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Bettany: The
ancient egyptians.
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They built great pyramids,
temples and tombs in life.
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In a bid to become
immortal after death.
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I am professor bettany hughes.
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I'm a historian and I spend my
life traveling the world to
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Investigate the stories
of the cultures and
civilizations of the past
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And I love having the chance to
share what I found with you.
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I'm counting down our
top ten egyptian mummies.
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At number 10 we met
ramesses the great,
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The man who created one of the
world's first peace treaties.
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At number 9, seti the
first revealed that ancient
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Egyptians had skills
in cosmetic surgery.
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At number 8, we found
shoshenq the second,
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The lost pharaoh of tanis.
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And at number 7 we got under
the skin of some of the oldest
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Mummies in the world,
gebelein man and woman.
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At number 6, a baby
disguised as a bird.
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For number 5, we're at karnak,
the vast temple complex where
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Pharaohs celebrated
their achievements,
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But also where
there's a conundrum.
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Now what you should be looking
at here is an image of my next
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Mummy, but instead
of a great pharaoh,
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You've just got
this ghostly presence.
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Someone has gone to a huge
amount of effort to hack out
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The face and body that
was once on these walls.
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And there's a reason for that.
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My next choice is
so controversial,
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Ancient egypt wanted to
wipe their memory from
the face of the earth.
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Number 5 in our list
was an enlightened ruler,
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A skilled negotiator,
a winning diplomat and
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Crucially, a woman
in a man's world.
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This is one of my
all-time heroines of history,
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Hatshepsut.
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I'm incredibly lucky to
be close to this mummy,
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Only identified as
hatshepsut in 2007.
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And the tale behind
her discovery is worthy
of agatha christie.
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The first clues
are found here,
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In one of ancient
egypt's most iconic buildings.
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This is hatshepsut's
mortuary temple,
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Built so that priests could
worship her during her life,
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In preparation for her death.
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And even by ancient
egyptian standards,
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It is vast.
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Hatshepsut is a
rare female pharaoh,
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And the truth is she
wasn't even officially
in line for the throne.
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When her husband,
thutmose the second,
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Died his direct
heir was her step-son,
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Thutmose the third.
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He was too young to rule, so
hatshepsut was put in charge
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Until he came of age.
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But then, hatshepsut
pronounced herself pharaoh
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Instead, and reigned
for over 15 years.
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So this is one of my very
favorite images in the temple.
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It is hatshepsut, but
looking like a man.
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She's got this stick-on beard,
which most pharaohs would
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Actually have used,
so that's not unusual.
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But look at how she's dressed.
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I'm sure she's
doing this on purpose.
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I'm sure that this
is hatshepsut saying,
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'I am your female king, and
I can do the job of any man'.
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But hatshepsut ruled her way.
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And, she often asked for the
people's blessing in all that
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She did which was
really unusual for the time.
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So in many ways she was
styling herself a kind of
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Bronze age people's princess.
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She also brought wealth,
trade and stability to egypt,
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So why try to erase
her from history?
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Out here, in the
valley of the kings,
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Her mummy seemed
to vanish too.
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Some of her
belongings were found,
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But her body was
nowhere to be seen.
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Then, in 1903, archaeologists
discovered a tomb which
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Was a real enigma.
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Ok, oh, shukraan, shukraan.
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So I was warned that this tomb
was difficult to get into,
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Er wish me luck.
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This doesn't look
like a royal tomb,
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There are no decorations here,
so what lay inside the chamber
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Was a complete mystery.
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Wow, it's great
to get down here,
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Cos I've read a lot
about this place,
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But I've never made it in.
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And when it was
first discovered,
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Frankly, what was in
here was a bit odd.
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So there were mummified geese,
and a coffin with the name of
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Hatshepsut's wet nurse on,
and then a single female mummy
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Just propped up
against the bare rock.
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Hatshepsut's wet nurse's
mummy was removed and
taken to cairo.
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But the unidentified female
mummy was left alone for
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100 years until archaeologists
came to fetch her in 2006.
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Back in cairo, the female
mummy found in the mystery
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Tomb was scanned in the
hope of revealing her secrets.
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My colleague, egyptologist
salima ikram, has the details.
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Salima, hi. Oh, how
are you? How are you?
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Salima: I am so
glad you made it.
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Bettany: I know.
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There's an intriguing thing
about her identification isn't
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There, there's something
about a missing tooth?
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Salima: Oh, the story of how
she was identified is amazing.
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When they were being
scanned, they found that
there was a molar missing.
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You know, fine, whatever,
that's sort of normal.
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But there is a box that
was found and that box has...
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Bettany: It's this one?
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Salima: Yes, that
is the very box.
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And it's inscribed with
the name of hatshepsut.
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Now it had a package in
it which they thought was
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Probably her liver and
when they scanned it,
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They found embedded in the
resin a molar, broken off,
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And they think, because
when they did the scan,
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That one of the roots is still
here and the root is broken off.
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And they thought that they
matched and as a result they
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Thought must be hatshepsut.
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Bettany: So just to
get the story straight,
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When hatshepsut was mummified,
it seems her liver and tooth
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Were put in a
personalized box.
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The box became
separated from the mummy.
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Now this mummy is
also missing a tooth.
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Reuniting the two has
led us to the remains
of a once great queen.
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I mean, it's really
interesting this tooth,
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Has that randomly
ended up in that box,
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Or do you think it
dropped out during the
mummification process?
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Salima: A lot of things get
loose when you're being dried
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With natron, so maybe she
had just lost a tooth or
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Something, someone noticed
it because it was cracked or
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Broken, and then during
the course of mummification,
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It fell out.
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And they thought,
'oh, bloody hell.
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We have already
wrapped up her face'.
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And so they might have
stuffed it into that.
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And so you know, 4,000
years later or something,
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Here we are trying
to put it together.
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Bettany: And also in the
process of her mummification,
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Hatshepsut appears to have
been given what may very well
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Be the world's
first tummy tuck.
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Salima: You know when
you see her in her relief,
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She looks rather
slender and very elegant.
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This lady is quite plump.
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Bettany: She
doesn't look plump.
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Salima: Well,
what they did is,
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When they use the natron, what
it does is it desiccates but
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It also de-fats, so
it sucks it all out,
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Which is great for your diet.
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And then all the loose flesh
after it's been desiccated was
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Taken, stretched out and then
tucked underneath and kept in
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Place with resin.
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Bettany: So they are
literally pinning it back?
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Pinning back the
kind of excess flesh? Gosh
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Salima: And so she looks a bit
more as she did in her youth.
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Bettany: Hatshepsut is one of
the most remarkable women in
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The story of the world.
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She should be a household
name, shouldn't she?
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Salima: Absolutely.
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I mean, how often do you get a
female pharaoh ruling egypt,
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Sending people to all kinds
of places on expeditions and
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Creating some of the world's
most exquisite monuments?
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Bettany: Incredible.
Oh, I wish she could talk.
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I wish she could tell us
why she ended up being so...
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What a woman, what a woman!
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Well, kudos and
respect to her.
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Salima: Absolutely.
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Bettany: And who tried to
obliterate her from history?
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Well, almost certainly
her jealous stepson,
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Thutmoses the third.
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Although it now looks like
he was foiled in his mission.
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The mummy of hatshepsut
deserves to be celebrated,
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Not just because it involves
an incredible detective story,
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But more importantly, because
it helps us understand one of
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The greatest and most
powerful women of all time.
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G and
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Buying mummies
from across egypt.
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Mummies became 'big business'.
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Many ended up in private
collections and in museums
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Across the world.
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The british museum in london
is now home to no fewer than
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140 egyptian mummies.
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In a corner of the museum's
storeroom hides my next mummy,
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Number 4 on my countdown.
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And this mummy isn't a
mighty pharaoh but more
a man of the street.
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The reason that he makes it
onto my list is because he
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Shows us just how much we
can learn about the ancient
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Egyptians from investigating
a body that is close on
3,000 years old.
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Curator john taylor is
on hand to show what
we can piece together.
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Starting from the outside.
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John: This is what
I wanted to show you.
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Bettany: So beautiful,
look at those colors,
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They're amazing.
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John: It's incredible, yes.
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Bettany: But it's not a
coffin we're looking at, is it?
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John: We would call
this a cartonnage case.
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It's a kind of papier
mache shell that fits
around the mummy.
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It's made from
layers of linen.
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Bettany: And his mummy
is still inside here?
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John: Yes. Completely
sealed up inside.
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Bettany: And do we
know from the decoration,
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Who it is?
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John: We do, because
his name is inscribed
above this figure here.
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Padiamenet.
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00:12:14,901 --> 00:12:18,470
And this figure
represents him.
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Bettany: Is this a
kind of portrait of him?
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00:12:20,974 --> 00:12:23,908
John: This is how he wants
to look in the next life.
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Young, perfect.
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No kinds of illness
and no physical defect.
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Bettany: Plump as well.
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00:12:29,683 --> 00:12:32,183
John: A little plump.
Bettany: Well fed, okay.
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So I've noticed there's a sort
of slightly rubbish bit tacked
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On at the end?
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What's going on with that?
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00:12:36,556 --> 00:12:38,056
John: Yes, it looks as though
the people who were making the
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00:12:38,091 --> 00:12:40,658
Cartonnage didn't make
it quite long enough.
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So when it came to
putting him inside,
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His feet were
sticking out at the end.
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And all they could do was just
quickly cover up his feet with
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A bit of extra linen.
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Bettany: Great.
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00:12:51,071 --> 00:12:53,138
But do we get any other
clues to his life from this?
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John: We know that he was the
chief doorkeeper of the temple
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Of ra at karnak.
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That's written in the
inscriptions just here.
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He's a kind of security guard,
because the temple contains
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Lots of valuable objects.
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He's also there to watch
who comes through the doors.
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Bettany: So the first thing we
learn is that padiamenet was a
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00:13:16,730 --> 00:13:19,364
Kind of temple bouncer!
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00:13:19,399 --> 00:13:22,066
And this is where
he once worked,
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The staggering temple of amun
in karnak, just outside luxor.
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00:13:27,507 --> 00:13:29,741
A number of areas in the
temple were reserved
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Exclusively for
the elite and elite priests.
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00:13:33,680 --> 00:13:36,548
And so there were
hundreds of doormen here.
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00:13:36,583 --> 00:13:41,853
Padiamenet's job was
to make it very clear
where was off limits.
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00:13:41,888 --> 00:13:45,757
So as you can imagine, doormen
were often rather unpopular.
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There are these brilliant
depictions from the time of
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Them falling asleep on the
job and being described as
corrupt and lazy.
233
00:13:55,702 --> 00:13:58,670
It was a role that was passed
down from father to son,
234
00:13:58,705 --> 00:14:01,239
So padiamenet was in
a privileged position:
235
00:14:01,274 --> 00:14:04,809
Probably good food, great
pay and decent hours.
236
00:14:04,845 --> 00:14:08,079
But the job also
came with another,
237
00:14:08,114 --> 00:14:10,548
Curious responsibility.
238
00:14:10,584 --> 00:14:15,320
Padiamenet also acted as the
local barber at the temple.
239
00:14:15,355 --> 00:14:19,891
Egyptian priests were
completely shaved
from head to toe.
240
00:14:19,926 --> 00:14:21,860
So that would have meant
there'd have been a lot of
241
00:14:21,895 --> 00:14:26,130
Rummaging around in men's
underarms and private parts.
242
00:14:29,402 --> 00:14:31,903
I want to see what else we
can learn about padiamenet
243
00:14:31,938 --> 00:14:33,605
From his mummy.
244
00:14:33,640 --> 00:14:35,673
But there's a challenge.
245
00:14:35,709 --> 00:14:38,710
For the last 200 years,
the british museum hasn't
246
00:14:38,745 --> 00:14:43,781
Unwrapped any of their
mummies out of respect
and fear of damage.
247
00:14:43,817 --> 00:14:48,753
Now the very latest 3d
technology allows us to peer
248
00:14:48,788 --> 00:14:52,924
Beneath the bandages without
touching a hair on these
249
00:14:52,959 --> 00:14:55,059
Mummies' heads.
250
00:14:55,095 --> 00:14:57,896
A pioneering team,
led by daniel antoine,
251
00:14:57,931 --> 00:15:04,335
Is giving our ancient egyptian
bouncer-cum-barber a 21st
century post mortem.
252
00:15:04,371 --> 00:15:05,937
Daniel: So what's
extraordinary about ct
253
00:15:05,972 --> 00:15:09,207
Scanning is that you can
virtually remove layer by
254
00:15:09,242 --> 00:15:13,378
Layer and reveal their remains
for the first time since they
255
00:15:13,413 --> 00:15:14,612
Were embalmed.
256
00:15:14,648 --> 00:15:17,715
And here you can see
padiamenet's face.
257
00:15:17,751 --> 00:15:20,718
Bettany: But
that's so impressive.
258
00:15:20,754 --> 00:15:22,687
You haven't touched the
cartonnage you haven't touched
259
00:15:22,722 --> 00:15:24,122
The linen wrappings.
260
00:15:24,157 --> 00:15:27,692
But look at this,
we're beginning to
see the man inside.
261
00:15:27,727 --> 00:15:32,397
So what does it tell
you about how he was
embalmed and mummified?
262
00:15:32,432 --> 00:15:34,966
Daniel: So his brain was
removed through his nose.
263
00:15:35,001 --> 00:15:38,169
Minimal damage, removing quite
a three dimensional organ
264
00:15:38,204 --> 00:15:40,138
Through a very small aperture.
265
00:15:40,173 --> 00:15:42,707
They've also added
packing in his mouth.
266
00:15:42,742 --> 00:15:45,944
And then they've reconstructed
the nose and added some lips,
267
00:15:45,979 --> 00:15:51,182
So that his facial features
are preserved and recognizable
268
00:15:51,217 --> 00:15:52,684
In the afterlife.
269
00:15:52,719 --> 00:15:54,552
Bettany: What about him as
a person, his lifestyle.
270
00:15:54,587 --> 00:15:56,421
Could you tell any of
that from the scan?
271
00:15:56,456 --> 00:15:58,890
Daniel: We discovered that he
had terrible dental health.
272
00:15:58,925 --> 00:16:01,993
If I virtually remove all the
soft tissue and this is what
273
00:16:02,028 --> 00:16:04,662
You have here, is
you've got these lesions,
274
00:16:04,698 --> 00:16:07,899
These periapical lesions and
here you can see the bone is
275
00:16:07,934 --> 00:16:10,335
Really moved away
from the molar.
276
00:16:10,370 --> 00:16:12,537
And these are
probably abscesses or cysts,
277
00:16:12,572 --> 00:16:15,974
And he might've died
from these infections.
278
00:16:16,009 --> 00:16:18,743
He might've died for
two complications,
279
00:16:18,778 --> 00:16:21,112
Either because he had a lot
of pus going down his mouth...
280
00:16:21,147 --> 00:16:22,547
Bettany: Pus? Nice.
281
00:16:22,582 --> 00:16:24,949
Daniel: And the
throat closes up,
282
00:16:24,985 --> 00:16:27,418
Or, if the infection
enters the bloodstream,
283
00:16:27,454 --> 00:16:28,953
You die from septicaemia.
284
00:16:28,989 --> 00:16:30,154
Bettany: Gosh.
285
00:16:30,190 --> 00:16:32,824
I mean do you think that's
anything to do with the fact
286
00:16:32,859 --> 00:16:35,893
That he's working in a temple
so he'd have had access to
287
00:16:35,929 --> 00:16:38,596
Kind of pretty
rich foods, you know,
288
00:16:38,631 --> 00:16:41,132
Because it's the centre of
activity and where all the
289
00:16:41,167 --> 00:16:43,101
Treasures and wealth is kept.
290
00:16:43,136 --> 00:16:44,535
Daniel: Absolutely.
291
00:16:44,571 --> 00:16:46,471
He would have had a very rich
diet and that appears to have
292
00:16:46,506 --> 00:16:48,539
Had other consequences.
293
00:16:48,575 --> 00:16:51,009
If we look at some of
the arteries in the leg,
294
00:16:51,044 --> 00:16:53,011
So here we've got
the femoral artery.
295
00:16:53,046 --> 00:16:56,047
You can see inside the
femoral artery you've got
296
00:16:56,082 --> 00:16:58,016
This large plaque deposit.
297
00:16:58,051 --> 00:17:00,218
It's the same density
as bone, it's calcified,
298
00:17:00,253 --> 00:17:03,021
And this is basically hardened
fat, hardened cholesterol,
299
00:17:03,056 --> 00:17:06,924
And he suffered from
a cardiovascular
disease, basically.
300
00:17:06,960 --> 00:17:10,161
He would have been at
high risk of a heart
attack or a stroke.
301
00:17:10,196 --> 00:17:11,729
Bettany: Wow, wow.
302
00:17:11,765 --> 00:17:13,865
Daniel: And we think of
this as a modern disease,
303
00:17:13,900 --> 00:17:16,734
But actually the more
mummies we study,
304
00:17:16,770 --> 00:17:19,303
The more we realize it was
very common in ancient egypt,
305
00:17:19,339 --> 00:17:22,373
In these
mummified individuals.
306
00:17:22,409 --> 00:17:26,310
Bettany: But the scans
also revealed something
rather unexpected.
307
00:17:27,180 --> 00:17:30,014
Daniel: You can see these two
giant poles that were inserted
308
00:17:30,050 --> 00:17:33,284
To hold and reattach his head.
309
00:17:33,319 --> 00:17:35,420
You can see them
highlighted in green here.
310
00:17:35,455 --> 00:17:36,621
Bettany: Yeah.
311
00:17:36,656 --> 00:17:38,623
Daniel: There were no signs of
trauma in the neck so it's
312
00:17:38,658 --> 00:17:41,526
Likely that as the body dried,
because the skull is very
313
00:17:41,561 --> 00:17:45,496
Heavy, the head detached and
they had to reattach it as
314
00:17:45,532 --> 00:17:47,165
Part of the embalming process.
315
00:17:47,200 --> 00:17:48,299
Bettany: Wow.
316
00:17:48,334 --> 00:17:49,734
I mean, that's not
good practice, is it?
317
00:17:49,769 --> 00:17:51,402
Daniel: No, absolutely not.
318
00:17:51,437 --> 00:17:53,738
But the embalmers still
achieved a lot of what
319
00:17:53,773 --> 00:17:55,339
Padiamenet would have wanted.
320
00:17:55,375 --> 00:17:57,075
Bettany: No, incredible.
321
00:17:57,110 --> 00:17:58,509
What he wanted
was immortality,
322
00:17:58,545 --> 00:18:02,780
And 2,700 years on, we're
looking at him, face to face.
323
00:18:02,816 --> 00:18:04,682
Daniel: Exactly.
324
00:18:06,586 --> 00:18:09,087
Bettany: Padiamenet
is still here with us.
325
00:18:09,122 --> 00:18:12,190
And it's amazing, isn't it,
how much we can learn about
326
00:18:12,225 --> 00:18:16,561
Him and his life story
without disturbing his body.
327
00:18:16,596 --> 00:18:19,797
But I tell you what I
really love about this mummy.
328
00:18:19,833 --> 00:18:22,934
He reminds us that
mummification wasn't just for
329
00:18:22,969 --> 00:18:27,305
Pharaohs and their queens, but
for many ancient egyptians,
330
00:18:27,340 --> 00:18:32,009
Even the ancient egyptian
equivalent of a bouncer.
331
00:18:33,480 --> 00:18:36,247
Coming up, I continue my
countdown of the top ten
332
00:18:36,282 --> 00:18:39,450
Egyptian mummies with
a terrible tale of a
333
00:18:39,486 --> 00:18:42,420
Pharaoh's family at war.
334
00:18:42,455 --> 00:18:48,326
This shows his enemies' hands
and penises having been cut off.
335
00:18:59,906 --> 00:19:03,941
Has been hiding a gruesome
secret for thousands of years.
336
00:19:05,145 --> 00:19:09,046
At number 3 on my countdown,
it's ramesses the third,
337
00:19:09,082 --> 00:19:13,017
A man who had
enemies everywhere.
338
00:19:16,322 --> 00:19:20,691
So this is the mummy of
ramesses the third and on the
339
00:19:20,727 --> 00:19:23,594
Face of it he
looks really typical,
340
00:19:23,630 --> 00:19:26,531
But you've got to have a look
at this bandages wrapped round
341
00:19:26,566 --> 00:19:29,400
His neck which
really, really unusual.
342
00:19:29,435 --> 00:19:32,837
When this mummy was scanned,
it was discovered that he has
343
00:19:32,872 --> 00:19:37,642
A massive gash on his neck,
so it seems as though
344
00:19:37,677 --> 00:19:41,245
Ramesses the third has
had his throat slit.
345
00:19:43,516 --> 00:19:46,551
The story behind ramesses'
horrendous death is a royal
346
00:19:46,586 --> 00:19:49,954
Scandal worthy of
game of thrones.
347
00:19:53,593 --> 00:19:57,628
Let me take you to a possible
crime scene on the west bank
348
00:19:57,664 --> 00:20:01,232
Of the nile, a temple where
mummies were prepared and
349
00:20:01,267 --> 00:20:05,836
Perhaps a fatal plot
was prepared too...
350
00:20:07,240 --> 00:20:10,308
This is the mortuary
temple of ramesses the third,
351
00:20:10,343 --> 00:20:15,279
Built so that ordinary
people could worship him
during his lifetime.
352
00:20:21,621 --> 00:20:24,188
As well as being a temple,
there was a palace here.
353
00:20:24,224 --> 00:20:26,490
So, we can learn not
just about ramesses' death,
354
00:20:26,526 --> 00:20:30,194
But the events
that led up to it.
355
00:20:34,601 --> 00:20:37,935
This palace would have been a
beating heart of royal power,
356
00:20:37,971 --> 00:20:42,139
Possibly for
women as well as men.
357
00:20:43,509 --> 00:20:45,476
Now, in many of
the royal palaces,
358
00:20:45,511 --> 00:20:48,813
There was a harem where
all the royal women of real
359
00:20:48,848 --> 00:20:53,985
Influence lived and we're
told that in the harem of
ramesses the third,
360
00:20:54,020 --> 00:20:58,189
A plot was hatched
to kill the king.
361
00:21:00,260 --> 00:21:02,827
Archaeologist kimberley watt
has been studying what really
362
00:21:02,862 --> 00:21:07,031
Went down with ramesses the
third over 3,000 years ago.
363
00:21:08,434 --> 00:21:11,669
When we use the word
harem, in relation to egypt,
364
00:21:11,704 --> 00:21:13,371
What does that actually mean?
365
00:21:13,406 --> 00:21:15,039
What does an ancient
egyptian harem look like?
366
00:21:15,074 --> 00:21:19,076
Kimberley: It's a royal
household dedicated to
royal women.
367
00:21:19,112 --> 00:21:22,480
Bettany: We're talking
about substantial numbers
here, hundreds?
368
00:21:22,515 --> 00:21:25,116
Kimberley: Yes.
Definitely more than that.
369
00:21:25,151 --> 00:21:28,919
Bettany: And if you've got
that many royal women in a
370
00:21:28,955 --> 00:21:31,489
Tight space together,
371
00:21:31,524 --> 00:21:34,792
You can imagine them
plotting and planning.
372
00:21:34,827 --> 00:21:37,828
There really could have
been this harem conspiracy,
373
00:21:37,864 --> 00:21:39,697
There could have been a
plot to kill the king.
374
00:21:39,732 --> 00:21:42,833
Kimberley: Yes definitely.
We have the evidence for that.
375
00:21:42,869 --> 00:21:45,036
We have a papyrus that
actually records in very
376
00:21:45,071 --> 00:21:50,408
Detailed manner that there
was a plot to overthrow and
377
00:21:50,443 --> 00:21:53,811
Kill the king during
ramesses the third's reign.
378
00:21:56,683 --> 00:21:58,716
Bettany: Written,
not in hieroglyphs,
379
00:21:58,751 --> 00:22:02,353
But in an egyptian script that
any literate egyptian could
380
00:22:02,388 --> 00:22:07,224
Read, it's an extraordinary
record of the trial of the
381
00:22:07,260 --> 00:22:11,996
Conspirators in a plot hatched
by a woman called tiye.
382
00:22:14,133 --> 00:22:17,501
Now, tiye was a secondary wife
of ramesses the third and she
383
00:22:17,537 --> 00:22:21,906
Was clearly furious with him
and we know this because of
384
00:22:21,941 --> 00:22:26,010
This amazing bit of evidence
that survived over 3,000 years
385
00:22:26,045 --> 00:22:30,381
And it tells us that a plot
was hatched to kill the king
386
00:22:30,416 --> 00:22:33,351
And put tiye's son,
prince pentawere,
387
00:22:33,386 --> 00:22:35,586
On the throne instead.
388
00:22:35,621 --> 00:22:37,788
I can tell you that
conspirators in a court
389
00:22:37,824 --> 00:22:42,059
Intrigue like this would be
encouraged to commit suicide
390
00:22:42,095 --> 00:22:48,599
And would almost certainly
be horribly mutilated
before they died.
391
00:22:48,634 --> 00:22:53,671
And when I say horribly
mutilated, I mean it.
392
00:22:53,706 --> 00:22:59,210
This shows his enemies' hands
and penises having been cut off.
393
00:23:05,151 --> 00:23:07,985
Ramesses the third's
slit throat may be proof that
394
00:23:08,020 --> 00:23:11,922
Queen tiye's plot to
assassinate him succeeded.
395
00:23:11,958 --> 00:23:16,360
And further research has
revealed a curious thing.
396
00:23:16,396 --> 00:23:20,531
Ramesses' big toe appears
to have been hacked off.
397
00:23:20,566 --> 00:23:24,201
Most probably at the same
time his throat was cut.
398
00:23:24,237 --> 00:23:28,839
During his mummification, a
loyal subject made him a new
399
00:23:28,875 --> 00:23:33,477
Toe out of linen and resin
to ensure the king could walk
400
00:23:33,513 --> 00:23:37,114
Proud in his afterlife.
401
00:23:38,751 --> 00:23:42,186
The story ramses the third
tells us of the power and
402
00:23:42,221 --> 00:23:45,523
Influence of the harem in
ancient egyptian politics.
403
00:23:45,558 --> 00:23:49,026
But it also reminds us
that even the greatest aren't
404
00:23:49,061 --> 00:23:51,996
Immune to the twists
and turns of fate.
405
00:23:52,031 --> 00:23:56,200
And that egyptian women
were also players in ancient
406
00:23:56,235 --> 00:23:59,270
Politics, not just the men.
407
00:24:07,280 --> 00:24:12,383
Our next mummy is one of egypt's
most controversial rulers.
408
00:24:13,586 --> 00:24:18,355
This is an extraordinary
man with a problem.
409
00:24:18,825 --> 00:24:22,460
The issue with this notorious
pharaoh is that physically
410
00:24:22,495 --> 00:24:24,462
There's not much of him left.
411
00:24:24,497 --> 00:24:28,466
He was a pioneer and an out
and out rebel and that is one
412
00:24:28,501 --> 00:24:30,668
Of the reasons there's a
mystery that surrounds his
413
00:24:30,703 --> 00:24:34,939
Mummy and it's this dramatic
life story that makes him
414
00:24:34,974 --> 00:24:37,141
Our next choice.
415
00:24:42,882 --> 00:24:47,351
At number 2 on our countdown,
it's the pharaoh akhenaten.
416
00:24:48,187 --> 00:24:53,624
For years the fate of his
mummy lay shrouded in mystery.
417
00:24:53,659 --> 00:24:59,864
And when a tomb was
discovered in 1907 the
plot only thickened...
418
00:25:04,003 --> 00:25:06,837
I'm really lucky to
get access to this tomb,
419
00:25:06,873 --> 00:25:09,840
Because we've actually got the
break the seal in order to get
420
00:25:09,876 --> 00:25:13,644
In, and that's amazing for me
because the first reports of
421
00:25:13,679 --> 00:25:16,380
This being excavated at the
beginning of the 20th century
422
00:25:16,415 --> 00:25:20,651
Talked about having to break one
of the original seals to enter.
423
00:25:26,459 --> 00:25:27,658
Shukraan.
424
00:25:27,693 --> 00:25:30,828
(speaking arabic).
425
00:25:37,036 --> 00:25:40,371
What was discovered
here just didn't add up.
426
00:25:40,406 --> 00:25:43,207
Grave goods scattered
across the floor and a dumped,
427
00:25:43,242 --> 00:25:47,211
Beaten up coffin apparently
containing the decomposed body
428
00:25:47,246 --> 00:25:50,648
Of akhenaten himself.
429
00:25:50,683 --> 00:25:54,852
He wasn't being
treated like a royal mummy.
430
00:25:58,624 --> 00:26:02,526
To understand why, and what
happened to this once great
431
00:26:02,562 --> 00:26:07,131
Pharaoh, I'm going right back
to the beginning of his story.
432
00:26:17,076 --> 00:26:20,444
I'm heading out
deep into the desert.
433
00:26:23,182 --> 00:26:26,450
I'm looking for clues to
help unlock the puzzle of
434
00:26:26,485 --> 00:26:28,986
Akhenaten's mummy.
435
00:26:29,021 --> 00:26:34,124
Our first stop is this
remote tomb deep in
the egyptian desert.
436
00:26:42,134 --> 00:26:45,402
So this is actually the tomb
of a high priest and here,
437
00:26:45,438 --> 00:26:48,472
With his face
scratched out, is akhenaten,
438
00:26:48,507 --> 00:26:51,175
Driving a beautiful chariot.
439
00:26:51,210 --> 00:26:55,112
But, why was his
face scratched out?
440
00:26:55,147 --> 00:26:57,381
Well, five years
into his reign,
441
00:26:57,416 --> 00:27:01,986
Akhenaten makes a series
of extraordinary decisions.
442
00:27:03,322 --> 00:27:06,557
First the pharaoh announces
that egyptians should stop
443
00:27:06,592 --> 00:27:10,327
Worshipping their
traditional gods.
444
00:27:13,466 --> 00:27:16,700
He declared all egyptians
should now worship one god
445
00:27:16,736 --> 00:27:21,205
Alone, the great sun god aten.
446
00:27:25,077 --> 00:27:28,245
Akhenaten does everything in
his power to ban the practice
447
00:27:28,280 --> 00:27:32,116
Of the old religion.
448
00:27:33,486 --> 00:27:36,720
As the living incarnation
of the great sun god,
449
00:27:36,756 --> 00:27:41,425
Everyone now had to worship
the uber-pharaoh akhenaten.
450
00:27:41,460 --> 00:27:43,927
And if that wasn't enough...
451
00:27:43,963 --> 00:27:49,266
He decides to move
his entire court and
community to the desert.
452
00:27:53,639 --> 00:27:56,840
The pharaoh's court had
once been at luxurious luxor,
453
00:27:56,876 --> 00:28:00,978
A beautiful site on the
banks of the life-giving nile.
454
00:28:01,013 --> 00:28:05,416
But his brand new city
amarna, 200 miles away,
455
00:28:05,451 --> 00:28:08,752
Would have to be built
entirely from scratch,
456
00:28:08,788 --> 00:28:12,923
In the most
punishing environment.
457
00:28:17,229 --> 00:28:22,032
Archaeologist anna stevens
and her team have made a
shocking discovery.
458
00:28:23,102 --> 00:28:26,336
They've given me access to
their remarkable finds and I'm
459
00:28:26,372 --> 00:28:30,374
Hoping to find more clues to
help me understand akhenaten's
460
00:28:30,409 --> 00:28:33,410
Controversial life-story.
461
00:28:33,446 --> 00:28:35,879
So what is it exactly
you're digging here?
462
00:28:35,915 --> 00:28:37,648
Anna: It's an
ancient cemetery.
463
00:28:37,683 --> 00:28:40,250
So a cemetery for like
the ordinary people.
464
00:28:40,286 --> 00:28:42,753
Bettany: Ok.
465
00:28:43,155 --> 00:28:47,224
Oh look here cause you can see
the human remains everywhere.
466
00:28:47,259 --> 00:28:51,195
That's really, what do
you think these ones are?
467
00:28:51,230 --> 00:28:53,697
Anna: You can see
bits of ribs popping up.
468
00:28:53,733 --> 00:28:56,300
And if you actually look very
closely you can just see some
469
00:28:56,335 --> 00:28:58,502
Teeth popping out of the sand.
470
00:28:58,537 --> 00:29:02,339
So this is part of a jaw or
the lower part of the skull
471
00:29:02,374 --> 00:29:07,678
Bettany: Oh god, you can.
And how many are there here?
472
00:29:07,713 --> 00:29:09,880
Anna: Probably in this one
cemetery there's something
473
00:29:09,915 --> 00:29:12,950
Like 4 to 5,000
people buried here.
474
00:29:12,985 --> 00:29:15,052
It's enormous.
475
00:29:15,087 --> 00:29:17,287
Bettany: That's enormous
anna: So that's not just
a few hundred people,
476
00:29:17,323 --> 00:29:19,556
Bettany: What can you
tell so far from the
477
00:29:19,592 --> 00:29:21,525
Human remains here?
478
00:29:21,560 --> 00:29:24,762
Anna: What we find from the
study of the skeletons is that
479
00:29:24,797 --> 00:29:27,998
They were undertaking very
heavy, very hard labour.
480
00:29:28,033 --> 00:29:32,102
So there's lots of signs of
degenerative joint disease,
481
00:29:32,138 --> 00:29:34,338
So arthritis on
their skeletons,
482
00:29:34,373 --> 00:29:37,941
In a way, in patterns that
would suggest that they were
483
00:29:37,977 --> 00:29:40,043
Doing things like
heavy lifting especially.
484
00:29:40,079 --> 00:29:41,545
Bettany: Right, right.
485
00:29:41,580 --> 00:29:45,482
Anna: And various other signs
generally of difficult lives,
486
00:29:45,518 --> 00:29:47,117
Difficult work conditions.
487
00:29:47,153 --> 00:29:52,089
What we think is that
this was probably a
cemetery of laborers.
488
00:29:52,124 --> 00:29:53,624
Bettany: Mm-hmm.
489
00:29:53,659 --> 00:29:55,025
Anna: And they were very young.
490
00:29:55,060 --> 00:29:57,394
So most of the
people buried here,
491
00:29:57,429 --> 00:30:00,898
They are aged between
seven and 24 years of age.
492
00:30:00,933 --> 00:30:03,300
Bettany: No.
So, it's child laborers?
493
00:30:03,335 --> 00:30:04,968
Anna: Yeah, exactly.
494
00:30:05,004 --> 00:30:06,603
Bettany: So do you think
there's a possibility
495
00:30:06,639 --> 00:30:10,908
They're being drafted in or
brought in to try to help
496
00:30:10,943 --> 00:30:13,177
Build this city in a hurry?
497
00:30:13,212 --> 00:30:16,046
Anna: It does seem likely that
they're actually involved in
498
00:30:16,081 --> 00:30:18,048
Building the
city for the king.
499
00:30:18,083 --> 00:30:20,384
Bettany: Right.
500
00:30:22,388 --> 00:30:25,722
Armana was built
using child labour.
501
00:30:25,758 --> 00:30:29,660
The skeleton of this 12 year
old, only just discovered,
502
00:30:29,695 --> 00:30:34,131
Bears witness to the huge
loads they were carrying.
503
00:30:34,166 --> 00:30:40,270
Limestone slabs up to 70 kilos
caused shocking injuries.
504
00:30:41,941 --> 00:30:44,875
This skeleton reveals
crushed neck vertebrae,
505
00:30:44,910 --> 00:30:49,246
Fused spinal bones
and skull deformities.
506
00:30:50,416 --> 00:30:52,783
You see, this is the truth.
507
00:30:52,818 --> 00:30:54,918
You get the official version
of history when what's being
508
00:30:54,954 --> 00:30:56,720
Described is this
kind of brilliant,
509
00:30:56,755 --> 00:30:58,822
Glittering experiment.
510
00:30:58,858 --> 00:31:03,160
And then, you know,
this is the harsh reality
of what's going on.
511
00:31:03,195 --> 00:31:04,561
Anna: The people's history.
512
00:31:04,597 --> 00:31:06,163
Bettany: Yeah.
513
00:31:09,501 --> 00:31:15,305
The great tragedy is
that all that pain and
suffering was pointless.
514
00:31:15,341 --> 00:31:18,775
Within just 20 years, the
egyptians had turned back
515
00:31:18,811 --> 00:31:22,446
To their old beliefs
and decided to abandon
516
00:31:22,481 --> 00:31:26,516
Akhenaten's crazy new city.
517
00:31:36,061 --> 00:31:40,197
En became
one of the most hated
pharaohs of all time.
518
00:31:42,468 --> 00:31:45,435
His successors destroyed
statues and struck him from
519
00:31:45,470 --> 00:31:49,039
The list of kings.
520
00:31:49,074 --> 00:31:52,609
His own son, the
world famous tutankhamun,
521
00:31:52,645 --> 00:31:55,712
Immediately reversed his
father's radical ideas and
522
00:31:55,748 --> 00:31:59,149
Returned the
royal court to luxor.
523
00:32:01,420 --> 00:32:06,256
Akhenaten's coffin and his
mummy were left abandoned.
524
00:32:07,927 --> 00:32:11,962
The story goes that priests
scratched out his face so that
525
00:32:11,997 --> 00:32:15,799
He wouldn't be recognized in
the afterlife by the gods.
526
00:32:15,834 --> 00:32:18,769
I have to say, I think that
is actually a bit fanciful,
527
00:32:18,804 --> 00:32:21,638
But what is certain is
that after his death,
528
00:32:21,674 --> 00:32:26,877
Akhenaten was
unmourned and unloved.
529
00:32:30,515 --> 00:32:33,784
Amarna was conceived as a
kind of utopian experiment,
530
00:32:33,819 --> 00:32:38,322
But for many it
ended up a living hell.
531
00:32:38,357 --> 00:32:44,094
So akhenaten reminds us
to know when to stop.
532
00:32:46,498 --> 00:32:50,133
It's been an epic journey
as we count down our top ten
533
00:32:50,169 --> 00:32:54,071
Egyptian mummies.
534
00:32:55,441 --> 00:32:59,242
And my heroine,
hatshepsut, was number five,
535
00:32:59,278 --> 00:33:03,246
The woman who properly
rocked in a man's world.
536
00:33:04,583 --> 00:33:08,685
At number four,
padiamenet the bouncer
was digitally unwrapped.
537
00:33:09,421 --> 00:33:11,788
At number three, it was
ramesses the third and the
538
00:33:11,824 --> 00:33:15,192
Revenge of the royal harem.
539
00:33:15,227 --> 00:33:18,395
And at number two, was the
religious radical akhenaten,
540
00:33:18,430 --> 00:33:22,599
Who broke his people's
backs building his dream city.
541
00:33:23,202 --> 00:33:27,504
Now it's time to reveal number
one in our top ten countdown
542
00:33:27,539 --> 00:33:31,508
Of astonishing
egyptian mummies.
543
00:33:33,912 --> 00:33:38,882
The final mummy in our top
ten is the most famous
pharaoh in the world.
544
00:33:40,619 --> 00:33:44,755
His solid gold death mask and
over 5,000 of the treasures
545
00:33:44,790 --> 00:33:47,924
Buried with him have given us
an incredible insight into the
546
00:33:47,960 --> 00:33:50,761
Lives of the
ancient egyptians,
547
00:33:50,796 --> 00:33:54,998
And the world of the teenage
king, tutankhamun.
548
00:33:57,202 --> 00:33:59,403
We've all heard
of tutankhamun,
549
00:33:59,438 --> 00:34:01,772
Not because he was a
great pharaoh in life,
550
00:34:01,807 --> 00:34:05,308
But because his almost-intact
tomb treasures were found
551
00:34:05,344 --> 00:34:10,781
3,300 years after his death.
552
00:34:10,816 --> 00:34:15,552
But, dazzled by all this gold
the mummy of the teenage king
553
00:34:15,587 --> 00:34:19,756
Himself is often overlooked.
554
00:34:19,792 --> 00:34:22,626
So I want you to
meet him, in his tomb,
555
00:34:22,661 --> 00:34:25,996
In the valley of the kings.
556
00:34:30,302 --> 00:34:34,805
Here he is, the
mummy of tutankhamun.
557
00:34:34,840 --> 00:34:38,809
When you come up close to him,
I think you realize that he is
558
00:34:38,844 --> 00:34:43,013
Just a vulnerable,
fragile teenager.
559
00:34:45,751 --> 00:34:48,752
Originally you could have seen
his lovely eyelashes and the
560
00:34:48,787 --> 00:34:50,754
Fact that he had pierced ears,
561
00:34:50,789 --> 00:34:54,191
And his arms were
very peacefully folded,
562
00:34:54,993 --> 00:34:58,428
But he hasn't been treated
so well, across the years.
563
00:34:59,264 --> 00:35:02,799
It was November 1922 when
british archaeologist
564
00:35:02,835 --> 00:35:06,970
Howard carter discovered
tutankhamun's tomb.
565
00:35:07,739 --> 00:35:10,540
Incredible treasures
were captured on camera.
566
00:35:10,576 --> 00:35:13,777
Breaking through into
tutankhamun's burial chamber
567
00:35:13,812 --> 00:35:17,581
Carter discovered,
inside a stone sarcophagus,
568
00:35:17,616 --> 00:35:21,251
The ancient egyptian
equivalent of a russian doll.
569
00:35:22,387 --> 00:35:26,022
Three coffins, each
smaller than the last;
570
00:35:26,058 --> 00:35:29,759
The first, gold-plated wood.
571
00:35:29,795 --> 00:35:33,964
The second, the same,
decorated with
semi-precious stones.
572
00:35:35,000 --> 00:35:37,701
But the third, the
smallest coffin,
573
00:35:37,736 --> 00:35:40,270
Is made of solid gold.
574
00:35:40,305 --> 00:35:44,040
Inside lay the
mummy of tutankhamun,
575
00:35:44,076 --> 00:35:48,445
His face covered by the now
famous golden death mask.
576
00:35:48,480 --> 00:35:53,416
Eager to see inside, carter
unwrapped tutankhamun's mummy,
577
00:35:53,452 --> 00:35:56,953
Leaving his tiny body exposed.
578
00:35:56,989 --> 00:36:00,724
He then had to ease
tutankhamun's body
out of the coffin,
579
00:36:00,759 --> 00:36:05,095
With difficulty,
using heated knives.
580
00:36:05,130 --> 00:36:09,733
The young pharaoh's
body was left in this
outer wooden coffin.
581
00:36:09,768 --> 00:36:13,570
Tutankhamun lay
there for 40 years.
582
00:36:13,605 --> 00:36:15,939
When he was
removed for examination,
583
00:36:15,974 --> 00:36:19,342
An awful truth was revealed.
584
00:36:19,378 --> 00:36:23,013
Over time tut's
hands had come off,
585
00:36:23,048 --> 00:36:26,516
His legs were detached from
his pelvis and when the famous
586
00:36:26,552 --> 00:36:31,521
Death mask was removed,
his neck was severed.
587
00:36:31,557 --> 00:36:34,991
So now, instead of an
intact royal mummy,
588
00:36:35,027 --> 00:36:37,994
All we have is
this fragile body,
589
00:36:38,030 --> 00:36:41,431
With tiny remnants of
his mummification bandages
590
00:36:41,466 --> 00:36:44,601
Clinging to his toes.
591
00:36:44,636 --> 00:36:46,903
I'm glad to say
that now, at last,
592
00:36:46,939 --> 00:36:49,906
We treat mummies,
including tut's remains,
593
00:36:49,942 --> 00:36:54,044
With a great deal more
reverence and expertise.
594
00:36:54,079 --> 00:36:56,346
And the egyptian
authorities have launched a
595
00:36:56,381 --> 00:37:00,350
Multi-million-pound program
to restore and preserve tut's
596
00:37:00,385 --> 00:37:04,654
Legacy for future generations.
597
00:37:04,690 --> 00:37:08,391
The lid's been put back on
tutankhamun's sarcophagus for
598
00:37:08,427 --> 00:37:12,929
The first time in years, but
I've been promised I can have
599
00:37:12,965 --> 00:37:15,966
A special look at
what was hidden inside.
600
00:37:26,178 --> 00:37:30,914
Opportunity, behind the scenes
at the grand egyptian museum.
601
00:37:31,984 --> 00:37:34,784
The labs here have dedicated
teams of specialists,
602
00:37:34,820 --> 00:37:38,121
Carrying out incredibly
delicate work to restore
603
00:37:38,156 --> 00:37:41,224
Priceless treasures.
604
00:37:41,260 --> 00:37:44,127
A high-tech operation to
save one of tutankhamun's most
605
00:37:44,162 --> 00:37:49,966
Prized pieces, the final
resting place of his mummy.
606
00:37:51,903 --> 00:37:54,738
I know this place
seems a bit austere,
607
00:37:54,773 --> 00:37:57,707
But frankly, I think it is one
of the most exciting places on
608
00:37:57,743 --> 00:38:01,144
Earth because this is where
tutankhamun's treasures are
609
00:38:01,179 --> 00:38:04,881
Being lovingly
cared for and restored.
610
00:38:04,916 --> 00:38:07,784
The restoration
work is extraordinary.
611
00:38:07,819 --> 00:38:09,953
It's worth remembering
that, just like tut's mummy,
612
00:38:09,988 --> 00:38:14,357
This coffin is
over 3,300 years old.
613
00:38:14,393 --> 00:38:17,894
So this is the
lid of the coffin.
614
00:38:17,929 --> 00:38:19,396
It's kind of the
most famous bit,
615
00:38:19,431 --> 00:38:21,364
It's the bit that you
could see in the tomb.
616
00:38:21,400 --> 00:38:26,303
And the workmanship on
it is totally remarkable.
617
00:38:26,338 --> 00:38:29,873
So you can see every
single detail on the feathers.
618
00:38:29,908 --> 00:38:32,676
And this is tutankhamun
being represented as the god,
619
00:38:32,744 --> 00:38:35,478
Osiris, the mighty
god of the underworld.
620
00:38:35,514 --> 00:38:38,148
It's massive, it's
over seven-foot long.
621
00:38:38,183 --> 00:38:41,584
I've met ahmed before.
Hi, nice to see you again.
622
00:38:41,620 --> 00:38:43,086
Ahmed: Hi.
Nice to see you too.
623
00:38:43,121 --> 00:38:44,654
Bettany: Ahmed is one
of the restorers here.
624
00:38:44,690 --> 00:38:46,289
When you're doing
this restoration work,
625
00:38:46,325 --> 00:38:50,260
Does it make you feel even more
impressed by the egyptians?
626
00:38:50,295 --> 00:38:52,228
Ahmed: Yeah, of course.
Of course, of course.
627
00:39:10,615 --> 00:39:12,716
Bettany: The tomb
also contained another,
628
00:39:12,751 --> 00:39:17,187
Totally unexpected find, one
that gives us a moving insight
629
00:39:17,222 --> 00:39:20,657
Into what mattered to
this young pharaoh.
630
00:39:28,233 --> 00:39:30,667
Bettany: These two babies
died in the womb at around
631
00:39:30,702 --> 00:39:34,204
25 and 37 weeks old.
632
00:39:34,239 --> 00:39:36,539
Gosh. It's so
poignant to see them.
633
00:39:36,575 --> 00:39:38,541
They are so
perfect, aren't they?
634
00:39:38,577 --> 00:39:43,480
You can see their fingers
on their hands and you know,
the shape of their legs.
635
00:39:44,182 --> 00:39:45,482
Amazing.
636
00:39:45,517 --> 00:39:48,718
And do we have any more
information of who they are?
637
00:39:56,194 --> 00:40:00,630
Bettany: So they were born
prematurely or stillborn?
638
00:40:00,665 --> 00:40:02,265
Because that's an
important part of his story,
639
00:40:02,300 --> 00:40:05,402
That he died when he was
just a teenager and he
died without any heirs.
640
00:40:05,437 --> 00:40:09,339
So it can change history
a bit if we think these
could be his daughters.
641
00:40:11,676 --> 00:40:13,209
These poor little girls.
642
00:40:13,245 --> 00:40:16,045
Isn't it amazing to think
that we're still investigating
643
00:40:16,081 --> 00:40:20,183
Their story over 3,000
years after they died.
644
00:40:21,253 --> 00:40:25,688
Stillborn, these two tiny
baby girls were still lovingly
645
00:40:25,724 --> 00:40:29,726
Preserved, showing us that
for the ancient egyptians
646
00:40:29,761 --> 00:40:33,897
Mummification was the
ultimate act of reverence;
647
00:40:33,932 --> 00:40:38,101
An approach that, thankfully,
is now being matched by their
648
00:40:38,136 --> 00:40:43,139
Careful preservation
and the dignity of
their treatment today.
649
00:40:46,511 --> 00:40:49,245
I wonder if he feels he's
getting the right kind of
650
00:40:49,281 --> 00:40:52,315
Immortality, thanks
to being a celebrity.
651
00:40:52,350 --> 00:40:56,152
Certainly, we are saying
the name of tutankhamun
652
00:40:56,188 --> 00:40:59,022
Again and again and again.
653
00:40:59,057 --> 00:41:03,860
And the incredible survival
of this mummy has given us an
654
00:41:03,895 --> 00:41:08,231
Enduring fascination
with ancient egypt and
655
00:41:08,266 --> 00:41:11,468
With mummification
in particular.
656
00:41:12,671 --> 00:41:18,441
In our top ten we've spanned
4,000 years of egyptian history,
657
00:41:19,544 --> 00:41:22,078
From a couple mummified
by nothing more than
658
00:41:22,113 --> 00:41:25,615
The hot sands of
egypt, to mighty pharaohs,
659
00:41:25,650 --> 00:41:28,718
Buried in the grandeur of
the valley of the kings.
660
00:41:29,888 --> 00:41:32,856
We've seen cutting-edge
research shining a new light
661
00:41:32,891 --> 00:41:36,993
On the ancient dead, and
remembered that mummies are
662
00:41:37,062 --> 00:41:41,397
The bodies of real people
who deserve to be honored,
663
00:41:41,433 --> 00:41:46,236
And that's why we
should treasure tutankhamun,
664
00:41:46,271 --> 00:41:49,506
My number one egyptian mummy.
665
00:41:52,477 --> 00:41:57,480
Mummification is a remarkable,
frankly quite miraculous
666
00:41:57,549 --> 00:42:01,885
Process that allows us to come
face to face with women and
667
00:42:01,920 --> 00:42:06,122
Men from ancient egypt and
to understand their stories,
668
00:42:06,157 --> 00:42:09,058
Their hopes and their fears.
669
00:42:09,094 --> 00:42:14,531
It also allows us to be
eternally fascinated by them
670
00:42:14,566 --> 00:42:17,867
And in fact to do what
mummification was originally
671
00:42:17,903 --> 00:42:23,239
Intended to do: To remember
their names with respect and
672
00:42:23,275 --> 00:42:27,477
Awe across thousands of years.
673
00:42:32,717 --> 00:42:33,917
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