
227
00:11:34,793 --> 00:11:36,344
Harrison: YOU WOULD NEVER,
IN THE ANCIENT WORLD,
228
00:11:36,344 --> 00:11:38,344
FIND AN ANCIENT STATUE
229
00:11:38,344 --> 00:11:41,482
WHERE THEY'D FINISHED OFF
THE HARD PARTS WITH PLASTER,
230
00:11:41,482 --> 00:11:44,344
SO THIS RINGS SOME ALARM BELLS.
231
00:11:44,344 --> 00:11:47,448
I SUPPOSE THE TEMPTATION
OF PEOPLE TO WANT TO BUY
232
00:11:47,448 --> 00:11:49,689
A LITTLE PIECE OF AMARNA ART
FOR THEMSELVES
233
00:11:49,689 --> 00:11:51,620
COULD THROW UP THE POSSIBILITY
234
00:11:51,620 --> 00:11:55,034
THAT A BUST LIKE THIS
MAY HAVE BEEN MADE BY A FORGER.
235
00:11:55,034 --> 00:11:58,413
BUT, OF COURSE, IT JUST FEEDS
INTO THIS WHOLE MYSTERY OF
236
00:11:58,413 --> 00:12:02,068
"IS THE NEFERTITI BUST
A FAKE OR NOT?"
237
00:12:02,068 --> 00:12:04,379
Narrator: THE STRANGE MATERIALS
FOUND IN THE SCAN
238
00:12:04,379 --> 00:12:07,034
LEAD EXPERTS
TO REEXAMINE THE CIRCUMSTANCES
239
00:12:07,034 --> 00:12:09,068
UNDER WHICH
THE BUST IS DISCOVERED
240
00:12:09,068 --> 00:12:11,620
IN THE EARLY 20th CENTURY.
241
00:12:11,620 --> 00:12:13,689
♪♪
242
00:12:13,689 --> 00:12:16,448
Harrison:
LUDWIG BORCHARDT CLAIMS
TO FIND THE BUST OF NEFERTITI
243
00:12:16,448 --> 00:12:18,241
IN A WORKSHOP AT EL-AMARNA
244
00:12:18,241 --> 00:12:21,689
UNDER 50 CENTIMETERS
OF DIRT AND GRAVEL.
245
00:12:21,689 --> 00:12:24,068
Narrator:
IT ALL SEEMS TOO PERFECT.
246
00:12:24,068 --> 00:12:26,793
INVESTIGATORS NOW LOOK
AT BORCHARDT'S DIARY
247
00:12:26,793 --> 00:12:30,689
TO FIND ANYTHING
OUT OF THE ORDINARY.
248
00:12:30,689 --> 00:12:34,586
THEN SOMETHING SUSPICIOUS.
249
00:12:34,586 --> 00:12:36,827
THE EXACT CIRCUMSTANCES
250
00:12:36,827 --> 00:12:38,793
SURROUNDING
THE DISCOVERY OF THE BUST
251
00:12:38,793 --> 00:12:41,103
HAVE BEEN CALLED INTO QUESTION
252
00:12:41,103 --> 00:12:42,931
BECAUSE IT COINCIDED,
APPARENTLY,
253
00:12:42,931 --> 00:12:46,172
THE VISIT OF A PRINCE
TO THE EXCAVATIONS.
254
00:12:46,172 --> 00:12:48,551
AND IT'S BEEN SUGGESTED
MAYBE THAT BORCHARDT
255
00:12:48,551 --> 00:12:50,482
WANTED TO IMPRESS
HIS ROYAL VISITOR
256
00:12:50,482 --> 00:12:53,689
WITH THIS AMAZING NEW FIND.
257
00:12:53,689 --> 00:12:56,482
Narrator:
IN THE EARLY 20th CENTURY,
THERE IS HUGE DESIRE
258
00:12:56,482 --> 00:13:00,620
TO IMPRESS EUROPE'S
STILL-POWERFUL ROYAL FAMILIES.
259
00:13:00,620 --> 00:13:03,551
A FIND SHOWING
THE BEAUTIFUL NEFERTITI
260
00:13:03,551 --> 00:13:05,448
WOULD TAKE THEIR BREATH AWAY.
261
00:13:05,448 --> 00:13:07,689
THE PRINCE MARVELS
AT THE DISCOVERIES,
262
00:13:07,689 --> 00:13:10,379
BUT ONE OF THE WORKMEN
DISAPPEARS FOR A FEW MOMENTS.
263
00:13:10,379 --> 00:13:14,068
THE WORKMAN COMES BACK
HOLDING THIS BUST OF NEFERTITI.
264
00:13:14,068 --> 00:13:17,000
THE ROYALS ARE WOWED
BY ITS BEAUTY.
265
00:13:17,000 --> 00:13:19,448
Fletcher: IN SOME PEOPLE'S
MINDS, IT'S A QUESTION OF
266
00:13:19,448 --> 00:13:22,655
"WAS THIS THING PLANTED
TO MAKE THE ARCHAEOLOGY
267
00:13:22,655 --> 00:13:25,379
SEEM EVEN MORE EXCITING?"
268
00:13:25,379 --> 00:13:27,172
Narrator: THE VISIT RAISED
INITIAL SUSPICIONS
269
00:13:27,172 --> 00:13:29,310
ABOUT THE BUST'S AUTHENTICITY,
270
00:13:29,310 --> 00:13:31,172
BUT IN THE DECADES
THAT FOLLOWED,
271
00:13:31,172 --> 00:13:35,034
EXPERTS HAVE ALSO STUDIED THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STATUE.
272
00:13:35,034 --> 00:13:37,137
ONE DETAIL RAISED QUESTIONS.
273
00:13:37,137 --> 00:13:40,206
♪♪
274
00:13:40,206 --> 00:13:43,034
Harrison: THE FACT THAT THE BUST
ONLY HAS ONE EYE
275
00:13:43,034 --> 00:13:45,448
DOES RAISE SOME RED FLAGS.
276
00:13:45,448 --> 00:13:48,310
MODERN FORGERY EXPERTS
ARGUE THAT IT WOULD BE EASY
277
00:13:48,310 --> 00:13:50,827
TO SORT ONE ANCIENT EYE
278
00:13:50,827 --> 00:13:52,517
IN THE CONSTRUCTION
OF A PIECE LIKE THIS,
279
00:13:52,517 --> 00:13:56,103
BUT FINDING A PAIR
WOULD BE ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE.
280
00:13:56,103 --> 00:13:58,517
Narrator: BUT NOT ALL EXPERTS
AGREE WITH THE THEORY
281
00:13:58,517 --> 00:14:02,379
THAT NEFERTITI'S ONE EYE
PROVES IT'S FAKE.
282
00:14:02,379 --> 00:14:06,034
THIS IS TO FUNDAMENTALLY
MISUNDERSTAND
283
00:14:06,034 --> 00:14:10,068
HOW THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS
PRODUCED PORTRAITS
284
00:14:10,068 --> 00:14:11,413
WITH INLAID EYES.
285
00:14:11,413 --> 00:14:15,103
AND SO FREQUENTLY, THESE EYES
FALL OUT ALL THE TIME,
286
00:14:15,103 --> 00:14:20,379
SO WHETHER THE EYE IS THERE
OR NOT IS ABSOLUTELY NO REASON
287
00:14:20,379 --> 00:14:26,068
TO QUESTION THE AUTHENTICITY
OF THIS SUPERB WORK OF ART.
288
00:14:26,068 --> 00:14:28,379
Narrator: AS RESEARCHERS
CONSIDER FURTHER THE IDEA
289
00:14:28,379 --> 00:14:30,310
THAT THE STATUE IS A FORGERY,
290
00:14:30,310 --> 00:14:33,344
THEY START TO NOTICE OTHER
IRREGULAR ELEMENTS IN THE BUST.
291
00:14:33,344 --> 00:14:36,137
♪♪
292
00:14:36,137 --> 00:14:38,344
Fletcher: THERE IS
SELECTIVE DAMAGE ON THE BUST.
293
00:14:38,344 --> 00:14:41,689
YOU KNOW, THE MISSING HEAD
OF THE URAEUS SNAKE,
294
00:14:41,689 --> 00:14:44,103
DAMAGE TO THE EAR AND SO FORTH.
295
00:14:44,103 --> 00:14:47,310
Harrison:
WE'RE TOLD THAT THE BUST
WAS FOUND ON IT'S FACE
296
00:14:47,310 --> 00:14:49,241
UNDER THE GROUND
IN THE WORKSHOP,
297
00:14:49,241 --> 00:14:52,034
AND YET, THERE'S NO DAMAGE
TO THE NOSE OR THE CHIN,
298
00:14:52,034 --> 00:14:55,000
WHICH IS WHAT YOU'D EXPECT
IF IT HAD FALLEN OFF OF A SHELF
299
00:14:55,000 --> 00:14:57,413
AND LOST THE COBRA.
300
00:14:57,413 --> 00:14:59,793
THE DAMAGE ON THE EAR
SEEMS TO BE QUITE SELECTIVE
301
00:14:59,793 --> 00:15:03,241
AS IF IT HAD BEEN DROPPED
ON ITS RIGHT AND THEN LEFT SIDE.
302
00:15:03,241 --> 00:15:06,586
THE FACE IS LARGELY IMMACULATE.
303
00:15:06,586 --> 00:15:08,517
IT'S ALMOST AS IF SOMEONE WANTS
304
00:15:08,517 --> 00:15:12,206
THAT MOST IMPORTANT FEATURE
TO BE PRESERVED.
305
00:15:12,206 --> 00:15:14,827
Narrator: THE FACE OF NEFERTITI
IS SO PERFECT,
306
00:15:14,827 --> 00:15:16,344
WHEN BROUGHT TO GERMANY,
307
00:15:16,344 --> 00:15:19,241
IT IS REVERED
BY THEIR POWERFUL NEW DICTATOR.
308
00:15:19,241 --> 00:15:22,310
♪♪
309
00:15:22,310 --> 00:15:25,896
HITLER GREATLY ADMIRED
THE BUST OF NEFERTITI.
310
00:15:25,896 --> 00:15:29,655
TO HIM, IT REPRESENTED
THE IDEAL ARYAN WOMAN.
311
00:15:29,655 --> 00:15:32,655
Fletcher:
ADOLF HITLER APPARENTLY
TAKES THE BUST OF NEFERTITI
312
00:15:32,655 --> 00:15:34,344
INTO HIS PERSONAL COLLECTION.
313
00:15:34,344 --> 00:15:38,379
♪♪
314
00:15:38,379 --> 00:15:42,344
Narrator:
AFTER THE WAR, THE BUST ENDS UP
IN BERLIN'S NEUES MUSEUM,
315
00:15:42,344 --> 00:15:45,724
IT'S MOST-PRIZED TREASURE.
316
00:15:45,724 --> 00:15:48,103
IN 2009, THE MUSEUM CURATORS
317
00:15:48,103 --> 00:15:51,793
CONTINUE THEIR EXHAUSTIVE
EXAMINATIONS OF THE STATUE,
318
00:15:51,793 --> 00:15:55,586
DETERMINED TO SOLVE THE MYSTERY.
319
00:15:55,586 --> 00:15:59,448
THE MUSEUM DECIDES THEY WANT
TO PUT THIS ARGUMENT TO REST.
320
00:15:59,448 --> 00:16:01,793
THEY WANT TO DETERMINE
IS THIS BUST
321
00:16:01,793 --> 00:16:04,793
ACTUALLY MADE
OF ANCIENT MATERIALS.
322
00:16:04,793 --> 00:16:07,931
Narrator: FOR THIS, SCIENTISTS
CARRY OUT A CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
323
00:16:07,931 --> 00:16:12,689
OF THE MATERIALS
USING CUTTING-EDGE XRF TESTING.
324
00:16:12,689 --> 00:16:15,620
XRF STANDS
FOR X-RAY FLORESCENCE.
325
00:16:15,620 --> 00:16:20,344
ESSENTIALLY, YOU AIM LASERS
AT THE BUST OF NEFERTITI,
326
00:16:20,344 --> 00:16:25,551
AND THEN THE ELEMENTS THAT LEAVE
FROM THE LASER ARE MONITORED,
327
00:16:25,551 --> 00:16:31,206
AND YOU CAN FIND OUT IF THERE
ARE ANY, SAY, MODERN PIGMENTS.
328
00:16:31,206 --> 00:16:33,103
Narrator: THE RESULTS WILL SHOW
WHETHER THE PIGMENTS
329
00:16:33,103 --> 00:16:36,482
ARE MADE
FROM 3,000-YEAR-OLD COMPONENTS
330
00:16:36,482 --> 00:16:40,137
OR CHEAP 20th-CENTURY
COUNTERFEITS.
331
00:16:40,137 --> 00:16:44,034
WHEN THE DATA COMES IN,
THE SCIENTISTS ARE AMAZED.
332
00:16:44,034 --> 00:16:47,758
Fletcher:
THE PIGMENTS USED, THE PAINTS
USED EXACTLY CONFORM
333
00:16:47,758 --> 00:16:50,517
TO THE KIND OF PIGMENTS
THAT 18th-DYNASTY ARTISTS
334
00:16:50,517 --> 00:16:53,551
WERE USING IN EGYPT
AT THAT TIME.
335
00:16:53,551 --> 00:16:57,068
THEY ARE, IN FACT,
ANCIENT PIGMENTS.
336
00:16:57,068 --> 00:16:59,689
Narrator: THE RESULTS LEAD SOME
TO MAKE A FINAL CONCLUSION
337
00:16:59,689 --> 00:17:03,448
ON NEFERTITI'S BUST.
338
00:17:03,448 --> 00:17:09,275
I THINK IT'S ABSOLUTELY CLEAR
THAT THIS BUST IS GENUINE.
339
00:17:09,275 --> 00:17:11,655
Narrator:
OTHERS ARE NOT YET CONVINCED.
340
00:17:11,655 --> 00:17:14,137
THE FACT IS, THERE'S STRONG
EVIDENCE ON BOTH SIDES
341
00:17:14,137 --> 00:17:15,931
THAT INDICATE
THAT IT COULD BE AUTHENTIC
342
00:17:15,931 --> 00:17:17,448
AND IT COULD BE A FORGERY.
343
00:17:17,448 --> 00:17:21,379
Fletcher:
IF IT'S A FAKE, THEN THE FORGER
MUST BE A GENIUS,
344
00:17:21,379 --> 00:17:24,724
BEING ABLE TO REPLICATE
EXACTLY THE KNOWN RECIPES
345
00:17:24,724 --> 00:17:27,896
FOR ANCIENT-EGYPTIAN PIGMENTS.
346
00:17:27,896 --> 00:17:30,827
Narrator: THE FINAL ANSWER
TO THIS ANCIENT MYSTERY
347
00:17:30,827 --> 00:17:33,137
MAY LIE IN THE ANALYSIS
OF OTHER MATERIALS
348
00:17:33,137 --> 00:17:35,655
USED IN CREATING THE BUST,
349
00:17:35,655 --> 00:17:39,724
A TASK SCIENTISTS WILL
NO DOUBT TACKLE IN THE FUTURE.
350
00:17:39,724 --> 00:17:43,241
EVENTUALLY, WHEN WE'RE ABLE
TO DATA LIMESTONE AND PLASTER,
351
00:17:43,241 --> 00:17:45,344
THEN WE'LL BE ABLE
TO TELL FOR SURE.
352
00:17:45,344 --> 00:17:47,379
Narrator:
PRICELESS ANCIENT ARTIFACT
353
00:17:47,379 --> 00:17:49,862
OR 20th-CENTURY FAKE?
354
00:17:49,862 --> 00:17:51,827
EXPERTS ARE GETTING CLOSER
AND CLOSER
355
00:17:51,827 --> 00:17:55,034
TO A DEFINITIVE ANSWER
ON THE ENDURING IMAGE
356
00:17:55,034 --> 00:17:57,724
OF THE MOST BEAUTIFUL QUEEN
IN ANCIENT EGYPT.
357
00:17:57,724 --> 00:18:03,275
♪♪
358
00:18:03,275 --> 00:18:08,758
♪♪
359
00:18:08,758 --> 00:18:13,413
A PHARAOH WHOSE DEATH IS ONE
OF EGYPT'S STRANGEST MYSTERIES.
360
00:18:13,413 --> 00:18:16,206
Darnell: THE ULTIMATE FATE
OF PHARAOH RAMESSES III
361
00:18:16,206 --> 00:18:19,000
HAS LONG PUZZLED EGYPTOLOGISTS.
362
00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:22,965
UP TO NOW, WE DON'T KNOW
HOW RAMESSES III DIED.
363
00:18:22,965 --> 00:18:26,862
Narrator:
NOW SCIENTISTS, USING THE LATEST
HIGH-RESOLUTION SCANNERS,
364
00:18:26,862 --> 00:18:30,344
BELIEVE THEY CAN
PROVE HE'S MURDERED.
365
00:18:30,344 --> 00:18:33,482
Darnell: 21st-CENTURY TECHNOLOGY
MAY FINALLY ENABLE US
366
00:18:33,482 --> 00:18:35,586
TO SOLVE THIS COLD CASE.
367
00:18:35,586 --> 00:18:42,724
♪♪
368
00:18:45,344 --> 00:18:49,034
Narrator:
HE WAS THE LAST TRULY GREAT
MONARCH OF THE 20th DYNASTY,
369
00:18:49,034 --> 00:18:52,379
THE DOMINANT
PHARAOH RAMESSES III.
370
00:18:52,379 --> 00:18:56,551
HE SEEMS TO HAVE BEEN A VERY
POWERFUL AND SUCCESSFUL PHARAOH.
371
00:18:56,551 --> 00:18:58,275
Narrator:
BUT DESPITE PERCEPTIONS,
372
00:18:58,275 --> 00:19:02,344
SOME EXPERTS SUGGEST
THE KING HAS TROUBLES AT HOME.
373
00:19:02,344 --> 00:19:04,034
Enmarch:
TOWARDS THE END OF HIS REIGN,
374
00:19:04,034 --> 00:19:06,068
THERE DOES APPEAR
TO HAVE BEEN SOME PROBLEMS
375
00:19:06,068 --> 00:19:07,689
WITH LAW AND ORDER,
376
00:19:07,689 --> 00:19:10,068
SO THERE MAY HAVE BEEN
GATHERING STORM CLOUDS
377
00:19:10,068 --> 00:19:13,310
TOWARDS THE END OF HIS REIGN.
378
00:19:13,310 --> 00:19:15,068
Narrator:
THESE STORMY LAST YEARS
379
00:19:15,068 --> 00:19:18,172
BECOME THE BASIS
FOR A LONG-HELD THEORY --
380
00:19:18,172 --> 00:19:21,862
RAMESSES III IS THE TARGET
OF AN ASSASSINATION PLOT.
381
00:19:21,862 --> 00:19:24,724
Darnell: THE ASSASSINATION
OF RAMESSES III
382
00:19:24,724 --> 00:19:27,344
AND THE ATTEMPT
TO PUT SOMEONE
383
00:19:27,344 --> 00:19:30,551
OTHER THAN HIS DESIGNATED
SUCCESSOR ON THE THRONE
384
00:19:30,551 --> 00:19:33,793
IS DEFINITELY A COUP D'ETAT.
385
00:19:33,793 --> 00:19:36,206
Narrator: BUT THERE IS A PROBLEM
WITH THE THEORY --
386
00:19:36,206 --> 00:19:40,551
NO ONE'S EVER BEEN ABLE TO PROVE
THAT HIS DEATH WAS MURDER.
387
00:19:40,551 --> 00:19:43,758
NOW SCIENTISTS THINK
CUTTING-EDGE TECHNOLOGY
388
00:19:43,758 --> 00:19:47,965
COULD REVEAL NEW INFORMATION
IN A KEY PIECE OF EVIDENCE --
389
00:19:47,965 --> 00:19:50,000
RAMESSES' BODY.
390
00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:52,724
Darnell: THE MUMMY OF
RAMESSES III IS LABELED.
391
00:19:52,724 --> 00:19:55,034
IT WAS RE-WRAPPED
AND REBURIED
392
00:19:55,034 --> 00:19:57,241
FOLLOWING THE END
OF THE NEW KINGDOM,
393
00:19:57,241 --> 00:20:00,137
SO WE KNOW THAT IT'S HIS BODY.
394
00:20:00,137 --> 00:20:05,034
Narrator:
THE PHARAOH'S CORPSE NOW LIES
IN THE EGYPTIAN MUSEUM IN CAIRO.
395
00:20:05,034 --> 00:20:08,931
WHEN SCIENTISTS CARRY OUT
AN INITIAL EXAMINATION IN 2012,
396
00:20:08,931 --> 00:20:11,551
THEY FIND NO OBVIOUS
CAUSES OF DEATH.
397
00:20:11,551 --> 00:20:16,068
THERE'S NO EVIDENCE OF
ANY KIND OF DISEASES OR TRAUMA
398
00:20:16,068 --> 00:20:20,896
OR ANY INDICATION
WHY HE COULD HAVE DIED.
399
00:20:20,896 --> 00:20:25,068
Narrator:
BUT ON CLOSER SCRUTINY,
THERE IS AN OBVIOUS CLUE.
400
00:20:25,068 --> 00:20:26,862
WHILE MOST OF THE BANDAGES
ON THE BODY
401
00:20:26,862 --> 00:20:29,310
WERE TAKEN OFF DURING ANTIQUITY,
402
00:20:29,310 --> 00:20:33,620
IN ONE SPORT, THE BANDAGES
HAVE BEEN LEFT INTACT.
403
00:20:33,620 --> 00:20:36,827
Zink:
MOST INTERESTINGLY, THEY HAVE
A THICK LAYER OF BANDAGES
404
00:20:36,827 --> 00:20:38,379
JUST AROUND THE NECK,
405
00:20:38,379 --> 00:20:42,034
AND THIS COULDN'T HAVE BEEN
REMOVED IN THE EARLIER ATTEMPTS,
406
00:20:42,034 --> 00:20:45,724
SO IT REMAINS THERE FOREVER.
407
00:20:45,724 --> 00:20:49,344
Narrator:
THE BANDAGES APPEAR INTACT
FROM THE TIME OF THE BURIAL,
408
00:20:49,344 --> 00:20:53,241
SUGGESTING THEY COULD BE
HIDING SOMETHING.
409
00:20:53,241 --> 00:20:55,275
UNLIKE OTHER POSTMORTEM
EXAMINATIONS
410
00:20:55,275 --> 00:20:57,448
THAT DISSECT THE BODY,
411
00:20:57,448 --> 00:21:01,206
THE SCIENTISTS DECIDE
NOT TO REMOVE THE BANDAGES.
412
00:21:01,206 --> 00:21:06,068
INSTEAD, THEY USE A 21st-CENTURY
METHOD OF INVESTIGATION.
413
00:21:06,068 --> 00:21:09,137
IN RECENT TIMES, IT'S BEEN
POSSIBLE TO EXAMINE MUMMIES
414
00:21:09,137 --> 00:21:12,241
IN MORE DETAIL USING CT SCANS.
415
00:21:12,241 --> 00:21:15,517
Zink:
WE ARE ALLOWED TO MAKE NEW
CT SCANS OF THE MUMMY
416
00:21:15,517 --> 00:21:18,034
TO LOOK, LET'S SAY,
INSIDE THE BODY,
417
00:21:18,034 --> 00:21:21,137
WHICH WE CANNOT SEE
FROM OUTSIDE.
418
00:21:21,137 --> 00:21:25,000
Narrator: THEY SCAN RAMESSES III
FOR THE FIRST TIME IN HISTORY,
419
00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:29,586
CREATING A 3-D IMAGE
OF THE 3,000-YEAR-OLD CORPSE.
420
00:21:29,586 --> 00:21:32,275
WHEN THE SCIENTISTS STUDY
THE SCANS OF THE NECK,
421
00:21:32,275 --> 00:21:34,103
THEY'RE HORRIFIED.
422
00:21:34,103 --> 00:21:36,793
IT BECAME CLEAR THAT
THERE IS A VERY DEEP GASH
423
00:21:36,793 --> 00:21:39,551
THAT RUNS ACROSS HIS THROAT.
424
00:21:39,551 --> 00:21:44,517
EVERYTHING'S CUT -- THE MUSCLES,
THE SKIN, AND EVEN THE ARTERIES.
425
00:21:44,517 --> 00:21:48,034
Enmarch: SO, WE'RE TALKING HERE
ABOUT A REALLY DEEP CUT,
426
00:21:48,034 --> 00:21:49,137
YOU KNOW,
SEVERAL INCHES DEEP.
427
00:21:49,137 --> 00:21:50,896
IT ACTUALLY CUTS BACK
TO THE VERTEBRA
428
00:21:50,896 --> 00:21:53,000
OF THE BACK OF THE NECK,
429
00:21:53,000 --> 00:21:56,896
SO A REALLY DEEP GASH
TO THE NECK.
430
00:21:56,896 --> 00:22:00,482
Narrator: A WOUND OF THIS TYPE
CAN MEAN ONLY ONE THING --
431
00:22:00,482 --> 00:22:01,793
MURDER.
432
00:22:01,793 --> 00:22:04,379
IT WOULD HAVE BEEN
VERY RAPIDLY FATAL.
433
00:22:04,379 --> 00:22:06,965
Zink: THERE'S NO CHANCE
TO SURVIVE SUCH A CUT.
434
00:22:06,965 --> 00:22:10,413
IT'S REALLY A TYPICAL DEADLY
CUT WOUND OF HIS NECK.
435
00:22:10,413 --> 00:22:15,206
♪♪
436
00:22:15,206 --> 00:22:17,206
Narrator:
BUT THERE IS EVEN MORE.
437
00:22:17,206 --> 00:22:20,034
THE SCIENTISTS FIND EVIDENCE
THAT SUGGEST THE WOUND
438
00:22:20,034 --> 00:22:23,931
IS DEFINITELY INFLICTED
WHILE RAMESSES IS STILL ALIVE.
439
00:22:23,931 --> 00:22:26,172
♪♪
440
00:22:26,172 --> 00:22:29,689
Zink: INSIDE THE WOUND,
THERE'S A LITTLE AMULET.
441
00:22:29,689 --> 00:22:30,931
Darnell: AND IN THE CT SCAN,
442
00:22:30,931 --> 00:22:34,275
YOU COULD SEE
IT'S THE SHAPE OF AN UDJAT EYE,
443
00:22:34,275 --> 00:22:38,931
OF THE EYE OF HORUS,
AND THAT IS A HEALING AMULET.
444
00:22:38,931 --> 00:22:42,862
Zink: THIS IS AN AMULET
THE ANCIENT EMBALMER PUTS IN
445
00:22:42,862 --> 00:22:46,172
TO HEAL SOMETHING,
TO REPAIR SOMETHING.
446
00:22:46,172 --> 00:22:49,241
SO IT'S AS IF TO MAKE UP
FOR THE FACT THAT
447
00:22:49,241 --> 00:22:51,896
HE DIED IN SUCH A VIOLENT
AND TRAUMATIC WAY,
448
00:22:51,896 --> 00:22:53,655
THAT THEY'RE ADDING THAT AMULET
449
00:22:53,655 --> 00:22:57,724
TO ALMOST UNDO THE DAMAGE
THAT WAS DONE.
450
00:22:57,724 --> 00:23:00,275
Narrator: IT IS ENOUGH EVIDENCE
FOR SOME EGYPTOLOGISTS
451
00:23:00,275 --> 00:23:04,448
TO MAKE A FINAL CONCLUSION
ABOUT THE FATE OF RAMESSES III.
452
00:23:04,448 --> 00:23:08,448
Darnell: THE CT SCANS OF
THE MUMMY OF RAMESSES III
453
00:23:08,448 --> 00:23:14,379
INDICATE THAT HE WAS THE VICTIM
OF A VICIOUS ASSASSINATION.
454
00:23:14,379 --> 00:23:16,413
Enmarch: THE CAUSE OF
THE DEATH OF RAMESSES III
455
00:23:16,413 --> 00:23:19,310
HAS MYSTIFIED EGYPTOLOGISTS
FOR GENERATIONS,
456
00:23:19,310 --> 00:23:21,931
BUT NEW SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUES
HAVE REVEALED
457
00:23:21,931 --> 00:23:25,448
A POTENTIALLY BRUTAL DEMISE.
458
00:23:25,448 --> 00:23:29,068
Narrator:
MANY BELIEVE THIS PROVES
THE LONGSTANDING THEORY,
459
00:23:29,068 --> 00:23:32,103
TURNING RAMESSES DEATH
INTO A CASE OF MURDER
460
00:23:32,103 --> 00:23:34,689
THREE MILLENNIA
AFTER IT IS COMMITTED.
461
00:23:34,689 --> 00:23:40,689
♪♪
462
00:23:40,689 --> 00:23:43,689
CUTTING-EDGE SCIENCE
EXPOSES THE POSSIBLE MURDER
463
00:23:43,689 --> 00:23:45,965
OF PHARAOH RAMESSES III.
464
00:23:45,965 --> 00:23:47,448
Darnell: UP UNTIL THE CT SCAN
465
00:23:47,448 --> 00:23:50,482
AND THE INVESTIGATION
OF THE MUMMY OF RAMESSES III,
466
00:23:50,482 --> 00:23:52,689
WE HAD NO CONFIRMATION
467
00:23:52,689 --> 00:23:56,275
THAT THE ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT
ACTUALLY SUCCEEDED.
468
00:23:56,275 --> 00:23:58,758
Narrator: WITH AN ASSASSINATION
CASE NOW OPEN,
469
00:23:58,758 --> 00:24:01,724
EXPERTS THINK THEY MAY
BE ABLE TO PINPOINT
470
00:24:01,724 --> 00:24:04,965
WHO HELPED CARRY OUT
THE GRISLY KILLING
471
00:24:04,965 --> 00:24:08,000
USING THE NEWEST DNA ANALYSIS.
472
00:24:08,000 --> 00:24:10,793
Darnell: THERE WERE MANY GUESSES
ABOUT WHO HE MIGHT BE,
473
00:24:10,793 --> 00:24:14,068
BUT WE HAD TO WAIT UNTIL
DNA EVIDENCE WAS AVAILABLE
474
00:24:14,068 --> 00:24:16,793
AND TESTING WAS AVAILABLE.
475
00:24:16,793 --> 00:24:21,103
Narrator:
THE HUNT IS NOW ON TO SOLVE
THE 3,000-YEAR-OLD MURDER CASE.
476
00:24:21,103 --> 00:24:26,758
♪♪
477
00:24:29,827 --> 00:24:31,275
Narrator:
EGYPTOLOGISTS WANT TO KNOW
478
00:24:31,275 --> 00:24:33,758
WHO MAY HAVE PLOTTED
AGAINST RAMESSES III.
479
00:24:33,758 --> 00:24:36,482
♪♪
480
00:24:36,482 --> 00:24:38,448
TO START,
THEY RETURN TO THE TOMB
481
00:24:38,448 --> 00:24:41,103
WHERE THE 20th-DYNASTY PHARAOH
WAS FOUND
482
00:24:41,103 --> 00:24:45,344
ALONG WITH OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS
AND ROYALS FROM THE TIME.
483
00:24:45,344 --> 00:24:48,793
COULD SOMEONE ELSE BURIED THERE
BE IMPLICATED IN HIS MURDER?
484
00:24:48,793 --> 00:24:52,586
♪♪
485
00:24:52,586 --> 00:24:54,379
Darnell:
THE TOMB AT DEIR EL-BAHARI
486
00:24:54,379 --> 00:24:58,137
CONTAINING MOST OF THE MUMMIES
OF THE RULERS OF THE NEW KINGDOM
487
00:24:58,137 --> 00:25:00,965
IS DISCOVERED IN THE 1880s.
488
00:25:00,965 --> 00:25:04,517
AND ONE OF THE MUMMIES
IS VERY UNUSUAL.
489
00:25:06,206 --> 00:25:10,206
THE SO-CALLED "SCREAMING MUMMY."
490
00:25:10,206 --> 00:25:13,793
Zink:
AND THIS MUMMY IS UNIQUE BECAUSE
IT HAS HIS MOUTH WIDE OPEN.
491
00:25:13,793 --> 00:25:16,310
IT LOOKS LIKE
IT'S REALLY SCREAMING.
492
00:25:16,310 --> 00:25:19,931
Darnell: THE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
OF THE SCREAMING MUMMY
493
00:25:19,931 --> 00:25:23,379
INDICATES THAT HE DIED
A VIOLENT DEATH.
494
00:25:23,379 --> 00:25:27,724
Narrator: FOR DECADES, THE
SCREAMING MUMMY IS AN ENIGMA,
495
00:25:27,724 --> 00:25:29,241
BUT IN 2012,
496
00:25:29,241 --> 00:25:33,482
SCIENTISTS PERFORM AN AUTOPSY
ON THE HORRIFYING CORPSE.
497
00:25:33,482 --> 00:25:37,034
IT REVEALS SOMETHING
EVEN MORE SINISTER.
498
00:25:37,034 --> 00:25:41,689
IT IS NOT IN A NICE SARCOPHAGUS
WITH ITS NAME WRITTEN ON IT,
499
00:25:41,689 --> 00:25:44,448
AND THE MUMMY
HAS NOT BEEN MUMMIFIED.
500
00:25:44,448 --> 00:25:47,793
IT IS SIMPLY
A NATURALLY DRIED-OUT CORPSE.
501
00:25:47,793 --> 00:25:49,551
Darnell:
WE HAVE EVERY INDICATION
502
00:25:49,551 --> 00:25:53,206
THAT HE WAS INTENTIONALLY
NOT EMBALMED PROPERLY.
503
00:25:53,206 --> 00:25:55,413
HIS INTERNAL ORGANS
WERE LEFT IN HIS BODY,
504
00:25:55,413 --> 00:25:59,344
HE WAS BURIED
IN RITUALLY-IMPURE GOAT SKIN.
505
00:25:59,344 --> 00:26:02,827
Narrator: IT APPEARS TO SOME
THAT THIS IS DONE DELIBERATELY.
506
00:26:02,827 --> 00:26:05,862
I MEAN, IT SEEMS
THAT THE PRIEST,
507
00:26:05,862 --> 00:26:10,758
THE EMBALMERS WHO ENACTED
THIS BIZARRE VERSION
508
00:26:10,758 --> 00:26:12,793
OF THE MUMMIFICATION RITUAL
509
00:26:12,793 --> 00:26:18,137
TOOK CARE TO NOT GIVE HIM
A PROPER BURIAL.
510
00:26:18,137 --> 00:26:21,275
Enmarch: SOME EGYPTOLOGISTS
SPECULATE THAT THIS PERSON
511
00:26:21,275 --> 00:26:26,482
MAY HAVE BEEN CURSED
IN HIS BURIAL IN SOME WAY.
512
00:26:26,482 --> 00:26:28,965
Narrator: THE AUTOPSY ALSO
SHOWS CHILLING DETAILS
513
00:26:28,965 --> 00:26:31,000
OF THE SCREAMING MUMMY'S DEATH.
514
00:26:31,000 --> 00:26:33,275
♪♪
515
00:26:33,275 --> 00:26:37,965
Zink:
FROM THE OUTER SIDE AROUND HIS
NECK, THERE WERE SOME WRINKLES.
516
00:26:37,965 --> 00:26:41,620
IT LOOKS REALLY LIKE THERE WAS
A ROPE AROUND HIS NECK
517
00:26:41,620 --> 00:26:45,827
AND MAYBE HE DIED
OF SUFFOCATION.
518
00:26:45,827 --> 00:26:50,379
Narrator:
THE EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THE MAN
IS STRANGLED OR HANGED.
519
00:26:50,379 --> 00:26:54,206
IT COULD BE A PUNISHMENT
OR A GRUESOME CRIME.
520
00:26:54,206 --> 00:26:59,379
EGYPTOLOGISTS TURN TO ANCIENT
RECORDS FOR MORE INFORMATION.
521
00:26:59,379 --> 00:27:03,275
REEXAMINING AN ANCIENT PAPYRUS
FOUND IN THE 19th CENTURY,
522
00:27:03,275 --> 00:27:06,517
THEY DISCOVER
SOMETHING INCREDIBLE --
523
00:27:06,517 --> 00:27:11,827
TRIAL RECORDS DESCRIBING A PLOT
TO ASSASSINATE RAMESSES III.
524
00:27:11,827 --> 00:27:15,137
THE JUDICIAL PAPYRUS OF TURIN
CONTAINS THE TESTIMONY
525
00:27:15,137 --> 00:27:20,793
OF THE CONSPIRATORS WHO
TOOK PART IN THIS CONSPIRACY.
526
00:27:20,793 --> 00:27:23,931
Narrator: WHEN EXPERTS STUDY
THE SECTION NAMING THE ACCUSED,
527
00:27:23,931 --> 00:27:26,068
THEY'RE EVEN MORE INTRIGUED.
528
00:27:26,068 --> 00:27:31,000
ON TRIAL IS ONE OF
THE KING'S WIVES -- QUEEN TIYE.
529
00:27:31,000 --> 00:27:36,482
ALSO MENTIONED
IS HER SON, PENTAWERET.
530
00:27:36,482 --> 00:27:39,827
IT TELLS US THEIR NAMES,
IT TELLS US WHAT THEY DID
531
00:27:39,827 --> 00:27:42,724
AS PART OF THE CONSPIRACY,
WHO THEY INTERACTED WITH,
532
00:27:42,724 --> 00:27:45,965
SO THEY GIVE US THE NAMES
OF THEIR COLLABORATORS.
533
00:27:45,965 --> 00:27:49,517
THIS IS AN ATTEMPT TO CHANGE
THE ARC OF EGYPTIAN HISTORY.
534
00:27:49,517 --> 00:27:53,758
♪♪
535
00:27:53,758 --> 00:27:58,862
Narrator:
SOME OF THE CONSPIRATORS SEEM
TO HAVE BEEN SWIFTLY SENTENCED.
536
00:27:58,862 --> 00:28:02,137
Enmarch: LOWER-RANKING
CONSPIRATORS ARE EXECUTED,
537
00:28:02,137 --> 00:28:04,137
OFTEN IN VERY GRUESOME WAYS.
538
00:28:04,137 --> 00:28:08,172
SOME OF THEM SEEM TO HAVE BEEN
IMPALED ON SPIKES.
539
00:28:08,172 --> 00:28:12,241
Narrator:
BUT IT APPEARS THE JUDGE
FACES A DILEMMA WITH OTHERS.
540
00:28:12,241 --> 00:28:14,655
Darnell: BECAUSE SEVERAL
OF THE PERPETRATORS
541
00:28:14,655 --> 00:28:17,689
IN THE ASSASSINATION
OF RAMESSES III
542
00:28:17,689 --> 00:28:19,689
ARE MEMBERS OF THE ROYAL FAMILY,
543
00:28:19,689 --> 00:28:22,689
HOW DO YOU HANDLE
THE DEATH PENALTY?
544
00:28:22,689 --> 00:28:27,310
Narrator:
HISTORIANS CAN FIND VERY LITTLE
RECORD OF QUEEN TIYE'S FATE,
545
00:28:27,310 --> 00:28:31,172
BUT THEY UNCOVER A CHILLING
SENTENCE FOR PENTAWERET.
546
00:28:31,172 --> 00:28:33,551
THE PHARAOH'S SON
IS FOUND GUILTY
547
00:28:33,551 --> 00:28:36,103
AND ORDERED TO KILL HIMSELF.
548
00:28:36,103 --> 00:28:40,827
PENTAWERET PERFORMED SUICIDE,
POSSIBLY BY HANGING HIMSELF.
549
00:28:40,827 --> 00:28:44,482
Narrator: EXPERTS NOW CONSIDER
AN EXTRAORDINARY NEW THEORY --
550
00:28:44,482 --> 00:28:47,896
THE SCREAMING MUMMY
COULD BE PENTAWERET,
551
00:28:47,896 --> 00:28:50,275
RAMESSES III'S SON,
552
00:28:50,275 --> 00:28:55,517
AND POSSIBLE CONSPIRATOR
TO THE PHARAOH'S MURDER.
553
00:28:55,517 --> 00:28:59,724
TO PROVE THE THEORY, SCIENTISTS
TURN TO THE FIELD OF GENETICS,
554
00:28:59,724 --> 00:29:02,517
HOPING TO CONFIRM
THE SCREAMING MUMMY'S IDENTITY.
555
00:29:02,517 --> 00:29:05,655
♪♪
556
00:29:05,655 --> 00:29:08,448
Darnell:
THERE WERE MANY GUESSES
ABOUT WHO HE MIGHT BE,
557
00:29:08,448 --> 00:29:11,724
BUT WE HAD TO WAIT UNTIL
DNA EVIDENCE WAS AVAILABLE
558
00:29:11,724 --> 00:29:13,344
AND TESTING WAS AVAILABLE.
559
00:29:13,344 --> 00:29:16,000
♪♪
560
00:29:16,000 --> 00:29:18,413
Narrator:
FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGIST
DR. ALBERT ZINK
561
00:29:18,413 --> 00:29:20,655
LEADS THE INVESTIGATION.
562
00:29:20,655 --> 00:29:26,517
WE INSTALLED DNA LABORATORY
IN CAIRO, CLOSE TO THE MUSEUM,
563
00:29:26,517 --> 00:29:30,689
TO EXTRACT THE DNA AND THEN
ALSO TO MULTIPLY THE DNA
564
00:29:30,689 --> 00:29:35,000
AND TO GET THE GENETIC
FINGERPRINT OF THE MUMMY.
565
00:29:35,000 --> 00:29:37,482
Narrator: DR. ZINK AND HIS TEAM
EXTRACT A SAMPLE
566
00:29:37,482 --> 00:29:39,689
FROM THE BONE
OF THE SCREAMING MUMMY,
567
00:29:39,689 --> 00:29:43,034
BELIEVING THEY HAVE FOUND
ANCIENT DNA.
568
00:29:43,034 --> 00:29:44,724
WHEN HE COMPARES
THE SEQUENCING DATA
569
00:29:44,724 --> 00:29:46,896
OF THE SCREAMING MUMMY
WITH THE DNA
570
00:29:46,896 --> 00:29:52,137
TAKEN FROM THE BODY
OF RAMESSES III, HE'S STUNNED.
571
00:29:52,137 --> 00:29:55,241
Zink:
WHAT WE SEE WHEN WE ANALYZE
THE DNA OF BOTH MUMMIES,
572
00:29:55,241 --> 00:29:59,103
THAT THEY INDEED SHARE
50% OF THE DNA.
573
00:29:59,103 --> 00:30:01,517
SO, IT'S HIGHLY LIKELY,
BASED ON THIS GENETIC TEST,
574
00:30:01,517 --> 00:30:04,896
THAT THEY ARE INDEED
FATHER AND SON.
575
00:30:04,896 --> 00:30:08,413
Narrator: IT IS A SHOCKING
AND UNEXPECTED RESULT.
576
00:30:08,413 --> 00:30:11,689
BASED ON THIS INFORMATION,
SOME EGYPTOLOGISTS BELIEVE
577
00:30:11,689 --> 00:30:16,310
THEY CAN MAKE A CONCLUSION
ABOUT THE SCREAMING MUMMY.
578
00:30:16,310 --> 00:30:20,000
Darnell:
IF WE PUT ALL OF THIS EVIDENCE
TOGETHER WITH THE PAPYRI,
579
00:30:20,000 --> 00:30:21,655
IT MAKES THE MOST SENSE
580
00:30:21,655 --> 00:30:26,137
THAT THE SCREAMING MUMMY
IS PRINCE PENTAWERET.
581
00:30:26,137 --> 00:30:29,103
Narrator:
IT MEANS THE SON OF RAMESSES III
582
00:30:29,103 --> 00:30:30,896
MAY HAVE BEEN INSTRUMENTAL
IN A PLOT
583
00:30:30,896 --> 00:30:33,655
TO KILL HIS OWN FATHER,
584
00:30:33,655 --> 00:30:36,620
THE 20th-DYNASTY
PHARAOH OF EGYPT,
585
00:30:36,620 --> 00:30:38,689
THEN HE HANGED FOR IT.
586
00:30:38,689 --> 00:30:41,137
♪♪
587
00:30:41,137 --> 00:30:44,103
IT IS A WINDOW INTO
A DARK EGYPTIAN DRAMA
588
00:30:44,103 --> 00:30:45,413
ONLY MADE POSSIBLY
589
00:30:45,413 --> 00:30:48,724
BY 21st-CENTURY
SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGHS.
590
00:30:48,724 --> 00:30:57,137
♪♪
591
00:30:57,137 --> 00:31:01,275
ARCHAEOLOGISTS IN NORTHERN EGYPT
MAKE A HORRIFIC DISCOVERY.
592
00:31:01,275 --> 00:31:03,586
THEY COME ACROSS FOUR PITS
593
00:31:03,586 --> 00:31:08,689
FILLED WITH THE REMAINS
OF 16 SEVERED HANDS.
594
00:31:08,689 --> 00:31:12,551
Narrator:
IT IS A MYSTERY EGYPTOLOGISTS
ARE DETERMINED TO SOLVE,
595
00:31:12,551 --> 00:31:15,310
ANSWERING A GRUESOME QUESTION.
596
00:31:15,310 --> 00:31:18,620
FOR WHAT SINISTER REASON
ARE THESE HANDS CUT OFF?
597
00:31:18,620 --> 00:31:25,103
♪♪
598
00:31:27,275 --> 00:31:28,896
Narrator: 2012 --
599
00:31:28,896 --> 00:31:34,517
AVARIS, ABOUT 65 MILES
NORTHEAST OF CAIRO.
600
00:31:34,517 --> 00:31:38,724
ARCHAEOLOGISTS DIG AT A ROYAL
PALACE IN THE ANCIENT CITY.
601
00:31:38,724 --> 00:31:42,724
THEY UNCOVER SOMETHING MORBID --
602
00:31:42,724 --> 00:31:45,620
16 SEVERED RIGHT HANDS.
603
00:31:45,620 --> 00:31:51,310
THIS IS A VERY STRANGE
AND PUZZLING FIND IN MANY WAYS.
604
00:31:51,310 --> 00:31:55,586
THE SEVERING OF HANDS
DOES NOT SEEM TO PLAY
605
00:31:55,586 --> 00:31:59,137
IN OTHER AREAS
OF EGYPTIAN ACTIVITY.
606
00:31:59,137 --> 00:32:03,862
Narrator:
EGYPTOLOGISTS ARE DETERMINED TO
MAKE SENSE OF THE GHASTLY FIND.
607
00:32:03,862 --> 00:32:06,379
THEY START BY EXAMINING
THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM
608
00:32:06,379 --> 00:32:08,448
IN ANCIENT EGYPT,
609
00:32:08,448 --> 00:32:10,620
WONDERING IF THE HANDS
COULD BE PART
610
00:32:10,620 --> 00:32:13,172
OF SOME STATE-SANCTIONED
PUNISHMENT.
611
00:32:13,172 --> 00:32:16,517
WE HAVE A LOT OF EVIDENCE OF
A SYSTEM OF CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
612
00:32:16,517 --> 00:32:19,586
EXISTING IN ANCIENT EGYPT
FROM RELATIVELY EARLY ON.
613
00:32:19,586 --> 00:32:23,517
THE MORE SERIOUS CRIMES
LED TO MUTILATION,
614
00:32:23,517 --> 00:32:26,586
AND GENERALLY,
THE LOPPING OFF OF ONE'S NOSE
615
00:32:26,586 --> 00:32:29,620
OR THE CUTTING OFF OF ONE'S EAR.
616
00:32:29,620 --> 00:32:31,793
Narrator: HARSH TREATMENT.
617
00:32:31,793 --> 00:32:35,137
BUT AS EXPERTS INVESTIGATE
THIS JUSTICE SYSTEM FURTHER,
618
00:32:35,137 --> 00:32:37,551
THEY ALSO DISCOVER
HOW THE ANCIENTS ENFORCED
619
00:32:37,551 --> 00:32:41,310
THIS BRUTAL RULE OF LAW.
620
00:32:41,310 --> 00:32:44,068
Naunton:
THERE WAS AN ENTIRE CLASS
OF PEOPLE CALLED THE MEDJAY
621
00:32:44,068 --> 00:32:45,896
WHO ACTED
AS A KIND OF POLICE FORCE
622
00:32:45,896 --> 00:32:48,517
FOR THE EGYPTIAN STATES
TO ENFORCE LAWS
623
00:32:48,517 --> 00:32:51,793
AND TO CATCH PEOPLE
WHO WERE BREAKING THEM.
624
00:32:51,793 --> 00:32:55,379
Narrator:
ANCIENT DEPICTIONS REVEAL
A SYSTEM OF CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
625
00:32:55,379 --> 00:32:58,310
WHERE SUSPECTS
ARE TRIED AND SENTENCED.
626
00:32:58,310 --> 00:33:00,931
Naunton: PEOPLE WERE INVOLVED
IN THE LAW COURTS
627
00:33:00,931 --> 00:33:03,655
AND DEALING WITH THE LAWS
AND IN MEETING OUT PUNISHMENTS
628
00:33:03,655 --> 00:33:05,620
TO PEOPLE WHO BROKE THEM.
629
00:33:05,620 --> 00:33:07,758
Narrator: BUT NOT ONLY WERE
THE GUILTY PUNISHED,
630
00:33:07,758 --> 00:33:09,379
EVEN INNOCENT WITNESSES
631
00:33:09,379 --> 00:33:12,689
ARE SUBJECT
TO THE BRUTALITIES OF THE LAW.
632
00:33:12,689 --> 00:33:16,655
IF YOU WITNESSED A CRIME
AND DID NOT REPORT IT,
633
00:33:16,655 --> 00:33:18,068
YOU WOULD BE GUILTY.
634
00:33:18,068 --> 00:33:20,310
IF YOU SEE SOMETHING,
SAY SOMETHING.
635
00:33:20,310 --> 00:33:22,379
DON'T BE QUIET.
636
00:33:22,379 --> 00:33:25,379
Naunton: WE KNOW THAT TORTURE
IS USED FROM TIME TO TIME
637
00:33:25,379 --> 00:33:27,068
AS A MEANS OF INTERROGATION,
638
00:33:27,068 --> 00:33:29,586
AND WE HAVE THE EVIDENCE
THAT ARMS WERE TWISTED,
639
00:33:29,586 --> 00:33:31,482
VARIOUS OTHER TECHNIQUES
USED TO TRY
640
00:33:31,482 --> 00:33:35,758
AND COAX INFORMATION
OUT OF PEOPLE.
641
00:33:35,758 --> 00:33:37,758
Narrator:
COULD THESE 16 SEVERED HANDS
642
00:33:37,758 --> 00:33:40,827
BE EVIDENCE
OF THIS ANCIENT TORTURE?
643
00:33:40,827 --> 00:33:43,758
SOME EXPERTS ARE NOT CONVINCED.
644
00:33:43,758 --> 00:33:46,724
Naunton: THE HANDS FOUND
AT AVARIS ARE SEVERED.
645
00:33:46,724 --> 00:33:49,482
THIS WOULD BE A BIT SEVERE
IF WE'RE LOOKING AT TORTURE.
646
00:33:49,482 --> 00:33:52,310
THIS IS SOMETHING ELSE,
SOMETHING DIFFERENT.
647
00:33:52,310 --> 00:33:55,862
Narrator: RESEARCHERS MUST FIND
ANOTHER EXPLANATION.
648
00:33:55,862 --> 00:33:57,931
THEY WONDER IF AN ANSWER
COULD BE FOUND
649
00:33:57,931 --> 00:34:01,137
IN THE ACTIONS OF THE PHARAOHS.
650
00:34:01,137 --> 00:34:04,724
THEY EXAMINE A PAINTING
IN THE FAMOUS TOMB OF KING TUT.
651
00:34:04,724 --> 00:34:07,310
A SAVAGE DETAIL
CATCHES THEIR EYE.
652
00:34:08,448 --> 00:34:12,344
A RELIEF OF TUTANKHAMUN
ACTUALLY SHOWS
653
00:34:12,344 --> 00:34:17,827
THAT HIS ENEMIES' HANDS
ARE BEING SKEWERED ON SPIKES.
654
00:34:17,827 --> 00:34:19,724
Narrator:
IT'S AN INTRIGUING CLUE,
655
00:34:19,724 --> 00:34:22,310
SO MUCH SO
THAT INVESTIGATORS COMPARE IT
656
00:34:22,310 --> 00:34:25,000
WITH PAINTINGS
FROM OTHER ROYAL TOMBS.
657
00:34:25,000 --> 00:34:29,068
ON THE RELIEFS IN THE TOMBS
OF RAMESSES II AND III,
658
00:34:29,068 --> 00:34:32,137
WE SEE PILES
OF HANDS BEING COLLECTED,
659
00:34:32,137 --> 00:34:36,137
WHICH ARE ACTUALLY THE RIGHT
HANDS OF ALL OF THEIR ENEMIES.
660
00:34:36,137 --> 00:34:38,413
Narrator:
THE EVIDENCE IS MOUNTING.
661
00:34:38,413 --> 00:34:40,379
THE SEVERED HANDS
APPEAR CONNECTED
662
00:34:40,379 --> 00:34:43,551
TO SOME SORT OF MILITARY ACTION.
663
00:34:43,551 --> 00:34:46,206
WHEN EXPERTS STUDY THE RECORDS
FROM ANCIENT BATTLES,
664
00:34:46,206 --> 00:34:48,241
THEY MAKE A CRUCIAL DISCOVERY.
665
00:34:48,241 --> 00:34:54,000
WHEN WE LOOK
AT EGYPTIAN BATTLE RECORDS,
666
00:34:54,000 --> 00:34:57,137
PARTICULARLY
FROM THE 18th DYNASTY,
667
00:34:57,137 --> 00:35:01,896
WE UNDERSTAND THAT
IT WAS COMMON PRACTICE
668
00:35:01,896 --> 00:35:04,241
FOR THE VICTORIOUS EGYPTIANS
669
00:35:04,241 --> 00:35:09,137
TO SEVER RIGHT HANDS
OF FALLEN SLAIN ENEMY.
670
00:35:09,137 --> 00:35:12,655
♪♪
671
00:35:12,655 --> 00:35:16,931
Narrator:
BUT WHY CUT OFF THE HANDS
OF YOUR FALLEN ENEMY?
672
00:35:16,931 --> 00:35:18,793
McGinn: IT'S COMMON PRACTICE
FOR THE PHARAOH
673
00:35:18,793 --> 00:35:21,000
TO PAY HIS SOLDIERS IN PLUNDER.
674
00:35:21,000 --> 00:35:23,275
FOR THE SOLDIERS TO GET PAID,
THEY NEED TO PROVE
675
00:35:23,275 --> 00:35:25,000
THAT THEY WERE BRAVE IN BATTLE,
676
00:35:25,000 --> 00:35:26,862
AND WHAT BETTER WAY TO DO IT
THAN TO CUT OFF
677
00:35:26,862 --> 00:35:29,172
THE RIGHT HAND OF YOUR ENEMY?
678
00:35:29,172 --> 00:35:32,034
Narrator: THE SEVERED HANDS
APPEAR TO BE PHYSICAL PROOF
679
00:35:32,034 --> 00:35:34,482
OF KILLS ON THE BATTLEFIELD.
680
00:35:34,482 --> 00:35:37,620
IT ALLOWS EGYPTOLOGISTS
TO MAKE A FINAL CONCLUSION
681
00:35:37,620 --> 00:35:40,034
ABOUT THE 16 HANDS.
682
00:35:40,034 --> 00:35:42,448
TAKING ALL
THE EVIDENCE TOGETHER,
683
00:35:42,448 --> 00:35:45,689
IT SEEMS VERY LIKELY
THAT THESE HANDS
684
00:35:45,689 --> 00:35:48,137
IN THESE PITS
IN THE ROYAL PALACE
685
00:35:48,137 --> 00:35:52,344
ARE THE EVIDENCE OF WHAT WE SEE
ON THE TEMPLE WALLS --
686
00:35:52,344 --> 00:35:54,896
HANDS HAVING BEEN CUT OFF
FOREIGN PRISONERS,
687
00:35:54,896 --> 00:35:58,000
BROUGHT TO THE PALACE
AS A SYMBOL
688
00:35:58,000 --> 00:36:01,137
OF EGYPT'S CONQUEST
OVER ITS ENEMIES.
689
00:36:01,137 --> 00:36:04,172
Narrator: THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL
DISCOVERY OF THE SEVERED HANDS
690
00:36:04,172 --> 00:36:07,034
IS THE FIRST EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
OF THIS PRACTICE
691
00:36:07,034 --> 00:36:08,620
EVER FOUND IN EGYPT.
692
00:36:08,620 --> 00:36:13,034
Bianchi: WE HAD TEXTUAL
AND VISUAL REPRESENTATIONS
693
00:36:13,034 --> 00:36:14,793
OF SEVERED HANDS,
694
00:36:14,793 --> 00:36:20,206
THE AVARIS FIND IS THE FIRST
TIME WE HAVE ACTUAL HANDS.
695
00:36:20,206 --> 00:36:23,344
Narrator: IT ALSO CONFIRMS
A SYSTEM OF PAYMENT FOR SOLDIERS
696
00:36:23,344 --> 00:36:25,827
EGYPTOLOGISTS
THOUGHT MIGHT BE TRUE,
697
00:36:25,827 --> 00:36:29,103
BUT FOR WHICH WE NOW
HAVE UNDENIABLE PROOF.
698
00:36:29,103 --> 00:36:36,896
♪♪
699
00:36:36,896 --> 00:36:40,551
AN ANCIENT PAPYRI REVEALS ONE
OF THE MOST INFAMOUS CRIMINALS
700
00:36:40,551 --> 00:36:43,172
IN ALL OF EGYPT.
701
00:36:43,172 --> 00:36:46,137
HE SEEMS TO HAVE BEEN
AN ALL-AROUND BAD GUY.
702
00:36:46,137 --> 00:36:48,689
HE HAD A RAP SHEET
WE SHOULD SAY.
703
00:36:48,689 --> 00:36:50,137
Narrator:
EGYPTOLOGISTS WANT TO KNOW
704
00:36:50,137 --> 00:36:52,931
IF THIS MAN
GETS AWAY WITH HIS CRIMES
705
00:36:52,931 --> 00:36:54,551
AND WHETHER HE COULD BE
AT THE CENTER
706
00:36:54,551 --> 00:36:58,448
OF ONE OF THE EARLIEST CRIMINAL
CASES OF SEXUAL MISCONDUCT.
707
00:36:58,448 --> 00:37:03,000
♪♪
708
00:37:04,206 --> 00:37:06,137
♪♪
709
00:37:06,137 --> 00:37:08,068
Narrator:
IN THE EARLY 19th CENTURY,
710
00:37:08,068 --> 00:37:11,172
BRITISH COLLECTOR HENRY SALT
ARRIVED IN EGYPT
711
00:37:11,172 --> 00:37:14,241
ON A MISSION
TO SECURE ANTIQUITIES.
712
00:37:14,241 --> 00:37:17,517
AMONG HIS PURCHASES,
AN ANCIENT PAPYRI,
713
00:37:17,517 --> 00:37:19,931
THEREAFTER CALLED
"THE SALT PAPYRI."
714
00:37:19,931 --> 00:37:22,620
♪♪
715
00:37:22,620 --> 00:37:23,896
Rose: WHEN THEY DATED IT,
716
00:37:23,896 --> 00:37:27,758
THEY FOUND THAT IS WAS
MORE THAN 4,000 YEARS OLD.
717
00:37:27,758 --> 00:37:31,206
Narrator:
THE SCROLL WAS ORIGINALLY
DISCOVERED PERFECTLY PRESERVED
718
00:37:31,206 --> 00:37:36,482
AT THE SITE OF DEIR EL MEDINA,
AN ANCIENT WORKERS' VILLAGE.
719
00:37:36,482 --> 00:37:39,655
Cooney:
IT'S ABSOLUTELY AMAZING WE HAVE
THIS DOCUMENTATION AT ALL.
720
00:37:39,655 --> 00:37:42,241
IT'S EXTRAORDINARY,
AND THE REASON WE DO
721
00:37:42,241 --> 00:37:43,896
IS BECAUSE DEIR EL MEDINA
IS A VILLAGE
722
00:37:43,896 --> 00:37:46,137
IN THE MIDDLE OF THE DESERT,
AND THE DESERT PRESERVES.
723
00:37:46,137 --> 00:37:49,551
THE DESERT SANDS,
IT TAKES AWAY ALL OF THE WATER,
724
00:37:49,551 --> 00:37:53,103
DRIES EVERYTHING OUT
TO A PERFECT PRESERVATION.
725
00:37:53,103 --> 00:37:55,620
Narrator: WHEN RESEARCHERS
TRANSLATE THE ANCIENT TEXT,
726
00:37:55,620 --> 00:37:58,206
THEY MAKE
AN ASTONISHING DISCOVERY.
727
00:37:58,206 --> 00:38:01,862
IT TELLS THE STORY
OF A SHADOWY CHARACTER.
728
00:38:01,862 --> 00:38:03,724
Rose: IT'S THE FULL ACCOUNT
OF A WORKER
729
00:38:03,724 --> 00:38:05,517
WHO HAD BEEN WORKING
AT DEIR EL MEDINA.
730
00:38:05,517 --> 00:38:07,758
HIS NAME WAS PANEB.
731
00:38:07,758 --> 00:38:11,862
Clark:
WE KNOW THAT PANEB'S OPERATING
AROUND THE TIME OF RAMESSES VI,
732
00:38:11,862 --> 00:38:14,517
AND THIS IS IN THE 20th DYNASTY.
733
00:38:14,517 --> 00:38:16,275
Narrator: AS THEY STUDY
THE SCROLL FURTHER,
734
00:38:16,275 --> 00:38:18,344
EXPERTS FIND THAT PANEB
735
00:38:18,344 --> 00:38:21,275
IS ACCUSED OF
COUNTLESS MISDEMEANORS.
736
00:38:21,275 --> 00:38:25,862
HE'S ACCUSED OF STEALING CRAFTED
OBJECTS THAT PEOPLE HAVE MADE.
737
00:38:25,862 --> 00:38:29,310
PANEB WAS JUST
AN ALL-AROUND BAD GUY.
738
00:38:29,310 --> 00:38:33,103
Narrator:
THE LIST OF ACCUSATIONS
BECOME MORE AND MORE SERIOUS.
739
00:38:33,103 --> 00:38:36,068
IT SEEMS PANEB
IS A PRIME SUSPECT
740
00:38:36,068 --> 00:38:39,827
IN A STRING OF ROBBERIES.
741
00:38:39,827 --> 00:38:41,379
Paul:
ACCORDING TO THE SALT PAPYRI,
742
00:38:41,379 --> 00:38:43,620
HE'S RAIDED
AT LEAST THREE TOMBS,
743
00:38:43,620 --> 00:38:47,310
BUT THAT'S BASED ON
THE RECORDING THAT WE HAVE,
744
00:38:47,310 --> 00:38:50,827
AND OF COURSE, SOMEONE WITH
A RAP SHEET LIKE PANEB
745
00:38:50,827 --> 00:38:53,172
LIKELY LOOTED MANY MORE.
746
00:38:53,172 --> 00:38:55,448
TOMB ROBBERY IS ONE
OF THE MOST SERIOUS CRIMES
747
00:38:55,448 --> 00:38:57,620
YOU CAN COMMIT IN ANCIENT EGYPT.
748
00:38:57,620 --> 00:39:00,310
♪♪
749
00:39:00,310 --> 00:39:02,586
Narrator: THE CRIMES TAKE PLACE
IN ONE OF ANCIENT EGYPT'S
750
00:39:02,586 --> 00:39:06,413
MOST SACRED CEMETERIES --
THE VALLEY OF THE KINGS.
751
00:39:06,413 --> 00:39:08,551
THIS VAST ROYAL BURIAL GROUND
752
00:39:08,551 --> 00:39:12,241
IS CLOSE TO PANEB'S HOME
IN DEIR EL MEDINA.
753
00:39:12,241 --> 00:39:13,758
DEIR EL MEDINA WAS IMPORTANT
754
00:39:13,758 --> 00:39:15,172
BECAUSE THAT'S WHERE
ALL THE WORKMEN
755
00:39:15,172 --> 00:39:18,344
FOR THE TOMBS OF
THE VALLEY OF THE KINGS LIVED.
756
00:39:18,344 --> 00:39:21,344
Narrator: EXPERTS CONCLUDE
THAT PANEB IS A CRAFTSMEN
757
00:39:21,344 --> 00:39:23,758
IN THE CONSTRUCTION
OF THE ROYAL TOMBS,
758
00:39:23,758 --> 00:39:28,448
A JOB THAT OFFERS UNIQUE ACCESS
TO RESTRICTED AREAS.
759
00:39:28,448 --> 00:39:30,413
Cooney:
THE DEIR EL MEDINA CRAFTSMEN
KNEW THE LOCATION
760
00:39:30,413 --> 00:39:33,724
OF EVERY ROYAL TOMB,
THAT WAS THEIR PLACE OF WORK.
761
00:39:33,724 --> 00:39:35,655
THEY KNEW WHERE RAMESSES II
WAS BURIED,
762
00:39:35,655 --> 00:39:38,275
THEY KNEW WERE
THUTMOSE III WAS BURIED.
763
00:39:38,275 --> 00:39:40,931
Clark: PANEB IS GONNA HAVE
INTIMATE KNOWLEDGE
764
00:39:40,931 --> 00:39:42,620
OF THE LAYOUT
OF ALL THE TOMBS.
765
00:39:42,620 --> 00:39:45,310
HE'S ACTUALLY INVOLVED
IN DIGGING THEM.
766
00:39:45,310 --> 00:39:47,655
Rose: ANY TOMB BUILDER
IN ANCIENT EGYPT
767
00:39:47,655 --> 00:39:50,827
IS A SUSPECT
FOR ROBBING THESE TOMBS OUT.
768
00:39:50,827 --> 00:39:54,862
Narrator:
PANEB HAS ACCESS TO INFORMATION
ONLY A HANDFUL OF PEOPLE HAVE.
769
00:39:56,448 --> 00:39:58,206
Rose: IT STANDS TO REASON
THAT IF PANEB
770
00:39:58,206 --> 00:40:00,482
HAD THIS KIND
OF SPECIALIZED INFORMATION,
771
00:40:00,482 --> 00:40:02,689
THEN ANY OTHER TOMB BUILDERS
WOULD ALSO HAVE
772
00:40:02,689 --> 00:40:04,965
THAT KIND OF
SPECIAL INFORMATION.
773
00:40:04,965 --> 00:40:07,793
Narrator: FROM THE RECORDS,
EXPERTS REVEAL THAT PANEB
774
00:40:07,793 --> 00:40:12,620
BEGINS TO USE HIS SPECIALIST
KNOWLEDGE TO HIS OWN BENEFIT.
775
00:40:12,620 --> 00:40:16,586
HE'S DECIDED TO USE
THAT POSITION OF POWER
776
00:40:16,586 --> 00:40:18,931
FOR A LIFE OF CRIME.
777
00:40:18,931 --> 00:40:21,482
Narrator: NOW PANEB USES
HIS INTRICATE KNOWLEDGE
778
00:40:21,482 --> 00:40:25,551
OF THE VALLEY OF THE KINGS
TO HIS ADVANTAGE.
779
00:40:25,551 --> 00:40:30,034
Clark:
PANEB WAS ACCUSED OF STEALING
FROM THE TOMB OF SETI II,
780
00:40:30,034 --> 00:40:31,724
BUT THE ONE
THAT WOULD HAVE GOT HIM,
781
00:40:31,724 --> 00:40:36,034
THE WORST CONDEMNATION WAS FROM
STEALING FROM QUEEN HENUTMIRE
782
00:40:36,034 --> 00:40:39,965
WHERE HE TOOK A GOOSE,
WHICH WAS A SYMBOL OF AMUN
783
00:40:39,965 --> 00:40:41,758
AND WOULD HAVE BEEN
EXTREMELY VALUABLE.
784
00:40:41,758 --> 00:40:44,758
♪♪
785
00:40:44,758 --> 00:40:47,965
Narrator: BUT HIS CRIME WAVE
CAN'T GO ON FOREVER.
786
00:40:47,965 --> 00:40:52,620
THE SALT PAPYRI REVEALS PANEB'S
ACTIONS CATCH UP WITH HIM,
787
00:40:52,620 --> 00:40:55,862
AND HIS FELONIES GO
FAR BEYOND TREASURE-SEEKING.
788
00:40:55,862 --> 00:40:59,689
FROM THE RECORDS, PANEB'S TRIAL
COULD BE ONE OF THE EARLIEST
789
00:40:59,689 --> 00:41:04,275
CRIMINAL CASES
OF SEXUAL MISCONDUCT IN HISTORY.
790
00:41:04,275 --> 00:41:07,000
Cooney: HE'S ACCUSED OF STEALING
FROM A NUMBER OF PEOPLE'S TOMBS,
791
00:41:07,000 --> 00:41:08,689
HE'S ACCUSED OF STEALING WIVES,
792
00:41:08,689 --> 00:41:11,379
SO TO SPEAK,
WHEN HE'S ACCUSED OF ADULTERY,
793
00:41:11,379 --> 00:41:14,137
AND HE'S ALSO ACCUSED
OF RAPE AND VIOLENCE.
794
00:41:14,137 --> 00:41:17,758
PANEB WAS JUST
AN ALL-AROUND BAD GUY.
795
00:41:17,758 --> 00:41:20,551
Narrator: IN THE END,
PANEB'S LOW MORAL STANDING
796
00:41:20,551 --> 00:41:22,896
COMES BACK TO HAUNT HIM.
797
00:41:22,896 --> 00:41:26,448
THE TRIAL SEEMS TO HAVE SHOWN
THAT HE HAD MANY ENEMIES,
798
00:41:26,448 --> 00:41:29,448
AND HE WAS TAKEN DOWN FOR IT.
799
00:41:29,448 --> 00:41:32,551
JUSTICE IN ANCIENT EGYPT
IS SWIFT AND SEVERE.
800
00:41:32,551 --> 00:41:35,068
♪♪
801
00:41:35,068 --> 00:41:38,793
PANEB WAS DEALT
WITH BY GIVEN 20 LASHES.
802
00:41:38,793 --> 00:41:41,586
HE WAS A NOTORIOUS TOMB RAIDER
803
00:41:41,586 --> 00:41:44,034
AND BAD BOY
OF THE ANCIENT WORLD.
804
00:41:44,034 --> 00:41:47,103
Narrator:
THE STORY OF PANEB REMINDS US
THAT CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
805
00:41:47,103 --> 00:41:50,206
IN ANCIENT EGYPT
FOLLOWS THE SAME PATTERNS
806
00:41:50,206 --> 00:41:54,000
AND OUTCOMES
AS IN THE 21st CENTURY,
807
00:41:54,000 --> 00:41:57,068
AND GIVES A WINDOW
INTO ANCIENT EGYPTIAN JUSTICE
808
00:41:57,068 --> 00:41:58,793
LIKE NEVER BEFORE.
809
00:41:58,793 --> 00:42:02,655
♪♪
65977
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