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{\an1}-Hi. I'm Rick Steves, back with
more of the best of Europe.
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{\an1}No, actually, this time,
it's the worst of Europe.
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{\an1}In this special episode,
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{\an1}we'll travel together
through Germany
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and learn from
the hard lessons of fascism
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{\an1}that this country learned
from nearly a century ago,
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and why it matters.
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{\an1}Thanks for joining us.
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♪♪
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♪♪
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♪♪
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♪♪
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{\an1}As democracies are being
threatened throughout the West
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by the rise
of angry populist masses
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{\an1}and wannabe autocrats,
thoughtful travels reveal
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{\an1}that history is speaking to us.
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{\an1}Traveling through Germany today,
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{\an1}you see many reminders
of the rise and fall of Nazism
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and the devastation
wrought by its fascist leader,
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Adolf Hitler.
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In this episode,
we'll travel to places
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that evoke those
terrible times in Germany,
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{\an1}and see a few of the sites
and memorials
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that recall
that county's fascist nightmare.
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{\an1}We'll learn how in Germany
fascism rose and then fell,
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taking millions
of people with it.
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Along the way,
we'll learn from Germans
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whose families lived
through those times.
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{\an1}-See, you do not trust
in anybody any longer,
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{\an1}after the burning of books.
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{\an1}-...and see how Germany
guards against
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{\an1}the rise of fascism again.
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{\an1}Throughout Germany, we'll see
sites related to fascism.
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{\an1}We'll start where Hitler got
his political start --
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Munich.
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{\an1}Then we'll visit Nuernberg,
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{\an1}the site of his notorious
political rallies;
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{\an7}Berchtesgaden, home of
his getaway the Eagle's Nest;
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{\an7}and Berlin, the capital and site
of German fascism's downfall.
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{\an1}In 1918, World War I ended,
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{\an1}leaving 10 million dead
and Europe in ruins.
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{\an1}The chaotic aftermath of the war
created fertile ground
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{\an1}for the seeds of fascism.
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{\an1}Nowhere was that more true
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than in defeated
and devastated Germany.
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After World War I,
Germany was in a shambles.
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{\an1}After a humiliating defeat
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and the loss of
over 2 million men,
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{\an1}they were forced by the Allies
to pay costly war reparations.
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{\an1}Their emperor had abdicated
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and was replaced
by a weak democracy.
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{\an1}The economy was terrible:
Unemployment was high
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and inflation
was out of control.
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Germans had no faith
in their government
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{\an1}to get society back on track.
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{\an1}In this vacuum of power,
a fringe movement --
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{\an1}claiming to be the champion
of the oppressed -- emerged.
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{\an1}They dressed in intimidating
brown-shirt uniforms,
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{\an1}roamed the streets in gangs,
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{\an1}and wanted to restore
Germany's national pride.
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{\an4}They called themselves the
"National Socialists," or
"Nazis."
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{\an1}Their leader: Adolf Hitler.
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{\an7}Those early Nazis found
a natural base here in Munich.
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While a pleasant
and idyllic city today,
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{\an1}this capital of Bavaria
was known for its conservative
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{\an1}and nationalistic passions.
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{\an1}Nazi street gangs violently
attacked unwanted outsiders:
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Jews and Communists.
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♪♪
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In 1923,
in a beer hall like this,
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{\an1}the original Nazi leadership
gathered their followers.
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They were impatient
and eager to take power.
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{\an1}Hitler waved his pistol
in the air,
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{\an1}and called for the revolution
to begin.
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♪♪
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{\an1}Hitler led the ragtag
revolutionaries in the beer hall
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{\an1}into the streets of Munich,
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{\an1}planning to overthrow
the government.
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{\an1}But that attempted revolt,
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{\an1}called the "Beer Hall Putsch,"
failed.
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{\an1}After a bloody confrontation,
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{\an1}the police crushed it
here at Odeonsplatz.
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Hitler was arrested
and sent to jail,
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{\an1}and it seemed that Germany's
fascist movement was finished
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{\an1}before it got off the ground.
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Unable to overthrow
the government by force,
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{\an1}Hitler resolved to take it
by political means.
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{\an1}While in prison, he wrote
"Mein Kampf" (or "My Struggle"),
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{\an1}which preaches his message
of uniting all ethnic Germans
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and giving them
more space to live.
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Once out of prison,
Hitler managed to take power
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within the existing
political system.
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Shaping his
National Socialist Party
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{\an1}into a political entity,
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he put forward
a populist strategy:
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{\an1}rousing a disillusioned
workforce,
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{\an1}reviving a struggling economy,
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{\an1}and fixing what was considered
a weak government.
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{\an1}At first, the boom times
of the Roaring '20s
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{\an1}blunted his populist message,
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{\an1}but then the Great Depression
hit in 1929,
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the working masses
were angry again,
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{\an1}and Hitler's promises
gained traction.
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{\an1}Fascism was now taking root
in Germany.
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-[ Speaking German ]
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[ Crowd cheering ]
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{\an8}-So, Hitler promised
jobs, jobs, jobs to everybody,
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{\an8}and, of course,
people needed jobs.
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{\an7}-Hitler promised the people
everything --
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{\an7}everything they wanted.
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He promised them
a bright future,
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{\an1}he promised them work,
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{\an1}he promised them Lebensraum,
-- "living space"...
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-[ Speaking German ]
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{\an1}-Hitler was a powerful,
mesmerizing speaker.
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-[ Speaking German ]
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-People were taken
by Hitler's speech --
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{\an1}not so much by the beauty
of his arguments,
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{\an1}but by his sheer fanaticism,
by his anger,
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by his rage,
and his repetitive rhetoric.
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{\an8}And people --
eyewitness accounts --
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{\an7}describe it as a barbaric,
primitive effect.
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{\an1}-He repeated a lie endlessly,
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{\an1}and he didn't make it
a small lie;
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he made it a big lie
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{\an1}and he kept hammering it
into their heads.
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{\an1}He also dumbed it down
as much as possible.
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{\an1}-His simplistic promises
were made to order
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{\an1}for his political base:
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{\an1}[ Cheers and applause ]
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more prosperity,
and expanded borders
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{\an1}for more room in which to live,
or Lebensraum.
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-[ Speaking German ]
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{\an1}-Fascism is perceived
as a strong movement
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with simple answers
for complicated problems.
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{\an1}-He blamed Germany's problems
on scapegoats --
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{\an1}like Jews and Communists --
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{\an1}and fears that the communist
revolution in Russia
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{\an1}would spread to Germany.
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{\an1}In 1932, the Nazi Party won only
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{\an1}about a third of the seats
in parliament.
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{\an1}But Hitler managed to put
together a ruling coalition
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{\an1}and was appointed Chancellor
in January 1933.
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{\an1}Suddenly Adolf Hitler was
heading a new German government.
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{\an1}Then, just a few weeks
into Hitler's rule,
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{\an1}under mysterious circumstances,
there was a fire
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{\an1}in Germany's parliament
building, or "Reichstag."
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♪♪
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{\an1}A disaster like this,
which many historians believe
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was actually
the work of Hitler's people,
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is an answer to
an aspiring dictator's prayer.
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{\an1}With this "national security
emergency,"
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{\an1}Hitler now had his excuse
to crush the Communists,
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silence moderates,
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and create laws
giving him sweeping new powers.
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{\an1}Suddenly, in Germany,
there was no middle ground:
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{\an1}you were either with Hitler...
or against him.
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{\an1}Hitler followed a playbook
that has inspired autocrats- -
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{\an1}left and right -- ever since.
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{\an1}Hitler proceeded to consolidate
his power
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{\an1}in the most ruthless ways.
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He locked up the few
courageous politicians
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{\an1}who voted against him
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and established
his total control
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{\an1}of the German government.
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{\an1}This poignant memorial remembers
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{\an1}those who tried to resist
Hitler's power grab.
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{\an1}The German equivalent of
congressmen and senators,
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{\an1}they were quickly silenced.
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{\an1}You can see the dates
they were arrested,
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{\an1}sent to concentration camps,
and executed.
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Hitler had hijacked
Germany's democracy.
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He was given
extraordinary powers
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{\an1}to temporarily suspend
democratic procedures
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{\an1}in order to get things done.
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{\an1}A dictator now in charge
of a mighty industrial nation,
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Hitler and his team
begin to lay out his plan
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{\an1}for Germany and the world.
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{\an1}Inheriting a German economy
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suffering from
the Great Depression,
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{\an1}including an employment rate
of nearly 30%,
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{\an1}Hitler quickly turned
to improving the economy.
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{\an1}He accelerated the previous
government's policy
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{\an1}of large public works
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{\an1}and infrastructure projects
financed with deficit spending.
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{\an1}As a result, employment
increased dramatically
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from 1933 to 1936.
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{\an1}Despite this new focus on jobs,
and the German worker,
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the Nazis had no use
for labor unions.
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{\an1}-Well, fascism basically hates
everything communist --
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{\an1}or Bolshevik, as they call it --
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{\an1}so they would not like
trade unions.
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{\an1}They were not within the frame
of the fascist movement.
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{\an1}-One year into their government,
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{\an1}they declared May Day a holiday
for the first time;
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{\an1}the unions celebrated...
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{\an1}and the next day, when they were
hungover, more or less,
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{\an1}they smashed the unions.
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{\an1}-Despite having the term
"socialist" in the party name,
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{\an1}Hitler was a friend of industry.
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{\an1}He privatized many industries,
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and the corporations
that had supported his candidacy
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{\an1}continued to back him.
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{\an1}-Corporations would support
the Nazi Government of Germany
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because it was good
for their profits.
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{\an1}-With all this economic activity
and employment,
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{\an1}Hitler re-energized Germany.
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{\an4}-... zwei Schichten kannte,
den Bauer und den deutschen
Arbeiter.
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[ Crowd cheering ]
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{\an1}-Much of Germany was swept up
in Hitler's charismatic vision
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and the country
had a common purpose.
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Everywhere he went,
crowds adored him.
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Women swooned
when his car drove by.
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[ Cheering ]
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In clubs called
the "Hitler Youth,"
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{\an1}boys and girls pledged
their allegiance to him.
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{\an1}-A little boy in 1935,
when he looked at Hitler,
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{\an1}he would see a god-like person.
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{\an1}He was somebody who would
elevate the German people;
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he would elevate
the people of this boy
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{\an1}to become the perfect
master race running the planet.
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-Hitler became known
by a new title,
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{\an1}which meant he was their leader,
their ührer .
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-[ Speaking German ]
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{\an1}-The idea about fascism
is to have a big community
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that all operates
exactly the same way,
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{\an1}and to have a common opinion
that covers all.
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{\an1}-There was one phrase
that was called
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{\an1}"Ein Volk, ein Reich,
ein Fuehrer" --
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{\an1}"one people, one empire,
one leader." Full stop.
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{\an1}-There was a dark side
to all this Nazi conformity.
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{\an1}Individuality was lost.
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{\an1}-Individualism doesn't
even exist in fascism.
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{\an1}It doesn't exist in any aspect.
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{\an1}It doesn't exist in art,
236
00:11:31,000 --> 00:11:34,000
{\an1}it doesn't exist in lectures
at university,
237
00:11:34,000 --> 00:11:38,000
it doesn't exist
in newspapers and press...
238
00:11:38,000 --> 00:11:41,000
{\an1}-For the Nazis, the city
that most embodied
239
00:11:41,000 --> 00:11:44,000
{\an1}their sense of national unity
was Nuernberg.
240
00:11:44,000 --> 00:11:47,000
{\an7}Nuernberg, so steeped
in German history,
241
00:11:47,000 --> 00:11:50,000
{\an7}was nicknamed "the most German
of German cities."
242
00:11:50,000 --> 00:11:52,000
{\an1}That's one reason it was
a favorite of Hitler's
243
00:11:52,000 --> 00:11:56,000
{\an1}to showcase his nationalistic
pomp and pageantry...
244
00:11:56,000 --> 00:11:59,000
{\an1}to inspire all of Germany
to get on board.
245
00:11:59,000 --> 00:12:01,000
[ Crowd cheering ]
246
00:12:04,000 --> 00:12:06,000
{\an1}-There were three German
Reichs , or empires.
247
00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:10,000
{\an1}The first was medieval -- it was
called the "Holy Roman Empire."
248
00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:13,000
{\an1}In fact, the emperor's castle
still towers above Nuernberg.
249
00:12:13,000 --> 00:12:15,000
The Second Reich
was 19th century --
250
00:12:15,000 --> 00:12:17,000
the creation
of the modern German state
251
00:12:17,000 --> 00:12:19,000
{\an1}by Prussia under the leadership
of Bismarck.
252
00:12:20,000 --> 00:12:21,000
{\an1}And it was here in Nuernberg,
253
00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:24,000
that Hitler declared
the Third Reich --
254
00:12:24,000 --> 00:12:28,000
{\an1}a powerful German empire
to last 1,000 years.
255
00:12:28,000 --> 00:12:31,000
{\an1}When Hitler took power, he made
Nuernberg's Zeppelin Field
256
00:12:31,000 --> 00:12:34,000
the site of his
enormous Nazi Party rallies.
257
00:12:34,000 --> 00:12:38,000
{\an1}Today, the stark remains
of this massive gathering place
258
00:12:38,000 --> 00:12:40,000
{\an1}are thought-provoking.
259
00:12:40,000 --> 00:12:41,000
German tour guide
Thomas Schmechtig
260
00:12:41,000 --> 00:12:43,000
{\an1}is joining me for some insight.
261
00:12:43,000 --> 00:12:45,000
-Sieg Heil!
262
00:12:45,000 --> 00:12:46,000
-For several years,
263
00:12:46,000 --> 00:12:50,000
{\an1}increasingly elaborate
celebrations of Nazi culture,
264
00:12:50,000 --> 00:12:53,000
ideology, and power
took place right here.
265
00:12:53,000 --> 00:12:58,000
{\an1}Fascist dictators understood the
propaganda power of big rallies,
266
00:12:58,000 --> 00:13:00,000
{\an1}where they can manufacture
the adoration
267
00:13:00,000 --> 00:13:02,000
{\an1}of their people, bask in it,
268
00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:06,000
{\an1}and then broadcast it
to the rest of the population --
269
00:13:06,000 --> 00:13:09,000
as Hitler said,
turning the "little man"
270
00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:11,000
{\an1}into part of a "great dragon."
271
00:13:11,000 --> 00:13:12,000
-[ Speaking German ]
272
00:13:13,000 --> 00:13:15,000
[ Crowd chanting ]
273
00:13:15,000 --> 00:13:18,000
-Imagine, Hitler
stepping out of that door,
274
00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:21,000
{\an1}overlooking the masses --
200,000 people being lined up...
275
00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:24,000
{\an1}He used propaganda to create
a new community --
276
00:13:24,000 --> 00:13:25,000
in fact we even have
a word for it:
277
00:13:25,000 --> 00:13:27,000
It's called
" Volksgemeinschaft ".
278
00:13:27,000 --> 00:13:28,000
{\an1}-Inspirational images
279
00:13:28,000 --> 00:13:31,000
{\an1}from Leni Riefenstahl's
propaganda movie
280
00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:32,000
{\an1}"Triumph of the Will"
281
00:13:32,000 --> 00:13:35,000
were filmed
at the 1934 Nuernberg rallies,
282
00:13:35,000 --> 00:13:37,000
{\an1}and then shown in theaters
283
00:13:37,000 --> 00:13:39,000
and schoolrooms
throughout the country.
284
00:13:39,000 --> 00:13:42,000
{\an1}The goal -- to bring a visual
celebration of the power
285
00:13:42,000 --> 00:13:47,000
of the Nazi state
to all 70 million Germans.
286
00:13:47,000 --> 00:13:48,000
ürnberg shows
the enormous power
287
00:13:48,000 --> 00:13:51,000
{\an1}of fascism's secret weapon:
288
00:13:51,000 --> 00:13:54,000
propaganda.
289
00:13:54,000 --> 00:13:56,000
{\an1}Looming over a now peaceful lake
in Nuernberg
290
00:13:56,000 --> 00:14:00,000
is another remnant
of the dictator's megalomania:
291
00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:04,000
{\an1}his huge, yet unfinished,
Nazi Congress Hall.
292
00:14:04,000 --> 00:14:06,000
{\an1}Hitler, who believed he would
create a new civilization
293
00:14:06,000 --> 00:14:08,000
{\an1}based upon fascist values,
294
00:14:09,000 --> 00:14:12,000
{\an1}modeled this building after
the ancient Roman Colosseum,
295
00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:14,000
{\an1}but even more colossal.
296
00:14:14,000 --> 00:14:18,000
{\an1}-Imagine 50,000 leading Nazis
in here, one third higher,
297
00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:21,000
covered by a roof,
a window inside the ceiling;
298
00:14:21,000 --> 00:14:24,000
{\an1}sunshine would've fallen down
to the podium.
299
00:14:24,000 --> 00:14:28,000
{\an1}Once a year, one speech
of Adolf Hitler.
300
00:14:28,000 --> 00:14:31,000
-Another stage set
for this propaganda show
301
00:14:31,000 --> 00:14:34,000
{\an1}was Hitler's mountain-capping
Eagle's Nest.
302
00:14:34,000 --> 00:14:37,000
{\an7}This alpine getaway, just south
of Munich in Berchtesgaden,
303
00:14:38,000 --> 00:14:40,000
{\an8}was used to soften
Hitler's image
304
00:14:40,000 --> 00:14:43,000
against a majestic,
almost theatrical backdrop.
305
00:14:46,000 --> 00:14:48,000
{\an1}His visits were lovingly filmed
to show him
306
00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:52,000
{\an1}as the embodiment of all
that was good about Germany:
307
00:14:52,000 --> 00:14:54,000
healthy, vigorous,
respectable...
308
00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:58,000
{\an1}everyone's favorite uncle.
309
00:14:58,000 --> 00:15:00,000
{\an1}Set in the scenic foothills
of the Alps,
310
00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:03,000
it was built in 1938
as a mountain retreat
311
00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:05,000
{\an1}for Hitler and his guests.
312
00:15:05,000 --> 00:15:08,000
A stone tunnel
crafted with fascist precision,
313
00:15:08,000 --> 00:15:10,000
{\an1}leads to Hitler's plush
elevator,
314
00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:13,000
{\an1}which still whisks visitors
to the top.
315
00:15:13,000 --> 00:15:15,000
{\an1}Because it was in this corner
of Bavaria
316
00:15:15,000 --> 00:15:17,000
that Hitler claimed
to be inspired
317
00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:19,000
{\an1}and laid out his dark vision,
318
00:15:19,000 --> 00:15:23,000
{\an1}some call Berchtesgaden
"the cradle of the Third Reich."
319
00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:27,000
{\an1}Hitler may have stoked
Germany's economy
320
00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:29,000
{\an1}and put people back to work,
321
00:15:29,000 --> 00:15:32,000
{\an1}but it was becoming clear
that whatever benefits
322
00:15:32,000 --> 00:15:34,000
fascism might bring
to its political base,
323
00:15:34,000 --> 00:15:38,000
{\an1}it had a darker side --
and it came at a huge cost.
324
00:15:38,000 --> 00:15:40,000
Despite its veneer
of respectability,
325
00:15:40,000 --> 00:15:42,000
and its popularity
among ordinary people,
326
00:15:42,000 --> 00:15:44,000
{\an1}the thriving fascist state
327
00:15:44,000 --> 00:15:47,000
{\an1}relied on increasingly
brutal repression.
328
00:15:47,000 --> 00:15:50,000
Hitler continued
his ruthless creation
329
00:15:50,000 --> 00:15:52,000
{\an1}of a totalitarian fascist state.
330
00:15:52,000 --> 00:15:54,000
{\an1}The free press was silenced,
331
00:15:54,000 --> 00:15:58,000
{\an1}as were intellectuals
and universities.
332
00:15:58,000 --> 00:16:01,000
Art was expected
to be naturalistic,
333
00:16:01,000 --> 00:16:04,000
{\an1}and Germans to be depicted
as blond, blue-eyed,
334
00:16:04,000 --> 00:16:07,000
and wholesome.
335
00:16:07,000 --> 00:16:10,000
{\an1}Books that caused people
to question the Nazi agenda
336
00:16:10,000 --> 00:16:12,000
were forbidden
and publicly burnt
337
00:16:12,000 --> 00:16:14,000
with delight
by Hitler's supporters.
338
00:16:14,000 --> 00:16:19,000
{\an1}-If you have some books,
titles, of those books
339
00:16:19,000 --> 00:16:21,000
that were burned
the night before,
340
00:16:21,000 --> 00:16:24,000
{\an1}and you invite some people,
they can argue against you
341
00:16:24,000 --> 00:16:27,000
{\an1}because you have those books
in your private library.
342
00:16:27,000 --> 00:16:30,000
{\an1}And even your roommate
has an argument against you.
343
00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:33,000
You do not trust
in anybody any longer
344
00:16:33,000 --> 00:16:35,000
{\an1}after the burning of books.
345
00:16:35,000 --> 00:16:38,000
{\an1}One famous German writer
and author said,
346
00:16:38,000 --> 00:16:40,000
{\an1}"Once you're burning books,
347
00:16:40,000 --> 00:16:43,000
very soon you are
going to burn people."
348
00:16:43,000 --> 00:16:47,000
{\an1}-Artifacts and posters in
Berlin's German History Museum
349
00:16:47,000 --> 00:16:50,000
{\an1}illustrate the Nazi notion
of a master race.
350
00:16:50,000 --> 00:16:52,000
{\an1}Anyone who didn't fit
their model
351
00:16:52,000 --> 00:16:54,000
could be viewed
as an enemy of the state,
352
00:16:54,000 --> 00:16:58,000
{\an1}and sent to concentration camps.
353
00:16:58,000 --> 00:17:01,000
{\an1}The Nazis required those they
imprisoned to wear badges
354
00:17:01,000 --> 00:17:05,000
{\an1}that identified their status:
Political trader, law-breaker,
355
00:17:05,000 --> 00:17:07,000
{\an1}foreigner, homosexual,
356
00:17:07,000 --> 00:17:09,000
{\an1}and a catchall, "Asocial" --
357
00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:12,000
{\an1}anyone who would not conform.
358
00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:15,000
A special badge,
the yellow Star of David,
359
00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:19,000
{\an1}went to Hitler's lowest
of the low: the Jews.
360
00:17:19,000 --> 00:17:21,000
-The Nazis believed
that the German people
361
00:17:21,000 --> 00:17:23,000
{\an1}were the master race,
362
00:17:23,000 --> 00:17:26,000
{\an1}the toughest, the strongest,
the bravest, the smartest.
363
00:17:26,000 --> 00:17:28,000
{\an1}They said, "We should be
running the planet;
364
00:17:28,000 --> 00:17:30,000
we just can't do it
because this conspiracy,
365
00:17:31,000 --> 00:17:33,000
{\an1}the Jewish 'world conspiracy'
is in the way.
366
00:17:33,000 --> 00:17:35,000
{\an1}And without them, if we deal
with that conspiracy,
367
00:17:35,000 --> 00:17:38,000
then we will achieve
our rightful status again."
368
00:17:38,000 --> 00:17:41,000
{\an1}-[ Chanting in German ]
369
00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:43,000
{\an1}-The Nazis started putting
their anti-Semitic ideas
370
00:17:44,000 --> 00:17:47,000
into action
as early as April of 1933,
371
00:17:47,000 --> 00:17:50,000
{\an1}when they organized a boycott
of Jewish businesses.
372
00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:55,000
{\an1}-He specifically blamed
one group, the Jewish people,
373
00:17:55,000 --> 00:17:58,000
for ruining things
for everybody else.
374
00:17:58,000 --> 00:18:02,000
{\an1}-For him, it was clear
his scapegoat was the Jews.
375
00:18:02,000 --> 00:18:05,000
{\an1}They were the source of all evil
in Germany, and in the world,
376
00:18:05,000 --> 00:18:08,000
{\an1}and he wanted to kind of
get rid of that evil,
377
00:18:08,000 --> 00:18:09,000
{\an1}and that's what he worked for.
378
00:18:09,000 --> 00:18:12,000
{\an1}-Then in November of 1938,
379
00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:16,000
{\an1}the Nazis lead a pogrom
against Jews throughout Germany.
380
00:18:16,000 --> 00:18:19,000
{\an1}During Kristallnacht, or
the Night of the Broken Glass,
381
00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:20,000
as it was called,
382
00:18:20,000 --> 00:18:24,000
{\an1}Jewish homes, hospitals,
and schools were ransacked.
383
00:18:24,000 --> 00:18:28,000
{\an1}7,000 Jewish businesses
were damaged or destroyed,
384
00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:31,000
{\an1}and over 1,000 synagogues
were burned.
385
00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:38,000
{\an1}And 30,000 Jews were arrested
and put in concentration camps.
386
00:18:38,000 --> 00:18:40,000
{\an1}This was a turning point
from earlier
387
00:18:40,000 --> 00:18:43,000
economic, political,
and social persecution
388
00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:48,000
{\an1}to physical beatings,
incarceration, and even murder.
389
00:18:48,000 --> 00:18:52,000
It was the beginning
of Hitler's "Final Solution."
390
00:18:52,000 --> 00:18:55,000
Today, Berlin's
Topography of Terror exhibit
391
00:18:55,000 --> 00:18:56,000
stands on the rubble
392
00:18:56,000 --> 00:19:00,000
{\an1}of what was once the most
feared address in Berlin:
393
00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:03,000
the headquarters
of the Gestapo secret police
394
00:19:03,000 --> 00:19:07,000
{\an1}and the elite SS force.
395
00:19:07,000 --> 00:19:09,000
It was from here
that government employees
396
00:19:09,000 --> 00:19:11,000
{\an1}managed the Nazi State
397
00:19:11,000 --> 00:19:16,000
{\an1}and dispassionately coordinated
its most ruthless activities.
398
00:19:16,000 --> 00:19:18,000
The efficient
and heartless bureaucracy
399
00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:19,000
{\an1}behind Hitler's crimes
400
00:19:19,000 --> 00:19:24,000
{\an1}gave rise to the expression
"the banality of evil."
401
00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:31,000
{\an1}Fascism in Germany turned ever
more hateful and militaristic.
402
00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:34,000
{\an1}And fascism in Italy,
under Benito Mussolini,
403
00:19:34,000 --> 00:19:37,000
{\an1}had been firmly rooted
since the 1920s.
404
00:19:37,000 --> 00:19:39,000
{\an1}Italian fascism practiced
similarly militaristic
405
00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:42,000
{\an1}and expansionist policies.
406
00:19:42,000 --> 00:19:43,000
Peace in Europe
was under threat,
407
00:19:43,000 --> 00:19:45,000
{\an1}and war seemed inevitable.
408
00:19:49,000 --> 00:19:54,000
{\an1}In 1939, Germany invaded Poland,
and World War II began.
409
00:19:54,000 --> 00:19:58,000
{\an1}The military might of Germany
seemed unstoppable.
410
00:19:58,000 --> 00:20:00,000
Employing their fast
"lightning war" technique,
411
00:20:00,000 --> 00:20:02,000
{\an1}called Blitzkrieg,
412
00:20:02,000 --> 00:20:04,000
{\an1}Hitler's mighty tanks
and high-tech air force,
413
00:20:04,000 --> 00:20:07,000
the Luftwaffe,
swept across Europe.
414
00:20:10,000 --> 00:20:11,000
France fell quickly,
415
00:20:11,000 --> 00:20:15,000
{\an1}and suddenly Hitler was playing
tourist at the Eiffel Tower.
416
00:20:15,000 --> 00:20:17,000
Soon, nearly all
of the Continent
417
00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:21,000
was under direct
or indirect fascist rule.
418
00:20:21,000 --> 00:20:24,000
{\an1}With their "Final Victory"
seemingly inevitable,
419
00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:29,000
{\an1}the Nazis tightened the screws
within their own society.
420
00:20:29,000 --> 00:20:32,000
The evils of fascism
were incremental.
421
00:20:32,000 --> 00:20:35,000
As its small evils
became big evils,
422
00:20:35,000 --> 00:20:39,000
{\an1}German society managed to be
oblivious to its own atrocities.
423
00:20:39,000 --> 00:20:41,000
{\an1}At first, concentration camps
424
00:20:41,000 --> 00:20:43,000
contained people
who didn't conform.
425
00:20:43,000 --> 00:20:46,000
Then, they became
forced labor camps.
426
00:20:46,000 --> 00:20:48,000
{\an1}Eventually, the Nazis built
death camps --
427
00:20:48,000 --> 00:20:50,000
which were located
outside of Germany
428
00:20:50,000 --> 00:20:52,000
{\an1}and therefore farther
from public view.
429
00:20:52,000 --> 00:20:55,000
{\an1}With what the Nazis called
the "Final Solution,"
430
00:20:55,000 --> 00:20:59,000
{\an1}the entire Jewish population
was targeted for extermination.
431
00:20:59,000 --> 00:21:02,000
In total,
approximately 6 million Jews
432
00:21:02,000 --> 00:21:04,000
{\an1}died from Nazi persecution.
433
00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:08,000
2.7 million of those
died in death camps.
434
00:21:08,000 --> 00:21:11,000
{\an1}Auschwitz-Birkenau in Poland
was the biggest
435
00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:13,000
and most notorious
concentration camp
436
00:21:13,000 --> 00:21:15,000
in the Nazi system.
437
00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:17,000
Seeing the camp
can be difficult.
438
00:21:17,000 --> 00:21:21,000
{\an1}But Auschwitz survivors
want tourists to come here,
439
00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:23,000
{\an1}to try to appreciate the scale
440
00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:25,000
and the monstrosity
of the place in human terms,
441
00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:28,000
{\an1}in hopes that this horror,
known as the Holocaust,
442
00:21:28,000 --> 00:21:31,000
{\an1}will never be forgotten.
443
00:21:33,000 --> 00:21:35,000
{\an1}To finally defeat fascism --
444
00:21:35,000 --> 00:21:37,000
{\an1}the alliance of Hitler
and Mussolini --
445
00:21:37,000 --> 00:21:40,000
it took a massive
and heroic allied effort
446
00:21:40,000 --> 00:21:44,000
{\an1}led by Britain, America,
and the Soviet Union.
447
00:21:44,000 --> 00:21:47,000
{\an1}Germany was overwhelmed
as the combined military might
448
00:21:47,000 --> 00:21:51,000
of the Allies
closed in on the Third Reich.
449
00:21:51,000 --> 00:21:53,000
Finally,
the Nazi capital of Berlin
450
00:21:53,000 --> 00:21:56,000
{\an1}was liberated by Soviet troops.
451
00:21:58,000 --> 00:22:01,000
{\an1}And Hitler finished his life
here in Berlin.
452
00:22:01,000 --> 00:22:03,000
Deep underground,
in a bunker below my feet,
453
00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:05,000
{\an1}with his capital smoldering
in ruins,
454
00:22:05,000 --> 00:22:07,000
{\an1}the dictator committed suicide.
455
00:22:08,000 --> 00:22:12,000
{\an1}Finally, in the spring of 1945,
the war in Europe ended.
456
00:22:12,000 --> 00:22:15,000
{\an1}The death toll was staggering.
457
00:22:15,000 --> 00:22:19,000
{\an1}In addition to 6 million Jews
the Nazis killed
458
00:22:19,000 --> 00:22:24,000
{\an1}hundreds of thousands
of so-called "undesirables,"
459
00:22:24,000 --> 00:22:28,000
{\an1}over a million political
and religious prisoners,
460
00:22:28,000 --> 00:22:33,000
{\an1}and nearly 9 million Soviet
and Polish citizens.
461
00:22:35,000 --> 00:22:39,000
{\an1}Europe's experiment with fascism
left the Continent devastated,
462
00:22:39,000 --> 00:22:42,000
{\an1}with entire societies
needing to be rebuilt.
463
00:22:42,000 --> 00:22:47,000
{\an1}Germany had to be reconstructed
inside and out.
464
00:22:47,000 --> 00:22:51,000
{\an1}The sweeping impact of fascism
can be felt to this day
465
00:22:51,000 --> 00:22:53,000
{\an1}in the many memorials
across Europe
466
00:22:53,000 --> 00:22:56,000
that remind us
of those horrific years.
467
00:22:56,000 --> 00:22:59,000
{\an1}In Berlin, the Memorial
to the Murdered Jews of Europe
468
00:22:59,000 --> 00:23:01,000
is a touching
and evocative field
469
00:23:01,000 --> 00:23:04,000
{\an1}of gravestone-like pillars.
470
00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:06,000
{\an1}It's designed to cause people
to think
471
00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:11,000
{\an1}and to ponder this horrible
chapter in human history.
472
00:23:11,000 --> 00:23:14,000
{\an1}A common refrain at many
of these memorials
473
00:23:14,000 --> 00:23:15,000
is "Never Again."
474
00:23:15,000 --> 00:23:17,000
But even today,
475
00:23:17,000 --> 00:23:19,000
{\an1}in well-established democracies
throughout the West,
476
00:23:19,000 --> 00:23:22,000
societies are facing
many of the same emotions,
477
00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:25,000
{\an1}frustrations, and inequities
478
00:23:25,000 --> 00:23:26,000
that, a century ago,
479
00:23:26,000 --> 00:23:29,000
opened the door
to fascism in Europe.
480
00:23:29,000 --> 00:23:32,000
{\an1}-If I ask myself "could it
happen again?" I would say no...
481
00:23:32,000 --> 00:23:35,000
{\an1}but it has happened in Germany,
482
00:23:35,000 --> 00:23:38,000
{\an1}and it might happen again.
483
00:23:38,000 --> 00:23:39,000
{\an1}-Fascism happened here
in Germany,
484
00:23:40,000 --> 00:23:42,000
{\an1}in the center of civilization,
485
00:23:42,000 --> 00:23:44,000
{\an1}in the land of Beethoven,
Goethe, and Schiller.
486
00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:47,000
And if it could
have happened here,
487
00:23:47,000 --> 00:23:50,000
{\an1}it can happen anywhere
in the world.
488
00:23:50,000 --> 00:23:52,000
-Today Germany deals
responsibly
489
00:23:52,000 --> 00:23:55,000
{\an1}with the legacy of pain
it brought Europe.
490
00:23:55,000 --> 00:23:59,000
{\an1}Germany knows the importance
of a well-informed electorate.
491
00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:02,000
{\an1}Every schoolchild learns
of the Holocaust
492
00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:04,000
with a visit
to a concentration camp,
493
00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:09,000
{\an1}and Nazi documentation centers
in major cities tell the story.
494
00:24:09,000 --> 00:24:12,000
{\an1}But perhaps most important is
the preservation
495
00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:14,000
of government by the
constitution
496
00:24:14,000 --> 00:24:15,000
and the rule of law,
497
00:24:15,000 --> 00:24:18,000
{\an1}and not by the dictates
of a charismatic
498
00:24:18,000 --> 00:24:21,000
all-powerful leader.
499
00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:23,000
-One of the things
that you can do to make sure
500
00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:26,000
{\an1}that something like this
will not happen here
501
00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:27,000
{\an1}or in other countries,
502
00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:31,000
{\an1}is not trust people that promise
you very easy answers
503
00:24:32,000 --> 00:24:34,000
{\an1}for very complicated problems.
504
00:24:34,000 --> 00:24:36,000
It never works.
505
00:24:36,000 --> 00:24:39,000
{\an1}-As we've seen through the story
of fascism in Germany,
506
00:24:39,000 --> 00:24:40,000
a charismatic leader
rose to power
507
00:24:41,000 --> 00:24:43,000
{\an1}through the democratic process
508
00:24:43,000 --> 00:24:45,000
and then seized
extra-constitutional power
509
00:24:45,000 --> 00:24:47,000
by unlawful means.
510
00:24:47,000 --> 00:24:51,000
{\an1}When citizens allowed this,
individual freedoms and rights
511
00:24:51,000 --> 00:24:52,000
{\an1}soon fell by the wayside,
512
00:24:52,000 --> 00:24:55,000
{\an1}and democracy was lost.
513
00:24:55,000 --> 00:24:58,000
{\an1}While democracy was restored
to Western Europe,
514
00:24:58,000 --> 00:25:00,000
it easily could have
been lost forever --
515
00:25:00,000 --> 00:25:03,000
and the cost
was millions of lives.
516
00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:06,000
{\an1}As history continues to unfold
around us today,
517
00:25:06,000 --> 00:25:09,000
{\an1}it's important to remember
that freedom and democracy
518
00:25:09,000 --> 00:25:10,000
are not guaranteed.
519
00:25:11,000 --> 00:25:13,000
{\an1}We are all participants,
520
00:25:13,000 --> 00:25:16,000
{\an1}and we are all responsible.
521
00:25:19,000 --> 00:25:21,000
{\an1}The story of fascism in Europe
522
00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:24,000
{\an1}has taught us that strong
and charismatic leaders
523
00:25:24,000 --> 00:25:28,000
{\an1}can capitalize on fear
to lead a society astray.
524
00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:30,000
{\an1}Democracy is fragile.
525
00:25:30,000 --> 00:25:33,000
{\an1}It requires a vigilant
and engaged populace.
526
00:25:33,000 --> 00:25:36,000
{\an1}And if you take freedom
for granted, you can lose it.
527
00:25:36,000 --> 00:25:38,000
{\an1}Thanks for joining us.
I'm Rick Steves.
528
00:25:38,000 --> 00:25:41,000
Until next time,
travel thoughtfully.
529
00:25:42,000 --> 00:25:50,000
♪♪
530
00:25:50,000 --> 00:25:59,000
♪♪
531
00:25:59,000 --> 00:26:05,000
♪♪
532
00:26:09,000 --> 00:26:15,000
♪♪
44394
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