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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,517 --> 00:00:04,586 Narrator: PYRAMIDS, TEMPLES, TOMBS -- 2 00:00:04,586 --> 00:00:07,655 THESE ANCIENT WONDERS PROMISE EVEN GREATER SECRETS 3 00:00:07,655 --> 00:00:10,827 STILL TO BE FOUND UNDER THE SANDS OF EGYPT. 4 00:00:10,827 --> 00:00:13,379 NOW CUTTING-EDGE SCIENCE FINALLY DECODES 5 00:00:13,379 --> 00:00:15,931 THE MYSTERIOUS LAND OF THE PHARAOHS. 6 00:00:15,931 --> 00:00:19,586 WITH MODERN TECHNOLOGY, WE ARE GAINING AN INSIGHT 7 00:00:19,586 --> 00:00:21,931 INTO THE WAY THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS LIVED 8 00:00:21,931 --> 00:00:25,379 AND THE MANNER AT WHICH THEY DIED. 9 00:00:25,379 --> 00:00:26,655 Narrator: THIS TIME, 10 00:00:26,655 --> 00:00:29,310 CRIME AND PUNISHMENT ANCIENT EGYPT, 11 00:00:29,310 --> 00:00:33,379 CAN CUTTING-EDGE SCANS PROVE RAMESSES III WAS MURDERED? 12 00:00:33,379 --> 00:00:37,482 THIS IS AN ATTEMPT TO CHANGE THE ARC OF EGYPTIAN HISTORY. 13 00:00:37,482 --> 00:00:40,275 Narrator: COULD NEW TECHNOLOGY FINALLY SOLVE THE MYSTERY 14 00:00:40,275 --> 00:00:43,689 OF THE MOST FAMOUS STATUE OF QUEEN NEFERTITI? 15 00:00:43,689 --> 00:00:46,517 IS IT GENUINE OR IS IT A FAKE? 16 00:00:46,517 --> 00:00:50,620 Narrator: AND CAN THE FBI RECOVER THE FIRST-EVER ANCIENT DNA 17 00:00:50,620 --> 00:00:52,517 FROM AN EGYPTIAN MUMMY? 18 00:00:52,517 --> 00:00:55,655 IT WAS THE FBI THAT HAD THE SCIENTIFIC TOOLS 19 00:00:55,655 --> 00:00:57,793 TO ANALYZE THIS HEAD. 20 00:00:57,793 --> 00:01:02,206 Narrator: ANCIENT CLUES ON EARTH, LONG-LOST EVIDENCE REEXAMINED, 21 00:01:02,206 --> 00:01:06,241 PRECIOUS ARTIFACTS BROUGHT INTO THE LIGHT OF THE 21st CENTURY. 22 00:01:06,241 --> 00:01:09,275 THESE ARE "EGYPT'S UNEXPLAINED FILES." 23 00:01:09,275 --> 00:01:12,206 --Captions by VITAC-- www.vitac.com 24 00:01:12,206 --> 00:01:15,137 CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS 25 00:01:15,137 --> 00:01:20,103 FBI AGENTS BELIEVE THEY CAN SOLVE A 4,000-YEAR-OLD COLD CASE 26 00:01:20,103 --> 00:01:23,896 BY EXTRACTING DNA FROM AN ANCIENT EGYPTIAN MUMMY 27 00:01:23,896 --> 00:01:25,827 FOR THE FIRST TIME EVER. 28 00:01:25,827 --> 00:01:29,172 NOBODY EVER GOT DNA FROM EGYPTIAN SAMPLES, 29 00:01:29,172 --> 00:01:31,344 SO I DIDN'T THINK IT WAS GONNA WORK. 30 00:01:31,344 --> 00:01:35,827 Narrator: IT COULD REVEAL WHAT HAD ELUDED RESEARCHERS FOR 100 YEARS -- 31 00:01:35,827 --> 00:01:37,896 THE PERSON'S IDENTITY. 32 00:01:37,896 --> 00:01:41,241 Berman: PEOPLE NATURALLY WANT TO KNOW WHOSE IT WAS. 33 00:01:41,241 --> 00:01:42,758 WE HAVE A MYSTERY. 34 00:01:42,758 --> 00:01:46,172 ♪♪ 35 00:01:46,172 --> 00:01:49,965 Narrator: THE BOSTON MUSEUM OF FINE ART, 2005. 36 00:01:49,965 --> 00:01:54,793 CURATORS REEXAMINE A STRANGE ARTIFACT KEPT IN THEIR VAULTS -- 37 00:01:54,793 --> 00:01:58,241 A MUMMIFIED HEAD MISSING ITS BODY. 38 00:01:58,241 --> 00:02:00,034 THEY'VE NEVER KNOWN ITS IDENTITY, 39 00:02:00,034 --> 00:02:02,655 DESPITE DECADES OF RESEARCH. 40 00:02:02,655 --> 00:02:05,862 THEY BELIEVE NOW IS THE TIME TO FIND AN ANSWER. 41 00:02:05,862 --> 00:02:10,000 AND WE THOUGHT THAT WITH ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY, 42 00:02:10,000 --> 00:02:12,482 WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO GET MORE INFORMATION 43 00:02:12,482 --> 00:02:14,103 ABOUT THE MUMMY'S HEAD. 44 00:02:14,103 --> 00:02:17,689 SO, WE TOOK THE HEAD TO THE MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL, 45 00:02:17,689 --> 00:02:21,034 AND WE DID VERY ADVANCED AND DETAILED CT SCANS. 46 00:02:21,034 --> 00:02:22,965 ♪♪ 47 00:02:22,965 --> 00:02:25,517 Narrator: FROM THE 2005 CT SCAN, 48 00:02:25,517 --> 00:02:29,137 SCIENTISTS CREATE A 3-D MODEL OF THE SKULL. 49 00:02:29,137 --> 00:02:33,965 IT MAY DETERMINE WHETHER THE PERSON WAS A MALE OR FEMALE. 50 00:02:33,965 --> 00:02:39,793 BUT WHEN THEY EXAMINE THE MODEL, CRUCIAL EVIDENCE IS MISSING. 51 00:02:39,793 --> 00:02:43,482 Berman: WE HAVE 3-D MODELS THAT WERE PRINTED OUT. 52 00:02:43,482 --> 00:02:46,103 IF YOU LOOK AT THE JAW AREAS, 53 00:02:46,103 --> 00:02:49,241 YOU CAN SEE WHAT HAD BEEN REMOVED. 54 00:02:49,241 --> 00:02:52,724 THESE ARE PRECISELY THE BONES THAT WOULD BE THE MOST TELLING 55 00:02:52,724 --> 00:02:56,931 IN DETERMINING WHETHER THE SKULL WAS MALE OR FEMALE. 56 00:02:56,931 --> 00:03:00,655 Narrator: IT IS A SETBACK FOR THE SCIENTISTS. 57 00:03:00,655 --> 00:03:03,448 THEY NOW REEXAMINE THE DISCOVERY OF THE TOMB, 58 00:03:03,448 --> 00:03:05,413 SEARCHING FOR MISSED EVIDENCE. 59 00:03:05,413 --> 00:03:07,827 ♪♪ 60 00:03:07,827 --> 00:03:10,413 Berman: THE HEAD WAS FOUND IN 1915 61 00:03:10,413 --> 00:03:12,862 WHILE THE MUSEUM WAS EXCAVATING TOMBS 62 00:03:12,862 --> 00:03:14,896 IN THE CEMETERY OF DEIR EL-BERSHA, 63 00:03:14,896 --> 00:03:18,448 WHICH IS ABOUT 175 MILES SOUTH OF CAIRO. 64 00:03:20,448 --> 00:03:24,206 Narrator: THE BURIAL PLACE HAS BEEN RANSACKED BY LOOTERS. 65 00:03:24,206 --> 00:03:26,275 Berman: THEY BROKE IN THROUGH THE HEAD-ENDS OF THE COFFIN 66 00:03:26,275 --> 00:03:28,344 AND YANKED THE MUMMY OUT. 67 00:03:28,344 --> 00:03:31,517 IT WAS IN GREAT DISARRAY. 68 00:03:31,517 --> 00:03:33,310 Cooney: STRANGELY, THE LOOTERS LEFT 69 00:03:33,310 --> 00:03:35,896 ONE OF THE HEADS OF THE INHABITANTS 70 00:03:35,896 --> 00:03:40,172 SEVERED FROM ITS BODY ON TOP OF THE COFFIN. 71 00:03:40,172 --> 00:03:43,172 Narrator: IDENTIFYING THE HEAD FROM THE CONTENTS FOUND IN THE TOMB 72 00:03:43,172 --> 00:03:44,517 WAS IMPOSSIBLE. 73 00:03:44,517 --> 00:03:46,517 SINCE NONE OF THEM WERE IN THE COFFINS, 74 00:03:46,517 --> 00:03:48,862 WE DIDN'T KNOW WHO THEY WERE. 75 00:03:48,862 --> 00:03:52,034 Narrator: SO ARCHAEOLOGISTS EXAMINE THE COFFINS THEMSELVES, 76 00:03:52,034 --> 00:03:55,586 HOPING FOR A CLUE TO WHOM THEY BELONG. 77 00:03:55,586 --> 00:04:00,931 THEY DISCOVERED INSCRIPTIONS THAT SUGGEST TWO POSSIBILITIES. 78 00:04:00,931 --> 00:04:03,413 THE COFFINS ARE COPIOUSLY INSCRIBED 79 00:04:03,413 --> 00:04:06,620 WITH INSCRIPTIONS THAT CONTAIN THEIR NAME AND TITLES -- 80 00:04:06,620 --> 00:04:08,172 THE GOVERNOR DJEHUTYNAKHT 81 00:04:08,172 --> 00:04:12,172 AND OF HIS WIFE WHOSE NAME WAS ALSO DJEHUTYNAKHT. 82 00:04:12,172 --> 00:04:15,000 Narrator: THE INSCRIPTIONS SHOW THE COUPLE ARE IMPORTANT PEOPLE 83 00:04:15,000 --> 00:04:17,275 AROUND 2,000 B.C.E., 84 00:04:17,275 --> 00:04:19,379 BUT THE MYSTERY OF THE HEAD REMAINS. 85 00:04:19,379 --> 00:04:22,068 NO ONE KNEW WHETHER IT BELONGED TO DJEHUTYNAKHT THE GOVERNOR 86 00:04:22,068 --> 00:04:23,586 OR TO HIS WIFE. 87 00:04:23,586 --> 00:04:25,344 IS IT HIM OR IS IT HER? 88 00:04:25,344 --> 00:04:28,379 ♪♪ 89 00:04:28,379 --> 00:04:33,310 Narrator: TO SOLVE THE QUESTION, MUSEUM CURATORS SEEK OUTSIDE EXPERTISE. 90 00:04:33,310 --> 00:04:36,517 IN 2016, THE WORLD'S LEADING CRIME FIGHTERS 91 00:04:36,517 --> 00:04:38,344 COME TO THE RESCUE. 92 00:04:38,344 --> 00:04:41,103 IN THIS PARTICULAR CASE, IT WAS THE FBI 93 00:04:41,103 --> 00:04:45,517 THAT HAD THE SCIENTIFIC TOOLS TO ANALYZE THIS HEAD. 94 00:04:45,517 --> 00:04:47,068 Narrator: THE MUMMY'S HEAD IS ASSIGNED 95 00:04:47,068 --> 00:04:51,310 TO TWO OF THE FBI'S MOST EXPERIENCED INVESTIGATORS -- 96 00:04:51,310 --> 00:04:54,275 JODI IRWIN, A RESEARCH BIOLOGIST 97 00:04:54,275 --> 00:04:58,862 AND ODILE LOREILLE, A SPECIALIST IN ANCIENT DNA. 98 00:04:58,862 --> 00:05:00,241 Loreille: THE MUSEUM WANTED TO KNOW 99 00:05:00,241 --> 00:05:02,413 WHETHER THE HEAD OF THE MUMMY BELONGED 100 00:05:02,413 --> 00:05:05,068 TO GOVERNOR DJEHUTYNAKHT OR TO HIS WIFE. 101 00:05:05,068 --> 00:05:06,896 Narrator: FOR THE FIRST TIME EVER, 102 00:05:06,896 --> 00:05:11,482 THE FBI USES A DNA SEQUENCING TECHNIQUE NEW TO FORENSICS. 103 00:05:11,482 --> 00:05:13,586 WE HAD A REALLY DIFFICULT SITUATION, 104 00:05:13,586 --> 00:05:16,103 A SITUATION THAT WE WOULDN'T HAVE BEEN ABLE TO SOLVE 105 00:05:16,103 --> 00:05:19,344 WITH ALL OF OUR CURRENTLY- IMPLEMENTED TECHNOLOGIES. 106 00:05:19,344 --> 00:05:23,103 Narrator: THE NEW TECHNOLOGY IS CALLED NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING. 107 00:05:23,103 --> 00:05:25,896 IT CAN EXAMINE THE TINIEST OF SAMPLES. 108 00:05:25,896 --> 00:05:27,793 SO, FOR ANCIENT DNA WHERE, YOU KNOW, 109 00:05:27,793 --> 00:05:30,586 YOU DON'T HAVE A LOT OF DNA TO START WITH. 110 00:05:30,586 --> 00:05:35,172 THESE ARE INSTRUMENTS THAT ALLOW YOU TO COPY AND SEQUENCE DNA 111 00:05:35,172 --> 00:05:37,862 THAT ARE VERY SMALL AND IN VERY HIGH THROUGHPUT, 112 00:05:37,862 --> 00:05:41,034 SO YOU HAVE MILLIONS AND MILLIONS OF SEQUENCES. 113 00:05:41,034 --> 00:05:46,068 Narrator: BUT FIRST, THE FBI TEAM MUST FIND ANCIENT DNA IN THE SKULL, 114 00:05:46,068 --> 00:05:48,931 A NEARLY IMPOSSIBLE TASK. 115 00:05:48,931 --> 00:05:52,137 THEY WOULDN'T NORMALLY HAVE TO WORK WITH 4,000-YEAR-OLD DNA, 116 00:05:52,137 --> 00:05:54,862 BUT OFTEN THEY ARE FACED WITH CHALLENGING SITUATIONS. 117 00:05:56,344 --> 00:05:58,413 Narrator: OVER THE COURSE OF FOUR MILLENNIA, 118 00:05:58,413 --> 00:06:01,758 TIME, ALONG WITH THE HEAT OF THE DESERT CLIMATE, 119 00:06:01,758 --> 00:06:04,896 BREAKS DOWN THE DNA IN THE HEAD. 120 00:06:04,896 --> 00:06:08,862 BUT GENETICISTS POTENTIALLY FACE A FAR BIGGER ISSUE -- 121 00:06:08,862 --> 00:06:10,379 CONTAMINATION. 122 00:06:10,379 --> 00:06:13,482 Loreille: THE MUMMY HAS BEEN TOUCHED BY MULTIPLE PEOPLE -- 123 00:06:13,482 --> 00:06:17,172 THE LOOTERS, OBVIOUSLY, THE ARCHAEOLOGISTS, 124 00:06:17,172 --> 00:06:20,758 AND THEN PROBABLY SOME CURATORS AT THE MUSEUM IN BOSTON, 125 00:06:20,758 --> 00:06:24,275 SO WE WERE VERY CONCERNED ABOUT CONTAMINATION. 126 00:06:24,275 --> 00:06:26,931 Narrator: TO EXTRACT UNCONTAMINATED DNA, 127 00:06:26,931 --> 00:06:30,379 THE FBI TEAM NEED AN UNTOUCHED SAMPLE, 128 00:06:30,379 --> 00:06:34,310 A DAUNTING TASK AFTER 4,000 YEARS. 129 00:06:34,310 --> 00:06:37,655 Loreille: WHAT WE DID IS WE GOT A SAMPLE FROM INSIDE A TOOTH 130 00:06:37,655 --> 00:06:39,413 BY GOING THROUGH THE NECK 131 00:06:39,413 --> 00:06:43,206 SO THAT WE KNEW FOR SURE THAT IT HAD NEVER BEEN TOUCHED. 132 00:06:43,206 --> 00:06:45,068 Berman: THE REMOVAL OF THE MOLAR 133 00:06:45,068 --> 00:06:48,448 WAS DONE AS DELICATELY AS IT WOULD BE 134 00:06:48,448 --> 00:06:52,689 IF YOU WERE OPERATING ON A LIVING PERSON. 135 00:06:52,689 --> 00:06:57,206 Narrator: THE TOOTH COULD YIELD A VIABLE DNA SAMPLE, 136 00:06:57,206 --> 00:07:00,896 BUT THE SCIENTISTS KNOW THE ODDS ARE AGAINST THEM. 137 00:07:00,896 --> 00:07:02,206 Loreille: I WAS REALLY SKEPTICAL. 138 00:07:02,206 --> 00:07:04,310 WHEN I STARTED, I THOUGHT THERE MIGHT BE 139 00:07:04,310 --> 00:07:08,137 A 5% CHANCE IT WOULD WORK AT BEST. 140 00:07:08,137 --> 00:07:10,517 Narrator: EXTRACTING USEFUL DNA FROM THE TOOTH 141 00:07:10,517 --> 00:07:14,965 IS A DELICATE AND PAINSTAKING PROCESS. 142 00:07:14,965 --> 00:07:18,000 Loreille: WE SANDED THE SURFACE TO REMOVE CONTAMINATION, 143 00:07:18,000 --> 00:07:22,137 AND THEN WE DRILLED THROUGH THE TOOTH TO REMOVE POWDER. 144 00:07:22,137 --> 00:07:24,655 ONCE YOU HAVE THE POWDER, YOU EXTRACT THE DNA, 145 00:07:24,655 --> 00:07:28,896 YOU PUT IT IN SOLUTION, AND THAT'S THE DNA EXTRACT. 146 00:07:28,896 --> 00:07:30,758 Narrator: FOR THE FIRST TIME EVER, 147 00:07:30,758 --> 00:07:33,965 THE FBI USES THE VERY-LATEST SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGY 148 00:07:33,965 --> 00:07:37,448 TO PROCESS A MUMMY'S ANCIENT DNA. 149 00:07:37,448 --> 00:07:42,344 THE RESULTS SHOW UP AS A HUGE DATA SET OF CHEMICAL SEQUENCES. 150 00:07:42,344 --> 00:07:45,000 ONCE YOU'VE DONE THAT, YOU SEE HOW MANY SEQUENCES 151 00:07:45,000 --> 00:07:47,379 YOU HAVE THAT MATCH CHROMOSOME 1, 152 00:07:47,379 --> 00:07:51,448 HOW MANY CHROMOSOME 2, 3, 4, 5, "X" AND "Y." 153 00:07:51,448 --> 00:07:54,379 Narrator: ODILE IS HUNTING FOR THE "Y" CHROMOSOME 154 00:07:54,379 --> 00:07:58,793 BECAUSE "Y" CHROMOSOMES ARE ONLY PRESENT IN MALE DNA. 155 00:07:58,793 --> 00:08:02,758 IF THEY SUCCEED, IT MAY BE THE FIRST ANCIENT DNA EXTRACTION 156 00:08:02,758 --> 00:08:06,137 FROM AN EGYPTIAN MUMMY IN HISTORY. 157 00:08:06,137 --> 00:08:09,517 NOBODY EVER GOT DNA FROM EGYPTIAN SAMPLES, 158 00:08:09,517 --> 00:08:12,034 SO I DIDN'T THINK IT WAS GONNA WORK. 159 00:08:12,034 --> 00:08:14,758 Narrator: WHEN THE FBI TEAM STUDY THEIR RESULTS, 160 00:08:14,758 --> 00:08:18,137 THEY DISCOVER SOMETHING LONG THOUGH UNATTAINABLE -- 161 00:08:18,137 --> 00:08:21,068 ANCIENT DNA. 162 00:08:21,068 --> 00:08:25,310 THEY CAN NOW SOLVE THE MYSTERY OF THE SEVERED HEAD. 163 00:08:25,310 --> 00:08:28,034 Irwin: THE DNA RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE MUMMY'S TOOTH, 164 00:08:28,034 --> 00:08:29,689 AND THEREFORE THE MUMMY, 165 00:08:29,689 --> 00:08:31,655 IS FROM THE GOVERNOR DJEHUTYNAKHT 166 00:08:31,655 --> 00:08:33,482 AND NOT HIS WIFE. 167 00:08:33,482 --> 00:08:34,689 YEAH, IT WAS BOY. 168 00:08:34,689 --> 00:08:36,965 [ LAUGHS ] 169 00:08:36,965 --> 00:08:39,379 Berman: ALTHOUGH I'M VERY HAPPY THAT WE KNOW 170 00:08:39,379 --> 00:08:41,965 THAT IT IS THE GOVERNOR AND NOT HIS WIFE, 171 00:08:41,965 --> 00:08:44,827 I WAS KIND OF HOPING THAT IT WAS HER. 172 00:08:44,827 --> 00:08:46,620 Narrator: AFTER 4,000 YEARS, 173 00:08:46,620 --> 00:08:49,689 AN ANCIENT MUMMY HAS HIS IDENTITY RESTORED 174 00:08:49,689 --> 00:08:53,275 THANKS TO THE WORLD-CLASS EXPERTISE OF THE FBI. 175 00:08:53,275 --> 00:08:56,172 BUT WHAT IS MORE, THEY MAKE A SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGH 176 00:08:56,172 --> 00:09:00,034 IN THE FIELD OF ANCIENT DNA THAT WILL UNDOUBTEDLY LEAD 177 00:09:00,034 --> 00:09:02,344 TO FURTHER DISCOVERIES IN THE FUTURE. 178 00:09:02,344 --> 00:09:07,413 ♪♪ 179 00:09:07,413 --> 00:09:12,517 ♪♪ 180 00:09:12,517 --> 00:09:15,103 THE MYSTERIOUS NEFERTITI. 181 00:09:15,103 --> 00:09:18,517 HER ICONIC BUST IS A PRICELESS TREASURE. 182 00:09:18,517 --> 00:09:20,517 Fletcher: THE BUST OF NEFERTITI HAS LONG BEEN 183 00:09:20,517 --> 00:09:23,241 THE CROWNING GLORY OF EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES. 184 00:09:23,241 --> 00:09:25,551 IT'S A SUPERB WORK OF ART. 185 00:09:25,551 --> 00:09:28,965 Narrator: BUT SOME EXPERTS BELIEVE THIS BEAUTIFUL FACE 186 00:09:28,965 --> 00:09:31,000 COULD BE A FORGERY. 187 00:09:31,000 --> 00:09:34,551 YOU WOULD NEVER IN THE ANCIENT WORLD FIND AN ANCIENT STATUE 188 00:09:34,551 --> 00:09:37,965 WHERE THEY'D FINISHED OFF THE HARD PARTS WITH PLASTER. 189 00:09:37,965 --> 00:09:41,931 THIS HAS GOT TO BE ONE OF THE MOST CONTROVERSIAL WORKS OF ART 190 00:09:41,931 --> 00:09:43,827 IN HUMAN HISTORY. 191 00:09:43,827 --> 00:09:46,137 Narrator: NOW STATE-OF-THE-ART SCANNERS 192 00:09:46,137 --> 00:09:49,103 ARE FINALLY PEERING BENEATH THE STATUE'S VENEER 193 00:09:49,103 --> 00:09:52,241 TO ANSWER ONE OF EGYPT'S GREATEST QUESTIONS. 194 00:09:52,241 --> 00:09:54,448 IS IT GENUINE OR IS IT A FAKE? 195 00:09:54,448 --> 00:10:00,206 ♪♪ 196 00:10:02,931 --> 00:10:07,310 Narrator: SHE IS THE ICONIC FACE OF EGYPT'S 18th DYNASTY -- 197 00:10:07,310 --> 00:10:08,827 QUEEN NEFERTITI. 198 00:10:08,827 --> 00:10:10,551 NEFERTITI HAS GONE DOWN IN HISTORY 199 00:10:10,551 --> 00:10:14,172 AS THE MOST BEAUTIFUL EGYPTIAN QUEEN OF ALL TIME. 200 00:10:14,172 --> 00:10:16,103 Narrator: BUT FOR OVER 100 YEARS, 201 00:10:16,103 --> 00:10:19,241 QUESTIONS ABOUT THIS BEAUTY LOOM LARGE. 202 00:10:19,241 --> 00:10:22,896 SOME BELIEVE THE LIFE-SIZE BUST THAT CREATED HER IMAGE 203 00:10:22,896 --> 00:10:24,241 MAY NOT BE REAL. 204 00:10:24,241 --> 00:10:27,551 I THINK THAT THE BUST OF NEFERTITI IS A MASTERPIECE, 205 00:10:27,551 --> 00:10:32,793 AND MASTERPIECES ARE VERY HARD TO EVALUATE 206 00:10:32,793 --> 00:10:35,068 IN TERMS OF AUTHENTICITY. 207 00:10:35,068 --> 00:10:37,241 Fletcher: A LOT OF DUPLICATES WERE MADE 208 00:10:37,241 --> 00:10:39,517 BECAUSE THE BUST WAS SO VERY POPULAR. 209 00:10:39,517 --> 00:10:43,793 EVERY COLLECTION WANTED A REPLICA SO VISITORS COULD COME 210 00:10:43,793 --> 00:10:46,034 AND ADMIRE THE BUST OF NEFERTITI 211 00:10:46,034 --> 00:10:48,413 EVEN IF IT'S NOT THE ORIGINAL ONE. 212 00:10:48,413 --> 00:10:51,655 AND I THINK THE PROLIFERATION OF THESE REPRODUCTION BUSTS 213 00:10:51,655 --> 00:10:54,793 HAS SORT OF LED TO A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF UNCERTAINTY. 214 00:10:54,793 --> 00:10:56,862 WHICH IS THE REAL ONE? 215 00:10:56,862 --> 00:11:00,310 WE CAN'T 100% SAY IT'S ACCURATE. 216 00:11:00,310 --> 00:11:04,172 Narrator: SO SCIENTISTS BEGIN A 21st-CENTURY INVESTIGATION 217 00:11:04,172 --> 00:11:05,448 TO FIND THE TRUTH. 218 00:11:05,448 --> 00:11:07,000 EXPERTS ARE ANALYZING THIS BUST 219 00:11:07,000 --> 00:11:09,137 USING THE LATEST SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUES 220 00:11:09,137 --> 00:11:12,551 TO TRY AND FIND OUT IF IT TRULY IS ANCIENT. 221 00:11:12,551 --> 00:11:17,655 Narrator: THEY START BY PROBING THE STATUE WITH A 64-SECTION CT SCAN, 222 00:11:17,655 --> 00:11:23,448 REVEALING FOR THE FIRST TIME THE BUST'S INNER STRUCTURE. 223 00:11:23,448 --> 00:11:26,620 Harrison: CT SCANS REVEAL THAT IT'S A LIMESTONE CORE 224 00:11:26,620 --> 00:11:28,655 WHICH HAS BEEN COVERED WITH A LAYER OF STUCCO 225 00:11:28,655 --> 00:11:30,379 WHICH WAS THEN PAINTED. 226 00:11:30,379 --> 00:11:34,793 Narrator: FOR EGYPTOLOGISTS, THE DISCOVERY IS DEEPLY SUSPICIOUS. 227 00:11:34,793 --> 00:11:36,344 Harrison: YOU WOULD NEVER, IN THE ANCIENT WORLD, 228 00:11:36,344 --> 00:11:38,344 FIND AN ANCIENT STATUE 229 00:11:38,344 --> 00:11:41,482 WHERE THEY'D FINISHED OFF THE HARD PARTS WITH PLASTER, 230 00:11:41,482 --> 00:11:44,344 SO THIS RINGS SOME ALARM BELLS. 231 00:11:44,344 --> 00:11:47,448 I SUPPOSE THE TEMPTATION OF PEOPLE TO WANT TO BUY 232 00:11:47,448 --> 00:11:49,689 A LITTLE PIECE OF AMARNA ART FOR THEMSELVES 233 00:11:49,689 --> 00:11:51,620 COULD THROW UP THE POSSIBILITY 234 00:11:51,620 --> 00:11:55,034 THAT A BUST LIKE THIS MAY HAVE BEEN MADE BY A FORGER. 235 00:11:55,034 --> 00:11:58,413 BUT, OF COURSE, IT JUST FEEDS INTO THIS WHOLE MYSTERY OF 236 00:11:58,413 --> 00:12:02,068 "IS THE NEFERTITI BUST A FAKE OR NOT?" 237 00:12:02,068 --> 00:12:04,379 Narrator: THE STRANGE MATERIALS FOUND IN THE SCAN 238 00:12:04,379 --> 00:12:07,034 LEAD EXPERTS TO REEXAMINE THE CIRCUMSTANCES 239 00:12:07,034 --> 00:12:09,068 UNDER WHICH THE BUST IS DISCOVERED 240 00:12:09,068 --> 00:12:11,620 IN THE EARLY 20th CENTURY. 241 00:12:11,620 --> 00:12:13,689 ♪♪ 242 00:12:13,689 --> 00:12:16,448 Harrison: LUDWIG BORCHARDT CLAIMS TO FIND THE BUST OF NEFERTITI 243 00:12:16,448 --> 00:12:18,241 IN A WORKSHOP AT EL-AMARNA 244 00:12:18,241 --> 00:12:21,689 UNDER 50 CENTIMETERS OF DIRT AND GRAVEL. 245 00:12:21,689 --> 00:12:24,068 Narrator: IT ALL SEEMS TOO PERFECT. 246 00:12:24,068 --> 00:12:26,793 INVESTIGATORS NOW LOOK AT BORCHARDT'S DIARY 247 00:12:26,793 --> 00:12:30,689 TO FIND ANYTHING OUT OF THE ORDINARY. 248 00:12:30,689 --> 00:12:34,586 THEN SOMETHING SUSPICIOUS. 249 00:12:34,586 --> 00:12:36,827 THE EXACT CIRCUMSTANCES 250 00:12:36,827 --> 00:12:38,793 SURROUNDING THE DISCOVERY OF THE BUST 251 00:12:38,793 --> 00:12:41,103 HAVE BEEN CALLED INTO QUESTION 252 00:12:41,103 --> 00:12:42,931 BECAUSE IT COINCIDED, APPARENTLY, 253 00:12:42,931 --> 00:12:46,172 THE VISIT OF A PRINCE TO THE EXCAVATIONS. 254 00:12:46,172 --> 00:12:48,551 AND IT'S BEEN SUGGESTED MAYBE THAT BORCHARDT 255 00:12:48,551 --> 00:12:50,482 WANTED TO IMPRESS HIS ROYAL VISITOR 256 00:12:50,482 --> 00:12:53,689 WITH THIS AMAZING NEW FIND. 257 00:12:53,689 --> 00:12:56,482 Narrator: IN THE EARLY 20th CENTURY, THERE IS HUGE DESIRE 258 00:12:56,482 --> 00:13:00,620 TO IMPRESS EUROPE'S STILL-POWERFUL ROYAL FAMILIES. 259 00:13:00,620 --> 00:13:03,551 A FIND SHOWING THE BEAUTIFUL NEFERTITI 260 00:13:03,551 --> 00:13:05,448 WOULD TAKE THEIR BREATH AWAY. 261 00:13:05,448 --> 00:13:07,689 THE PRINCE MARVELS AT THE DISCOVERIES, 262 00:13:07,689 --> 00:13:10,379 BUT ONE OF THE WORKMEN DISAPPEARS FOR A FEW MOMENTS. 263 00:13:10,379 --> 00:13:14,068 THE WORKMAN COMES BACK HOLDING THIS BUST OF NEFERTITI. 264 00:13:14,068 --> 00:13:17,000 THE ROYALS ARE WOWED BY ITS BEAUTY. 265 00:13:17,000 --> 00:13:19,448 Fletcher: IN SOME PEOPLE'S MINDS, IT'S A QUESTION OF 266 00:13:19,448 --> 00:13:22,655 "WAS THIS THING PLANTED TO MAKE THE ARCHAEOLOGY 267 00:13:22,655 --> 00:13:25,379 SEEM EVEN MORE EXCITING?" 268 00:13:25,379 --> 00:13:27,172 Narrator: THE VISIT RAISED INITIAL SUSPICIONS 269 00:13:27,172 --> 00:13:29,310 ABOUT THE BUST'S AUTHENTICITY, 270 00:13:29,310 --> 00:13:31,172 BUT IN THE DECADES THAT FOLLOWED, 271 00:13:31,172 --> 00:13:35,034 EXPERTS HAVE ALSO STUDIED THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STATUE. 272 00:13:35,034 --> 00:13:37,137 ONE DETAIL RAISED QUESTIONS. 273 00:13:37,137 --> 00:13:40,206 ♪♪ 274 00:13:40,206 --> 00:13:43,034 Harrison: THE FACT THAT THE BUST ONLY HAS ONE EYE 275 00:13:43,034 --> 00:13:45,448 DOES RAISE SOME RED FLAGS. 276 00:13:45,448 --> 00:13:48,310 MODERN FORGERY EXPERTS ARGUE THAT IT WOULD BE EASY 277 00:13:48,310 --> 00:13:50,827 TO SORT ONE ANCIENT EYE 278 00:13:50,827 --> 00:13:52,517 IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF A PIECE LIKE THIS, 279 00:13:52,517 --> 00:13:56,103 BUT FINDING A PAIR WOULD BE ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE. 280 00:13:56,103 --> 00:13:58,517 Narrator: BUT NOT ALL EXPERTS AGREE WITH THE THEORY 281 00:13:58,517 --> 00:14:02,379 THAT NEFERTITI'S ONE EYE PROVES IT'S FAKE. 282 00:14:02,379 --> 00:14:06,034 THIS IS TO FUNDAMENTALLY MISUNDERSTAND 283 00:14:06,034 --> 00:14:10,068 HOW THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS PRODUCED PORTRAITS 284 00:14:10,068 --> 00:14:11,413 WITH INLAID EYES. 285 00:14:11,413 --> 00:14:15,103 AND SO FREQUENTLY, THESE EYES FALL OUT ALL THE TIME, 286 00:14:15,103 --> 00:14:20,379 SO WHETHER THE EYE IS THERE OR NOT IS ABSOLUTELY NO REASON 287 00:14:20,379 --> 00:14:26,068 TO QUESTION THE AUTHENTICITY OF THIS SUPERB WORK OF ART. 288 00:14:26,068 --> 00:14:28,379 Narrator: AS RESEARCHERS CONSIDER FURTHER THE IDEA 289 00:14:28,379 --> 00:14:30,310 THAT THE STATUE IS A FORGERY, 290 00:14:30,310 --> 00:14:33,344 THEY START TO NOTICE OTHER IRREGULAR ELEMENTS IN THE BUST. 291 00:14:33,344 --> 00:14:36,137 ♪♪ 292 00:14:36,137 --> 00:14:38,344 Fletcher: THERE IS SELECTIVE DAMAGE ON THE BUST. 293 00:14:38,344 --> 00:14:41,689 YOU KNOW, THE MISSING HEAD OF THE URAEUS SNAKE, 294 00:14:41,689 --> 00:14:44,103 DAMAGE TO THE EAR AND SO FORTH. 295 00:14:44,103 --> 00:14:47,310 Harrison: WE'RE TOLD THAT THE BUST WAS FOUND ON IT'S FACE 296 00:14:47,310 --> 00:14:49,241 UNDER THE GROUND IN THE WORKSHOP, 297 00:14:49,241 --> 00:14:52,034 AND YET, THERE'S NO DAMAGE TO THE NOSE OR THE CHIN, 298 00:14:52,034 --> 00:14:55,000 WHICH IS WHAT YOU'D EXPECT IF IT HAD FALLEN OFF OF A SHELF 299 00:14:55,000 --> 00:14:57,413 AND LOST THE COBRA. 300 00:14:57,413 --> 00:14:59,793 THE DAMAGE ON THE EAR SEEMS TO BE QUITE SELECTIVE 301 00:14:59,793 --> 00:15:03,241 AS IF IT HAD BEEN DROPPED ON ITS RIGHT AND THEN LEFT SIDE. 302 00:15:03,241 --> 00:15:06,586 THE FACE IS LARGELY IMMACULATE. 303 00:15:06,586 --> 00:15:08,517 IT'S ALMOST AS IF SOMEONE WANTS 304 00:15:08,517 --> 00:15:12,206 THAT MOST IMPORTANT FEATURE TO BE PRESERVED. 305 00:15:12,206 --> 00:15:14,827 Narrator: THE FACE OF NEFERTITI IS SO PERFECT, 306 00:15:14,827 --> 00:15:16,344 WHEN BROUGHT TO GERMANY, 307 00:15:16,344 --> 00:15:19,241 IT IS REVERED BY THEIR POWERFUL NEW DICTATOR. 308 00:15:19,241 --> 00:15:22,310 ♪♪ 309 00:15:22,310 --> 00:15:25,896 HITLER GREATLY ADMIRED THE BUST OF NEFERTITI. 310 00:15:25,896 --> 00:15:29,655 TO HIM, IT REPRESENTED THE IDEAL ARYAN WOMAN. 311 00:15:29,655 --> 00:15:32,655 Fletcher: ADOLF HITLER APPARENTLY TAKES THE BUST OF NEFERTITI 312 00:15:32,655 --> 00:15:34,344 INTO HIS PERSONAL COLLECTION. 313 00:15:34,344 --> 00:15:38,379 ♪♪ 314 00:15:38,379 --> 00:15:42,344 Narrator: AFTER THE WAR, THE BUST ENDS UP IN BERLIN'S NEUES MUSEUM, 315 00:15:42,344 --> 00:15:45,724 IT'S MOST-PRIZED TREASURE. 316 00:15:45,724 --> 00:15:48,103 IN 2009, THE MUSEUM CURATORS 317 00:15:48,103 --> 00:15:51,793 CONTINUE THEIR EXHAUSTIVE EXAMINATIONS OF THE STATUE, 318 00:15:51,793 --> 00:15:55,586 DETERMINED TO SOLVE THE MYSTERY. 319 00:15:55,586 --> 00:15:59,448 THE MUSEUM DECIDES THEY WANT TO PUT THIS ARGUMENT TO REST. 320 00:15:59,448 --> 00:16:01,793 THEY WANT TO DETERMINE IS THIS BUST 321 00:16:01,793 --> 00:16:04,793 ACTUALLY MADE OF ANCIENT MATERIALS. 322 00:16:04,793 --> 00:16:07,931 Narrator: FOR THIS, SCIENTISTS CARRY OUT A CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 323 00:16:07,931 --> 00:16:12,689 OF THE MATERIALS USING CUTTING-EDGE XRF TESTING. 324 00:16:12,689 --> 00:16:15,620 XRF STANDS FOR X-RAY FLORESCENCE. 325 00:16:15,620 --> 00:16:20,344 ESSENTIALLY, YOU AIM LASERS AT THE BUST OF NEFERTITI, 326 00:16:20,344 --> 00:16:25,551 AND THEN THE ELEMENTS THAT LEAVE FROM THE LASER ARE MONITORED, 327 00:16:25,551 --> 00:16:31,206 AND YOU CAN FIND OUT IF THERE ARE ANY, SAY, MODERN PIGMENTS. 328 00:16:31,206 --> 00:16:33,103 Narrator: THE RESULTS WILL SHOW WHETHER THE PIGMENTS 329 00:16:33,103 --> 00:16:36,482 ARE MADE FROM 3,000-YEAR-OLD COMPONENTS 330 00:16:36,482 --> 00:16:40,137 OR CHEAP 20th-CENTURY COUNTERFEITS. 331 00:16:40,137 --> 00:16:44,034 WHEN THE DATA COMES IN, THE SCIENTISTS ARE AMAZED. 332 00:16:44,034 --> 00:16:47,758 Fletcher: THE PIGMENTS USED, THE PAINTS USED EXACTLY CONFORM 333 00:16:47,758 --> 00:16:50,517 TO THE KIND OF PIGMENTS THAT 18th-DYNASTY ARTISTS 334 00:16:50,517 --> 00:16:53,551 WERE USING IN EGYPT AT THAT TIME. 335 00:16:53,551 --> 00:16:57,068 THEY ARE, IN FACT, ANCIENT PIGMENTS. 336 00:16:57,068 --> 00:16:59,689 Narrator: THE RESULTS LEAD SOME TO MAKE A FINAL CONCLUSION 337 00:16:59,689 --> 00:17:03,448 ON NEFERTITI'S BUST. 338 00:17:03,448 --> 00:17:09,275 I THINK IT'S ABSOLUTELY CLEAR THAT THIS BUST IS GENUINE. 339 00:17:09,275 --> 00:17:11,655 Narrator: OTHERS ARE NOT YET CONVINCED. 340 00:17:11,655 --> 00:17:14,137 THE FACT IS, THERE'S STRONG EVIDENCE ON BOTH SIDES 341 00:17:14,137 --> 00:17:15,931 THAT INDICATE THAT IT COULD BE AUTHENTIC 342 00:17:15,931 --> 00:17:17,448 AND IT COULD BE A FORGERY. 343 00:17:17,448 --> 00:17:21,379 Fletcher: IF IT'S A FAKE, THEN THE FORGER MUST BE A GENIUS, 344 00:17:21,379 --> 00:17:24,724 BEING ABLE TO REPLICATE EXACTLY THE KNOWN RECIPES 345 00:17:24,724 --> 00:17:27,896 FOR ANCIENT-EGYPTIAN PIGMENTS. 346 00:17:27,896 --> 00:17:30,827 Narrator: THE FINAL ANSWER TO THIS ANCIENT MYSTERY 347 00:17:30,827 --> 00:17:33,137 MAY LIE IN THE ANALYSIS OF OTHER MATERIALS 348 00:17:33,137 --> 00:17:35,655 USED IN CREATING THE BUST, 349 00:17:35,655 --> 00:17:39,724 A TASK SCIENTISTS WILL NO DOUBT TACKLE IN THE FUTURE. 350 00:17:39,724 --> 00:17:43,241 EVENTUALLY, WHEN WE'RE ABLE TO DATA LIMESTONE AND PLASTER, 351 00:17:43,241 --> 00:17:45,344 THEN WE'LL BE ABLE TO TELL FOR SURE. 352 00:17:45,344 --> 00:17:47,379 Narrator: PRICELESS ANCIENT ARTIFACT 353 00:17:47,379 --> 00:17:49,862 OR 20th-CENTURY FAKE? 354 00:17:49,862 --> 00:17:51,827 EXPERTS ARE GETTING CLOSER AND CLOSER 355 00:17:51,827 --> 00:17:55,034 TO A DEFINITIVE ANSWER ON THE ENDURING IMAGE 356 00:17:55,034 --> 00:17:57,724 OF THE MOST BEAUTIFUL QUEEN IN ANCIENT EGYPT. 357 00:17:57,724 --> 00:18:03,275 ♪♪ 358 00:18:03,275 --> 00:18:08,758 ♪♪ 359 00:18:08,758 --> 00:18:13,413 A PHARAOH WHOSE DEATH IS ONE OF EGYPT'S STRANGEST MYSTERIES. 360 00:18:13,413 --> 00:18:16,206 Darnell: THE ULTIMATE FATE OF PHARAOH RAMESSES III 361 00:18:16,206 --> 00:18:19,000 HAS LONG PUZZLED EGYPTOLOGISTS. 362 00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:22,965 UP TO NOW, WE DON'T KNOW HOW RAMESSES III DIED. 363 00:18:22,965 --> 00:18:26,862 Narrator: NOW SCIENTISTS, USING THE LATEST HIGH-RESOLUTION SCANNERS, 364 00:18:26,862 --> 00:18:30,344 BELIEVE THEY CAN PROVE HE'S MURDERED. 365 00:18:30,344 --> 00:18:33,482 Darnell: 21st-CENTURY TECHNOLOGY MAY FINALLY ENABLE US 366 00:18:33,482 --> 00:18:35,586 TO SOLVE THIS COLD CASE. 367 00:18:35,586 --> 00:18:42,724 ♪♪ 368 00:18:45,344 --> 00:18:49,034 Narrator: HE WAS THE LAST TRULY GREAT MONARCH OF THE 20th DYNASTY, 369 00:18:49,034 --> 00:18:52,379 THE DOMINANT PHARAOH RAMESSES III. 370 00:18:52,379 --> 00:18:56,551 HE SEEMS TO HAVE BEEN A VERY POWERFUL AND SUCCESSFUL PHARAOH. 371 00:18:56,551 --> 00:18:58,275 Narrator: BUT DESPITE PERCEPTIONS, 372 00:18:58,275 --> 00:19:02,344 SOME EXPERTS SUGGEST THE KING HAS TROUBLES AT HOME. 373 00:19:02,344 --> 00:19:04,034 Enmarch: TOWARDS THE END OF HIS REIGN, 374 00:19:04,034 --> 00:19:06,068 THERE DOES APPEAR TO HAVE BEEN SOME PROBLEMS 375 00:19:06,068 --> 00:19:07,689 WITH LAW AND ORDER, 376 00:19:07,689 --> 00:19:10,068 SO THERE MAY HAVE BEEN GATHERING STORM CLOUDS 377 00:19:10,068 --> 00:19:13,310 TOWARDS THE END OF HIS REIGN. 378 00:19:13,310 --> 00:19:15,068 Narrator: THESE STORMY LAST YEARS 379 00:19:15,068 --> 00:19:18,172 BECOME THE BASIS FOR A LONG-HELD THEORY -- 380 00:19:18,172 --> 00:19:21,862 RAMESSES III IS THE TARGET OF AN ASSASSINATION PLOT. 381 00:19:21,862 --> 00:19:24,724 Darnell: THE ASSASSINATION OF RAMESSES III 382 00:19:24,724 --> 00:19:27,344 AND THE ATTEMPT TO PUT SOMEONE 383 00:19:27,344 --> 00:19:30,551 OTHER THAN HIS DESIGNATED SUCCESSOR ON THE THRONE 384 00:19:30,551 --> 00:19:33,793 IS DEFINITELY A COUP D'ETAT. 385 00:19:33,793 --> 00:19:36,206 Narrator: BUT THERE IS A PROBLEM WITH THE THEORY -- 386 00:19:36,206 --> 00:19:40,551 NO ONE'S EVER BEEN ABLE TO PROVE THAT HIS DEATH WAS MURDER. 387 00:19:40,551 --> 00:19:43,758 NOW SCIENTISTS THINK CUTTING-EDGE TECHNOLOGY 388 00:19:43,758 --> 00:19:47,965 COULD REVEAL NEW INFORMATION IN A KEY PIECE OF EVIDENCE -- 389 00:19:47,965 --> 00:19:50,000 RAMESSES' BODY. 390 00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:52,724 Darnell: THE MUMMY OF RAMESSES III IS LABELED. 391 00:19:52,724 --> 00:19:55,034 IT WAS RE-WRAPPED AND REBURIED 392 00:19:55,034 --> 00:19:57,241 FOLLOWING THE END OF THE NEW KINGDOM, 393 00:19:57,241 --> 00:20:00,137 SO WE KNOW THAT IT'S HIS BODY. 394 00:20:00,137 --> 00:20:05,034 Narrator: THE PHARAOH'S CORPSE NOW LIES IN THE EGYPTIAN MUSEUM IN CAIRO. 395 00:20:05,034 --> 00:20:08,931 WHEN SCIENTISTS CARRY OUT AN INITIAL EXAMINATION IN 2012, 396 00:20:08,931 --> 00:20:11,551 THEY FIND NO OBVIOUS CAUSES OF DEATH. 397 00:20:11,551 --> 00:20:16,068 THERE'S NO EVIDENCE OF ANY KIND OF DISEASES OR TRAUMA 398 00:20:16,068 --> 00:20:20,896 OR ANY INDICATION WHY HE COULD HAVE DIED. 399 00:20:20,896 --> 00:20:25,068 Narrator: BUT ON CLOSER SCRUTINY, THERE IS AN OBVIOUS CLUE. 400 00:20:25,068 --> 00:20:26,862 WHILE MOST OF THE BANDAGES ON THE BODY 401 00:20:26,862 --> 00:20:29,310 WERE TAKEN OFF DURING ANTIQUITY, 402 00:20:29,310 --> 00:20:33,620 IN ONE SPORT, THE BANDAGES HAVE BEEN LEFT INTACT. 403 00:20:33,620 --> 00:20:36,827 Zink: MOST INTERESTINGLY, THEY HAVE A THICK LAYER OF BANDAGES 404 00:20:36,827 --> 00:20:38,379 JUST AROUND THE NECK, 405 00:20:38,379 --> 00:20:42,034 AND THIS COULDN'T HAVE BEEN REMOVED IN THE EARLIER ATTEMPTS, 406 00:20:42,034 --> 00:20:45,724 SO IT REMAINS THERE FOREVER. 407 00:20:45,724 --> 00:20:49,344 Narrator: THE BANDAGES APPEAR INTACT FROM THE TIME OF THE BURIAL, 408 00:20:49,344 --> 00:20:53,241 SUGGESTING THEY COULD BE HIDING SOMETHING. 409 00:20:53,241 --> 00:20:55,275 UNLIKE OTHER POSTMORTEM EXAMINATIONS 410 00:20:55,275 --> 00:20:57,448 THAT DISSECT THE BODY, 411 00:20:57,448 --> 00:21:01,206 THE SCIENTISTS DECIDE NOT TO REMOVE THE BANDAGES. 412 00:21:01,206 --> 00:21:06,068 INSTEAD, THEY USE A 21st-CENTURY METHOD OF INVESTIGATION. 413 00:21:06,068 --> 00:21:09,137 IN RECENT TIMES, IT'S BEEN POSSIBLE TO EXAMINE MUMMIES 414 00:21:09,137 --> 00:21:12,241 IN MORE DETAIL USING CT SCANS. 415 00:21:12,241 --> 00:21:15,517 Zink: WE ARE ALLOWED TO MAKE NEW CT SCANS OF THE MUMMY 416 00:21:15,517 --> 00:21:18,034 TO LOOK, LET'S SAY, INSIDE THE BODY, 417 00:21:18,034 --> 00:21:21,137 WHICH WE CANNOT SEE FROM OUTSIDE. 418 00:21:21,137 --> 00:21:25,000 Narrator: THEY SCAN RAMESSES III FOR THE FIRST TIME IN HISTORY, 419 00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:29,586 CREATING A 3-D IMAGE OF THE 3,000-YEAR-OLD CORPSE. 420 00:21:29,586 --> 00:21:32,275 WHEN THE SCIENTISTS STUDY THE SCANS OF THE NECK, 421 00:21:32,275 --> 00:21:34,103 THEY'RE HORRIFIED. 422 00:21:34,103 --> 00:21:36,793 IT BECAME CLEAR THAT THERE IS A VERY DEEP GASH 423 00:21:36,793 --> 00:21:39,551 THAT RUNS ACROSS HIS THROAT. 424 00:21:39,551 --> 00:21:44,517 EVERYTHING'S CUT -- THE MUSCLES, THE SKIN, AND EVEN THE ARTERIES. 425 00:21:44,517 --> 00:21:48,034 Enmarch: SO, WE'RE TALKING HERE ABOUT A REALLY DEEP CUT, 426 00:21:48,034 --> 00:21:49,137 YOU KNOW, SEVERAL INCHES DEEP. 427 00:21:49,137 --> 00:21:50,896 IT ACTUALLY CUTS BACK TO THE VERTEBRA 428 00:21:50,896 --> 00:21:53,000 OF THE BACK OF THE NECK, 429 00:21:53,000 --> 00:21:56,896 SO A REALLY DEEP GASH TO THE NECK. 430 00:21:56,896 --> 00:22:00,482 Narrator: A WOUND OF THIS TYPE CAN MEAN ONLY ONE THING -- 431 00:22:00,482 --> 00:22:01,793 MURDER. 432 00:22:01,793 --> 00:22:04,379 IT WOULD HAVE BEEN VERY RAPIDLY FATAL. 433 00:22:04,379 --> 00:22:06,965 Zink: THERE'S NO CHANCE TO SURVIVE SUCH A CUT. 434 00:22:06,965 --> 00:22:10,413 IT'S REALLY A TYPICAL DEADLY CUT WOUND OF HIS NECK. 435 00:22:10,413 --> 00:22:15,206 ♪♪ 436 00:22:15,206 --> 00:22:17,206 Narrator: BUT THERE IS EVEN MORE. 437 00:22:17,206 --> 00:22:20,034 THE SCIENTISTS FIND EVIDENCE THAT SUGGEST THE WOUND 438 00:22:20,034 --> 00:22:23,931 IS DEFINITELY INFLICTED WHILE RAMESSES IS STILL ALIVE. 439 00:22:23,931 --> 00:22:26,172 ♪♪ 440 00:22:26,172 --> 00:22:29,689 Zink: INSIDE THE WOUND, THERE'S A LITTLE AMULET. 441 00:22:29,689 --> 00:22:30,931 Darnell: AND IN THE CT SCAN, 442 00:22:30,931 --> 00:22:34,275 YOU COULD SEE IT'S THE SHAPE OF AN UDJAT EYE, 443 00:22:34,275 --> 00:22:38,931 OF THE EYE OF HORUS, AND THAT IS A HEALING AMULET. 444 00:22:38,931 --> 00:22:42,862 Zink: THIS IS AN AMULET THE ANCIENT EMBALMER PUTS IN 445 00:22:42,862 --> 00:22:46,172 TO HEAL SOMETHING, TO REPAIR SOMETHING. 446 00:22:46,172 --> 00:22:49,241 SO IT'S AS IF TO MAKE UP FOR THE FACT THAT 447 00:22:49,241 --> 00:22:51,896 HE DIED IN SUCH A VIOLENT AND TRAUMATIC WAY, 448 00:22:51,896 --> 00:22:53,655 THAT THEY'RE ADDING THAT AMULET 449 00:22:53,655 --> 00:22:57,724 TO ALMOST UNDO THE DAMAGE THAT WAS DONE. 450 00:22:57,724 --> 00:23:00,275 Narrator: IT IS ENOUGH EVIDENCE FOR SOME EGYPTOLOGISTS 451 00:23:00,275 --> 00:23:04,448 TO MAKE A FINAL CONCLUSION ABOUT THE FATE OF RAMESSES III. 452 00:23:04,448 --> 00:23:08,448 Darnell: THE CT SCANS OF THE MUMMY OF RAMESSES III 453 00:23:08,448 --> 00:23:14,379 INDICATE THAT HE WAS THE VICTIM OF A VICIOUS ASSASSINATION. 454 00:23:14,379 --> 00:23:16,413 Enmarch: THE CAUSE OF THE DEATH OF RAMESSES III 455 00:23:16,413 --> 00:23:19,310 HAS MYSTIFIED EGYPTOLOGISTS FOR GENERATIONS, 456 00:23:19,310 --> 00:23:21,931 BUT NEW SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUES HAVE REVEALED 457 00:23:21,931 --> 00:23:25,448 A POTENTIALLY BRUTAL DEMISE. 458 00:23:25,448 --> 00:23:29,068 Narrator: MANY BELIEVE THIS PROVES THE LONGSTANDING THEORY, 459 00:23:29,068 --> 00:23:32,103 TURNING RAMESSES DEATH INTO A CASE OF MURDER 460 00:23:32,103 --> 00:23:34,689 THREE MILLENNIA AFTER IT IS COMMITTED. 461 00:23:34,689 --> 00:23:40,689 ♪♪ 462 00:23:40,689 --> 00:23:43,689 CUTTING-EDGE SCIENCE EXPOSES THE POSSIBLE MURDER 463 00:23:43,689 --> 00:23:45,965 OF PHARAOH RAMESSES III. 464 00:23:45,965 --> 00:23:47,448 Darnell: UP UNTIL THE CT SCAN 465 00:23:47,448 --> 00:23:50,482 AND THE INVESTIGATION OF THE MUMMY OF RAMESSES III, 466 00:23:50,482 --> 00:23:52,689 WE HAD NO CONFIRMATION 467 00:23:52,689 --> 00:23:56,275 THAT THE ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT ACTUALLY SUCCEEDED. 468 00:23:56,275 --> 00:23:58,758 Narrator: WITH AN ASSASSINATION CASE NOW OPEN, 469 00:23:58,758 --> 00:24:01,724 EXPERTS THINK THEY MAY BE ABLE TO PINPOINT 470 00:24:01,724 --> 00:24:04,965 WHO HELPED CARRY OUT THE GRISLY KILLING 471 00:24:04,965 --> 00:24:08,000 USING THE NEWEST DNA ANALYSIS. 472 00:24:08,000 --> 00:24:10,793 Darnell: THERE WERE MANY GUESSES ABOUT WHO HE MIGHT BE, 473 00:24:10,793 --> 00:24:14,068 BUT WE HAD TO WAIT UNTIL DNA EVIDENCE WAS AVAILABLE 474 00:24:14,068 --> 00:24:16,793 AND TESTING WAS AVAILABLE. 475 00:24:16,793 --> 00:24:21,103 Narrator: THE HUNT IS NOW ON TO SOLVE THE 3,000-YEAR-OLD MURDER CASE. 476 00:24:21,103 --> 00:24:26,758 ♪♪ 477 00:24:29,827 --> 00:24:31,275 Narrator: EGYPTOLOGISTS WANT TO KNOW 478 00:24:31,275 --> 00:24:33,758 WHO MAY HAVE PLOTTED AGAINST RAMESSES III. 479 00:24:33,758 --> 00:24:36,482 ♪♪ 480 00:24:36,482 --> 00:24:38,448 TO START, THEY RETURN TO THE TOMB 481 00:24:38,448 --> 00:24:41,103 WHERE THE 20th-DYNASTY PHARAOH WAS FOUND 482 00:24:41,103 --> 00:24:45,344 ALONG WITH OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS AND ROYALS FROM THE TIME. 483 00:24:45,344 --> 00:24:48,793 COULD SOMEONE ELSE BURIED THERE BE IMPLICATED IN HIS MURDER? 484 00:24:48,793 --> 00:24:52,586 ♪♪ 485 00:24:52,586 --> 00:24:54,379 Darnell: THE TOMB AT DEIR EL-BAHARI 486 00:24:54,379 --> 00:24:58,137 CONTAINING MOST OF THE MUMMIES OF THE RULERS OF THE NEW KINGDOM 487 00:24:58,137 --> 00:25:00,965 IS DISCOVERED IN THE 1880s. 488 00:25:00,965 --> 00:25:04,517 AND ONE OF THE MUMMIES IS VERY UNUSUAL. 489 00:25:06,206 --> 00:25:10,206 THE SO-CALLED "SCREAMING MUMMY." 490 00:25:10,206 --> 00:25:13,793 Zink: AND THIS MUMMY IS UNIQUE BECAUSE IT HAS HIS MOUTH WIDE OPEN. 491 00:25:13,793 --> 00:25:16,310 IT LOOKS LIKE IT'S REALLY SCREAMING. 492 00:25:16,310 --> 00:25:19,931 Darnell: THE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE OF THE SCREAMING MUMMY 493 00:25:19,931 --> 00:25:23,379 INDICATES THAT HE DIED A VIOLENT DEATH. 494 00:25:23,379 --> 00:25:27,724 Narrator: FOR DECADES, THE SCREAMING MUMMY IS AN ENIGMA, 495 00:25:27,724 --> 00:25:29,241 BUT IN 2012, 496 00:25:29,241 --> 00:25:33,482 SCIENTISTS PERFORM AN AUTOPSY ON THE HORRIFYING CORPSE. 497 00:25:33,482 --> 00:25:37,034 IT REVEALS SOMETHING EVEN MORE SINISTER. 498 00:25:37,034 --> 00:25:41,689 IT IS NOT IN A NICE SARCOPHAGUS WITH ITS NAME WRITTEN ON IT, 499 00:25:41,689 --> 00:25:44,448 AND THE MUMMY HAS NOT BEEN MUMMIFIED. 500 00:25:44,448 --> 00:25:47,793 IT IS SIMPLY A NATURALLY DRIED-OUT CORPSE. 501 00:25:47,793 --> 00:25:49,551 Darnell: WE HAVE EVERY INDICATION 502 00:25:49,551 --> 00:25:53,206 THAT HE WAS INTENTIONALLY NOT EMBALMED PROPERLY. 503 00:25:53,206 --> 00:25:55,413 HIS INTERNAL ORGANS WERE LEFT IN HIS BODY, 504 00:25:55,413 --> 00:25:59,344 HE WAS BURIED IN RITUALLY-IMPURE GOAT SKIN. 505 00:25:59,344 --> 00:26:02,827 Narrator: IT APPEARS TO SOME THAT THIS IS DONE DELIBERATELY. 506 00:26:02,827 --> 00:26:05,862 I MEAN, IT SEEMS THAT THE PRIEST, 507 00:26:05,862 --> 00:26:10,758 THE EMBALMERS WHO ENACTED THIS BIZARRE VERSION 508 00:26:10,758 --> 00:26:12,793 OF THE MUMMIFICATION RITUAL 509 00:26:12,793 --> 00:26:18,137 TOOK CARE TO NOT GIVE HIM A PROPER BURIAL. 510 00:26:18,137 --> 00:26:21,275 Enmarch: SOME EGYPTOLOGISTS SPECULATE THAT THIS PERSON 511 00:26:21,275 --> 00:26:26,482 MAY HAVE BEEN CURSED IN HIS BURIAL IN SOME WAY. 512 00:26:26,482 --> 00:26:28,965 Narrator: THE AUTOPSY ALSO SHOWS CHILLING DETAILS 513 00:26:28,965 --> 00:26:31,000 OF THE SCREAMING MUMMY'S DEATH. 514 00:26:31,000 --> 00:26:33,275 ♪♪ 515 00:26:33,275 --> 00:26:37,965 Zink: FROM THE OUTER SIDE AROUND HIS NECK, THERE WERE SOME WRINKLES. 516 00:26:37,965 --> 00:26:41,620 IT LOOKS REALLY LIKE THERE WAS A ROPE AROUND HIS NECK 517 00:26:41,620 --> 00:26:45,827 AND MAYBE HE DIED OF SUFFOCATION. 518 00:26:45,827 --> 00:26:50,379 Narrator: THE EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THE MAN IS STRANGLED OR HANGED. 519 00:26:50,379 --> 00:26:54,206 IT COULD BE A PUNISHMENT OR A GRUESOME CRIME. 520 00:26:54,206 --> 00:26:59,379 EGYPTOLOGISTS TURN TO ANCIENT RECORDS FOR MORE INFORMATION. 521 00:26:59,379 --> 00:27:03,275 REEXAMINING AN ANCIENT PAPYRUS FOUND IN THE 19th CENTURY, 522 00:27:03,275 --> 00:27:06,517 THEY DISCOVER SOMETHING INCREDIBLE -- 523 00:27:06,517 --> 00:27:11,827 TRIAL RECORDS DESCRIBING A PLOT TO ASSASSINATE RAMESSES III. 524 00:27:11,827 --> 00:27:15,137 THE JUDICIAL PAPYRUS OF TURIN CONTAINS THE TESTIMONY 525 00:27:15,137 --> 00:27:20,793 OF THE CONSPIRATORS WHO TOOK PART IN THIS CONSPIRACY. 526 00:27:20,793 --> 00:27:23,931 Narrator: WHEN EXPERTS STUDY THE SECTION NAMING THE ACCUSED, 527 00:27:23,931 --> 00:27:26,068 THEY'RE EVEN MORE INTRIGUED. 528 00:27:26,068 --> 00:27:31,000 ON TRIAL IS ONE OF THE KING'S WIVES -- QUEEN TIYE. 529 00:27:31,000 --> 00:27:36,482 ALSO MENTIONED IS HER SON, PENTAWERET. 530 00:27:36,482 --> 00:27:39,827 IT TELLS US THEIR NAMES, IT TELLS US WHAT THEY DID 531 00:27:39,827 --> 00:27:42,724 AS PART OF THE CONSPIRACY, WHO THEY INTERACTED WITH, 532 00:27:42,724 --> 00:27:45,965 SO THEY GIVE US THE NAMES OF THEIR COLLABORATORS. 533 00:27:45,965 --> 00:27:49,517 THIS IS AN ATTEMPT TO CHANGE THE ARC OF EGYPTIAN HISTORY. 534 00:27:49,517 --> 00:27:53,758 ♪♪ 535 00:27:53,758 --> 00:27:58,862 Narrator: SOME OF THE CONSPIRATORS SEEM TO HAVE BEEN SWIFTLY SENTENCED. 536 00:27:58,862 --> 00:28:02,137 Enmarch: LOWER-RANKING CONSPIRATORS ARE EXECUTED, 537 00:28:02,137 --> 00:28:04,137 OFTEN IN VERY GRUESOME WAYS. 538 00:28:04,137 --> 00:28:08,172 SOME OF THEM SEEM TO HAVE BEEN IMPALED ON SPIKES. 539 00:28:08,172 --> 00:28:12,241 Narrator: BUT IT APPEARS THE JUDGE FACES A DILEMMA WITH OTHERS. 540 00:28:12,241 --> 00:28:14,655 Darnell: BECAUSE SEVERAL OF THE PERPETRATORS 541 00:28:14,655 --> 00:28:17,689 IN THE ASSASSINATION OF RAMESSES III 542 00:28:17,689 --> 00:28:19,689 ARE MEMBERS OF THE ROYAL FAMILY, 543 00:28:19,689 --> 00:28:22,689 HOW DO YOU HANDLE THE DEATH PENALTY? 544 00:28:22,689 --> 00:28:27,310 Narrator: HISTORIANS CAN FIND VERY LITTLE RECORD OF QUEEN TIYE'S FATE, 545 00:28:27,310 --> 00:28:31,172 BUT THEY UNCOVER A CHILLING SENTENCE FOR PENTAWERET. 546 00:28:31,172 --> 00:28:33,551 THE PHARAOH'S SON IS FOUND GUILTY 547 00:28:33,551 --> 00:28:36,103 AND ORDERED TO KILL HIMSELF. 548 00:28:36,103 --> 00:28:40,827 PENTAWERET PERFORMED SUICIDE, POSSIBLY BY HANGING HIMSELF. 549 00:28:40,827 --> 00:28:44,482 Narrator: EXPERTS NOW CONSIDER AN EXTRAORDINARY NEW THEORY -- 550 00:28:44,482 --> 00:28:47,896 THE SCREAMING MUMMY COULD BE PENTAWERET, 551 00:28:47,896 --> 00:28:50,275 RAMESSES III'S SON, 552 00:28:50,275 --> 00:28:55,517 AND POSSIBLE CONSPIRATOR TO THE PHARAOH'S MURDER. 553 00:28:55,517 --> 00:28:59,724 TO PROVE THE THEORY, SCIENTISTS TURN TO THE FIELD OF GENETICS, 554 00:28:59,724 --> 00:29:02,517 HOPING TO CONFIRM THE SCREAMING MUMMY'S IDENTITY. 555 00:29:02,517 --> 00:29:05,655 ♪♪ 556 00:29:05,655 --> 00:29:08,448 Darnell: THERE WERE MANY GUESSES ABOUT WHO HE MIGHT BE, 557 00:29:08,448 --> 00:29:11,724 BUT WE HAD TO WAIT UNTIL DNA EVIDENCE WAS AVAILABLE 558 00:29:11,724 --> 00:29:13,344 AND TESTING WAS AVAILABLE. 559 00:29:13,344 --> 00:29:16,000 ♪♪ 560 00:29:16,000 --> 00:29:18,413 Narrator: FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGIST DR. ALBERT ZINK 561 00:29:18,413 --> 00:29:20,655 LEADS THE INVESTIGATION. 562 00:29:20,655 --> 00:29:26,517 WE INSTALLED DNA LABORATORY IN CAIRO, CLOSE TO THE MUSEUM, 563 00:29:26,517 --> 00:29:30,689 TO EXTRACT THE DNA AND THEN ALSO TO MULTIPLY THE DNA 564 00:29:30,689 --> 00:29:35,000 AND TO GET THE GENETIC FINGERPRINT OF THE MUMMY. 565 00:29:35,000 --> 00:29:37,482 Narrator: DR. ZINK AND HIS TEAM EXTRACT A SAMPLE 566 00:29:37,482 --> 00:29:39,689 FROM THE BONE OF THE SCREAMING MUMMY, 567 00:29:39,689 --> 00:29:43,034 BELIEVING THEY HAVE FOUND ANCIENT DNA. 568 00:29:43,034 --> 00:29:44,724 WHEN HE COMPARES THE SEQUENCING DATA 569 00:29:44,724 --> 00:29:46,896 OF THE SCREAMING MUMMY WITH THE DNA 570 00:29:46,896 --> 00:29:52,137 TAKEN FROM THE BODY OF RAMESSES III, HE'S STUNNED. 571 00:29:52,137 --> 00:29:55,241 Zink: WHAT WE SEE WHEN WE ANALYZE THE DNA OF BOTH MUMMIES, 572 00:29:55,241 --> 00:29:59,103 THAT THEY INDEED SHARE 50% OF THE DNA. 573 00:29:59,103 --> 00:30:01,517 SO, IT'S HIGHLY LIKELY, BASED ON THIS GENETIC TEST, 574 00:30:01,517 --> 00:30:04,896 THAT THEY ARE INDEED FATHER AND SON. 575 00:30:04,896 --> 00:30:08,413 Narrator: IT IS A SHOCKING AND UNEXPECTED RESULT. 576 00:30:08,413 --> 00:30:11,689 BASED ON THIS INFORMATION, SOME EGYPTOLOGISTS BELIEVE 577 00:30:11,689 --> 00:30:16,310 THEY CAN MAKE A CONCLUSION ABOUT THE SCREAMING MUMMY. 578 00:30:16,310 --> 00:30:20,000 Darnell: IF WE PUT ALL OF THIS EVIDENCE TOGETHER WITH THE PAPYRI, 579 00:30:20,000 --> 00:30:21,655 IT MAKES THE MOST SENSE 580 00:30:21,655 --> 00:30:26,137 THAT THE SCREAMING MUMMY IS PRINCE PENTAWERET. 581 00:30:26,137 --> 00:30:29,103 Narrator: IT MEANS THE SON OF RAMESSES III 582 00:30:29,103 --> 00:30:30,896 MAY HAVE BEEN INSTRUMENTAL IN A PLOT 583 00:30:30,896 --> 00:30:33,655 TO KILL HIS OWN FATHER, 584 00:30:33,655 --> 00:30:36,620 THE 20th-DYNASTY PHARAOH OF EGYPT, 585 00:30:36,620 --> 00:30:38,689 THEN HE HANGED FOR IT. 586 00:30:38,689 --> 00:30:41,137 ♪♪ 587 00:30:41,137 --> 00:30:44,103 IT IS A WINDOW INTO A DARK EGYPTIAN DRAMA 588 00:30:44,103 --> 00:30:45,413 ONLY MADE POSSIBLY 589 00:30:45,413 --> 00:30:48,724 BY 21st-CENTURY SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGHS. 590 00:30:48,724 --> 00:30:57,137 ♪♪ 591 00:30:57,137 --> 00:31:01,275 ARCHAEOLOGISTS IN NORTHERN EGYPT MAKE A HORRIFIC DISCOVERY. 592 00:31:01,275 --> 00:31:03,586 THEY COME ACROSS FOUR PITS 593 00:31:03,586 --> 00:31:08,689 FILLED WITH THE REMAINS OF 16 SEVERED HANDS. 594 00:31:08,689 --> 00:31:12,551 Narrator: IT IS A MYSTERY EGYPTOLOGISTS ARE DETERMINED TO SOLVE, 595 00:31:12,551 --> 00:31:15,310 ANSWERING A GRUESOME QUESTION. 596 00:31:15,310 --> 00:31:18,620 FOR WHAT SINISTER REASON ARE THESE HANDS CUT OFF? 597 00:31:18,620 --> 00:31:25,103 ♪♪ 598 00:31:27,275 --> 00:31:28,896 Narrator: 2012 -- 599 00:31:28,896 --> 00:31:34,517 AVARIS, ABOUT 65 MILES NORTHEAST OF CAIRO. 600 00:31:34,517 --> 00:31:38,724 ARCHAEOLOGISTS DIG AT A ROYAL PALACE IN THE ANCIENT CITY. 601 00:31:38,724 --> 00:31:42,724 THEY UNCOVER SOMETHING MORBID -- 602 00:31:42,724 --> 00:31:45,620 16 SEVERED RIGHT HANDS. 603 00:31:45,620 --> 00:31:51,310 THIS IS A VERY STRANGE AND PUZZLING FIND IN MANY WAYS. 604 00:31:51,310 --> 00:31:55,586 THE SEVERING OF HANDS DOES NOT SEEM TO PLAY 605 00:31:55,586 --> 00:31:59,137 IN OTHER AREAS OF EGYPTIAN ACTIVITY. 606 00:31:59,137 --> 00:32:03,862 Narrator: EGYPTOLOGISTS ARE DETERMINED TO MAKE SENSE OF THE GHASTLY FIND. 607 00:32:03,862 --> 00:32:06,379 THEY START BY EXAMINING THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM 608 00:32:06,379 --> 00:32:08,448 IN ANCIENT EGYPT, 609 00:32:08,448 --> 00:32:10,620 WONDERING IF THE HANDS COULD BE PART 610 00:32:10,620 --> 00:32:13,172 OF SOME STATE-SANCTIONED PUNISHMENT. 611 00:32:13,172 --> 00:32:16,517 WE HAVE A LOT OF EVIDENCE OF A SYSTEM OF CRIME AND PUNISHMENT 612 00:32:16,517 --> 00:32:19,586 EXISTING IN ANCIENT EGYPT FROM RELATIVELY EARLY ON. 613 00:32:19,586 --> 00:32:23,517 THE MORE SERIOUS CRIMES LED TO MUTILATION, 614 00:32:23,517 --> 00:32:26,586 AND GENERALLY, THE LOPPING OFF OF ONE'S NOSE 615 00:32:26,586 --> 00:32:29,620 OR THE CUTTING OFF OF ONE'S EAR. 616 00:32:29,620 --> 00:32:31,793 Narrator: HARSH TREATMENT. 617 00:32:31,793 --> 00:32:35,137 BUT AS EXPERTS INVESTIGATE THIS JUSTICE SYSTEM FURTHER, 618 00:32:35,137 --> 00:32:37,551 THEY ALSO DISCOVER HOW THE ANCIENTS ENFORCED 619 00:32:37,551 --> 00:32:41,310 THIS BRUTAL RULE OF LAW. 620 00:32:41,310 --> 00:32:44,068 Naunton: THERE WAS AN ENTIRE CLASS OF PEOPLE CALLED THE MEDJAY 621 00:32:44,068 --> 00:32:45,896 WHO ACTED AS A KIND OF POLICE FORCE 622 00:32:45,896 --> 00:32:48,517 FOR THE EGYPTIAN STATES TO ENFORCE LAWS 623 00:32:48,517 --> 00:32:51,793 AND TO CATCH PEOPLE WHO WERE BREAKING THEM. 624 00:32:51,793 --> 00:32:55,379 Narrator: ANCIENT DEPICTIONS REVEAL A SYSTEM OF CRIME AND PUNISHMENT 625 00:32:55,379 --> 00:32:58,310 WHERE SUSPECTS ARE TRIED AND SENTENCED. 626 00:32:58,310 --> 00:33:00,931 Naunton: PEOPLE WERE INVOLVED IN THE LAW COURTS 627 00:33:00,931 --> 00:33:03,655 AND DEALING WITH THE LAWS AND IN MEETING OUT PUNISHMENTS 628 00:33:03,655 --> 00:33:05,620 TO PEOPLE WHO BROKE THEM. 629 00:33:05,620 --> 00:33:07,758 Narrator: BUT NOT ONLY WERE THE GUILTY PUNISHED, 630 00:33:07,758 --> 00:33:09,379 EVEN INNOCENT WITNESSES 631 00:33:09,379 --> 00:33:12,689 ARE SUBJECT TO THE BRUTALITIES OF THE LAW. 632 00:33:12,689 --> 00:33:16,655 IF YOU WITNESSED A CRIME AND DID NOT REPORT IT, 633 00:33:16,655 --> 00:33:18,068 YOU WOULD BE GUILTY. 634 00:33:18,068 --> 00:33:20,310 IF YOU SEE SOMETHING, SAY SOMETHING. 635 00:33:20,310 --> 00:33:22,379 DON'T BE QUIET. 636 00:33:22,379 --> 00:33:25,379 Naunton: WE KNOW THAT TORTURE IS USED FROM TIME TO TIME 637 00:33:25,379 --> 00:33:27,068 AS A MEANS OF INTERROGATION, 638 00:33:27,068 --> 00:33:29,586 AND WE HAVE THE EVIDENCE THAT ARMS WERE TWISTED, 639 00:33:29,586 --> 00:33:31,482 VARIOUS OTHER TECHNIQUES USED TO TRY 640 00:33:31,482 --> 00:33:35,758 AND COAX INFORMATION OUT OF PEOPLE. 641 00:33:35,758 --> 00:33:37,758 Narrator: COULD THESE 16 SEVERED HANDS 642 00:33:37,758 --> 00:33:40,827 BE EVIDENCE OF THIS ANCIENT TORTURE? 643 00:33:40,827 --> 00:33:43,758 SOME EXPERTS ARE NOT CONVINCED. 644 00:33:43,758 --> 00:33:46,724 Naunton: THE HANDS FOUND AT AVARIS ARE SEVERED. 645 00:33:46,724 --> 00:33:49,482 THIS WOULD BE A BIT SEVERE IF WE'RE LOOKING AT TORTURE. 646 00:33:49,482 --> 00:33:52,310 THIS IS SOMETHING ELSE, SOMETHING DIFFERENT. 647 00:33:52,310 --> 00:33:55,862 Narrator: RESEARCHERS MUST FIND ANOTHER EXPLANATION. 648 00:33:55,862 --> 00:33:57,931 THEY WONDER IF AN ANSWER COULD BE FOUND 649 00:33:57,931 --> 00:34:01,137 IN THE ACTIONS OF THE PHARAOHS. 650 00:34:01,137 --> 00:34:04,724 THEY EXAMINE A PAINTING IN THE FAMOUS TOMB OF KING TUT. 651 00:34:04,724 --> 00:34:07,310 A SAVAGE DETAIL CATCHES THEIR EYE. 652 00:34:08,448 --> 00:34:12,344 A RELIEF OF TUTANKHAMUN ACTUALLY SHOWS 653 00:34:12,344 --> 00:34:17,827 THAT HIS ENEMIES' HANDS ARE BEING SKEWERED ON SPIKES. 654 00:34:17,827 --> 00:34:19,724 Narrator: IT'S AN INTRIGUING CLUE, 655 00:34:19,724 --> 00:34:22,310 SO MUCH SO THAT INVESTIGATORS COMPARE IT 656 00:34:22,310 --> 00:34:25,000 WITH PAINTINGS FROM OTHER ROYAL TOMBS. 657 00:34:25,000 --> 00:34:29,068 ON THE RELIEFS IN THE TOMBS OF RAMESSES II AND III, 658 00:34:29,068 --> 00:34:32,137 WE SEE PILES OF HANDS BEING COLLECTED, 659 00:34:32,137 --> 00:34:36,137 WHICH ARE ACTUALLY THE RIGHT HANDS OF ALL OF THEIR ENEMIES. 660 00:34:36,137 --> 00:34:38,413 Narrator: THE EVIDENCE IS MOUNTING. 661 00:34:38,413 --> 00:34:40,379 THE SEVERED HANDS APPEAR CONNECTED 662 00:34:40,379 --> 00:34:43,551 TO SOME SORT OF MILITARY ACTION. 663 00:34:43,551 --> 00:34:46,206 WHEN EXPERTS STUDY THE RECORDS FROM ANCIENT BATTLES, 664 00:34:46,206 --> 00:34:48,241 THEY MAKE A CRUCIAL DISCOVERY. 665 00:34:48,241 --> 00:34:54,000 WHEN WE LOOK AT EGYPTIAN BATTLE RECORDS, 666 00:34:54,000 --> 00:34:57,137 PARTICULARLY FROM THE 18th DYNASTY, 667 00:34:57,137 --> 00:35:01,896 WE UNDERSTAND THAT IT WAS COMMON PRACTICE 668 00:35:01,896 --> 00:35:04,241 FOR THE VICTORIOUS EGYPTIANS 669 00:35:04,241 --> 00:35:09,137 TO SEVER RIGHT HANDS OF FALLEN SLAIN ENEMY. 670 00:35:09,137 --> 00:35:12,655 ♪♪ 671 00:35:12,655 --> 00:35:16,931 Narrator: BUT WHY CUT OFF THE HANDS OF YOUR FALLEN ENEMY? 672 00:35:16,931 --> 00:35:18,793 McGinn: IT'S COMMON PRACTICE FOR THE PHARAOH 673 00:35:18,793 --> 00:35:21,000 TO PAY HIS SOLDIERS IN PLUNDER. 674 00:35:21,000 --> 00:35:23,275 FOR THE SOLDIERS TO GET PAID, THEY NEED TO PROVE 675 00:35:23,275 --> 00:35:25,000 THAT THEY WERE BRAVE IN BATTLE, 676 00:35:25,000 --> 00:35:26,862 AND WHAT BETTER WAY TO DO IT THAN TO CUT OFF 677 00:35:26,862 --> 00:35:29,172 THE RIGHT HAND OF YOUR ENEMY? 678 00:35:29,172 --> 00:35:32,034 Narrator: THE SEVERED HANDS APPEAR TO BE PHYSICAL PROOF 679 00:35:32,034 --> 00:35:34,482 OF KILLS ON THE BATTLEFIELD. 680 00:35:34,482 --> 00:35:37,620 IT ALLOWS EGYPTOLOGISTS TO MAKE A FINAL CONCLUSION 681 00:35:37,620 --> 00:35:40,034 ABOUT THE 16 HANDS. 682 00:35:40,034 --> 00:35:42,448 TAKING ALL THE EVIDENCE TOGETHER, 683 00:35:42,448 --> 00:35:45,689 IT SEEMS VERY LIKELY THAT THESE HANDS 684 00:35:45,689 --> 00:35:48,137 IN THESE PITS IN THE ROYAL PALACE 685 00:35:48,137 --> 00:35:52,344 ARE THE EVIDENCE OF WHAT WE SEE ON THE TEMPLE WALLS -- 686 00:35:52,344 --> 00:35:54,896 HANDS HAVING BEEN CUT OFF FOREIGN PRISONERS, 687 00:35:54,896 --> 00:35:58,000 BROUGHT TO THE PALACE AS A SYMBOL 688 00:35:58,000 --> 00:36:01,137 OF EGYPT'S CONQUEST OVER ITS ENEMIES. 689 00:36:01,137 --> 00:36:04,172 Narrator: THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERY OF THE SEVERED HANDS 690 00:36:04,172 --> 00:36:07,034 IS THE FIRST EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE OF THIS PRACTICE 691 00:36:07,034 --> 00:36:08,620 EVER FOUND IN EGYPT. 692 00:36:08,620 --> 00:36:13,034 Bianchi: WE HAD TEXTUAL AND VISUAL REPRESENTATIONS 693 00:36:13,034 --> 00:36:14,793 OF SEVERED HANDS, 694 00:36:14,793 --> 00:36:20,206 THE AVARIS FIND IS THE FIRST TIME WE HAVE ACTUAL HANDS. 695 00:36:20,206 --> 00:36:23,344 Narrator: IT ALSO CONFIRMS A SYSTEM OF PAYMENT FOR SOLDIERS 696 00:36:23,344 --> 00:36:25,827 EGYPTOLOGISTS THOUGHT MIGHT BE TRUE, 697 00:36:25,827 --> 00:36:29,103 BUT FOR WHICH WE NOW HAVE UNDENIABLE PROOF. 698 00:36:29,103 --> 00:36:36,896 ♪♪ 699 00:36:36,896 --> 00:36:40,551 AN ANCIENT PAPYRI REVEALS ONE OF THE MOST INFAMOUS CRIMINALS 700 00:36:40,551 --> 00:36:43,172 IN ALL OF EGYPT. 701 00:36:43,172 --> 00:36:46,137 HE SEEMS TO HAVE BEEN AN ALL-AROUND BAD GUY. 702 00:36:46,137 --> 00:36:48,689 HE HAD A RAP SHEET WE SHOULD SAY. 703 00:36:48,689 --> 00:36:50,137 Narrator: EGYPTOLOGISTS WANT TO KNOW 704 00:36:50,137 --> 00:36:52,931 IF THIS MAN GETS AWAY WITH HIS CRIMES 705 00:36:52,931 --> 00:36:54,551 AND WHETHER HE COULD BE AT THE CENTER 706 00:36:54,551 --> 00:36:58,448 OF ONE OF THE EARLIEST CRIMINAL CASES OF SEXUAL MISCONDUCT. 707 00:36:58,448 --> 00:37:03,000 ♪♪ 708 00:37:04,206 --> 00:37:06,137 ♪♪ 709 00:37:06,137 --> 00:37:08,068 Narrator: IN THE EARLY 19th CENTURY, 710 00:37:08,068 --> 00:37:11,172 BRITISH COLLECTOR HENRY SALT ARRIVED IN EGYPT 711 00:37:11,172 --> 00:37:14,241 ON A MISSION TO SECURE ANTIQUITIES. 712 00:37:14,241 --> 00:37:17,517 AMONG HIS PURCHASES, AN ANCIENT PAPYRI, 713 00:37:17,517 --> 00:37:19,931 THEREAFTER CALLED "THE SALT PAPYRI." 714 00:37:19,931 --> 00:37:22,620 ♪♪ 715 00:37:22,620 --> 00:37:23,896 Rose: WHEN THEY DATED IT, 716 00:37:23,896 --> 00:37:27,758 THEY FOUND THAT IS WAS MORE THAN 4,000 YEARS OLD. 717 00:37:27,758 --> 00:37:31,206 Narrator: THE SCROLL WAS ORIGINALLY DISCOVERED PERFECTLY PRESERVED 718 00:37:31,206 --> 00:37:36,482 AT THE SITE OF DEIR EL MEDINA, AN ANCIENT WORKERS' VILLAGE. 719 00:37:36,482 --> 00:37:39,655 Cooney: IT'S ABSOLUTELY AMAZING WE HAVE THIS DOCUMENTATION AT ALL. 720 00:37:39,655 --> 00:37:42,241 IT'S EXTRAORDINARY, AND THE REASON WE DO 721 00:37:42,241 --> 00:37:43,896 IS BECAUSE DEIR EL MEDINA IS A VILLAGE 722 00:37:43,896 --> 00:37:46,137 IN THE MIDDLE OF THE DESERT, AND THE DESERT PRESERVES. 723 00:37:46,137 --> 00:37:49,551 THE DESERT SANDS, IT TAKES AWAY ALL OF THE WATER, 724 00:37:49,551 --> 00:37:53,103 DRIES EVERYTHING OUT TO A PERFECT PRESERVATION. 725 00:37:53,103 --> 00:37:55,620 Narrator: WHEN RESEARCHERS TRANSLATE THE ANCIENT TEXT, 726 00:37:55,620 --> 00:37:58,206 THEY MAKE AN ASTONISHING DISCOVERY. 727 00:37:58,206 --> 00:38:01,862 IT TELLS THE STORY OF A SHADOWY CHARACTER. 728 00:38:01,862 --> 00:38:03,724 Rose: IT'S THE FULL ACCOUNT OF A WORKER 729 00:38:03,724 --> 00:38:05,517 WHO HAD BEEN WORKING AT DEIR EL MEDINA. 730 00:38:05,517 --> 00:38:07,758 HIS NAME WAS PANEB. 731 00:38:07,758 --> 00:38:11,862 Clark: WE KNOW THAT PANEB'S OPERATING AROUND THE TIME OF RAMESSES VI, 732 00:38:11,862 --> 00:38:14,517 AND THIS IS IN THE 20th DYNASTY. 733 00:38:14,517 --> 00:38:16,275 Narrator: AS THEY STUDY THE SCROLL FURTHER, 734 00:38:16,275 --> 00:38:18,344 EXPERTS FIND THAT PANEB 735 00:38:18,344 --> 00:38:21,275 IS ACCUSED OF COUNTLESS MISDEMEANORS. 736 00:38:21,275 --> 00:38:25,862 HE'S ACCUSED OF STEALING CRAFTED OBJECTS THAT PEOPLE HAVE MADE. 737 00:38:25,862 --> 00:38:29,310 PANEB WAS JUST AN ALL-AROUND BAD GUY. 738 00:38:29,310 --> 00:38:33,103 Narrator: THE LIST OF ACCUSATIONS BECOME MORE AND MORE SERIOUS. 739 00:38:33,103 --> 00:38:36,068 IT SEEMS PANEB IS A PRIME SUSPECT 740 00:38:36,068 --> 00:38:39,827 IN A STRING OF ROBBERIES. 741 00:38:39,827 --> 00:38:41,379 Paul: ACCORDING TO THE SALT PAPYRI, 742 00:38:41,379 --> 00:38:43,620 HE'S RAIDED AT LEAST THREE TOMBS, 743 00:38:43,620 --> 00:38:47,310 BUT THAT'S BASED ON THE RECORDING THAT WE HAVE, 744 00:38:47,310 --> 00:38:50,827 AND OF COURSE, SOMEONE WITH A RAP SHEET LIKE PANEB 745 00:38:50,827 --> 00:38:53,172 LIKELY LOOTED MANY MORE. 746 00:38:53,172 --> 00:38:55,448 TOMB ROBBERY IS ONE OF THE MOST SERIOUS CRIMES 747 00:38:55,448 --> 00:38:57,620 YOU CAN COMMIT IN ANCIENT EGYPT. 748 00:38:57,620 --> 00:39:00,310 ♪♪ 749 00:39:00,310 --> 00:39:02,586 Narrator: THE CRIMES TAKE PLACE IN ONE OF ANCIENT EGYPT'S 750 00:39:02,586 --> 00:39:06,413 MOST SACRED CEMETERIES -- THE VALLEY OF THE KINGS. 751 00:39:06,413 --> 00:39:08,551 THIS VAST ROYAL BURIAL GROUND 752 00:39:08,551 --> 00:39:12,241 IS CLOSE TO PANEB'S HOME IN DEIR EL MEDINA. 753 00:39:12,241 --> 00:39:13,758 DEIR EL MEDINA WAS IMPORTANT 754 00:39:13,758 --> 00:39:15,172 BECAUSE THAT'S WHERE ALL THE WORKMEN 755 00:39:15,172 --> 00:39:18,344 FOR THE TOMBS OF THE VALLEY OF THE KINGS LIVED. 756 00:39:18,344 --> 00:39:21,344 Narrator: EXPERTS CONCLUDE THAT PANEB IS A CRAFTSMEN 757 00:39:21,344 --> 00:39:23,758 IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE ROYAL TOMBS, 758 00:39:23,758 --> 00:39:28,448 A JOB THAT OFFERS UNIQUE ACCESS TO RESTRICTED AREAS. 759 00:39:28,448 --> 00:39:30,413 Cooney: THE DEIR EL MEDINA CRAFTSMEN KNEW THE LOCATION 760 00:39:30,413 --> 00:39:33,724 OF EVERY ROYAL TOMB, THAT WAS THEIR PLACE OF WORK. 761 00:39:33,724 --> 00:39:35,655 THEY KNEW WHERE RAMESSES II WAS BURIED, 762 00:39:35,655 --> 00:39:38,275 THEY KNEW WERE THUTMOSE III WAS BURIED. 763 00:39:38,275 --> 00:39:40,931 Clark: PANEB IS GONNA HAVE INTIMATE KNOWLEDGE 764 00:39:40,931 --> 00:39:42,620 OF THE LAYOUT OF ALL THE TOMBS. 765 00:39:42,620 --> 00:39:45,310 HE'S ACTUALLY INVOLVED IN DIGGING THEM. 766 00:39:45,310 --> 00:39:47,655 Rose: ANY TOMB BUILDER IN ANCIENT EGYPT 767 00:39:47,655 --> 00:39:50,827 IS A SUSPECT FOR ROBBING THESE TOMBS OUT. 768 00:39:50,827 --> 00:39:54,862 Narrator: PANEB HAS ACCESS TO INFORMATION ONLY A HANDFUL OF PEOPLE HAVE. 769 00:39:56,448 --> 00:39:58,206 Rose: IT STANDS TO REASON THAT IF PANEB 770 00:39:58,206 --> 00:40:00,482 HAD THIS KIND OF SPECIALIZED INFORMATION, 771 00:40:00,482 --> 00:40:02,689 THEN ANY OTHER TOMB BUILDERS WOULD ALSO HAVE 772 00:40:02,689 --> 00:40:04,965 THAT KIND OF SPECIAL INFORMATION. 773 00:40:04,965 --> 00:40:07,793 Narrator: FROM THE RECORDS, EXPERTS REVEAL THAT PANEB 774 00:40:07,793 --> 00:40:12,620 BEGINS TO USE HIS SPECIALIST KNOWLEDGE TO HIS OWN BENEFIT. 775 00:40:12,620 --> 00:40:16,586 HE'S DECIDED TO USE THAT POSITION OF POWER 776 00:40:16,586 --> 00:40:18,931 FOR A LIFE OF CRIME. 777 00:40:18,931 --> 00:40:21,482 Narrator: NOW PANEB USES HIS INTRICATE KNOWLEDGE 778 00:40:21,482 --> 00:40:25,551 OF THE VALLEY OF THE KINGS TO HIS ADVANTAGE. 779 00:40:25,551 --> 00:40:30,034 Clark: PANEB WAS ACCUSED OF STEALING FROM THE TOMB OF SETI II, 780 00:40:30,034 --> 00:40:31,724 BUT THE ONE THAT WOULD HAVE GOT HIM, 781 00:40:31,724 --> 00:40:36,034 THE WORST CONDEMNATION WAS FROM STEALING FROM QUEEN HENUTMIRE 782 00:40:36,034 --> 00:40:39,965 WHERE HE TOOK A GOOSE, WHICH WAS A SYMBOL OF AMUN 783 00:40:39,965 --> 00:40:41,758 AND WOULD HAVE BEEN EXTREMELY VALUABLE. 784 00:40:41,758 --> 00:40:44,758 ♪♪ 785 00:40:44,758 --> 00:40:47,965 Narrator: BUT HIS CRIME WAVE CAN'T GO ON FOREVER. 786 00:40:47,965 --> 00:40:52,620 THE SALT PAPYRI REVEALS PANEB'S ACTIONS CATCH UP WITH HIM, 787 00:40:52,620 --> 00:40:55,862 AND HIS FELONIES GO FAR BEYOND TREASURE-SEEKING. 788 00:40:55,862 --> 00:40:59,689 FROM THE RECORDS, PANEB'S TRIAL COULD BE ONE OF THE EARLIEST 789 00:40:59,689 --> 00:41:04,275 CRIMINAL CASES OF SEXUAL MISCONDUCT IN HISTORY. 790 00:41:04,275 --> 00:41:07,000 Cooney: HE'S ACCUSED OF STEALING FROM A NUMBER OF PEOPLE'S TOMBS, 791 00:41:07,000 --> 00:41:08,689 HE'S ACCUSED OF STEALING WIVES, 792 00:41:08,689 --> 00:41:11,379 SO TO SPEAK, WHEN HE'S ACCUSED OF ADULTERY, 793 00:41:11,379 --> 00:41:14,137 AND HE'S ALSO ACCUSED OF RAPE AND VIOLENCE. 794 00:41:14,137 --> 00:41:17,758 PANEB WAS JUST AN ALL-AROUND BAD GUY. 795 00:41:17,758 --> 00:41:20,551 Narrator: IN THE END, PANEB'S LOW MORAL STANDING 796 00:41:20,551 --> 00:41:22,896 COMES BACK TO HAUNT HIM. 797 00:41:22,896 --> 00:41:26,448 THE TRIAL SEEMS TO HAVE SHOWN THAT HE HAD MANY ENEMIES, 798 00:41:26,448 --> 00:41:29,448 AND HE WAS TAKEN DOWN FOR IT. 799 00:41:29,448 --> 00:41:32,551 JUSTICE IN ANCIENT EGYPT IS SWIFT AND SEVERE. 800 00:41:32,551 --> 00:41:35,068 ♪♪ 801 00:41:35,068 --> 00:41:38,793 PANEB WAS DEALT WITH BY GIVEN 20 LASHES. 802 00:41:38,793 --> 00:41:41,586 HE WAS A NOTORIOUS TOMB RAIDER 803 00:41:41,586 --> 00:41:44,034 AND BAD BOY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. 804 00:41:44,034 --> 00:41:47,103 Narrator: THE STORY OF PANEB REMINDS US THAT CRIME AND PUNISHMENT 805 00:41:47,103 --> 00:41:50,206 IN ANCIENT EGYPT FOLLOWS THE SAME PATTERNS 806 00:41:50,206 --> 00:41:54,000 AND OUTCOMES AS IN THE 21st CENTURY, 807 00:41:54,000 --> 00:41:57,068 AND GIVES A WINDOW INTO ANCIENT EGYPTIAN JUSTICE 808 00:41:57,068 --> 00:41:58,793 LIKE NEVER BEFORE. 809 00:41:58,793 --> 00:42:02,655 ♪♪ 65977

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