All language subtitles for Tutankhamun.With.Dan.Snow.S01E02.filipe portugal2

Welcome to Egypt.

Behind us is the Valley of the Kings,

burial place of the most famous
pharaoh of them all -

Tutankhamun.

He lay undisturbed,
right here under these sands,

for more than 3,000 years.

Until they discovered
his treasure-filled tomb in 1922.

We're following the story
of Tutankhamun's life, death

and discovery
thousands of years later.

We're bringing you new insights,
including a cutting-edge 3D scan

revealing fresh perspectives
on Tut's burial.

WOMAN: Tutankhamun's burial
was very much rushed.

Someone wanted him to be buried
very quickly.

In this episode,
we pick up our stories

as Tutankhamun falls dangerously ill.

And three millennia later,

as archaeologist Howard Carter
makes astonishing discoveries

in the first room in the tomb.

Here's what's coming up.

I investigate the latest thinking
on how Tutankhamun died.

And we've got special access

to some of his most personal
and spectacular possessions,

hidden away from the public.

Well, here it is. The legendary
golden chariot of King Tutankhamun.

I head into restricted areas

to unravel the riddle of
Tutankhamun's unusually small tomb.

It's all rock hewn.
There's no decoration in here.

While I ride off to reveal
how Tut-mania,

the craze of King Tut,
gripped the world.

150?
That's OK. No problem.

Oh, right, what about 100?
(LAUGHS)

So join us as we tell the story

of the death
and the discovery of Tutankhamun.

26th November 1922.

Three weeks into their excavation
of Tutankhamun's tomb,

Howard Carter and his sponsor,
Lord Carnarvon,

had cleared the rubble
from this narrow corridor

to reveal a sealed doorway.

They had broken down this final door
that led to Tutankhamun's tomb

and what they found inside
was astonishing.

This... It's so exciting!

This chamber was filled
with the most unimaginable treasures.

Look at this photograph here.

It looked like they'd been left here
just days before,

rather than having sat
for thousands of years, untouched.

Carter said it looked like
the props room of an opera company.

There were golden couches,

chariots

and wooden chests
crammed with food and clothing -

all Tutankhamun would need
to enjoy his afterlife.

But everything was oddly
jumbled together

and there was another thing
that puzzled Carter.

The chamber was a lot smaller
than many of those found
in the Valley of the Kings,

including one very close by.

Check this out, that's Tutankhamun's
tomb just down there.

Right on top of it, almost,

is the tomb
of the mighty Ramesses VI,

which is on a whole different scale.

Just compare the tiny, undecorated
chamber of Tut's tomb

to this!

Much more in keeping

with the splendour expected
of a pharaoh's final resting place.

It just goes on and on and on,
ever deeper into the earth.

The walls absolutely covered

with the most beautiful hieroglyphs
and colours.

The entrance corridor here
is an incredible 58 metres long.

Tut's, on the other hand,
is just eight.

It's enormous!

Tutankhamun's tomb could fit
just in this entrance corridor

many times over.

If they built Tutankhamun a bungalow,

Ramesses VI got a mansion.

Tut's tomb was so small,

at first Carter thought
he'd only found a storage chamber.

But the items he discovered
confirmed it was a burial,

and they give
an extraordinary insight

into the last days of Tut's life.

As we found out last time,

medical researchers put Tutankhamun's
corpse through the CT scanner

and that revealed
several medical conditions

that might have affected
his everyday life.

But they also ran DNA tests,
which show that he appeared

to have suffered during his life

from at least two different types
of malaria.

Now, there are some objects
in the tomb with Tutankhamun

that suggest that he might have been
suffering from malaria

in the days just before he died.

Raksha's gone to check out
the evidence.

I've come to
the Grand Egyptian Museum

where items from Tut's tomb
are being painstakingly conserved.

These aren't on public display

but I've been given access
to see them.

And they are incredible.

Wow!

Amongst the hoard...

there's drawer upon drawer
filled with 3,000-year-old food.

Are those nuts?
MAN: Yes.

Wow.

Oh, what are these? Pomegranates?
Yes.

Wow. Perfectly formed pomegranate.

Every box is a surprise.
Yes.

(LAUGHS)

So that's onions.
Onion.

OK.

While some of these foods were
to sustain Tut in the afterlife...

I can actually still smell those.
Mm.

..we now know
many were also used as medicines.

Oh, juniper berries.
And here, some fruits.

Juniper berries. Look at those!
(LAUGHS) Look at those!

Wow!

Do you know what these
were used for?

Help him with pain.

Well, that would make sense
because he had bone necrosis

and he was probably in a lot of pain
with his foot.

I know what those are
just by looking at them.

What is this?
Coriander seeds.

Yes.

Coriander seeds
were used to treat fevers.

Unusually, a massive eight baskets
full were found in the tomb.

It's like as though
I just bought them from the shop.

(CHUCKLES)
They are so perfectly preserved!

While the DNA analysis can't tell us
when in his life Tut had malaria,

experts believe
this afterlife pharmacy in his tomb

indicates he may well have been
suffering from the disease

when he died.

In the last few weeks
of Tutankhamun's life,

we believe that he was suffering
from malaria.

But what was going on
in our modern story?

As we know, Carter and Carnarvon
had entered that first chamber

filled with incredible treasures

and now they announced
their discovery to the world.

On 29th November 1922,

three days after unsealing the tomb,

dignitaries and the press
were invited inside.

And this event sparked a frenzy.

Almost overnight, it became
the biggest news story in the world.

It not only completely changed
Carter and Carnarvon's life,

it changed Egypt itself.

I headed to Cairo to see
how the craze of Tutankhamun

captured the imagination
of the world.

This is how we imagine Egypt.

Romantic camel rides
across the empty desert,

the great Pyramids
rising up from the desolate sands.

These days, of course,
it is rather more like this.

(NEEDLE SCRATCH)

Up to 10 million tourists
now come here every year.

And it was largely the discovery
of Tutankhamun's tomb

which set off this tourist boom
in the first place.

In the years before,

Egyptian tourism
had been on a much smaller scale.

It was a niche pursuit.

Thank goodness for that!
I help you.

Welcome back.
Thank you very much.

Welcome back to terra firma.
Thank you very much.

Very good, thank you. Wonderful.
Thank you, sir.

Great ride.

Some of these visitors
were also the first archaeologists,

although, to give them that title

perhaps gives them an honour
they didn't deserve.

They were treasure hunters
more than tourists,

specifically employed
to search out precious artefacts

and then sell them on
to the highest bidders.

Here, at the Pyramid of Khafre
just outside Cairo,

an Italian ex-circus strong man
called Belzoni

was the first modern visitor
to find a way inside.

This is... This is hard work

and it would have been hard
for Belzoni.

But on the other hand,
he thought it would pay off

because he was hoping that he would
find lots of treasure here

which would make him a lot of money.

But, of course, he didn't,

because this tomb, like almost
every other ancient Egyptian tomb,

had been robbed in antiquity.

But Belzoni did leave his mark.

Here we go.

"Discovered by G Belzoni,
2 March 1818."

Quite a graffiti, that.

Thankfully,
most other Victorian tourists

were a little more respectful.

By early 1922, Egypt
was a fairly familiar destination

for the rich and adventurous

but, on 29th November,
when Carter announced

the discovery of Tutankhamun's
treasure-filled tomb,

interest in Egypt just took off.

Tut-mania gripped the world.

And it's still going strong.

Hello.

You've got plenty with
Tutankhamun, haven't you?

MAN: Which one?
I want one of the man with the mask.

This is his toy,
we make it by handmade.

It's not gold though, is it?
No, no, no, no.

So how much does this cost?
300 Egyptian pound.

300?
Yes.

Would you give it to me for 150?

It's OK, no problem.

150?
It's OK, no problem.

Oh, right, what about 100?
(LAUGHS)

OK, 150.

Well, I think I will have that then.
OK.

Tut-mania didn't just inspire people
to come to Egypt,

it was the first global media craze.

King Tut, as he became known,
and all things ancient Egyptian

seeped into every aspect
of 1920s culture.

A dance tune was called Old King Tut
and it was a hit.

(OLD-STYLE DANCE MUSIC PLAYS)

Tut-mania affected Hollywood,

romantic novels,

fashion,

and even a brand
of Californian lemons.

Tutankhamun's treasures gave beauty
and glamour to a grey world

exhausted by the First World War.

# Old King Tut,
'neath moonlit skies so warm... #

Tourists flocked to the tomb.

They sat on the wall
chatting, reading,

even knitting,

waiting for something to happen.

All much to the annoyance of Carter.

# In Old King Tut... #

Society gentlemen would present
their calling cards to Carter,

demanding access to Tut's tomb.

The grumpy archaeologist
would often tear the card

and throw it in the sand
at their feet.

I'm rather warming to Howard Carter.

# King Tutty's day. #

Almost a century later,

Tutankhamun still draws tourists
to the Valley of the Kings.

Not much knitting going on
nowadays, sadly.

Just lots and lots of selfies.

Tut's tomb is the star attraction,

despite being so abnormally small
and plain.

But why was it so tiny
compared to other royal tombs?

The cavernous tombs like this one

belonging to other pharaohs
from around Tutankhamun's time

show the enormous effort,

the preparation and planning
that went in to a pharaoh's burial.

Pharaohs began building their tombs
the moment they took the throne.

When Tut died at just 19,
he'd been ruler for only 10 years.

Which could account
for his cramped burial place.

To find out what was required
to build a tomb fit for a pharaoh,

Raksha has visited a village

where the tomb builders themselves
once lived.

Just over the hill
from the Valley of the Kings

lies the ancient village
of Deir el-Medina.

Last time, we discovered it was home
to the builders of Tut's tomb.

The houses that the tomb builders
lived in

are here, down in the valley,

but the tombs that they built
for themselves

litter the mountainside.

And Manon Lefevre is letting me in

on the secrets
of their construction.

I really want to know how hard it is
to build a tomb.

So how did they do it?

Ah, we have to use different material

that depends on the stone.

Here we have limestone.
Mm-hm.

So we have to use at first this.

Oh, a flint axe.

Iron tools
weren't used in Tut's Egypt.

Flint was the hardest material
they had,

so it was used for tomb excavation.

The flint is quite good, actually.

OK, so that works.
Mm-hm.

Teams of up to 40 men
worked together

to hack out the royal tombs.

Yes, yes, come on.

Oh, look at that!

I don't think I've done
a bad job there, Manon.
(LAUGHS)

Once the carving was complete,
the decorating began.

And Manon has a treat for me.

A tomb builder's tomb.

Wow!

Complete with astonishing paintings.

Wow, it's unbelievable.
Yeah.

Every place I go to,
it looks different.
Yeah.

I can't believe
this is a tomb builder's tomb.

Yeah.
It's beautifully decorated.

What I really want to know is

how did they then create this
decoration and this painting?

All worker has his places to work.

So one people here,
one worker here, one here.

And all the worker has his job.

One man work for the sketch,

one then for the colour,

one man for the yellow,
one man painting red, blue.

And at the end
they draw with black painting.

Oh, right, so then they do
all these wonderful details.

And the black outline separately.
Yeah.

It must've taken the artists months
to decorate this tiny tomb.

It's OK?
Yep. Oh! (LAUGHS)

Wow.

The mind boggles
how long it would've taken

to paint the great royal tombs.

Which makes me wonder
if Tut's 10-year reign

just wasn't long enough
to build him a suitable tomb.

To see if it was possible,
Dan and I have special permission

to visit the resting place
of Tut's great-grandfather,

a tomb closed to the public.

Well, here we are, this is KV43,

the tomb of Thutmose IV,

and I'm really interested
in seeing the comparisons

between Tutankhamun's tomb
and this tomb and what the size is.

Well, yeah, because it's...

It's tempting to think they're
gonna be very similar, isn't it?

Because they were only
65 years apart, they ruled
for the same amount of time,

so the comparison
will be fascinating.

This tomb was excavated
by none other than Howard Carter

19 years
before he unearthed Tut's tomb.

We're hoping it can shed some light

on whether there is any link between
a short reign and a small plain tomb.

Look at this corridor running down.

I just love the precision.
I know. Then what is this room here?

This is... Ooh, hello,
there's some painting on this one.

Oh.
Oh, look at this!

That's extraordinary.

I love the painting here
and then this quilt of stars above us

and, funnily enough,
not much decoration on that side.

I wonder if it was unfinished.
Yeah, it is unfinished.

'Cause you can kind of see...

Can you see how it's rough there?
Then it smooths out.

So they've actually plastered
this upper bit

and they've started
doing the decorations.

And the thing I really love,
which is really sweet,

can you see that somebody has
started practising the star pattern?

This motif that is running
all the way through.

Is it reasonable, therefore,
to speculate

that the 9, 10 years
he was on the throne

was long enough
to dig a massive great hole

in the side of the mountain -

this is a big tomb -

but not enough time to do all the,
you know, the interior design on it?

They haven't completed the zhuzhing.

They haven't zhuzhed it up.
Is that an archaeological term?

It is now. (LAUGHS)
Shall we go? Let's go.

As we head deeper...

Alright, watch your head, Raksha,
on this. Don't hurt yourself.

..it's clear that the tomb builders
simply ran out of time

to decorate this space.

Isn't it interesting? No plaster,
no hieroglyphs, no artwork at all.

It hasn't been zhuzhed, as you say.
No zhuzh. It is all rock hewn.

There's no decoration here.

But it keeps on going down.

So, a short reign COULD be the reason
for an undecorated tomb.

Wait for it.
Here we go, this is it.

Whoa! Look at that!

Oh, my goodness, but how interesting,
it's completely plain.

So the burial chamber is actually...
It's completely unfinished.

It's unfinished.
Absolutely unfinished.

But it is enormous,

proving 10 years WAS enough time
to build a full-sized pharaoh's tomb.

So if Tut's tiny tomb
wasn't the result of his short reign,

maybe it was because he died
at only 19.

Perhaps his death was so sudden,
it took everyone by surprise.

We've been investigating
what may have killed Tutankhamun.

Last time I looked at those CT scans,
they seemed to show that

Tutankhamun might have had
an inherited disease.

A bone wasting disease
and possibly a clubbed foot.

Although debilitating,
these were not fatal.

Evidence from foods in his tomb

suggest he may well have had
malaria when he died.

Could this have caused his death?

Today I'm turning back
to modern science

to see if we can identify
just what killed him.

I'm re-examining Tut's CT scans
with Professor Frank Ruhli.

This 3D body allows us to peel back
the layers from skin to skeleton.

So what does this incredible
virtual autopsy

tell us about
how Tutankhamun might have died?

It tells us quite a lot,

despite the fact
that he's not well preserved,

that he shows a lot of damage.

All over the body you see
a lot of cracks and fractures

and lesions all over.

We can focus on one particular area,
which is the left knee region,

which may give us some indication
about his potential cause of death.

So we are talking about
this area here.

The left knee region.

Here, with the right one you see
there is a difference.

It looks smashed if you compare
with the normal one

on the right-hand side.

You clearly see that you actually
have a fracture line

going inside of the bone,

which is not present
on the right-hand side.

So, it would have been
a big, dramatic wound?

It's a major blow.

It's definitely life-threatening.

The femur -

the largest bone in the human body -
is completely snapped.

What kind of force is required
to break that bone like that?

It definitely needs a major blow
or impact

like if you fall down from
the first, second floor somewhere

or from a tree
or something similar to that.

Nowadays, injuries like this
are often suffered in car crashes.

So if one of us
had this wound today,

this would be skin broken,
lots of bleeding, bones showing.

I mean, you'd have to be
hospitalised immediately.

You can have massive acute bleeding

and you can eventually have
an infection,

especially if the skin is broken
and pathogens,

bacteria, can go inside of the bone.

Before modern medicine,

this catastrophic injury would almost
certainly have been fatal.

Would his life have been measured
in hours, minutes or days

after that wound occurred?

This is something
which probably would have killed him

within a week or so.

But just how did he break his leg?

I went in search of answers.

Experts believe one way a young king
could suffer such a terrible injury

was in battle.

But was Egypt even at war during
the short reign of Tutankhamun?

To find out, I'm heading to the tomb
built for the head of Tut's army,

General Horemheb.

Horemheb was one of two
exceptionally powerful men,

who seemed to pretty much
govern Egypt

during the childhood years
of King Tutankhamun.

This was a tomb complex
built for Horemheb.

28 metres below the ground
is a tomb chamber.

These buildings above the ground
were a kind of temple complex.

People could come here,
they could remember Horemheb

and they could make offerings
to his spirit.

Crucially, the walls
are covered with carvings

depicting events
from the reign of Tutankhamun.

Dr Colleen Darnell is helping me
look for evidence of warfare.

Hey, Colleen. How are you doing?
Hello.

These are beautiful, aren't they?
Wow. So what are we looking at here?

We have Horemheb
being awarded the gold of valour

by the Pharaoh Tutankhamun.

And he's decorating his most
successful general for success

and valour in battle.

Exactly.

You have the golden necklaces
that represent his victory.

And Tutankhamun, unfortunately,
is only preserved here,

but we can see his feet right there
and those of his wife, Ankhesenamun.

These are Tutankhamun's feet?
Those ARE Tutankhamun's feet.

I'll take that.
I think that's very exciting.

That's better than nothing.

For Tut to decorate Horemheb
for valour,

there must have been battles.

But who were they fighting?

We have many, many captives
from some of his military campaigns.

So these are all prisoners of war?
They are!

So here we have the Nubian
populations to the south of Egypt.

Here we have what we call Asiatics -

people beyond
Egypt's north-eastern border,

and here Libyans, who would have
lived to the west of Egypt.

So Horemheb has done the Grand Slam,

he's taken out the people
from the south, the north and east,

and also the Libyans to the west.

Yes.

These carvings reveal
that during Tutankhamun's reign,

Egypt was campaigning
against all its neighbours.

How much do we know about
the military history
of Tutankhamun's reign?

I mean, do we know about
any specific battles?

We know at least one -

a battle at the very strategically
significant city in western Syria,

known as Kadesh.

And that major battle
seems to have happened

about the time
of Tutankhamun's death.

So Tutankhamun
could have been present,

sustained a wound
that lead to his death?

It's certainly a possibility.

So Tutankhamun
was not only fighting wars,

but the battle at Kadesh
coincided with his death.

But one thing we are not able
to be certain about,

still no hard evidence

for Tutankhamun leading his troops
on the front line,

we still don't know what his role was
as a pharaoh.

Tantalising to think he could have
been at that battle at Kadesh,

he could have sustained a leg injury
which cost him his life.

But I wonder whether
the objects found in his tomb

will give me
a little bit more evidence.

So my next stop
is the Egyptian Museum,

where the most famous of all
the treasures found in Tut's tomb

are on display.

Every year, thousands of people
crowd this museum,

drawn by the gold and the jewels

and all the precious metals from all
the objects in Tutankhamun's tomb.

But let me tell you,

for the true connoisseurs of history,

the most important single object
in this museum

is not covered in gold or jewels.

No, it's an old wooden box.

And here it is.

Not only is it
astonishingly beautiful,

intricately painted
on every inch of its surface,

it's also a miracle of preservation -

a wooden box surviving
from over 3,000 years ago -

but also it is packed
with wonderful detail,

allowing us to build a picture

of what life was like
in Tutankhamun's Egypt.

Particularly how he either lived
or wanted us to see him.

On either side,
you've got battle scenes.

Tutankhamun presenting himself
as the great warrior King

leading his troops into battle.

He is about to release an arrow
into the mass of the enemy,

sowing confusion,

trampling the enemy
beneath the hooves of his horses

and the wheels of his chariot.

Once again, it's the Nubian foe,

the Africans who lived in the south
of Ancient Egypt.

On the other side, he is doing
the same to the Asiatics,

the people
from what is now the Middle East.

Now, Tutankhamun wouldn't be
the first Egyptian pharaoh

or the first ruler - full stop -

to present themselves
in military splendour,

when in fact they'd never seen
a battle in their lives,

but this does raise
the tantalising question

that he could have led his men
into battle

where he could have been wounded

and that might have led to his death.

As with so many things
in Tutankhamun's tomb,

it provides some answers
but raises questions as well.

This exquisite object
was just one of the hundreds

Carter found in the first chamber
of Tut's tomb.

On 16 December 1922,

three weeks after that discovery,

he began the monumental task

of systematically recording
the mountains of priceless artefacts.

There weren't just the treasures
piled high in this chamber
that Carter had to deal with,

because over here, he was very
excited to make another discovery.

Down here, he noticed a ragged hole.

He grabbed hold
of a portable electric light,

thrust it through,

and to his amazement
discovered this second chamber.

The entrance was hidden behind a
golden throne under a golden couch.

This second chamber
was smaller than the first,

but completely crammed
with a jumble of everyday items

to sustain Tut in his afterlife.

Inside those two rooms,
there were more than 1,000 objects.

Now, previous generations
of treasure hunters

would have simply cleaned
the lot out in a couple of days

and flogged them all
to antiquities dealers.

But Carter
was a new kind of archaeologist.

He was determined
that he would log and photograph

every single thing in those rooms,

and, thankfully,
those original documents survive.

When I was back in the UK, I went
to Oxford to have a look at them.

So this is the Griffith Institute

and it was here that
Howard Carter's personal papers

were deposited after his death,

and that includes his diary

and all of his
carefully hand-written notes

that he took during the excavation.

These documents will show me
how Carter tackled the task

of logging all the priceless
treasures he'd discovered.

The Griffith Institute is home
to one of the most important

and remarkable documents
in the history of archaeology.

This old, tatty ring binder,

with the squared paper used
by draftsmen all over the world,

is Howard Carter's journal.

It's minutely accurate - there's
no mistakes on this page at all.

You really get a sense
of his single-minded hunt
for perfection here,

and you can see it
in his prose as well.

"Everywhere, we found
an utter confusion of beds,

"chairs, boxes, alabasters, vases,
statues lying upon the floor."

There is nothing as exciting for true
lovers of history and archaeology

as getting close to the original
objects like this journal.

And I'm just as thrilled
to see how Carter

painstakingly logged every discovery.

Cat Warsi is kindly letting me delve
into Carter's original records.

Wow, I don't believe it.

So each one of these is a card
referring to a single object
found in Tutankhamun's tomb?

Yep, all written by
Carter and his team.

No way, that's amazing.

And surely
that's quite a modern concept.

I can't believe there are
archaeologists doing this level of
professionalism detail before him?

Not in so much detail, no.

So if I just have a little
flick through I'll just see...

Yep.
What's that? Gold.

That's caught my eye - gold.
Gold ring.

That's what we need.

"From a robe?"

It's great fun
watching him speculate

through what he is
writing down, questions.

Wondering what these might have been
used for thousands of years before.

Thank goodness
they discovered the tomb

and not some other
gang of cowboys.

Yes, we are very lucky with Carter.

Every single object
was numbered and photographed,

and there are some discoveries
we'd know nothing about today

if it wasn't for Carter's system.

For example, my favourite -
the wonderful painted box -

contained a wealth
of fragile textiles.

It looks to me like many of these
items would have been destroyed

the instant
they were removed from this box.
Yep.

So now the only record we have
of the markings or the objects

are just from these notes.

Yep,
certainly with things like fabrics.

Almost as soon as you breathe on it,
it just sort of disintegrates.

That's why these photographs
are so important.

So Tutankhamun's tomb is as famous
in the archaeological community

for all these new and remarkable
methods of conservation

as it is in just the general public

for all the beautiful stuff
that came out?

Mm. Yes. Yeah.

Though Carter was a pioneer
of modern archaeology,

his lifestyle while working on Tut's
tomb was rather more traditional.

John has gone to find out more
about Carter

and the life
of a 1920s gentleman archaeologist.

Goodness me, I thought
riding that camel was bad enough!

The things I do in the interest
of authentic journalism.

Right, well, this is my first time
travelling on a donkey

and I have to say,
it's extremely uncomfortable.

But I'm getting into the mood

because this is how Howard Carter
would travel every morning.

He would go from his house over here

two and a half miles
across those hills

to the Valley of the Kings,

so this would be his daily commute.

So, on we go.

Carter's house,
nicknamed Castle Carter,

was built for him by his wealthy
sponsor, Lord Carnarvon.

It's an extraordinary time capsule.

Everything's pretty much as it was
when Carter discovered Tut's tomb.

This is the kitchen.

Look at this, there's an old cooker.

And bits and pieces.

Ah, but this is important -
an ancient fridge.

And in this climate,
it may look awful

but this would be vital,
absolutely vital.

There's even the dark room,

where those famous photographs
of Tut's tomb were developed.

You can imagine the tension
for the first photographs.

They come into the dark room
and they develop them.

But have they caught the stupendous
nature of their discovery?

Gosh, the tension here
must have been terrific.

And then they saw the pictures

and relief, just relief,

they'd got it and the world
would see what they had seen.

And this was Howard Carter's study

almost exactly as it was
when he lived here.

This is the desk on which he wrote
his famous journal,

and everything he needs.

He's got pots of ink,
got a lamp, the radio,

gramophone, and I like this -

that's the umbrella stand.

An Englishman doesn't travel
without an umbrella.

And through there on the terrace,
is the lounger,

and Lord Carnarvon
was photographed sitting on that

when he came to visit Howard Carter.

So...history - wonderful.

But some things
essential for genteel living

just weren't to be found
in 1920s Egypt.

The very rich Lord Carnarvon
would regularly send Howard Carter

a hamper from Fortnum and Masons

full of all the delicacies required
of an English gentleman abroad.

There would be fine wine.

There'd be potted meat.

Now, they used to make one of these
with quails stuffed with foie gras,

but, sadly,
they don't do that anymore.

There'd be Dundee cake, biscuits

and the all-important boiled sweets.

Out of the dig site, Carter and
his team enjoyed sit-down lunches.

On special occasions,
dinner was eaten in royal tombs

complete with white table cloth
and waiters.

Fine wine, choice delicacies
and buried treasure.

I think I would have enjoyed the
life of this 1920s archaeologist.

Cheers.

It's thanks to Carter's
incredible discovery in the 1920s

we are able to investigate
the cause of Tutankhamun's death.

We believe that very shortly
before his death,

King Tutankhamun suffered a terrible
accident which shattered his leg.

Now, that might have killed him
instantly, but if it didn't,

it would have been pretty clear
that he was dying.

We're investigating
how the young pharaoh

suffered such a violent injury.

I'm starting to believe
it happened on the battlefield,

although I'm still trying
to convince Raksha.

The wonderful painted box showed Tut
as a warrior, but wasn't conclusive.

So we're heading back
to the Grand Egyptian Museum

to see if other items
found in Tut's tomb

reveal if he was killed in battle.

So here we are -
kids in a candy store.

Behind the scenes
in the Grand Egyptian museum

surrounded by objects
from King Tut's tomb,

and I look at them
and I'm kind of thinking

I know more about the man,
I know what he was like in real life.

Well, I'm just going to rein you in
there.

I'm going to throw in
my cynical archaeology card

and just let you
think about the fact

that some of these objects
were for his everyday life

but a lot of them
were just purely ceremonial.

Yeah, I know, that's the...
that is the problem

because you think,
well, actually, look at our Queen

and she's constantly surrounded by
giant swords

but she's never whacked anyone
with a blade, that we know about.

Not yet, no.
(LAUGHS)

A vast quantity of weaponry
was discovered in the tomb.

I want to see if, like the Queen's
swords, they were purely ceremonial.

Hassan, can I have a look at this
bow here with this beautiful carving
on the end?

There were 46 bows.

Some are ornamental
but others have clearly been used.

What are these ones here?
These tiny ones.

That's a small bow.

From his childhood?

Yes.
Wow.

So he'd have been shooting arrows

obviously from the very earliest
childhood,

training himself to be a bowman.

Obviously hunting a massive pastime
of kings around the world

but potentially also as training to
become a battlefield leader as well.

And, of course, with bows,
there are arrows.

More than 400 were found.

Some with delicate blue glass tips.

Others with ivory and metal.

Look at these ones.

God, these have got
a big tip on them.
Those are bronze.

There is even
a very warlike shield.

Shield of Tutankhamun.
Wow!

Ho! With the animal skin still on it!
Yes.

You can still see the original fur.

His royal title there.
Magnificent shield.

It would have announced his presence
on the battlefield potentially.

At court... Who knows?

Is this evidence that he once
led his armies in the field himself?

I'm tempted to think so.

Whether these items were for warfare
or hunting isn't clear,

but we do know he had some
very snazzy wheels to go with them.

Six chariots were found in the tomb.

Well, here it is.

The legendary golden chariot
of Tutankhamun.

There were two of them
found in the tomb.

They are both in here right now,

being painstakingly preserved
by the team here.

And there is nothing like this

as beautiful, as intricate,

as special as this
from this far back in history.

But what is so staggering about it
is not just the gold,

but it's the artistry on it.

And if you look in here,

you can start seeing
some of these figures

that we recognise
from other sites that I've been to.

Tutankhamun's name up there
is almost held up,

it's almost supported by the
enslaved peoples of his empire.

There we can see the Asiatics
with their shaved heads

and their big beards.

They're from further north,

up into what we now call
the Middle East and Anatolia, Turkey.

And then we've also got
the other great ancestral enemies

of the Egyptians, the Nubians -

people from what we now call Sudan -
and they are all bound up.

Look, legs, arms,
incredibly uncomfortably,

and I think this really suggests

that whether or not he was actually
in the front line of battle himself,

Tutankhamun saw himself
as a warrior king.

The Pharaoh's job was to maintain
the empire of the Egyptians

against these external foes,

enslave them
and show them who was boss.

This is undoubtedly
a ceremonial chariot.

It's a bit like the way the Queen
travels in the golden coach today.

It wasn't designed for the rough and
tumble of hunting or the battlefield

and, in fact,
we know it was very rarely used

because of very little wear and tear
on the axel and the wheels.

Now, less spectacular
but just as interesting

are the other chariots
that were found in the tomb,

and this is one of them.

And as you can see,
this is designed for everyday use.

This is street wear.

A stripped down version.

A plain wooden chariot.

There would have been leather
on the floor

and leather fronting here,

which has all rotted away,
just leaving the wooden frame.

And what is quite interesting

is that two of these chariots
that were stored in the tomb

show signs of having been involved
in an event like a collision.

Now, what if these two chariots
were involved in a terrible collision

and in that collision
Tutankhamun sustained his leg injury?

Like so much else in this tomb,
there's lots of tantalising clues.

These artefacts suggest to me

Tutankhamun could have been
an active warrior king

and suffered that leg injury
on military campaign.

Raksha, on the other hand,
is far from convinced.

Dan is getting a bit carried away
with his action-man Tut theory,

because I think there's overwhelming
evidence it couldn't be true.

The CT scan of his body
suggested bone degeneration

and a clubbed foot.

I want to see
if the objects in his tomb

reveal how these impacted
his everyday life.

Hello.
How are you?

Dr Eissa?
Welcome. How are you?

There's an awful lot
of walking sticks here.

Yes.

Over 130 walking sticks
were found in the tomb.

Some of them
are exquisitely beautiful -

just as you'd expect for a pharaoh.

For example, which golden.

(GASPS)
Used in ceremony.

Look at that!
Mm-hm.

Absolutely beautiful.

This one looks like as though
it hasn't even been used.

It looks in perfect condition.
Yes, very good condition.

You've got these
individual figures on the bottom.

And the top you have some
lapis lazuli there

and all this, like, gold filigree.

Very fancy.

Yes, very, very good condition.

What are these ones at the back,
with the figures on them?

The same.

The same. And also
very nice decoration of king.

And what is that character
supposed to be?

Of a Nubian?

Yes.
By the way, this is not the top.

It's not the top?
This is not the top.

How...? Why is that not the top?

'Cause he used it like this.

So that would have gone
on the floor.

It was as though he was crushing
the Nubians down as he's walking.

Yes. Crushing the enemy,
yes, you are right.

Charming character. (LAUGHS)

These ornate sticks are a normal
part of a pharaoh's regalia,

a bit like a bishop's crook.

Statuettes of Tut found in the tomb
show him using them.

But many of the walking sticks
are much more ordinary.

Then you have these wooden ones.
Yes.

That he would have used
in everyday life.

Yes, yeah.

And I can see from the tip...
Yes.

..that he's obviously used it
quite a lot.

These are not just here for show.
He actually really needed to use it.

He just used all the time.
Yes.

Every day, because he had to.

Yes, you are right.

And that's got a really stubby end.

The end has almost come off,
actually, hasn't it?

Yes.

The sheer number of these
everyday sticks suggest to me

that Tut needed them
just to get around.

The fact that he was obviously
really reliant

on all of those sticks,

some of them have been worn away
almost to the nub,

means that he wasn't able
to stand upright just by himself,

never mind drive a chariot
by himself.

I just...I just don't believe it.

So if Raksha doesn't buy into
my active warrior king,

how does she think Tut could have
suffered such a massive leg fracture?

So what do you think? How did he die?
What are the theories?

One is that
he was in a malarial fever

and he fell down the stairs.

And my absolute favourite - that
he was mauled by a hippopotamus.

I kind of think about
those two damaged chariots

and wonder if they were involved
in the fatal collision.

You love a bit of war,
don't you, Dan?

I think I love the drama, yeah.

I just like the idea
there was some...

If he just fell down stairs,
it's a bit boring.

It's frustrating because on the
one hand we have so much evidence
from the things buried with him,

but on the other, it was so long ago,
we just don't know.

But we can be certain

that within a week of him
sustaining that leg injury

King Tutankhamun was dead.

Bye, bye.
Goodbye.
Bye.

Captions by Red Bee Media
(c) SBS Australia 2020