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(gentle music)
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For space science, like nuclear science
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and all technology, has no conscience of its own.
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Whether it will become a force for good or ill
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depends on man, and only if the United States
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occupies a position of preeminence
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can we help decide whether this new ocean
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will be a sea of peace or a new terrifying theater of war.
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(satellite beeping)
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(explosion booming)
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China carried out its first anti-satellite weapons test
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on an old weather satellite about 500 miles up.
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According to US government officials,
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after three misses, China succeeded in shooting down
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one of its own aging weather satellites.
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The test may be part of China's efforts
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to establish a military presence in space.
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Does this mean the spy satellites the United States
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depends on could be shot down?
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They left behind a trail of garbage,
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circling in orbit now, after they blew up the satellite.
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It could leave us vulnerable, it could cripple us.
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Is that what they're up to?
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(target beeping)
(dramatic music)
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There are nations out there who are hostile to us,
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and they are in space.
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The threat to our space security is real.
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(speaking in foreign language)
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Security in space is a vital national interest.
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The loss of access to space would threaten
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the very stability of our nation.
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If aimed at commercial satellites,
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such an attack could bring US business
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and industry to a halt.
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Today China warned that a shooting war in space
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would affect everyone on Earth.
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Space could get more crowded,
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and we're gonna need to have control
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and defensive measures.
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A treaty banning space weapons has failed.
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A space war is in the cards.
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Space is the backbone of our national security.
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There is no substitute and there is no alternative
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to military dominance in space.
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This conviction should drive our course
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for the next 50 years.
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(satellite beeping)
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(static crackling)
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(suspenseful music)
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In the mid-20th century,
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humanity spun its first satellite into orbit.
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Staking this new frontier provided a new arena for war.
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Still, space is unscarred by battle, a sanctuary.
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But humanity's compulsion to dominate
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may ravage the expanse embracing our world,
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and the world itself.
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Whom can we trust to regulate our heavens?
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Cesar Augustus came to power 27 years
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before Christ was born.
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People in the Roman empire lived better under Cesar Augustus
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than they had in any empire on Earth
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during any previous time.
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Roads improved, pirates no longer
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threatened ships on the high seas.
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Life was so good during this time
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that the period acquired a name.
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It was and is still referred to as the Pax Romana,
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which means the Roman peace.
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Another period of peace has acquired a name.
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It is called the Pax Americana, or the American peace.
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(footsteps thudding)
(organ music)
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It refers to the period in which American influence
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throughout the world has caused
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a relative peace to come about.
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Nowadays it seems the Pax Americana is threatened.
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Most of us only feel peace when we're not at war,
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but peace means the presence of a risen and alive Lord
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in your life.
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You may walk out every morning into a war zone,
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the Lord won't take you out of the valley
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of the shadow of death,
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but he will lead you right through it.
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And so it says in Isiah 54,
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though the mountains be shaken and the hills removed,
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yet my unfailing love you for you
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will not be shaken, nor my covenant of peace be removed.
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(organ music)
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(footsteps thudding)
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My name's Cadet First Class Colton Tuttle.
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I'm a cadet at the Air Force Academy.
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I graduate in 44 days, and I'm just hoping to do my part
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to make sure that everyone here can enjoy their freedoms.
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(marching music)
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Pax Americana is a political view which simply says
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that because America is currently the sole superpower
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that it has not only the ability, but the responsibility
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into the far future, to maintain world peace.
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Eyes right.
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I think our country has always played
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a key role in maintaining world peace.
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And now that responsibility also extends into space.
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And so when countries like the Chinese
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start attacking space assets,
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it could lead to a serious crisis.
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Hopefully we can talk to them before they start
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making a big mess.
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(dramatic music)
(satellite beeping)
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The United States, and particularly
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its intelligence services,
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worry about an attack on the United States
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that is not nuclear weapons, that is not chemicals,
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that is not biological, but is technological.
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Global communications are embedded
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in our daily lives.
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Miles above our heads, beyond our awareness,
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satellites manage our hyper-connected society.
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(mechanical beeping)
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If you look at space, lots of times you think about
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the Hubble Telescope, or Mars probes,
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but most people don't realize that they use
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space every day.
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(tense pop music)
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When you open your cell phone to make a call.
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When you take money out of the bank
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with your ATM card.
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Satellites bring you your TV shows
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and live news from around the world.
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You use them each time you rely on a positioning system
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for air, for sea, for land traffic control,
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and even in your own car.
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There would be no weather forecasting,
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disaster monitoring, without satellites.
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Our entire life depends on satellites.
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They're essential, but we're not conscious of that
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until we lose it.
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Today, at least 1,000 active satellites
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circle the Earth.
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45 nations own these satellites,
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and most of the world uses their signals.
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But the United States dominates as the owner
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and user of space systems,
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both civilian and military.
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Bombs on target real-time battle management.
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That's what we're about,
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and that's what we are able to deliver
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through space, air, land, and sea
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and the capability of all of those to come together.
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We started that in Desert Storm.
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We've done that in each conflict since.
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And we get better and better and better.
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(explosions booming)
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Since the first Gulf War,
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the use of space has become vital
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to all US military operations.
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In the second Gulf War, during the Shock and Awe
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air attack on Baghdad, the United States
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used satellites to guide 71% of all the missiles it fired.
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Space is the backbone of American military power.
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Or is it its Achilles heel?
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A surprise attack in space,
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this is the ultimate nightmare.
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By knocking out 50 US military satellites,
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the Chinese could literally cripple the US military.
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They could prevent the military from being able
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to communicate with its forces.
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They could blind the US intelligence community,
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which uses electro-optic satellites
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to determine military force movements around the world.
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And they could also cripple the guidance systems
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that are used on precision-guided munitions
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that are satellite guided.
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In many sense it could be
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kind of an electronic Pearl Harbor.
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(rocket engine roaring)
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Without space, the US would be unable
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to conduct any type of military operation
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in an effective way.
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There's a tremendous premium on the United States
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being able to prevent other people
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from attacking out assets in space,
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and to ensure that we can continue to exercise
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full use of them and if necessary,
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also to be able to deny others
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use of similar assets for their own purposes.
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(suspenseful music)
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The world has changed, as more and more
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countries develop a presence in outer space,
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the possibility of a space battle
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is no longer science fiction.
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Our new world requires new solutions.
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Meet US Air Force Space Command.
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This elite force is America's eye in the sky,
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keeping watch over our interests high above the ground.
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(airplane roaring)
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Denial implies the use of force.
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It's weapons from space to the ground.
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If China recognizes that the military dominance
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of the United States is utterly reliant upon space.
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The United States is going to become
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the world's policeman.
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Does that title resonate with you?
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Do you have any reactions to that?
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Do you think it's accurate?
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If it were accurate, how would it play out?
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If you look at what was one of the first roles
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of the United States Navy when it was established
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was combating piracy.
Absolutely.
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And it if you look at potential commerce in space,
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law enforcement and things like that
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are going to be an important mission.
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As more and more countries start using space
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for security purposes and military purposes,
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sooner or later they're gonna collide,
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and sooner or later space will become
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another arena for warfare.
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For good or bad, and the same kind of ethics
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that we apply to military force in the other environments
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will apply to space.
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You can obviously stretch any analogy
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to the breaking point, but the space/sea analogy
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I think is one of the more useful.
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(explosions booming)
(people yelling)
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As the Dutch controlled the seas in the 1700s,
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as the British tended to police and control the seas
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from the 1800s and 1900s,
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and as the United States has done in the 20th century
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and will do in the 21st century.
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And that is to ensure that commerce is unfettered.
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Pirates and others, should they be out there,
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are taken out.
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We can do the same thing for space.
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We can do so in a way that is good for everyone
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and is good for ourselves.
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It is policing the heavens for the good of all.
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May I have the spelling of your vessel's name, Captain?
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Few object when the United States Navy deploys
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hundreds of heavily armed warships
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in every one of the world's oceans.
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No one accuses us of contributing
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to the weaponization of the sea
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because they know that the presence of our weapons
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ensures free transit for all who pursue
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their peaceful interests.
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US systems based in space could similarly
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patrol the commons for the good of all.
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The US Air Force has been charged with the mission
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of ensuring space access
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and denying space access in times of conflict.
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Can the United States Air Force
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do this mission without weapons?
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(wind gusting)
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What constitutes a space weapon?
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How much do we know about the ability
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of the United States to police the heavens
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and deny access to others?
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Starfire has been used primarily in the past
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to do research on satellite tracking.
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Also they've done a lot of work in astronomy
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with range finding of stars.
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You use the laser to be able to help tell you
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where the star is and how far away it is.
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In the budget documents from the Air Force
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there has also been mention of the use of Starfire
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for anti-satellite weapons activities.
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The Air Force told Congress that it had no intentions
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of using Starfire for anything related to
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anti-satellite weapons.
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However, they are doing a test
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to make the laser beam very skinny,
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and make it stay very stable as it goes up,
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and they're gonna target that on a satellite.
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(tense music)
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If you're tracking a satellite,
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you don't need a very skinny laser beam.
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In fact you want kind of a wide one,
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'cause you want to make sure you catch it in the view.
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So, many of us here are concerned
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that this kind of a test is actually
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an anti-satellite weapons test in disguise.
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(suspenseful music)
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In April of 2005, the Air Force launched
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an experimental satellite.
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It's name was the XSS-11.
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Theoretically, this experimental micro-satellite
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has the ability to disrupt other nation's satellites.
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Has it done so, no.
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Could it do so, (speaking in foreign language), okay.
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But in reality, we don't know.
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(electronic buzzing)
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One of the things that I think people need to know
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is that most technology that's used in space
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can be used either for weapons purposes
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or it can be used for totally benign, good purposes.
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Lasers for tracking, good idea, more precise tracking.
295
00:17:37,350 --> 00:17:40,130
Small micro-satellites that can go around a big satellite
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and take pictures, good idea,
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'cause it helps you figure out what went wrong
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with your satellite, and that's
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00:17:44,720 --> 00:17:46,870
hard to do right now, good idea.
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That same little micro-satellite that's going around
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the big satellite could be sent up
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to go around another person's satellite
303
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and run into it and kill it.
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(explosions booming)
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The technology doesn't know whether it's a weapon
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or whether it's a benign use.
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The question is gonna come down to the intent
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of the people who are building these systems.
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00:18:10,143 --> 00:18:12,643
(tense music)
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How can we discern peaceful
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or hostile intentions for any system projected into space?
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How can we know that the weaponization of space
313
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hasn't already begun?
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(static crackling)
315
00:18:33,342 --> 00:18:35,842
(tense music)
316
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I'm the permanent professor and head
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of the Department of Astronautics
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here at the Air Force Academy.
319
00:19:02,520 --> 00:19:05,520
We've been continually teaching the fundamentals
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of astronautics to our cadets,
321
00:19:07,320 --> 00:19:09,170
and every cadet that has graduated
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from the Air Force Academy, almost 40,000 now,
323
00:19:12,320 --> 00:19:15,270
have taken at least one course in our department.
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This area right here, what's that called?
325
00:19:16,943 --> 00:19:19,330
Bow shock.
Bow shock, right.
326
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And superimposed on this, of course we have a HEO,
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highly elliptic orbit.
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In military strategy it shows that if you want
329
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to control the battlefield, you need to be the first
330
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in seizing the high ground,
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the most advanced frontier.
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Whether it be land, sea, air, and now space,
333
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the person that controls that has the advantage.
334
00:19:38,850 --> 00:19:42,950
So making sure that we can deny our enemies space
335
00:19:42,950 --> 00:19:44,263
is a huge advantage.
336
00:19:50,190 --> 00:19:53,410
Military forces have always relied
337
00:19:53,410 --> 00:19:57,423
upon high ground technologies to gain advantages.
338
00:19:59,800 --> 00:20:02,093
In our own Civil War in the United States,
339
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troops in the army, especially the Union Army,
340
00:20:06,190 --> 00:20:09,150
used hot air balloons to get above the trees
341
00:20:09,150 --> 00:20:10,770
and see where the enemy was,
342
00:20:10,770 --> 00:20:13,880
and of course the first airplanes to be used
343
00:20:13,880 --> 00:20:16,920
in World War I were essentially reconnaissance craft.
344
00:20:16,920 --> 00:20:18,570
They were designed to fly up,
345
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look and see where the enemy was placed.
346
00:20:24,810 --> 00:20:28,030
Space then, has been called the ultimate high ground.
347
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And the advantage to the state that can seize
348
00:20:30,900 --> 00:20:33,040
and maintain the high ground is the same
349
00:20:33,040 --> 00:20:35,010
as holding the high ground throughout history,
350
00:20:35,010 --> 00:20:36,390
whether that was a hill, a mountain,
351
00:20:36,390 --> 00:20:40,343
or in the latter half of the 20th century, the air space.
352
00:20:41,590 --> 00:20:43,973
September 6, 1944.
353
00:20:44,870 --> 00:20:47,500
Armed with over a ton of high explosives,
354
00:20:47,500 --> 00:20:51,500
Germany's first tactical rocket now called the V2,
355
00:20:51,500 --> 00:20:54,453
the vengeance weapon, is fired at London.
356
00:20:57,890 --> 00:21:00,273
Hitler's army pioneered the new high ground
357
00:21:00,273 --> 00:21:01,723
with the V2 rocket.
358
00:21:04,070 --> 00:21:07,130
Vengeance weapon two was the first man-made object
359
00:21:07,130 --> 00:21:11,392
projected through space on route to targets in Europe.
360
00:21:11,392 --> 00:21:14,645
(children chattering)
361
00:21:14,645 --> 00:21:16,753
(explosion booming)
362
00:21:16,753 --> 00:21:19,420
(siren wailing)
363
00:22:03,200 --> 00:22:06,560
A young SS officer, Werner von Braun,
364
00:22:06,560 --> 00:22:09,913
was chief engineer for the design and manufacture of the V2.
365
00:22:11,290 --> 00:22:14,400
This first ballistic missile sparked the interest
366
00:22:14,400 --> 00:22:16,833
of a rich patron beyond Germany.
367
00:22:18,207 --> 00:22:20,707
(tense music)
368
00:22:47,836 --> 00:22:49,600
The Pentagon commissioned von Braun,
369
00:22:49,600 --> 00:22:51,750
and his team of German rocketeers,
370
00:22:51,750 --> 00:22:54,173
to design an improved version of the V2.
371
00:22:55,900 --> 00:22:58,840
Von Braun spearheaded production of the Redstone,
372
00:22:58,840 --> 00:23:00,873
the first American ballistic missile.
373
00:23:02,220 --> 00:23:04,060
It propelled him to the highest sphere
374
00:23:04,060 --> 00:23:06,990
of military and scientific influence.
375
00:23:06,990 --> 00:23:09,680
Werner von Braun ultimately became associate
376
00:23:09,680 --> 00:23:13,560
director of NASA, and his former Nazi scientists
377
00:23:13,560 --> 00:23:17,760
functioned as collaborators with the US military
378
00:23:17,760 --> 00:23:22,760
in looking towards space as a new arena of war.
379
00:23:23,697 --> 00:23:26,447
(dramatic music)
380
00:23:28,260 --> 00:23:30,610
Gentlemen, will you please take your seats
381
00:23:30,610 --> 00:23:32,360
so we can begin today's conference.
382
00:23:34,260 --> 00:23:36,190
I take a great deal of pleasure in presenting
383
00:23:36,190 --> 00:23:39,303
to you today as our guest speaker, Dr. Werner von Braun.
384
00:23:40,220 --> 00:23:43,500
Gentlemen, the conquest of outer space
385
00:23:43,500 --> 00:23:46,040
is the greatest technological challenge
386
00:23:46,040 --> 00:23:47,773
of the age in which we live.
387
00:23:49,520 --> 00:23:52,260
On the right side of this picture
388
00:23:52,260 --> 00:23:55,400
you see a large wheel-shaped space station.
389
00:23:55,400 --> 00:23:58,250
This, of course, offers tremendous possibilities
390
00:23:58,250 --> 00:24:02,510
to reconnaissance, both in the civilian sense
391
00:24:02,510 --> 00:24:04,520
as in the military sense.
392
00:24:04,520 --> 00:24:07,710
These Nazi scientists, these Nazi space scientists
393
00:24:07,710 --> 00:24:10,690
that came to this country under Project Paperclip
394
00:24:10,690 --> 00:24:15,690
developed schemes to essentially control the Earth
395
00:24:16,760 --> 00:24:20,060
from space with space-based weapons.
396
00:24:20,060 --> 00:24:25,060
It seems even feasible to use such a platform in space
397
00:24:25,530 --> 00:24:29,393
as a base for the bombing of objects on the ground.
398
00:24:30,257 --> 00:24:33,430
And is my opinion that such bombing
399
00:24:33,430 --> 00:24:36,860
could be carried out with an unprecedented accuracy
400
00:24:36,860 --> 00:24:38,180
from such a station.
401
00:25:06,820 --> 00:25:10,190
Then, October 4, 1957,
402
00:25:10,190 --> 00:25:12,093
Russia shocks the free world.
403
00:25:13,063 --> 00:25:15,910
The USSR hurls into orbit the world's first
404
00:25:15,910 --> 00:25:17,893
Earth satellite, Sputnik 1.
405
00:25:19,690 --> 00:25:21,930
The Soviets are now the unquestionable leaders
406
00:25:21,930 --> 00:25:23,600
in the race for space.
407
00:25:23,600 --> 00:25:26,090
We've been assigned the mission of launching
408
00:25:26,090 --> 00:25:27,920
a scientific Earth satellite.
409
00:25:27,920 --> 00:25:29,660
I promised the Secretary of the Army
410
00:25:29,660 --> 00:25:32,907
that we would be ready in 90 days or less.
411
00:25:32,907 --> 00:25:34,490
Let's go, Werner.
412
00:25:34,490 --> 00:25:39,490
10, nine, eight, seven, six, five,
413
00:25:39,830 --> 00:25:41,329
four, three.
414
00:25:41,329 --> 00:25:43,140
Werner von Braun met the US military's
415
00:25:43,140 --> 00:25:44,103
90 day deadline.
416
00:25:46,810 --> 00:25:49,140
His modified V2 launched the first
417
00:25:49,140 --> 00:25:50,673
American satellite into orbit.
418
00:25:52,450 --> 00:25:54,750
The space race was on.
419
00:25:54,750 --> 00:25:57,340
News has flashed of the long awaited event.
420
00:25:57,340 --> 00:25:59,713
America has her satellite in orbit.
421
00:26:06,230 --> 00:26:08,843
How would nations legislate this new realm?
422
00:26:10,330 --> 00:26:13,400
Well I joined the American diplomatic service
423
00:26:13,400 --> 00:26:17,860
in 1958, and I was assigned to the United Nations
424
00:26:17,860 --> 00:26:21,380
political office, and I was 22 years old.
425
00:26:21,380 --> 00:26:23,570
I was the youngest foreign service officer
426
00:26:23,570 --> 00:26:25,670
in the State Department, and they said
427
00:26:25,670 --> 00:26:28,030
why don't you handle the multilateral aspects
428
00:26:28,030 --> 00:26:29,480
of our space program?
429
00:26:29,480 --> 00:26:32,000
We just put our first satellites into space,
430
00:26:32,000 --> 00:26:33,960
and they said you're in charge.
431
00:26:33,960 --> 00:26:35,320
And I said you've got to be kidding,
432
00:26:35,320 --> 00:26:38,563
I'm only 22, and they said that's your job.
433
00:26:40,790 --> 00:26:43,960
Today outer space is free.
434
00:26:45,750 --> 00:26:47,823
It is unscarred by conflict.
435
00:26:49,090 --> 00:26:51,633
No nation holds a concession there.
436
00:26:54,100 --> 00:26:56,250
It must remain this way.
437
00:26:56,250 --> 00:26:59,650
Nothing was settled when we started.
438
00:26:59,650 --> 00:27:02,540
For instance, who owns outer space?
439
00:27:02,540 --> 00:27:04,723
Who owns the Moon, who owns Mars?
440
00:27:05,700 --> 00:27:08,070
Was it the situation like Columbus
441
00:27:08,070 --> 00:27:09,827
discovering the new world?
442
00:27:09,827 --> 00:27:13,110
And he says I lay claim to America.
443
00:27:13,110 --> 00:27:16,773
In the name of the King and Queen of Spain.
444
00:27:18,800 --> 00:27:21,240
Could we do that, could the Russians do that?
445
00:27:21,240 --> 00:27:22,800
So that was a big question.
446
00:27:22,800 --> 00:27:24,360
And the other question is,
447
00:27:24,360 --> 00:27:28,130
are we gonna use outer space for peaceful purposes,
448
00:27:28,130 --> 00:27:30,850
or for military and aggressive purposes?
449
00:27:30,850 --> 00:27:34,390
We must develop new concepts which enable us
450
00:27:34,390 --> 00:27:36,207
let's say something like 10 years from now,
451
00:27:36,207 --> 00:27:38,449
to land parties on the Moon,
452
00:27:38,449 --> 00:27:40,600
to decide whether we want to have a face on the Moon,
453
00:27:40,600 --> 00:27:43,660
for scientific or military purposes.
454
00:27:43,660 --> 00:27:46,750
We thought to ourselves can't there be one part,
455
00:27:46,750 --> 00:27:51,080
one sector that is free of weapons?
456
00:27:51,080 --> 00:27:53,680
But when it got the peaceful uses question
457
00:27:55,970 --> 00:27:58,550
I ran into the Department of Defense
458
00:27:59,690 --> 00:28:02,730
and they said no we don't want to give up
459
00:28:02,730 --> 00:28:05,880
the idea of putting weapons into outer space.
460
00:28:05,880 --> 00:28:08,830
We'll go along with not having weapons
461
00:28:08,830 --> 00:28:11,860
of mass destruction in outer space,
462
00:28:11,860 --> 00:28:13,840
but we're not gonna sign on a treaty
463
00:28:13,840 --> 00:28:16,046
where we can't put up weapons.
464
00:28:16,046 --> 00:28:18,796
(dramatic music)
465
00:28:21,250 --> 00:28:23,880
I lost, the State Department lost,
466
00:28:23,880 --> 00:28:25,810
the Department of Defense won.
467
00:28:25,810 --> 00:28:29,490
And we ended up with a treaty, the 1967 treaty,
468
00:28:29,490 --> 00:28:32,990
which said you can't orbit weapons of mass destruction,
469
00:28:32,990 --> 00:28:35,383
but it did not prohibit other weapons.
470
00:28:43,660 --> 00:28:46,230
World leaders, compelled by the influence
471
00:28:46,230 --> 00:28:48,030
of the Defense Department,
472
00:28:48,030 --> 00:28:50,613
endorsed the militarization of space.
473
00:28:50,613 --> 00:28:54,363
(frightening operatic music)
474
00:29:01,090 --> 00:29:03,240
Nuclear weapons were now banned from space,
475
00:29:04,784 --> 00:29:06,863
but on Earth they were proliferating.
476
00:29:11,920 --> 00:29:14,360
With both sections of this divided world
477
00:29:14,360 --> 00:29:18,190
in possession of unbelievably destructive weapons,
478
00:29:18,190 --> 00:29:20,690
mankind approaches the state
479
00:29:20,690 --> 00:29:23,693
where mutual annihilation becomes a possibility.
480
00:29:26,240 --> 00:29:29,750
First, satellites in themselves, have no direct
481
00:29:29,750 --> 00:29:31,853
present effect upon the nation's security.
482
00:29:32,730 --> 00:29:36,480
However, there is real military significance
483
00:29:36,480 --> 00:29:37,839
to these launchings.
484
00:29:37,839 --> 00:29:41,172
(rocket engine roaring)
485
00:29:42,260 --> 00:29:43,950
Dreading nuclear attack,
486
00:29:43,950 --> 00:29:47,240
the US and USSR longed to know the position and power
487
00:29:47,240 --> 00:29:48,773
of its enemy's stockpiles.
488
00:29:52,380 --> 00:29:55,500
Each dispatched satellites to spy, day and night,
489
00:29:55,500 --> 00:29:56,763
over the other's arsenal.
490
00:29:58,310 --> 00:30:00,670
The military contest to occupy the ultimate
491
00:30:00,670 --> 00:30:02,413
high ground had begun.
492
00:30:04,980 --> 00:30:06,830
The United States plotted the next step
493
00:30:06,830 --> 00:30:11,830
to weaponize space, covertly, in the early 80s.
494
00:30:15,590 --> 00:30:16,993
June 12, 1982.
495
00:30:19,330 --> 00:30:22,490
There was a huge demonstration in New York City that day.
496
00:30:22,490 --> 00:30:24,830
Almost a million people were protesting
497
00:30:24,830 --> 00:30:27,310
against nuclear weapons, at that time
498
00:30:27,310 --> 00:30:29,840
the height of the Cold War between the United States
499
00:30:29,840 --> 00:30:31,720
and the former Soviet Union.
500
00:30:31,720 --> 00:30:34,560
I watched it on television.
501
00:30:34,560 --> 00:30:36,810
And after it was over, they cut away
502
00:30:36,810 --> 00:30:38,660
to a right-wing conference.
503
00:30:38,660 --> 00:30:40,650
And the speaker that day was a man
504
00:30:40,650 --> 00:30:43,460
by the name of Lieutenant General Daniel Graham.
505
00:30:43,460 --> 00:30:47,550
And at that time he was Ronald Reagan's head of SDI,
506
00:30:47,550 --> 00:30:49,740
Strategic Defense Initiative.
507
00:30:49,740 --> 00:30:51,800
Someone said, General Graham, aren't you worried about
508
00:30:51,800 --> 00:30:53,860
that demonstration in New York today?
509
00:30:53,860 --> 00:30:56,200
They say there's almost a million people there
510
00:30:56,200 --> 00:30:58,420
protesting against nuclear weapons.
511
00:30:58,420 --> 00:31:01,210
He said, no I think it's fantastic.
512
00:31:01,210 --> 00:31:03,540
They're out there protesting against
513
00:31:03,540 --> 00:31:05,290
intercontinental ballistic missiles,
514
00:31:05,290 --> 00:31:07,260
and we're moving into space.
515
00:31:07,260 --> 00:31:08,570
They don't have a clue.
516
00:31:08,570 --> 00:31:10,537
Let 'em keep doing what they're doing.
517
00:31:10,537 --> 00:31:14,606
(rocket engine roaring)
518
00:31:14,606 --> 00:31:16,785
(joints clanking and hissing)
519
00:31:16,785 --> 00:31:21,118
(rocket engine booming and roaring)
520
00:31:28,240 --> 00:31:30,670
What if we could intercept and destroy
521
00:31:30,670 --> 00:31:32,940
strategic ballistic missiles before they reached
522
00:31:32,940 --> 00:31:35,670
our own soil or that of our allies?
523
00:31:35,670 --> 00:31:37,810
It will take years, probably decades,
524
00:31:37,810 --> 00:31:39,700
of effort on many fronts.
525
00:31:39,700 --> 00:31:41,870
There'll be failures and set backs,
526
00:31:41,870 --> 00:31:45,170
just as there will be successes and breakthroughs.
527
00:31:45,170 --> 00:31:47,830
But isn't it worth every investment necessary
528
00:31:47,830 --> 00:31:50,483
to free the world from the threat of nuclear war?
529
00:31:51,880 --> 00:31:55,130
My fellow Americans, tonight we're launching an effort
530
00:31:55,130 --> 00:31:57,210
which holds the promise of changing the course
531
00:31:57,210 --> 00:31:58,860
of human history.
532
00:31:58,860 --> 00:32:02,223
I ask for your prayers and your support.
533
00:32:03,380 --> 00:32:05,620
Thank you, good night.
534
00:32:05,620 --> 00:32:08,120
When I joined the staff of the Committee
535
00:32:08,120 --> 00:32:10,860
on Armed Services in the US House of Representatives
536
00:32:10,860 --> 00:32:15,860
back in 1985, my first assignment was to investigate
537
00:32:15,940 --> 00:32:19,650
and oversee the Strategic Defense Initiative.
538
00:32:19,650 --> 00:32:23,150
This was President Ronald Reagan's Star Wars program.
539
00:32:23,150 --> 00:32:25,550
This new national strategy represents
540
00:32:25,550 --> 00:32:27,880
a break from the dangerous policy
541
00:32:27,880 --> 00:32:29,893
of mutual assured destruction.
542
00:32:31,490 --> 00:32:34,130
In Ronald Reagan's version of Star Wars,
543
00:32:34,130 --> 00:32:36,890
the new Space Shuttle would deploy the force.
544
00:32:36,890 --> 00:32:38,930
When our reconnaissance systems verify
545
00:32:38,930 --> 00:32:41,740
a Soviet launch, US interceptors are fired
546
00:32:41,740 --> 00:32:44,240
as level one defense goes into action.
547
00:32:44,240 --> 00:32:46,830
Batteries of orbiting weapons would be poised
548
00:32:46,830 --> 00:32:51,193
to defeat a nuclear attack before it reached US air space.
549
00:32:55,640 --> 00:32:57,770
At the time the prevailing view was
550
00:32:57,770 --> 00:32:59,440
that this was going to work,
551
00:32:59,440 --> 00:33:02,040
that the technology was almost in hand,
552
00:33:02,040 --> 00:33:03,770
and that this was gonna change everything.
553
00:33:03,770 --> 00:33:06,080
I remember the briefing I got from my staff director
554
00:33:06,080 --> 00:33:08,920
who said not just anti-missile systems,
555
00:33:08,920 --> 00:33:11,960
but all major weapons systems were gonna move to space.
556
00:33:11,960 --> 00:33:14,490
That space was the new high ground,
557
00:33:14,490 --> 00:33:16,520
even then we talked about it in that way,
558
00:33:16,520 --> 00:33:18,760
where all major military operations
559
00:33:18,760 --> 00:33:21,690
were gonna be by the end of that century.
560
00:33:21,690 --> 00:33:24,050
It was a debate of stellar proportions.
561
00:33:24,050 --> 00:33:26,020
The nation's number one star gazer
562
00:33:26,020 --> 00:33:28,690
versus the Pentagon's chief of star wars.
563
00:33:28,690 --> 00:33:31,940
It cannot protect the population of the United States.
564
00:33:31,940 --> 00:33:35,810
It can be by the Soviets overwhelmed,
565
00:33:35,810 --> 00:33:37,810
outfoxed, under flown.
566
00:33:37,810 --> 00:33:40,350
I, for one, am not willing and able
567
00:33:40,350 --> 00:33:45,210
to just accept the idea that it can't work.
568
00:33:45,210 --> 00:33:47,840
Most Star Wars plans proved too fanciful,
569
00:33:47,840 --> 00:33:49,470
and went no further than animations
570
00:33:49,470 --> 00:33:50,783
devised for publicity.
571
00:33:51,860 --> 00:33:54,763
But the US military stayed committed to Star Wars.
572
00:33:57,330 --> 00:34:00,040
As the US became the sole superpower,
573
00:34:00,040 --> 00:34:02,840
the Pentagon maintained its plan to use space weapons
574
00:34:02,840 --> 00:34:04,313
against enemy attacks.
575
00:34:05,610 --> 00:34:08,980
Star Wars resurfaced in the early 21st century,
576
00:34:08,980 --> 00:34:12,229
under a new name, missile defense.
577
00:34:12,229 --> 00:34:15,146
(terrifying music)
578
00:34:20,900 --> 00:34:22,580
We need a new framework
579
00:34:22,580 --> 00:34:25,020
that allows us to build missile defenses
580
00:34:25,020 --> 00:34:27,610
to counter the different threats of today's world.
581
00:34:27,610 --> 00:34:29,560
I hope we'll also move forward on ballistic
582
00:34:29,560 --> 00:34:30,940
missile defense cooperation.
583
00:34:30,940 --> 00:34:34,200
We must develop and we must deploy
584
00:34:34,200 --> 00:34:36,073
effective missile defenses.
585
00:34:39,220 --> 00:34:42,600
Back in 2000 when President Bush took office,
586
00:34:42,600 --> 00:34:46,580
he and his cadre of people that surrounded him,
587
00:34:46,580 --> 00:34:48,260
you think of Paul Wolfowitz,
588
00:34:48,260 --> 00:34:50,100
you think of Donald Rumsfeld,
589
00:34:50,100 --> 00:34:51,800
you think of Dick Cheney,
590
00:34:51,800 --> 00:34:54,500
all of them really only had two priorities.
591
00:34:54,500 --> 00:34:57,090
One was to get rid of Saddam Hussein,
592
00:34:57,090 --> 00:35:00,133
the second was to build a missile defense system.
593
00:35:03,354 --> 00:35:04,875
Good morning.
594
00:35:04,875 --> 00:35:05,900
I've just concluded a meeting
595
00:35:05,900 --> 00:35:07,500
of my national security council.
596
00:35:09,270 --> 00:35:12,220
We reviewed what I discussed with my friend,
597
00:35:12,220 --> 00:35:14,200
President Vladimir Putin,
598
00:35:14,200 --> 00:35:18,430
over the course of many meetings and many months.
599
00:35:18,430 --> 00:35:20,090
And that is the need for America
600
00:35:21,170 --> 00:35:26,023
to move beyond the 1972 Anti Ballistic Missile treaty.
601
00:35:27,130 --> 00:35:30,440
When George W. Bush became president,
602
00:35:30,440 --> 00:35:34,410
immediately he gave six month notice to Russia
603
00:35:34,410 --> 00:35:36,010
that we were pulling out, the United States
604
00:35:36,010 --> 00:35:37,800
is pulling out of the ABM treaty.
605
00:35:37,800 --> 00:35:39,540
The Anti Ballistic Missile treaty,
606
00:35:39,540 --> 00:35:43,860
that limited the United States' ability to test and deploy
607
00:35:43,860 --> 00:35:47,210
anti-satellite weapons, so-called missile defense systems,
608
00:35:47,210 --> 00:35:49,230
and other space technology.
609
00:35:49,230 --> 00:35:51,000
At the Pentagon today, a warning
610
00:35:51,000 --> 00:35:54,060
that space will become the next big battle ground.
611
00:35:54,060 --> 00:35:56,400
To meet the challenge, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld
612
00:35:56,400 --> 00:35:59,280
is making space a top Pentagon priority,
613
00:35:59,280 --> 00:36:01,230
putting a four star general at the head
614
00:36:01,230 --> 00:36:03,430
of a new Air Force space command
615
00:36:03,430 --> 00:36:06,780
to take charge of all military space activity.
616
00:36:06,780 --> 00:36:10,250
Including any new anti-missile defense.
617
00:36:10,250 --> 00:36:13,220
Pay careful attention to protecting,
618
00:36:13,220 --> 00:36:15,180
promoting our interest in space.
619
00:36:15,180 --> 00:36:17,100
Pentagon officials say it's the first step
620
00:36:17,100 --> 00:36:19,733
toward eventually putting weapons into space.
621
00:36:20,770 --> 00:36:23,280
Mr. Secretary the budget proposes
622
00:36:23,280 --> 00:36:26,760
spending $8.3 billion on the full range
623
00:36:26,760 --> 00:36:29,360
of ballistic missile defense programs.
624
00:36:29,360 --> 00:36:33,260
This is an increase over last year of nearly 60%,
625
00:36:33,260 --> 00:36:34,610
or three billion dollars.
626
00:36:34,610 --> 00:36:37,460
It is a lot of the tax payer's money,
627
00:36:37,460 --> 00:36:39,970
on the other hand, the President intends to have
628
00:36:39,970 --> 00:36:43,040
ballistic missile defense to protect the population
629
00:36:43,040 --> 00:36:45,090
centers of the United States as well as of our
630
00:36:45,090 --> 00:36:47,396
friends and allies and deployed forces.
631
00:36:47,396 --> 00:36:50,396
(suspenseful music)
632
00:37:01,601 --> 00:37:03,360
I have a valid missile event.
633
00:37:03,360 --> 00:37:04,670
I agree, that's a valid event.
634
00:37:04,670 --> 00:37:08,030
You have two per track, zero zero zero one.
635
00:37:08,030 --> 00:37:10,080
Today's Air Force fights missile defense
636
00:37:10,080 --> 00:37:12,640
war games, in which so-called rogue nations
637
00:37:12,640 --> 00:37:14,280
attack American cities.
638
00:37:14,280 --> 00:37:17,290
Possible impact in San Francisco, sir.
639
00:37:17,290 --> 00:37:19,360
In reality, who would launch such attacks
640
00:37:19,360 --> 00:37:20,443
against the USA?
641
00:37:21,660 --> 00:37:24,610
The interesting thing is that the threat
642
00:37:24,610 --> 00:37:27,150
is actually shrinking, not increasing.
643
00:37:27,150 --> 00:37:29,670
The ballistic missile threat is declining.
644
00:37:29,670 --> 00:37:32,270
There are far fewer ballistic missiles in the world now
645
00:37:32,270 --> 00:37:34,160
than there were 15 years ago.
646
00:37:34,160 --> 00:37:37,200
There are fewer countries with ballistic missile programs.
647
00:37:37,200 --> 00:37:39,920
There are fewer hostile countries to the United States
648
00:37:39,920 --> 00:37:41,683
with ballistic missile programs.
649
00:37:42,810 --> 00:37:45,350
When you look at it, it really comes down
650
00:37:45,350 --> 00:37:48,700
to a handful of states whose programs we worry about,
651
00:37:48,700 --> 00:37:51,030
North Korea and Iran basically,
652
00:37:51,030 --> 00:37:53,360
and they only have medium-range missiles.
653
00:37:53,360 --> 00:37:56,000
That is, they can't reach the United States.
654
00:37:56,000 --> 00:37:58,917
(unsettling music)
655
00:38:00,670 --> 00:38:02,750
From Ronald Reagan onwards,
656
00:38:02,750 --> 00:38:05,920
every President has secured funding for missile defense
657
00:38:07,310 --> 00:38:08,743
under various guises.
658
00:38:09,980 --> 00:38:14,533
Using various funds, for a total of at least $200 billion.
659
00:38:16,870 --> 00:38:19,573
Are US taxpayers getting what they pay for?
660
00:38:21,170 --> 00:38:23,650
It's a con, it's a con.
661
00:38:23,650 --> 00:38:25,890
Missile defense is the greatest fraud
662
00:38:25,890 --> 00:38:27,230
in the Department of Defense,
663
00:38:27,230 --> 00:38:29,480
and believe me it's had a lot of competitors.
664
00:38:32,343 --> 00:38:33,573
I really believe this.
665
00:38:35,040 --> 00:38:39,170
Missile defense is the longest running fraud
666
00:38:39,170 --> 00:38:42,173
in the history of the US Department of Defense.
667
00:38:48,120 --> 00:38:50,590
If a ballistic strike is implausible,
668
00:38:50,590 --> 00:38:53,563
why repel it at such cost from space?
669
00:38:55,520 --> 00:38:59,010
What if missile defense disguised ambitions broader
670
00:38:59,010 --> 00:39:00,510
than destroying only missiles?
671
00:39:03,400 --> 00:39:06,410
There's gonna be an inherent anti-satellite capability
672
00:39:06,410 --> 00:39:08,350
with any ballistic missile defense system,
673
00:39:08,350 --> 00:39:11,443
regardless of whether it's located in space or elsewhere.
674
00:39:12,440 --> 00:39:15,680
And I think that that's effectively unavoidable.
675
00:39:15,680 --> 00:39:18,020
Targeting a ballistic missile is some sense
676
00:39:18,020 --> 00:39:21,340
is more different than targeting a satellite,
677
00:39:21,340 --> 00:39:23,210
and therefor targeting a satellite
678
00:39:23,210 --> 00:39:26,230
is almost always a capability that's associated
679
00:39:26,230 --> 00:39:27,853
with missile defense system.
680
00:39:30,470 --> 00:39:33,930
In February 2008, the United States destroyed
681
00:39:33,930 --> 00:39:35,750
a disabled satellite of its own
682
00:39:35,750 --> 00:39:37,763
with missile defense interceptors.
683
00:39:40,490 --> 00:39:43,620
The US demonstrated that these interceptors,
684
00:39:43,620 --> 00:39:45,500
also called kill vehicles,
685
00:39:45,500 --> 00:39:48,920
can obliterate any satellite in low-Earth orbit.
686
00:39:48,920 --> 00:39:51,970
Missile defense is a Trojan horse.
687
00:39:51,970 --> 00:39:54,480
It has nothing to do with defense whatsoever.
688
00:39:54,480 --> 00:39:56,490
It's all about projecting power.
689
00:39:56,490 --> 00:39:58,230
It's about offense.
690
00:39:58,230 --> 00:40:01,220
I've been to the bases in Colorado Springs
691
00:40:01,220 --> 00:40:04,250
and I've personally seen over the door where it says
692
00:40:04,250 --> 00:40:05,733
Master of Space.
693
00:40:07,110 --> 00:40:09,840
And I've read the documents Vision for 2020,
694
00:40:09,840 --> 00:40:12,950
and a whole array of other military
695
00:40:12,950 --> 00:40:15,930
space command documents that have said for years
696
00:40:15,930 --> 00:40:17,503
that the US will control space,
697
00:40:17,503 --> 00:40:19,560
that we will dominate space.
698
00:40:19,560 --> 00:40:23,170
That we will deny other countries access to space.
699
00:40:23,170 --> 00:40:25,560
We, 5% of the world's population,
700
00:40:25,560 --> 00:40:29,460
in the United States, are gonna deny other countries
701
00:40:29,460 --> 00:40:30,590
access to space.
702
00:40:30,590 --> 00:40:32,330
I mean absolutely provocative.
703
00:40:32,330 --> 00:40:35,870
I would tell you that we are so dominant in space
704
00:40:35,870 --> 00:40:40,513
that I pity a country that would come up against us.
705
00:40:41,800 --> 00:40:44,680
The synergy with air, land, and sea forces
706
00:40:44,680 --> 00:40:48,350
and our ability to control the battle space
707
00:40:48,350 --> 00:40:51,113
and seize the high ground is devastating.
708
00:40:52,201 --> 00:40:53,400
(mumbles) 38 Addison.
709
00:40:53,400 --> 00:40:55,371
Section eight, AFTEC one's open.
710
00:40:55,371 --> 00:40:56,204
Com is good.
711
00:40:56,204 --> 00:40:58,900
We have no open jobs, vis until 1727.
712
00:40:58,900 --> 00:41:01,130
America now has the chance to establish
713
00:41:01,130 --> 00:41:04,090
and American empire, Pax Americana.
714
00:41:04,090 --> 00:41:06,563
That will last for many, many decades.
715
00:41:08,160 --> 00:41:12,000
And one of the ways to do this is to establish
716
00:41:12,000 --> 00:41:15,106
strong American control of space.
717
00:41:15,106 --> 00:41:18,023
(unsettling music)
718
00:41:28,020 --> 00:41:30,010
By advancing space weaponry,
719
00:41:30,010 --> 00:41:32,300
the United States nurtures its economy,
720
00:41:32,300 --> 00:41:33,673
and its fear of control.
721
00:41:34,980 --> 00:41:38,373
It guard interests at home, and to the outermost frontiers,
722
00:41:39,210 --> 00:41:41,133
in the tradition of empires.
723
00:41:42,060 --> 00:41:44,670
If you look at history, countries,
724
00:41:44,670 --> 00:41:45,940
including the United States,
725
00:41:45,940 --> 00:41:50,280
had to first develop armies to defend themselves.
726
00:41:50,280 --> 00:41:54,240
So the United States needed an army to defend itself
727
00:41:54,240 --> 00:41:56,470
against the indigenous population,
728
00:41:56,470 --> 00:41:59,670
who we were exterminating as we expanded
729
00:41:59,670 --> 00:42:01,690
across the national territory.
730
00:42:01,690 --> 00:42:05,740
And to defend ourselves against Mexico
731
00:42:05,740 --> 00:42:09,070
when we stole half of Mexico and so on and so forth.
732
00:42:09,070 --> 00:42:13,610
For that you needed armies, and so intervention, and so on.
733
00:42:13,610 --> 00:42:16,140
And then countries also build navies
734
00:42:16,140 --> 00:42:18,900
like the British had to develop a navy
735
00:42:18,900 --> 00:42:22,152
to defend themselves against people in India
736
00:42:22,152 --> 00:42:24,869
and Africa and so on.
737
00:42:24,869 --> 00:42:28,580
And as they described it, they're pretty frank about it,
738
00:42:28,580 --> 00:42:30,880
they say they had to develop navies to protect
739
00:42:32,100 --> 00:42:34,003
commercial interests and investment.
740
00:42:35,030 --> 00:42:37,060
And the same with us.
741
00:42:37,060 --> 00:42:40,090
And now there's a new frontier, space,
742
00:42:40,090 --> 00:42:44,370
and we have to move on to control space
743
00:42:44,370 --> 00:42:47,826
in order to protect commercial interests and investments.
744
00:42:47,826 --> 00:42:50,260
(upbeat music)
745
00:42:50,260 --> 00:42:51,793
Welcome to the future.
746
00:42:54,520 --> 00:42:58,010
The place you go when you say here's too bigger profits,
747
00:42:58,010 --> 00:43:00,570
better business, brighter prospects,
748
00:43:00,570 --> 00:43:03,100
and a bottom line that just won't quit.
749
00:43:03,100 --> 00:43:04,527
Think big.
750
00:43:04,527 --> 00:43:07,580
Big tax advantages, big business opportunities,
751
00:43:07,580 --> 00:43:11,170
big profits, and the hottest Fortune 500 industries
752
00:43:11,170 --> 00:43:14,210
in the world are taking advantage of them.
753
00:43:14,210 --> 00:43:17,370
Which means, whether you're looking to relocate,
754
00:43:17,370 --> 00:43:20,470
expand, or conquer the known universe
755
00:43:20,470 --> 00:43:24,060
with your own special vision of the capitalist's dream,
756
00:43:24,060 --> 00:43:27,280
they can help make it happen.
757
00:43:27,280 --> 00:43:30,073
Please welcome the creator of Air Force Space,
758
00:43:30,073 --> 00:43:31,740
General Kevin Chilton.
759
00:43:31,740 --> 00:43:33,500
It's nice to be here in Colorado Springs
760
00:43:33,500 --> 00:43:35,430
for this great gathering.
761
00:43:35,430 --> 00:43:38,180
I think it's fitting that we're here in Colorado,
762
00:43:38,180 --> 00:43:40,720
because I think it was, I know it was,
763
00:43:40,720 --> 00:43:43,420
25 years ago when the first commander
764
00:43:43,420 --> 00:43:46,400
of Air Force Space Command stood up the flag here,
765
00:43:46,400 --> 00:43:48,120
General James Hardinger.
766
00:43:48,120 --> 00:43:51,010
He said that Colorado Springs would become the nation's
767
00:43:51,010 --> 00:43:54,737
military space capital, and indeed it has.
768
00:43:54,737 --> 00:43:57,570
(soft rock music)
769
00:44:02,740 --> 00:44:05,360
In Colorado Springs you will find
770
00:44:05,360 --> 00:44:09,487
a different kind of base of both direct military
771
00:44:09,487 --> 00:44:12,790
and military contractors approaching one third
772
00:44:12,790 --> 00:44:14,360
of the entire population.
773
00:44:14,360 --> 00:44:17,338
And when you think about it, that is a big number.
774
00:44:17,338 --> 00:44:20,790
(people chattering)
775
00:44:20,790 --> 00:44:22,340
The industrialists are now saying
776
00:44:22,340 --> 00:44:24,590
we're not gonna make cars anymore.
777
00:44:24,590 --> 00:44:27,500
We're not gonna make clothes in America anymore.
778
00:44:27,500 --> 00:44:30,320
We're not gonna make this and that in America anymore.
779
00:44:30,320 --> 00:44:31,823
We're gonna make weapons.
780
00:44:34,660 --> 00:44:38,180
This is our space tracking surveillance system.
781
00:44:38,180 --> 00:44:43,180
And this is a more advanced version of a
782
00:44:43,390 --> 00:44:45,150
missile detections satellite,
783
00:44:45,150 --> 00:44:50,040
to detect, track, and discriminate missiles in flight.
784
00:44:50,040 --> 00:44:52,610
So this finds them, somebody else shoots them down.
785
00:44:52,610 --> 00:44:54,638
Here at Lockheed Martin we have
786
00:44:54,638 --> 00:44:56,160
all kinds of cool stuff.
787
00:44:56,160 --> 00:44:58,470
We're working on some of the world's most important
788
00:44:58,470 --> 00:45:00,530
and spectacular technologies,
789
00:45:00,530 --> 00:45:02,903
and we're the best in the world at what we do.
790
00:45:05,614 --> 00:45:07,040
While most US industries struggle
791
00:45:07,040 --> 00:45:10,430
to endure a recession, the weaponization of space
792
00:45:10,430 --> 00:45:12,880
still feeds thriving corporations with contracts.
793
00:45:14,147 --> 00:45:16,564
(rock music)
794
00:45:22,951 --> 00:45:26,117
♪ Keep on ridin' ♪
795
00:45:26,117 --> 00:45:30,060
Now here on our right we see one of the new guys
796
00:45:30,060 --> 00:45:33,220
in town, SI International.
797
00:45:33,220 --> 00:45:35,780
Companies that are growing very quickly
798
00:45:35,780 --> 00:45:37,690
that no one has heard of before,
799
00:45:37,690 --> 00:45:41,023
such as L3 Communications,
800
00:45:41,900 --> 00:45:44,760
Sparta, these are names that are not familiar
801
00:45:44,760 --> 00:45:47,790
names to people, and yet they are the new
802
00:45:47,790 --> 00:45:51,603
strong players in military contractors.
803
00:45:53,050 --> 00:45:56,123
You have The Aerospace Corporation on your right.
804
00:45:57,380 --> 00:46:01,323
You have Mitre Corporation on your left.
805
00:46:03,101 --> 00:46:05,184
♪ Ridin' ♪
806
00:46:09,800 --> 00:46:11,980
As we cross over here, you will see
807
00:46:11,980 --> 00:46:13,763
a Lockheed Martin plant.
808
00:46:15,820 --> 00:46:19,270
Now here to our right is Northrop Grumman.
809
00:46:19,270 --> 00:46:22,360
Northrop Grumman has always been a big contractor,
810
00:46:22,360 --> 00:46:27,020
but a couple of years ago it bought out TRW Corporation,
811
00:46:27,020 --> 00:46:28,850
and so now it is one of the biggest
812
00:46:28,850 --> 00:46:30,820
military contractors in the world.
813
00:46:30,820 --> 00:46:32,770
This is the kind of new growth we are seeing
814
00:46:32,770 --> 00:46:34,193
in Colorado Springs.
815
00:46:38,930 --> 00:46:41,930
Out of every tax dollar in the United States today,
816
00:46:41,930 --> 00:46:45,230
50 cents out of every single tax dollar
817
00:46:45,230 --> 00:46:47,360
goes to the Pentagon.
818
00:46:47,360 --> 00:46:51,183
For past wars, for current wars, for future wars.
819
00:46:59,880 --> 00:47:03,913
We are being made into a warrior culture, if you will.
820
00:47:08,080 --> 00:47:09,610
Nearly three quarters of a million
821
00:47:09,610 --> 00:47:13,183
remarkable individuals serving their country,
822
00:47:14,452 --> 00:47:17,313
and they all believe they have the best job in the world.
823
00:47:19,980 --> 00:47:22,150
How cool is it to be able to go home at night
824
00:47:22,150 --> 00:47:24,280
and tell your kids that you fly satellites
825
00:47:24,280 --> 00:47:26,230
at geosynchronous orbit?
826
00:47:26,230 --> 00:47:27,533
That is great stuff.
827
00:47:28,940 --> 00:47:30,740
How cool is it to know that you operate
828
00:47:30,740 --> 00:47:32,830
the most powerful radars in the planet
829
00:47:32,830 --> 00:47:35,350
and surveil the heavens, that you operate telescopes
830
00:47:35,350 --> 00:47:37,250
that are critical to national defense?
831
00:47:38,640 --> 00:47:41,380
How cool is it to tell people that you are responsible
832
00:47:41,380 --> 00:47:44,060
for maintaining nuclear missiles on alert
833
00:47:44,060 --> 00:47:45,660
for the defense of this country?
834
00:47:47,760 --> 00:47:50,213
This is a cool business that we are in.
835
00:47:51,800 --> 00:47:55,083
Join us, America's Air Force.
836
00:47:56,390 --> 00:47:58,063
No one comes close.
837
00:48:01,210 --> 00:48:02,910
This is our larger laboratory,
838
00:48:02,910 --> 00:48:05,490
and off to this side we have freshman,
839
00:48:05,490 --> 00:48:08,630
or first year cadets, working on components
840
00:48:08,630 --> 00:48:11,170
of our Falcon Sat-5 satellite
841
00:48:11,170 --> 00:48:13,470
that we're in the process of designing.
842
00:48:13,470 --> 00:48:16,620
And we'll be testing those at Kirtland Air Force Base
843
00:48:16,620 --> 00:48:17,453
in New Mexico.
844
00:48:18,420 --> 00:48:20,700
Since I was a kid, I've been fascinated
845
00:48:20,700 --> 00:48:23,820
with aviation and space exploration.
846
00:48:23,820 --> 00:48:26,690
So after high school I started looking at colleges,
847
00:48:26,690 --> 00:48:28,780
and the Air Force looked really cool
848
00:48:28,780 --> 00:48:31,630
because I could learn about space technology
849
00:48:31,630 --> 00:48:33,190
and satellite design,
850
00:48:33,190 --> 00:48:36,453
so the Air Force Academy was just the natural choice.
851
00:48:38,200 --> 00:48:40,323
Present arms.
852
00:48:48,026 --> 00:48:48,859
I like number four.
853
00:48:48,859 --> 00:48:50,860
Right there.
Earth four.
854
00:48:50,860 --> 00:48:52,130
Awesome!
855
00:48:52,130 --> 00:48:54,880
We're at the Air Force STARBASE La Luz Academy
856
00:48:54,880 --> 00:48:55,990
at Kirtland Air Force Base,
857
00:48:55,990 --> 00:48:57,850
and we've got students working on
858
00:48:57,850 --> 00:49:00,380
a engineering piece of software
859
00:49:00,380 --> 00:49:01,860
to design a space station.
860
00:49:01,860 --> 00:49:03,620
So if they were trying to present their model
861
00:49:03,620 --> 00:49:07,030
to somebody to buy or to be excited about.
862
00:49:07,030 --> 00:49:08,330
Oh, that's cool.
863
00:49:08,330 --> 00:49:11,640
There are all kinds of stories across the country now
864
00:49:11,640 --> 00:49:14,280
where young people in their schools
865
00:49:14,280 --> 00:49:17,510
are being indoctrinated at very young ages
866
00:49:17,510 --> 00:49:21,163
in this warrior culture, and in new space technology.
867
00:49:22,610 --> 00:49:25,040
Each year, over 50,000 children
868
00:49:25,040 --> 00:49:27,170
are educated in space technology
869
00:49:27,170 --> 00:49:30,093
at military bases in most states across the US.
870
00:49:31,610 --> 00:49:34,040
The Pentagon takes a long term view,
871
00:49:34,040 --> 00:49:36,410
seeking to enlist generations of youth
872
00:49:36,410 --> 00:49:39,770
in ritually subsidized aerospace careers.
873
00:49:39,770 --> 00:49:41,810
It's extremely important for us to have
874
00:49:41,810 --> 00:49:43,890
students learning about science, technology,
875
00:49:43,890 --> 00:49:45,320
engineering, and mathematics.
876
00:49:45,320 --> 00:49:47,270
As our workforce continues to age,
877
00:49:47,270 --> 00:49:48,900
we need to make sure that we have
878
00:49:48,900 --> 00:49:51,670
young people in the pipeline that are interested
879
00:49:51,670 --> 00:49:53,060
in filling those career slots
880
00:49:53,060 --> 00:49:55,907
that our current scientists and engineers are in.
881
00:49:55,907 --> 00:49:58,824
(tense rock music)
882
00:50:06,230 --> 00:50:09,780
I would argue there is no better time than today
883
00:50:09,780 --> 00:50:13,160
for us all to commit to a future of excellence
884
00:50:13,160 --> 00:50:16,010
and leadership fueled by the next generation
885
00:50:16,010 --> 00:50:17,210
of our airmen.
886
00:50:17,210 --> 00:50:19,830
Ladies and gentlemen, we're ready today,
887
00:50:19,830 --> 00:50:22,230
with our great industry partners,
888
00:50:22,230 --> 00:50:25,030
with you at our side we'll be ready for tomorrow.
889
00:50:25,030 --> 00:50:27,055
God bless you, and thank you very much.
890
00:50:27,055 --> 00:50:30,055
(audience clapping)
891
00:50:36,660 --> 00:50:40,510
The Pentagon has said that moving the arms race
892
00:50:40,510 --> 00:50:44,100
into space will be the largest industrial project
893
00:50:44,100 --> 00:50:47,270
in the history of the planet Earth.
894
00:50:47,270 --> 00:50:49,470
They can't take any chances.
895
00:50:49,470 --> 00:50:51,680
They have to have an enemy.
896
00:50:51,680 --> 00:50:54,620
They have to make the people afraid.
897
00:50:54,620 --> 00:50:57,160
Someone's gonna attack us with nuclear weapons.
898
00:50:57,160 --> 00:50:59,280
We've got to have missile defense
899
00:50:59,280 --> 00:51:01,350
in order to protect us from attack.
900
00:51:01,350 --> 00:51:04,990
Iraq, one of the rogue states.
901
00:51:04,990 --> 00:51:07,620
Iran, North Korea.
902
00:51:07,620 --> 00:51:10,563
And now they throw China into that equation.
903
00:51:11,860 --> 00:51:13,400
Wait a minute.
904
00:51:13,400 --> 00:51:15,610
What about the Chinese threat?
905
00:51:15,610 --> 00:51:18,680
Didn't China, like the US, show that it can destroy
906
00:51:18,680 --> 00:51:19,833
orbiting satellites?
907
00:51:20,810 --> 00:51:23,913
Isn't China trying to gain military superiority in space?
908
00:51:24,801 --> 00:51:27,634
(garbled chatter)
909
00:51:31,040 --> 00:51:33,670
The threat to our space security is real.
910
00:51:33,670 --> 00:51:35,300
Kind of an electronic Pearl Harbor.
911
00:51:35,300 --> 00:51:37,300
That could only be aimed at the United States.
912
00:51:37,300 --> 00:51:39,860
There are individuals who are hyping
913
00:51:39,860 --> 00:51:42,520
the Chinese threat saying that it's imminent,
914
00:51:42,520 --> 00:51:44,930
that it's aggressive, that they plan to launch
915
00:51:44,930 --> 00:51:47,260
a preemptive massive attack
916
00:51:47,260 --> 00:51:49,850
on US space systems in the Pacific,
917
00:51:49,850 --> 00:51:51,950
to which they call a space Pearl Harbor.
918
00:51:51,950 --> 00:51:54,280
And they often look for these stories,
919
00:51:54,280 --> 00:51:58,450
these sensational stories, in newspapers or tabloids.
920
00:51:58,450 --> 00:52:01,050
And these publications tend not to be very reliable.
921
00:52:03,030 --> 00:52:05,513
For example, this parasite satellite story.
922
00:52:06,430 --> 00:52:10,650
Where a Hong Kong tabloid published a bit of information
923
00:52:10,650 --> 00:52:13,670
it got off of a Chinese website.
924
00:52:13,670 --> 00:52:16,980
And then this made it into US Pentagon reports to Congress.
925
00:52:16,980 --> 00:52:19,080
And nobody ever bothered to figure out
926
00:52:19,080 --> 00:52:21,930
if this original Chinese website source
927
00:52:21,930 --> 00:52:23,710
was credible or not.
928
00:52:23,710 --> 00:52:27,890
And as it turns out, the person who was posting this,
929
00:52:27,890 --> 00:52:30,000
it was on his personal web page.
930
00:52:30,000 --> 00:52:32,030
His sort of own personal blog.
931
00:52:32,030 --> 00:52:34,200
And he was really just sort of making it up.
932
00:52:34,200 --> 00:52:35,700
And if you look at all of the other things
933
00:52:35,700 --> 00:52:38,360
on his site, which include things like pictures
934
00:52:38,360 --> 00:52:42,760
of scantily clad women, and sensational photographs
935
00:52:42,760 --> 00:52:44,530
of secret weapons systems,
936
00:52:44,530 --> 00:52:47,263
he's clearly not a credible source of information.
937
00:52:49,550 --> 00:52:53,370
They didn't bother to trace the information to its source.
938
00:52:53,370 --> 00:52:56,873
Which took us about six hours to do.
939
00:52:59,810 --> 00:53:01,730
For the last three years the Pentagon
940
00:53:01,730 --> 00:53:04,620
has been trying to make China the new boogeyman,
941
00:53:04,620 --> 00:53:09,380
and China unwittingly played into the United States hands
942
00:53:09,380 --> 00:53:11,083
with its anti-satellite test.
943
00:53:11,083 --> 00:53:14,416
(rocket engine roaring)
944
00:53:20,090 --> 00:53:24,930
At the time, I was at a conference in Colorado Springs
945
00:53:24,930 --> 00:53:26,760
and the military officers in the room
946
00:53:26,760 --> 00:53:31,760
actually left to watch the test in real time.
947
00:53:31,980 --> 00:53:35,430
So they were observing the actual Chinese
948
00:53:35,430 --> 00:53:37,380
anti-satellite test.
949
00:53:37,380 --> 00:53:40,350
We know about every space launch.
950
00:53:40,350 --> 00:53:42,980
We know about every rocket launch.
951
00:53:42,980 --> 00:53:45,170
We have reconnaissance and surveillance satellites
952
00:53:45,170 --> 00:53:46,940
that can detect all these.
953
00:53:46,940 --> 00:53:49,030
We detected the Chinese test, for example,
954
00:53:49,030 --> 00:53:52,150
and in fact, we detected the two previous
955
00:53:52,150 --> 00:53:54,420
Chinese tests that failed.
956
00:53:54,420 --> 00:53:58,770
So we know about this, it's extremely difficult to hide
957
00:53:59,890 --> 00:54:02,790
space tests, they're one of the most observable
958
00:54:02,790 --> 00:54:04,743
weapons tests you can possibly imagine.
959
00:54:08,427 --> 00:54:11,170
(explosion booming)
960
00:54:11,170 --> 00:54:12,700
What was the point of China's display
961
00:54:12,700 --> 00:54:13,623
of destruction?
962
00:54:16,750 --> 00:54:18,260
The reason is simple.
963
00:54:18,260 --> 00:54:22,030
They want to give you a signal, a warning.
964
00:54:22,030 --> 00:54:26,580
So the warning must be known by the other side.
965
00:54:26,580 --> 00:54:28,563
In effect, the Chinese were saying.
966
00:54:30,370 --> 00:54:33,223
You want to be dominant in space, you deal with us.
967
00:54:36,980 --> 00:54:38,700
China intended to alert the world
968
00:54:38,700 --> 00:54:41,503
to US plans for military dominance of space.
969
00:54:42,640 --> 00:54:46,740
And China warned it will confront that ambition.
970
00:54:46,740 --> 00:54:50,333
It is able and willing to destroy US weapons in space.
971
00:54:52,530 --> 00:54:56,040
We wouldn't really want to see, in the future,
972
00:54:56,040 --> 00:54:59,180
an Earth surrounded by an outer layer
973
00:54:59,180 --> 00:55:03,630
of weapons which will make mankind
974
00:55:03,630 --> 00:55:07,533
even more vulnerable than the situation today.
975
00:55:10,150 --> 00:55:11,360
China offered a preview
976
00:55:11,360 --> 00:55:13,940
of the deadly contest that would start
977
00:55:13,940 --> 00:55:16,403
if the US positions weapons in space.
978
00:55:17,860 --> 00:55:19,403
How close is that risk?
979
00:55:20,980 --> 00:55:24,640
The US military is developing what the Air Force,
980
00:55:24,640 --> 00:55:28,340
in particular, has called prompt global strike.
981
00:55:28,340 --> 00:55:32,340
That is basically currently we have nuclear missiles
982
00:55:32,340 --> 00:55:35,563
that could strike anywhere on Earth within 30 minutes.
983
00:55:37,380 --> 00:55:39,230
What the military is talking about
984
00:55:39,230 --> 00:55:42,140
is a similar conventional capability
985
00:55:42,140 --> 00:55:45,310
that could be used to knock out say a Chinese
986
00:55:45,310 --> 00:55:49,303
anti-satellite weapons launcher in a matter of minutes.
987
00:55:51,794 --> 00:55:53,030
(explosion booming)
988
00:55:53,030 --> 00:55:56,170
A number of concepts are being studied with this notion
989
00:55:56,170 --> 00:55:57,703
of prompt global strike.
990
00:55:58,690 --> 00:56:01,970
One is a orbiting space plane that would
991
00:56:01,970 --> 00:56:04,740
have the capability to be able to maneuver
992
00:56:04,740 --> 00:56:08,670
and also to fire weapons at a much faster pace
993
00:56:08,670 --> 00:56:10,303
than is currently the case.
994
00:56:12,720 --> 00:56:16,230
Another is a space satellite that would actually have
995
00:56:16,230 --> 00:56:19,760
missiles on it that could be fired from space
996
00:56:19,760 --> 00:56:24,160
and reach a target in literally five to 10 minutes
997
00:56:24,160 --> 00:56:27,273
as opposed to the current 30 minutes.
998
00:56:30,610 --> 00:56:33,230
We're talking about a satellite system
999
00:56:33,230 --> 00:56:36,560
called Rods from God which can put
1000
00:56:36,560 --> 00:56:39,900
heavy tungsten metal rods from satellites
1001
00:56:39,900 --> 00:56:43,130
onto the Earth to penetrate bunkers.
1002
00:56:43,130 --> 00:56:45,160
All that's being developed.
1003
00:56:45,160 --> 00:56:49,520
We've spent billions of dollars on research
1004
00:56:49,520 --> 00:56:51,330
on these weapons.
1005
00:56:51,330 --> 00:56:55,213
And a number of these weapons are getting ready for testing.
1006
00:56:56,500 --> 00:56:58,320
Were they deployed in orbit,
1007
00:56:58,320 --> 00:57:00,650
global strike systems could hit 100 targets
1008
00:57:00,650 --> 00:57:04,343
on Earth at once, at nearly 7,000 miles an hour.
1009
00:57:05,300 --> 00:57:07,410
They wouldn't be weapons of mass destruction,
1010
00:57:07,410 --> 00:57:09,630
as defined in UN resolutions,
1011
00:57:09,630 --> 00:57:12,590
but the destructive impact of a Rod from God
1012
00:57:12,590 --> 00:57:15,180
would match that of a nuclear warhead.
1013
00:57:15,180 --> 00:57:16,840
Satellites can identify a target
1014
00:57:16,840 --> 00:57:19,370
through overhead imagery, process communications
1015
00:57:19,370 --> 00:57:21,820
about the target between military decision makers,
1016
00:57:21,820 --> 00:57:23,880
and then guide a bomb precisely enough
1017
00:57:23,880 --> 00:57:25,823
to destroy the target with one shot.
1018
00:57:26,790 --> 00:57:28,350
Would it really be that big a step
1019
00:57:28,350 --> 00:57:31,760
if a projectile itself were also launched from space?
1020
00:57:31,760 --> 00:57:33,570
There's no practical difference,
1021
00:57:33,570 --> 00:57:34,880
and I'd venture to say that the person
1022
00:57:34,880 --> 00:57:37,714
on the receiving end wouldn't see the distinction either.
1023
00:57:37,714 --> 00:57:40,464
(dramatic music)
1024
00:57:57,557 --> 00:57:59,230
In the high tech field there's a notion
1025
00:57:59,230 --> 00:58:00,910
called normal accident.
1026
00:58:00,910 --> 00:58:04,720
It means the kind of accident that is going to take place,
1027
00:58:04,720 --> 00:58:08,500
unpredictably, in any complicated system.
1028
00:58:08,500 --> 00:58:10,550
Like anyone who owns a computer
1029
00:58:10,550 --> 00:58:12,180
knows about normal accidents.
1030
00:58:12,180 --> 00:58:14,007
Every once in a while the thing just crashes
1031
00:58:14,007 --> 00:58:16,240
for some unexplained reason.
1032
00:58:16,240 --> 00:58:18,010
And when you get to much more complex systems,
1033
00:58:18,010 --> 00:58:19,510
of course that's gonna happen.
1034
00:58:21,150 --> 00:58:24,460
With all our technology, we know bloody well
1035
00:58:24,460 --> 00:58:29,290
that we cannot be assured absolutely 100%
1036
00:58:29,290 --> 00:58:32,380
that our bombs, so-called think bombs, smart bombs,
1037
00:58:32,380 --> 00:58:33,560
are hitting the targets.
1038
00:58:33,560 --> 00:58:36,270
We know from Afghanistan and Iraq alone
1039
00:58:36,270 --> 00:58:39,310
in the last few years that that's a fallacy.
1040
00:58:39,310 --> 00:58:41,410
You are hitting civilian people.
1041
00:58:41,410 --> 00:58:44,000
You are not hitting the Iraqi bases.
1042
00:58:44,000 --> 00:58:45,840
What you are doing is wrong.
1043
00:58:45,840 --> 00:58:49,170
How much worse would the probability
1044
00:58:49,170 --> 00:58:52,600
of hitting the wrong target or hitting ourselves
1045
00:58:52,600 --> 00:58:54,250
from outer space would be.
1046
00:58:54,250 --> 00:58:57,463
We have no way of calculating that, it's not possible.
1047
00:59:00,610 --> 00:59:04,800
At least one weapon could go awry and land in Iowa,
1048
00:59:04,800 --> 00:59:09,000
or New York City, or God knows where, you know.
1049
00:59:09,000 --> 00:59:11,870
That's a reality, and if we don't accept that,
1050
00:59:11,870 --> 00:59:13,690
well we're just whistling in the dark.
1051
00:59:13,690 --> 00:59:16,140
And we're gonna be victims of our own technology.
1052
00:59:17,144 --> 00:59:20,394
(electronic whooshing)
1053
00:59:28,413 --> 00:59:31,163
(dramatic music)
1054
00:59:39,160 --> 00:59:40,980
The rest of the world understands that the US
1055
00:59:40,980 --> 00:59:43,990
is planning to militarize space, of course.
1056
00:59:43,990 --> 00:59:48,370
So there have been efforts to renew and extend
1057
00:59:48,370 --> 00:59:50,743
the outer space treaty.
1058
00:59:53,090 --> 00:59:55,800
This says weapons of mass destruction can't be in space.
1059
00:59:55,800 --> 00:59:57,230
Doesn't say other things,
1060
00:59:57,230 --> 00:59:58,850
and there have been attempts to renew it
1061
00:59:58,850 --> 01:00:01,223
just to affirm it and to strengthen it.
1062
01:00:03,400 --> 01:00:05,643
The US blocks it every year.
1063
01:00:17,150 --> 01:00:22,150
It is 160 to one, 170 to one.
1064
01:00:22,330 --> 01:00:24,150
The United States is the only nation
1065
01:00:24,150 --> 01:00:25,410
actually voting against this.
1066
01:00:25,410 --> 01:00:27,919
We're isolated on this issue.
1067
01:00:27,919 --> 01:00:30,419
(tense music)
1068
01:00:40,880 --> 01:00:45,880
It would be nice to think that space weaponization
1069
01:00:46,680 --> 01:00:50,400
is prevented not because there's a huge outcry against it,
1070
01:00:50,400 --> 01:00:53,410
although that would be an interesting prospect too,
1071
01:00:53,410 --> 01:00:56,440
but because no one, including our own nation,
1072
01:00:56,440 --> 01:00:59,100
has the money to spend on this anymore.
1073
01:00:59,100 --> 01:01:02,540
But in an era when the United States still maintains
1074
01:01:02,540 --> 01:01:07,540
a $500 billion military budget every year,
1075
01:01:07,690 --> 01:01:10,380
I don't think we can count on that happening.
1076
01:01:10,380 --> 01:01:11,817
It's really insane.
1077
01:01:11,817 --> 01:01:15,540
We are willing to spend hundreds of billions of dollars
1078
01:01:15,540 --> 01:01:18,980
over the years to develop space control means
1079
01:01:18,980 --> 01:01:21,450
that a treaty would take care of,
1080
01:01:21,450 --> 01:01:23,370
would make unnecessary.
1081
01:01:23,370 --> 01:01:26,010
If we had the will to negotiate such a treaty,
1082
01:01:26,010 --> 01:01:29,120
if we took the lead we could get one.
1083
01:01:29,120 --> 01:01:31,560
It wouldn't be easy, it would be a very difficult
1084
01:01:31,560 --> 01:01:33,423
thing to do, but it could be done.
1085
01:01:38,357 --> 01:01:39,550
How can a treaty ban all
1086
01:01:39,550 --> 01:01:41,133
anti-satellite weaponry?
1087
01:01:42,130 --> 01:01:44,917
A ground-based laser, a conventional missile,
1088
01:01:44,917 --> 01:01:47,010
and most orbiting systems can be used
1089
01:01:47,010 --> 01:01:48,160
to demolish satellites.
1090
01:01:50,040 --> 01:01:52,660
Could a treaty guarantee that kill vehicles
1091
01:01:52,660 --> 01:01:54,450
would only target missiles,
1092
01:01:54,450 --> 01:01:56,883
not satellites or Earth-bound objects?
1093
01:01:57,980 --> 01:02:00,770
Opponents of a new treaty argue that such promises
1094
01:02:00,770 --> 01:02:03,573
are untenable, and too late.
1095
01:02:11,130 --> 01:02:15,403
Weaponization of space has happened a long time ago.
1096
01:02:16,340 --> 01:02:18,420
This idea that it's a pristine environment,
1097
01:02:18,420 --> 01:02:22,160
that if only we stop where we are right now
1098
01:02:22,160 --> 01:02:24,800
all will be well, is simply nonsense.
1099
01:02:24,800 --> 01:02:27,170
And it's even more foolish to think
1100
01:02:27,170 --> 01:02:30,033
that somehow we can stuff this genie into a bottle.
1101
01:02:32,280 --> 01:02:35,470
We do indeed need a United Nations treaty.
1102
01:02:35,470 --> 01:02:38,550
This is not enough, this is only step one.
1103
01:02:38,550 --> 01:02:43,420
Step two says okay, space has been militarized,
1104
01:02:43,420 --> 01:02:45,680
there are military networks in space,
1105
01:02:45,680 --> 01:02:48,080
many of them like GPS are useful,
1106
01:02:48,080 --> 01:02:51,710
but we should work on international treaties
1107
01:02:51,710 --> 01:02:54,330
to make those military space networks
1108
01:02:54,330 --> 01:02:57,280
used for multilateral purposes.
1109
01:02:57,280 --> 01:02:59,210
Do I think that's going to happen?
1110
01:02:59,210 --> 01:03:02,450
I'm very doubtful, but I have to keep hoping
1111
01:03:02,450 --> 01:03:05,295
and believing that there is a prospect for that.
1112
01:03:05,295 --> 01:03:08,378
Obama, Obama, Obama, Obama.
1113
01:03:10,258 --> 01:03:13,008
(crowd cheering)
1114
01:03:15,674 --> 01:03:17,140
I will cut tens of billions of dollars
1115
01:03:17,140 --> 01:03:18,660
in wasteful spending.
1116
01:03:18,660 --> 01:03:20,560
I will cute investments in unproven
1117
01:03:20,560 --> 01:03:22,240
missile defense systems.
1118
01:03:22,240 --> 01:03:24,023
I will not weaponize space.
1119
01:03:26,010 --> 01:03:28,470
Those fearing the weaponization of space
1120
01:03:28,470 --> 01:03:30,763
could find hope in Barak Obama's election.
1121
01:03:32,190 --> 01:03:33,860
As soon as he took office,
1122
01:03:33,860 --> 01:03:35,470
the White House announced it would be seeking
1123
01:03:35,470 --> 01:03:37,910
a worldwide ban on weapons that interfere
1124
01:03:37,910 --> 01:03:40,686
with military and commercial satellites.
1125
01:03:40,686 --> 01:03:43,603
(unsettling music)
1126
01:03:46,770 --> 01:03:48,590
But it proved tough to change decades
1127
01:03:48,590 --> 01:03:51,723
of entrenched military policy to weaponize space.
1128
01:03:59,110 --> 01:04:02,140
Obama's 2010 defense budget requested close
1129
01:04:02,140 --> 01:04:04,190
to a billion dollars that was applicable
1130
01:04:04,190 --> 01:04:05,933
to space warfare systems.
1131
01:04:07,720 --> 01:04:11,213
It included a new program called offensive counterspace,
1132
01:04:12,260 --> 01:04:15,340
which the Pentagon defined as offensive measures
1133
01:04:15,340 --> 01:04:20,340
to disrupt, deny, degrade, or destroy
1134
01:04:21,230 --> 01:04:23,483
any adversary's space capabilities.
1135
01:04:30,060 --> 01:04:33,633
History suggests that nations do not voluntarily disarm.
1136
01:04:36,460 --> 01:04:38,313
They disarm because they're defeated.
1137
01:04:40,060 --> 01:04:44,360
Or they make small adjustments in the way they
1138
01:04:44,360 --> 01:04:48,620
buy, and build, and deploy their weapons.
1139
01:04:48,620 --> 01:04:52,970
But no superpower says you know it would be better
1140
01:04:52,970 --> 01:04:54,023
if we were weaker.
1141
01:04:54,890 --> 01:04:57,037
I don't recall that ever happening.
1142
01:05:01,016 --> 01:05:03,433
(rock music)
1143
01:05:06,493 --> 01:05:08,696
Two.
Yeah.
1144
01:05:08,696 --> 01:05:10,779
Three, four.
1145
01:05:12,576 --> 01:05:13,409
Five, six.
1146
01:05:16,167 --> 01:05:17,250
Seven, eight.
1147
01:05:19,996 --> 01:05:21,079
Nine, 10, 11.
1148
01:05:25,890 --> 01:05:28,590
It's hard to obtain space superiority
1149
01:05:28,590 --> 01:05:31,970
without attacking, so I'm afraid that
1150
01:05:31,970 --> 01:05:36,090
if we want space superiority we're gonna have to attack
1151
01:05:36,090 --> 01:05:38,950
and use assets which, I don't know if you know much
1152
01:05:38,950 --> 01:05:41,650
about orbital mechanics, but if you created debris
1153
01:05:41,650 --> 01:05:45,090
up in space, that would just get in the way for you as well,
1154
01:05:45,090 --> 01:05:47,350
and it would kind of start a chain reaction.
1155
01:05:47,350 --> 01:05:49,540
And pretty soon you just have a cloud of debris
1156
01:05:49,540 --> 01:05:50,473
surrounding Earth.
1157
01:05:54,244 --> 01:05:57,724
About 600,000 fragments rush through space,
1158
01:05:57,724 --> 01:06:00,303
at 10 times the velocity of a rifle bullet.
1159
01:06:02,620 --> 01:06:04,060
All of these objects are traveling
1160
01:06:04,060 --> 01:06:06,430
at 14,000 miles an hour.
1161
01:06:06,430 --> 01:06:09,230
So even an object the size of a pea
1162
01:06:09,230 --> 01:06:11,330
traveling at that speed has more force
1163
01:06:12,530 --> 01:06:13,713
than a cannonball.
1164
01:06:15,152 --> 01:06:16,920
(debris whooshing)
1165
01:06:16,920 --> 01:06:19,300
Right now, the problem with space junk is so high
1166
01:06:19,300 --> 01:06:23,260
that NASA is worried that if there is never another launch
1167
01:06:23,260 --> 01:06:26,410
of anything into space, because every launch
1168
01:06:26,410 --> 01:06:27,960
creates a little bit of debris.
1169
01:06:30,410 --> 01:06:34,270
In 50 years time certain orbits will be so polluted
1170
01:06:34,270 --> 01:06:36,090
that nobody can operate there.
1171
01:06:36,090 --> 01:06:37,530
Because the stuff that's already up there
1172
01:06:37,530 --> 01:06:41,091
will start breaking up and creating more and more clutter.
1173
01:06:41,091 --> 01:06:44,091
(explosion booming)
1174
01:06:45,150 --> 01:06:47,190
A satellite's destruction
1175
01:06:47,190 --> 01:06:49,610
unleashes a storm cloud of debris
1176
01:06:49,610 --> 01:06:52,130
that fouls the space around our planet
1177
01:06:52,130 --> 01:06:53,980
and threatens anything in orbit.
1178
01:06:53,980 --> 01:06:57,400
The point really is, is creation of debris
1179
01:06:57,400 --> 01:07:00,710
in this manner a good idea or a bad idea.
1180
01:07:00,710 --> 01:07:03,330
And clearly it is a very bad idea,
1181
01:07:03,330 --> 01:07:06,723
because there's no way to go up and clean that up.
1182
01:07:09,690 --> 01:07:14,040
The more times you go into space and you begin
1183
01:07:14,040 --> 01:07:17,980
to practice destroying other satellites,
1184
01:07:17,980 --> 01:07:20,640
you create so much space junk
1185
01:07:20,640 --> 01:07:24,320
that you literally create the very likely possibility
1186
01:07:24,320 --> 01:07:26,730
that at some point in time you will not be able
1187
01:07:26,730 --> 01:07:29,020
to get a rocket off the planet Earth.
1188
01:07:29,020 --> 01:07:32,680
Because it'll be like a mine field around the planet.
1189
01:07:32,680 --> 01:07:35,070
And you won't be able to escape the mine field
1190
01:07:35,070 --> 01:07:37,570
with that rocket because it would be destroyed
1191
01:07:37,570 --> 01:07:39,430
by all the space junk there.
1192
01:07:39,430 --> 01:07:41,440
So we've got to begin to look at space
1193
01:07:41,440 --> 01:07:43,219
as an environment.
1194
01:07:43,219 --> 01:07:46,302
(satellite trilling)
1195
01:07:50,391 --> 01:07:52,240
(explosion booming)
1196
01:07:52,240 --> 01:07:56,650
We have several hundred billion dollars
1197
01:07:56,650 --> 01:08:01,140
of investment in the peaceful uses of outer space.
1198
01:08:01,140 --> 01:08:04,330
I'm talking about weather satellites,
1199
01:08:04,330 --> 01:08:09,330
positioning satellites, scientific satellites.
1200
01:08:09,700 --> 01:08:12,100
The entire world communication network
1201
01:08:12,100 --> 01:08:14,023
is all satellite oriented.
1202
01:08:16,200 --> 01:08:20,220
All this incredible investment from the United States
1203
01:08:20,220 --> 01:08:22,230
and from the European Union and Canada
1204
01:08:22,230 --> 01:08:23,940
and other countries like this,
1205
01:08:23,940 --> 01:08:27,270
all this is completely in jeopardy
1206
01:08:27,270 --> 01:08:29,813
if we start putting weapons in outer space.
1207
01:08:33,000 --> 01:08:34,550
How would our world change if we lost
1208
01:08:34,550 --> 01:08:36,440
the use of satellites?
1209
01:08:36,440 --> 01:08:39,750
Day one, 6:15 a.m., communication satellites
1210
01:08:39,750 --> 01:08:42,050
hovering over the Americas fall mute.
1211
01:08:42,050 --> 01:08:44,933
Over a swath of the globe GPS coverage collapses.
1212
01:08:45,870 --> 01:08:48,380
Atomic clocks on GPS satellites
1213
01:08:48,380 --> 01:08:51,320
can't transmit Universal Standard time.
1214
01:08:51,320 --> 01:08:54,810
The synchronization of massive infrastructures snaps.
1215
01:08:54,810 --> 01:08:57,870
350 million cell phones are disabled.
1216
01:08:57,870 --> 01:09:01,140
Hundreds of millions of internet connections vanish.
1217
01:09:01,140 --> 01:09:04,570
Around the world card payments and bank accounts freeze.
1218
01:09:04,570 --> 01:09:06,660
Billions of dollars are sucked from industries
1219
01:09:06,660 --> 01:09:09,820
and businesses triggering a financial crash.
1220
01:09:09,820 --> 01:09:11,170
News services are crippled.
1221
01:09:12,140 --> 01:09:14,860
City streets reliant on GPS for traffic management
1222
01:09:14,860 --> 01:09:15,723
are in chaos.
1223
01:09:16,620 --> 01:09:18,883
Electrical grids lose synchronization.
1224
01:09:19,820 --> 01:09:22,333
Wide zones of continents are blinded by blackouts.
1225
01:09:23,890 --> 01:09:26,253
Coast Guards are deaf to ship's distress calls.
1226
01:09:27,610 --> 01:09:29,690
Dozens of aircraft are missing.
1227
01:09:29,690 --> 01:09:32,090
Air traffic controllers are fighting panic.
1228
01:09:32,090 --> 01:09:35,200
Worldwide flights are grounded or called back.
1229
01:09:35,200 --> 01:09:37,930
By midnight there's been a cascade of traffic,
1230
01:09:37,930 --> 01:09:40,803
train, boat, and aircraft accidents.
1231
01:09:45,160 --> 01:09:48,693
So far the world has avoided such a catastrophe.
1232
01:09:49,730 --> 01:09:51,900
But a space war would kill satellites
1233
01:09:51,900 --> 01:09:54,500
and blast tons of wreckage into orbit.
1234
01:09:54,500 --> 01:09:56,383
The system we rely on would shatter.
1235
01:09:58,100 --> 01:10:00,033
And be impossible to restore.
1236
01:10:02,270 --> 01:10:05,330
The time is 6:25, and this is a special
1237
01:10:05,330 --> 01:10:07,710
as part of the conference on world affairs.
1238
01:10:07,710 --> 01:10:09,850
We're discussing the militarization of space.
1239
01:10:09,850 --> 01:10:12,180
There is a point in time, that may be rapidly closing,
1240
01:10:12,180 --> 01:10:14,309
where the United States could dominate space to such point
1241
01:10:14,309 --> 01:10:15,610
where the would be no arms race.
1242
01:10:15,610 --> 01:10:17,000
Frankly I don't think it's doable.
1243
01:10:17,000 --> 01:10:19,760
I think the march of technology will mean that even
1244
01:10:19,760 --> 01:10:24,520
if we get a lead on other nations in attempting to do that,
1245
01:10:24,520 --> 01:10:27,730
that sooner or later we will again be challenged.
1246
01:10:27,730 --> 01:10:30,350
It's kind of like what happened after World War II.
1247
01:10:30,350 --> 01:10:33,570
We had the atomic bomb, nobody else had the atomic bomb.
1248
01:10:33,570 --> 01:10:35,060
We thought we had a big exclusive
1249
01:10:35,060 --> 01:10:37,210
and with our atomic weaponry
1250
01:10:38,230 --> 01:10:40,990
we would be able to dominate the Earth.
1251
01:10:40,990 --> 01:10:42,130
That didn't last very long.
1252
01:10:42,130 --> 01:10:43,680
The Soviets had an atomic bomb,
1253
01:10:43,680 --> 01:10:44,980
the Chinese had an atomic.
1254
01:10:46,410 --> 01:10:49,450
Likewise, in space, to think that we could move up there
1255
01:10:49,450 --> 01:10:54,450
with weaponry and be alone to be the king on the, uh,
1256
01:10:55,430 --> 01:10:59,676
the throne of space is a tragic miscalculation.
1257
01:10:59,676 --> 01:11:02,259
(somber music)
1258
01:11:14,930 --> 01:11:17,900
India has been discussing whether or not
1259
01:11:17,900 --> 01:11:20,710
it needs to build its own anti-satellite weapons.
1260
01:11:20,710 --> 01:11:22,050
You can be sure if India does it
1261
01:11:22,050 --> 01:11:24,770
Pakistan will be thinking about it in a heartbeat as well.
1262
01:11:24,770 --> 01:11:27,080
Israel has also been discussing this issue.
1263
01:11:27,080 --> 01:11:31,120
So what you see now is the potential
1264
01:11:31,120 --> 01:11:33,196
for a domino effect.
1265
01:11:33,196 --> 01:11:35,570
(dramatic music)
1266
01:11:35,570 --> 01:11:37,180
Few nations will willingly submit
1267
01:11:37,180 --> 01:11:39,420
to US supremacy in space.
1268
01:11:39,420 --> 01:11:41,480
Some will try to topple the US.
1269
01:11:41,480 --> 01:11:43,430
Others scramble for a foothold.
1270
01:11:43,430 --> 01:11:45,590
Enemies will vie in leaping ahead.
1271
01:11:45,590 --> 01:11:47,290
Stable and unstable nations will be
1272
01:11:47,290 --> 01:11:49,400
dragged into the race.
1273
01:11:49,400 --> 01:11:52,787
The European Union opposes the weaponization of space.
1274
01:11:52,787 --> 01:11:54,070
But for how long?
1275
01:12:15,180 --> 01:12:18,090
Russia would plunge into the contest.
1276
01:12:18,090 --> 01:12:20,230
It has committed to destroying any weapon
1277
01:12:20,230 --> 01:12:21,623
the US positions in orbit.
1278
01:12:24,802 --> 01:12:28,700
If Americans deploy space-based anti-ballistic
1279
01:12:30,190 --> 01:12:34,750
missile defenses then could you imagine interceptors
1280
01:12:34,750 --> 01:12:39,620
based on space stations, military stations,
1281
01:12:39,620 --> 01:12:43,090
would overfly territory of Russia
1282
01:12:43,090 --> 01:12:47,950
or territory of China, that would be considered
1283
01:12:47,950 --> 01:12:50,993
as quite unacceptable, I think, for Russians.
1284
01:12:53,860 --> 01:12:56,820
The potential victims are not going to say
1285
01:12:56,820 --> 01:12:58,960
here's my throat please cut it.
1286
01:12:58,960 --> 01:13:01,190
They know that they're a potential target,
1287
01:13:01,190 --> 01:13:05,550
and if the US were to develop space weapons
1288
01:13:05,550 --> 01:13:08,440
they'd be completely defenseless
1289
01:13:08,440 --> 01:13:10,150
unless they destroyed it somehow,
1290
01:13:10,150 --> 01:13:11,750
or developed a deterrent.
1291
01:13:11,750 --> 01:13:13,203
And deterrents are known.
1292
01:13:14,410 --> 01:13:16,900
For example nuclear weapons are a deterrent,
1293
01:13:16,900 --> 01:13:18,750
terror is a deterrent.
1294
01:13:18,750 --> 01:13:22,020
That's why aggressive militarism
1295
01:13:22,020 --> 01:13:25,580
leads to an extension of proliferation and terror.
1296
01:13:25,580 --> 01:13:28,580
(suspenseful music)
1297
01:14:14,970 --> 01:14:17,820
During the Cold War humankind feared
1298
01:14:17,820 --> 01:14:20,320
that in a series of blinding flashes
1299
01:14:20,320 --> 01:14:22,853
the world would become an untended graveyard.
1300
01:14:29,995 --> 01:14:32,745
(wind whooshing)
1301
01:14:36,720 --> 01:14:39,140
Thousands of nuclear weapons are still maintained
1302
01:14:39,140 --> 01:14:41,773
around the world, on hair trigger alert.
1303
01:14:43,540 --> 01:14:47,676
The weaponization of space could detonate this arsenal.
1304
01:14:47,676 --> 01:14:50,343
(siren wailing)
1305
01:14:52,230 --> 01:14:55,860
So any anxiety induced by putting weapons in space
1306
01:14:55,860 --> 01:14:58,963
or launching weapons from space down to Earth,
1307
01:15:00,480 --> 01:15:03,460
could induce, by accident, by human fallibility,
1308
01:15:03,460 --> 01:15:05,770
by design, by terrorist takeover,
1309
01:15:05,770 --> 01:15:10,770
the launching of up to 9,000 hydrogen bombs
1310
01:15:11,670 --> 01:15:13,650
inducing a short ice age and the death
1311
01:15:13,650 --> 01:15:15,363
of most creatures on the planet.
1312
01:15:18,910 --> 01:15:21,420
We're on the edge of the nuclear precipice,
1313
01:15:21,420 --> 01:15:23,013
about to be annihilated.
1314
01:15:28,660 --> 01:15:31,060
If we move to weaponization of space,
1315
01:15:31,060 --> 01:15:34,180
we can bid farewell to the planet.
1316
01:15:34,180 --> 01:15:37,454
The chances of survival are very slight.
1317
01:15:37,454 --> 01:15:40,787
(somber dramatic music)
1318
01:15:57,347 --> 01:16:01,060
(footsteps thudding)
1319
01:16:01,060 --> 01:16:03,830
When you, all your life, have been told that
1320
01:16:03,830 --> 01:16:07,303
America is a exceptional nation,
1321
01:16:07,303 --> 01:16:09,590
that we are different from the rest,
1322
01:16:09,590 --> 01:16:11,700
when you're told that all your life,
1323
01:16:11,700 --> 01:16:12,900
you begin to believe it.
1324
01:16:13,866 --> 01:16:16,616
(crowd cheering)
1325
01:16:19,988 --> 01:16:21,270
I was in the Air Force.
1326
01:16:21,270 --> 01:16:23,233
I was a young Republican for Nixon.
1327
01:16:24,420 --> 01:16:26,200
And I grew up on the military bases
1328
01:16:26,200 --> 01:16:28,300
behind the barbed wire fences.
1329
01:16:28,300 --> 01:16:30,730
And so everything I really was taught
1330
01:16:30,730 --> 01:16:33,410
and was trained in was militarism
1331
01:16:33,410 --> 01:16:35,240
and a conservative way of being,
1332
01:16:35,240 --> 01:16:37,773
conservative way of seeing the world.
1333
01:16:37,773 --> 01:16:40,523
(crowd cheering)
1334
01:16:41,690 --> 01:16:44,020
But now I personally have learned
1335
01:16:45,270 --> 01:16:48,810
that what America is doing is not about defense,
1336
01:16:48,810 --> 01:16:49,973
it's about offense.
1337
01:16:50,820 --> 01:16:53,850
It's about an aggressive military doctrine
1338
01:16:53,850 --> 01:16:56,293
that talks about control and domination.
1339
01:16:58,580 --> 01:17:01,190
I really went through an entire transformation.
1340
01:17:01,190 --> 01:17:03,470
Everything that I knew was different.
1341
01:17:03,470 --> 01:17:04,820
But one thing wasn't different,
1342
01:17:04,820 --> 01:17:06,500
one thing always remained.
1343
01:17:06,500 --> 01:17:07,850
I realized I had a good heart,
1344
01:17:07,850 --> 01:17:12,470
even as a conservative, as a young follower of the military.
1345
01:17:12,470 --> 01:17:15,900
I had a good heart, I had a good intention.
1346
01:17:15,900 --> 01:17:17,110
And I realized that many people
1347
01:17:17,110 --> 01:17:18,970
in the military are that way.
1348
01:17:18,970 --> 01:17:20,630
That they have a good heart, they mean well.
1349
01:17:20,630 --> 01:17:23,400
They're doing what they think is the right thing to do.
1350
01:17:23,400 --> 01:17:25,050
They want to protect the country.
1351
01:17:26,260 --> 01:17:28,690
There are moments that will truly test the leader
1352
01:17:28,690 --> 01:17:32,640
within you, test whether you will take the hard path
1353
01:17:32,640 --> 01:17:34,410
or the easy path.
1354
01:17:34,410 --> 01:17:37,170
The wrong path or the right path.
1355
01:17:37,170 --> 01:17:39,570
Most people want to have a good heart,
1356
01:17:39,570 --> 01:17:41,630
and that when you challenge them to think
1357
01:17:41,630 --> 01:17:43,350
it doesn't mean that they change overnight,
1358
01:17:43,350 --> 01:17:44,920
I didn't change overnight.
1359
01:17:44,920 --> 01:17:47,580
It took me some time behind those gates
1360
01:17:47,580 --> 01:17:50,480
on that military base for me to make my change,
1361
01:17:50,480 --> 01:17:53,250
but it's all about initiating that change.
1362
01:17:53,250 --> 01:17:56,100
The willingness always to take the right path,
1363
01:17:57,020 --> 01:18:00,323
even if it's the hard path, is called character.
1364
01:18:01,560 --> 01:18:03,370
In every aspect of your life,
1365
01:18:03,370 --> 01:18:05,430
whether personal or professional,
1366
01:18:05,430 --> 01:18:09,490
you must always maintain the courage of your convictions.
1367
01:18:09,490 --> 01:18:10,973
Your personal integrity.
1368
01:18:12,183 --> 01:18:14,933
(crowd cheering)
1369
01:18:15,940 --> 01:18:18,400
We're living in a very, very dangerous time.
1370
01:18:18,400 --> 01:18:21,620
And there's hardly any alarm in this area
1371
01:18:21,620 --> 01:18:23,760
across the board, I mean people are just,
1372
01:18:23,760 --> 01:18:26,860
they're so inundated with so many things.
1373
01:18:26,860 --> 01:18:30,430
You know just making a living, just getting through the day,
1374
01:18:30,430 --> 01:18:33,430
just trying to remain sane in all this insanity
1375
01:18:33,430 --> 01:18:34,263
that's going on,
1376
01:18:35,530 --> 01:18:37,000
that it's hard to get their attention
1377
01:18:37,000 --> 01:18:39,240
and saying oh wait a minute, I know you think it's bad,
1378
01:18:39,240 --> 01:18:41,263
I got news for you, it's a lot worse.
1379
01:18:42,252 --> 01:18:43,670
People don't want to hear that, you know.
1380
01:18:43,670 --> 01:18:46,500
So we have to find a way to alert people
1381
01:18:46,500 --> 01:18:50,330
to the reality of what's going on.
1382
01:18:50,330 --> 01:18:51,853
And that's not an easy task.
1383
01:18:55,570 --> 01:18:58,470
Let's prevent something terrible from happening
1384
01:18:58,470 --> 01:19:00,380
before it does for once.
1385
01:19:00,380 --> 01:19:03,670
Usually we're trying to bring back weapons systems
1386
01:19:03,670 --> 01:19:05,820
after they've been deployed, nuclear missiles.
1387
01:19:05,820 --> 01:19:07,480
We're trying to bring them back.
1388
01:19:07,480 --> 01:19:10,420
Here's an opportunity, one of the first times in history,
1389
01:19:10,420 --> 01:19:13,250
actually, that we have a chance to be proactive.
1390
01:19:13,250 --> 01:19:16,200
That we have a chance to stop a new arms race
1391
01:19:16,200 --> 01:19:17,640
before it actually happens.
1392
01:19:17,640 --> 01:19:19,983
That's why this moment is so crucial.
1393
01:19:22,630 --> 01:19:24,870
The debate over space weaponization
1394
01:19:24,870 --> 01:19:28,390
is the most critical debate for the next century.
1395
01:19:28,390 --> 01:19:33,220
And we are one the verge of making decisions
1396
01:19:33,220 --> 01:19:36,953
in many nations around the world about which path to choose.
1397
01:19:36,953 --> 01:19:39,946
(cheering)
1398
01:19:39,946 --> 01:19:41,610
Congratulations, and may God watch over
1399
01:19:41,610 --> 01:19:44,416
all of you and these United States.
1400
01:19:44,416 --> 01:19:47,249
(engines roaring)
1401
01:19:51,270 --> 01:19:53,110
Lord, we pray today that you would allow us
1402
01:19:53,110 --> 01:19:56,280
to worship in spirit and in truth
1403
01:19:56,280 --> 01:19:58,243
as we go out into the world.
1404
01:20:03,050 --> 01:20:04,870
Can the high ground that nations seek
1405
01:20:04,870 --> 01:20:06,203
be the moral high ground?
1406
01:20:07,160 --> 01:20:09,200
Or are we doomed to pursue only the high ground
1407
01:20:09,200 --> 01:20:10,733
of military advantage?
1408
01:20:12,210 --> 01:20:13,960
Many nations are showing themselves
1409
01:20:13,960 --> 01:20:15,790
unwilling to find global peace
1410
01:20:15,790 --> 01:20:17,393
under the command of one.
1411
01:20:19,610 --> 01:20:21,600
Can the US show leadership
1412
01:20:21,600 --> 01:20:23,373
rather than strive for supremacy?
1413
01:20:25,360 --> 01:20:28,410
Rather than insisting on a Pax Americana,
1414
01:20:28,410 --> 01:20:30,780
can the US steer a union of nations
1415
01:20:30,780 --> 01:20:33,580
towards a Pax Universalis,
1416
01:20:33,580 --> 01:20:35,513
a peace for all the world.
1417
01:20:37,880 --> 01:20:39,973
In Christ's name we pray, amen.
1418
01:20:42,352 --> 01:20:44,602
(cheering)
1419
01:20:48,981 --> 01:20:52,070
(dramatic music)
1420
01:20:52,070 --> 01:20:54,120
What kind of a peace do we seek?
1421
01:20:55,500 --> 01:20:57,013
Not a Pax Americana,
1422
01:20:58,420 --> 01:21:01,963
enforced on the world by American weapons of war.
1423
01:21:03,670 --> 01:21:05,683
I am talking about genuine peace.
1424
01:21:07,021 --> 01:21:09,823
The kind of peace that makes life on Earth worth living.
1425
01:21:11,060 --> 01:21:12,580
Not merely peace for Americans
1426
01:21:13,686 --> 01:21:15,286
but peace for all men and women.
1427
01:21:16,360 --> 01:21:20,727
Not merely peace in our time, but peace in all times.
1428
01:21:20,727 --> 01:21:23,477
(dramatic music)
1429
01:21:55,439 --> 01:21:23,477
(suspenseful music)
111199
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