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[SAM] More than 2 million
Africans were lost at sea
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00:00:24,981 --> 00:00:26,611
when they were trafficked
to the "New World."
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00:00:26,635 --> 00:00:28,898
[boat creaking]
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00:00:29,029 --> 00:00:33,946
Over 400 years, some 12 million
were enslaved and abused.
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00:00:34,077 --> 00:00:35,992
None of that would have happened
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00:00:36,123 --> 00:00:39,430
if it didn't generate money...
Lots of it.
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00:00:39,561 --> 00:00:42,259
♪
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[LEO] This place was
all slave plantations.
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The people were treated
like garbage,
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00:00:47,569 --> 00:00:49,658
like a way of making a profit.
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00:00:49,788 --> 00:00:52,835
Every mistake you make,
the whip comes out.
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00:00:52,965 --> 00:00:55,577
[whip cracks]
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00:00:55,707 --> 00:00:57,163
[SIMCHA] Right here, people made
deals that effected slavery?
14
00:00:57,187 --> 00:00:59,427
It's a center of business
concerned with the slave trade.
15
00:00:59,537 --> 00:01:02,540
♪
16
00:01:02,671 --> 00:01:05,065
This is ground zero
for sugar in the Americas...
17
00:01:05,195 --> 00:01:07,458
Plantations just like this one
where we're standing.
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00:01:07,589 --> 00:01:09,069
♪
19
00:01:09,199 --> 00:01:14,030
600,000 people were
bought into slavery
20
00:01:14,161 --> 00:01:16,511
by Bristol merchants,
on Bristol ships.
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00:01:16,641 --> 00:01:18,078
Who profited?
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00:01:19,905 --> 00:01:21,646
Who are the people
that profited the most?
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00:01:21,777 --> 00:01:25,694
[screaming]
24
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I'm sensing the souls of 600,
and I want to find them.
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Afua, if we were standing here
200 years ago,
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00:01:33,180 --> 00:01:36,705
we would have been
deemed fit for market.
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00:01:36,835 --> 00:01:38,663
[clamoring, yelling]
28
00:01:38,794 --> 00:01:40,796
Much of the world
we live in today
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00:01:40,926 --> 00:01:43,973
was built on the backs
of enslaved Africans.
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00:01:44,104 --> 00:01:46,106
To find out how this happened...
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Follow the money.
That's what we need to do.
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[metal chain clicking]
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00:01:54,244 --> 00:02:02,122
♪
34
00:02:04,080 --> 00:02:06,865
[ship horn's blowing]
35
00:02:09,259 --> 00:02:11,150
[ALLANAH] We've made it to
the capital of Suriname,
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00:02:11,174 --> 00:02:14,090
a small country
in South America.
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00:02:14,221 --> 00:02:17,876
350 years ago,
it was a Dutch slave colony
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00:02:18,007 --> 00:02:19,704
that existed
for the sole purpose
39
00:02:19,835 --> 00:02:20,942
of enriching the Netherlands.
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00:02:20,966 --> 00:02:22,707
♪
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00:02:22,838 --> 00:02:24,666
[Kramer]
We are here to investigate
42
00:02:24,796 --> 00:02:26,581
one of the most horrific crimes
43
00:02:26,711 --> 00:02:27,991
of the transatlantic
slave trade.
44
00:02:28,104 --> 00:02:30,106
Oh, my gosh, you guys.
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00:02:30,237 --> 00:02:32,804
It had been
practically forgotten
46
00:02:32,935 --> 00:02:34,763
for nearly 300 years.
47
00:02:34,893 --> 00:02:37,635
- How are you?
- You must be Leo. I'm Kinga.
48
00:02:37,766 --> 00:02:39,286
[KINGA] Doctor Leo Balai
has invited us
49
00:02:39,333 --> 00:02:42,162
to this old Dutch fort
to help solve the mystery
50
00:02:42,292 --> 00:02:44,860
of a sunken slave ship
called "The Leusden."
51
00:02:44,990 --> 00:02:47,732
I want to tell you a story.
52
00:02:47,863 --> 00:02:51,997
I think nobody wanted to tell,
but a story I need to tell
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00:02:52,128 --> 00:02:55,131
because it is so important.
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00:02:55,262 --> 00:02:58,047
It's a story about
the biggest mass murder
55
00:02:58,178 --> 00:03:00,876
in the history of
the transatlantic slave trade.
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00:03:15,064 --> 00:03:16,805
[grunts]
57
00:03:27,250 --> 00:03:30,210
They had a smooth trip.
Only 44 days.
58
00:03:31,907 --> 00:03:33,952
[thunderclap]
59
00:03:44,702 --> 00:03:45,703
[thunderclap]
60
00:04:01,893 --> 00:04:03,678
Then the ship got stuck.
61
00:04:03,808 --> 00:04:05,897
[waves crash]
62
00:04:06,028 --> 00:04:08,465
It hit the sandbank,
63
00:04:08,596 --> 00:04:10,685
and that was
the beginning of the end.
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00:04:10,815 --> 00:04:12,164
[screams]
65
00:04:12,295 --> 00:04:15,298
Here, right here
in front of us was where
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00:04:15,429 --> 00:04:19,041
"The Leusden" was supposed
to enter the Suriname River
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00:04:19,171 --> 00:04:20,999
to sell the "cargo."
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♪
69
00:04:22,827 --> 00:04:25,700
Imagine, that 200,
300 years ago,
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00:04:25,830 --> 00:04:28,964
this place was all
slave plantations.
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00:04:29,094 --> 00:04:32,097
More than 600 slave plantations
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00:04:32,228 --> 00:04:35,231
with tens of thousands
of slaves to make a profit
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00:04:35,362 --> 00:04:39,017
for people who
wanted to get rich.
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00:04:39,148 --> 00:04:41,846
It was here where
everything happened,
75
00:04:41,977 --> 00:04:44,109
where people were
treated like cargo,
76
00:04:44,240 --> 00:04:47,287
like a way of making a profit.
77
00:04:47,417 --> 00:04:51,291
♪
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00:04:51,421 --> 00:04:52,981
[SIMCHA]
Transporting millions of slaves
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00:04:53,075 --> 00:04:55,251
across the Atlantic
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00:04:55,382 --> 00:05:00,256
required a tremendous amount
of resources and money.
81
00:05:00,387 --> 00:05:03,303
How did this make
financial sense for Europeans?
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00:05:03,433 --> 00:05:05,870
♪
83
00:05:06,001 --> 00:05:08,830
I've come to London, once
the center of the slave trade,
84
00:05:08,960 --> 00:05:10,745
to look for some answers.
85
00:05:10,875 --> 00:05:12,877
♪
86
00:05:13,008 --> 00:05:14,290
[JAMES] As you can see,
we are in the heart
87
00:05:14,314 --> 00:05:17,186
of the financial sector
of the city of London.
88
00:05:17,317 --> 00:05:19,797
And where I am going to take
you is a very surprising place
89
00:05:19,928 --> 00:05:21,799
that actually is
the very heartbeat
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00:05:21,930 --> 00:05:24,541
of the Atlantic slaving system.
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00:05:24,672 --> 00:05:27,979
♪
92
00:05:28,110 --> 00:05:30,852
This is the site
of the Jamaica Coffee House.
93
00:05:30,982 --> 00:05:33,811
[customers chatting]
94
00:05:33,942 --> 00:05:35,398
You can't really
understand what happens
95
00:05:35,422 --> 00:05:37,728
to the world of slavery
and the slave trade
96
00:05:37,859 --> 00:05:39,556
unless you think of coffee.
97
00:05:39,687 --> 00:05:42,342
- Thank you.
- Thank you very much indeed.
98
00:05:42,472 --> 00:05:45,127
Why coffee and what does
it have to do with slavery?
99
00:05:45,257 --> 00:05:48,391
Well, in the 17th century,
coffee takes off in England.
100
00:05:48,522 --> 00:05:52,264
Merchants bring it here,
and they mix it with sugar.
101
00:05:52,395 --> 00:05:55,355
It's a very bitter drink,
as was tea, as was chocolate.
102
00:05:55,485 --> 00:05:58,749
And all three drinks
are mixed with sugar.
103
00:05:58,880 --> 00:06:01,056
Sugar, coffee, chocolate,
104
00:06:01,186 --> 00:06:03,580
all these things that you
mentioned highly addictive.
105
00:06:03,711 --> 00:06:05,930
Yes. And all of them
grown by the Africans
106
00:06:06,061 --> 00:06:07,341
who were shipped
in the millions.
107
00:06:09,499 --> 00:06:12,981
Sugar is the engine behind
the emergence of coffee drinking
108
00:06:13,111 --> 00:06:15,287
and the proliferation
of coffee shops
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00:06:15,418 --> 00:06:18,682
in the city of London
like this one.
110
00:06:18,813 --> 00:06:21,642
This coffee shop becomes
the focus point for merchants,
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00:06:21,772 --> 00:06:24,775
for seamen from the slave
corners of the empire.
112
00:06:24,906 --> 00:06:27,169
Right here in the 1600s
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00:06:27,299 --> 00:06:30,215
people sat down and made deals
that effected slavery?
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00:06:30,346 --> 00:06:32,957
Not only made deals
about slavery.
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00:06:33,088 --> 00:06:35,109
But you would come and find out
what the price of sugar was
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00:06:35,133 --> 00:06:36,918
and what the price
of slaves were.
117
00:06:37,048 --> 00:06:38,310
What was the fate of the ships
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00:06:38,441 --> 00:06:40,400
that were traveling
back and forth?
119
00:06:40,530 --> 00:06:42,247
It's a center of information,
and it becomes a focus
120
00:06:42,271 --> 00:06:44,186
for business concerned
with the slave trade.
121
00:06:50,366 --> 00:06:53,195
[AFUA] To fulfill Europe's
massive demand for sugar,
122
00:06:53,325 --> 00:06:56,416
Brazil became
its biggest supplier.
123
00:06:56,546 --> 00:06:59,288
So I've come to Brazil
to see firsthand
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00:06:59,419 --> 00:07:02,117
where it all started.
125
00:07:02,247 --> 00:07:04,249
Professor, so nice to meet you.
126
00:07:04,380 --> 00:07:05,990
- Nice to meet you.
- You ready to go?
127
00:07:06,121 --> 00:07:07,165
- Yeah.
- Let's go.
128
00:07:07,296 --> 00:07:13,258
♪
129
00:07:13,389 --> 00:07:15,478
This was the first place
in the Americas
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00:07:15,609 --> 00:07:19,308
that the sugar industry
started to rely on slave labor.
131
00:07:19,439 --> 00:07:23,355
At first Europeans
enslaved indigenous people.
132
00:07:23,486 --> 00:07:27,142
But so many died when they were
exposed to European diseases
133
00:07:27,272 --> 00:07:29,274
that they came up
with a solution:
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00:07:29,405 --> 00:07:32,016
enslave Africans.
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00:07:32,147 --> 00:07:33,975
Millions and millions
of African slaves
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00:07:34,105 --> 00:07:37,848
were brought here
just to cultivate this crop.
137
00:07:37,979 --> 00:07:45,979
♪
138
00:08:05,267 --> 00:08:09,184
♪
139
00:08:18,585 --> 00:08:22,458
So this is ground zero
for sugar in the Americas,
140
00:08:22,589 --> 00:08:24,654
plantations just like this one
where we are standing.
141
00:08:24,678 --> 00:08:25,809
Yes.
142
00:08:44,349 --> 00:08:50,312
♪
143
00:08:53,968 --> 00:09:01,968
♪
144
00:09:06,676 --> 00:09:09,374
With first light,
we set out with Dr. Balai
145
00:09:09,505 --> 00:09:12,247
on a journey in search
of the lost slave ship,
146
00:09:12,377 --> 00:09:14,249
"The Leusden."
147
00:09:14,379 --> 00:09:15,990
- Hi.
- Nice to meet you.
148
00:09:16,120 --> 00:09:17,382
Kinga Phillips.
149
00:09:17,513 --> 00:09:19,559
- Hi. Alannah.
- Yves. Nice to meet you.
150
00:09:19,689 --> 00:09:27,689
♪
151
00:09:34,530 --> 00:09:36,750
The ship was stuck
on the sandbank,
152
00:09:36,880 --> 00:09:40,492
and water came into the ship.
153
00:09:40,623 --> 00:09:44,322
They tried to mend it,
to prevent the water
154
00:09:44,453 --> 00:09:47,151
from coming in,
but it didn't stop.
155
00:09:47,282 --> 00:09:54,028
♪
156
00:09:54,158 --> 00:09:55,420
[thunderclap, men yelling]
157
00:09:55,551 --> 00:10:00,295
The captain decided
the ship was lost.
158
00:10:00,425 --> 00:10:03,559
He also decided that
the "cargo" was lost.
159
00:10:03,690 --> 00:10:06,997
The captives were
of no value anymore.
160
00:10:07,128 --> 00:10:10,305
The 664 Africans who perished
161
00:10:10,435 --> 00:10:12,568
could have survived,
162
00:10:12,699 --> 00:10:16,093
but the captain had
a different idea.
163
00:10:16,224 --> 00:10:19,488
I want to show you
what was supposed to be
164
00:10:19,619 --> 00:10:22,317
the final destination
of the enslaved Africans
165
00:10:22,447 --> 00:10:23,447
on board "The Leusden."
166
00:10:23,492 --> 00:10:31,492
♪
167
00:10:36,200 --> 00:10:40,117
[animal noises]
168
00:10:40,248 --> 00:10:48,248
♪
169
00:10:49,387 --> 00:10:51,563
Around this whole territory
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00:10:51,694 --> 00:10:55,132
there were all
slave plantations over here.
171
00:11:08,755 --> 00:11:10,539
So, these were
the highways basically.
172
00:11:10,670 --> 00:11:12,497
These were the highways
173
00:11:12,628 --> 00:11:15,283
and also the slaves
digged those creeks.
174
00:11:15,413 --> 00:11:18,373
They digged it out
until the Atlantic Ocean.
175
00:11:18,503 --> 00:11:22,246
A hundred miles...
176
00:11:22,377 --> 00:11:24,727
If you look around,
you can't imagine
177
00:11:24,858 --> 00:11:28,383
that there were thousands of
Black people living over here,
178
00:11:28,513 --> 00:11:33,344
died over here, were
massacred sometimes over here
179
00:11:33,475 --> 00:11:36,652
because they had to
make sugar and coffee.
180
00:11:36,783 --> 00:11:39,611
Sugar was the curse
of Black people,
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00:11:39,742 --> 00:11:42,049
because Europeans wanted sugar.
182
00:11:42,179 --> 00:11:43,354
♪
183
00:11:43,485 --> 00:11:44,704
Watch your head.
184
00:11:44,834 --> 00:11:48,446
♪
185
00:11:48,577 --> 00:11:50,318
You have to be careful
in the creek
186
00:11:50,448 --> 00:11:53,408
because everything
is overgrowing now.
187
00:11:53,538 --> 00:11:55,932
Nature takes everything back.
188
00:11:56,063 --> 00:12:00,197
♪
189
00:12:00,328 --> 00:12:01,938
Watch it, watch it,
watch it, watch it.
190
00:12:02,069 --> 00:12:03,469
So, nature is
covering up the crime.
191
00:12:03,592 --> 00:12:05,507
Yes.
192
00:12:05,637 --> 00:12:08,423
[speaking native language]
193
00:12:08,553 --> 00:12:10,381
Snake, snake, snake.
194
00:12:10,512 --> 00:12:12,296
Easy, easy.
195
00:12:12,427 --> 00:12:14,516
We-We-We-We can continue.
We can continue.
196
00:12:14,646 --> 00:12:16,692
[speaking native language]
197
00:12:16,823 --> 00:12:17,606
No, it was in
the tree right there.
198
00:12:17,737 --> 00:12:19,129
- On the branch.
- It's a boa.
199
00:12:19,260 --> 00:12:22,176
♪
200
00:12:22,306 --> 00:12:23,394
Heads up.
201
00:12:23,525 --> 00:12:29,357
♪
202
00:12:29,487 --> 00:12:31,620
This it? Are we getting off?
203
00:12:31,751 --> 00:12:32,621
Yes, we're getting off.
204
00:12:32,752 --> 00:12:35,406
[speaking native language]
205
00:12:37,713 --> 00:12:39,976
You, you can come.
206
00:12:40,107 --> 00:12:48,107
♪
207
00:12:48,419 --> 00:12:51,509
This place was flatland...
208
00:12:51,640 --> 00:12:53,598
[thunderclap]
209
00:12:53,729 --> 00:12:55,687
...with sugar canes.
210
00:12:55,818 --> 00:12:58,734
Thousands of slaves
working day and night.
211
00:12:58,865 --> 00:13:01,519
This was all flat,
clear, no jungle?
212
00:13:01,650 --> 00:13:03,391
No jungle.
213
00:13:03,521 --> 00:13:11,521
♪
214
00:13:14,794 --> 00:13:18,972
The slave owners
were so inventive
215
00:13:19,102 --> 00:13:22,802
to stop the slaves
from running away
216
00:13:22,932 --> 00:13:26,675
that they planted cactus
around the plantation
217
00:13:26,806 --> 00:13:29,809
so you couldn't get in or out.
218
00:13:29,939 --> 00:13:37,939
♪
219
00:13:38,513 --> 00:13:40,428
In the middle of the jungle,
220
00:13:40,558 --> 00:13:43,257
we suddenly discover
what Leo brought us here to see.
221
00:13:43,387 --> 00:13:45,172
♪
222
00:13:45,302 --> 00:13:47,652
What is it?
223
00:13:47,783 --> 00:13:50,438
This is part of a sugar factory.
224
00:13:50,568 --> 00:13:58,568
♪
225
00:14:00,622 --> 00:14:02,145
Leo...
226
00:14:02,276 --> 00:14:05,018
♪
227
00:14:05,148 --> 00:14:06,497
- Oh, wow, Leo.
- This is huge!
228
00:14:06,628 --> 00:14:09,500
♪
229
00:14:09,631 --> 00:14:12,329
These are silent witnesses
of an enormous crime.
230
00:14:12,460 --> 00:14:17,595
[birds chirping]
231
00:14:17,726 --> 00:14:20,816
You had hundreds of people
working over you.
232
00:14:20,947 --> 00:14:23,819
Some of them at the plantation
to cut the cane.
233
00:14:23,950 --> 00:14:27,649
And then you have the people
who work in the factory
234
00:14:27,779 --> 00:14:29,477
to process the cane.
235
00:14:29,607 --> 00:14:31,827
Imagine yourself being
a slave over here,
236
00:14:31,958 --> 00:14:35,439
then you can see
how horrible it was.
237
00:14:35,570 --> 00:14:38,355
♪
238
00:14:38,486 --> 00:14:40,488
[whip cracks, man yells]
239
00:14:40,618 --> 00:14:45,449
Get up in the morning,
work 18 hours a day,
240
00:14:45,580 --> 00:14:47,190
seven days a week.
241
00:14:48,931 --> 00:14:52,456
Every mistake you make,
the whip comes out.
242
00:14:52,587 --> 00:14:55,372
[whip cracks, man yells]
243
00:14:55,503 --> 00:14:58,723
So the life expectancy
of an African here
244
00:14:58,854 --> 00:15:00,595
was about eight years?
245
00:15:00,725 --> 00:15:03,032
Yeah, they reckon about
eight to 10 years,
246
00:15:03,163 --> 00:15:04,904
and then it was over.
247
00:15:05,034 --> 00:15:08,603
All right, I-I'm trying
to imagine this, right?
248
00:15:08,733 --> 00:15:12,999
You get captured in Africa,
and then once you're here...
249
00:15:13,129 --> 00:15:15,697
You get branded.
250
00:15:15,827 --> 00:15:20,528
You get branded, right,
bought and then tortured
251
00:15:20,658 --> 00:15:22,443
for eight years
in a sugar plantation,
252
00:15:22,573 --> 00:15:24,184
and then you die.
253
00:15:24,314 --> 00:15:29,624
♪
254
00:15:29,754 --> 00:15:30,775
What did all of this look like?
255
00:15:30,799 --> 00:15:32,627
What are all these pieces?
256
00:15:32,757 --> 00:15:34,368
We're looking at skeletons.
257
00:15:34,498 --> 00:15:35,847
It was powered by steam,
I think.
258
00:15:35,978 --> 00:15:37,327
[YVES] It was a steam machine.
259
00:15:37,458 --> 00:15:38,763
Right there was the oven.
260
00:15:38,894 --> 00:15:44,900
[machine whirring]
261
00:15:45,031 --> 00:15:46,834
Some parts of the engine
you can see over there.
262
00:15:46,858 --> 00:15:54,858
[machinery clanging]
263
00:15:54,997 --> 00:15:56,738
But the most important part
was this.
264
00:15:56,868 --> 00:15:58,609
This was the press.
265
00:15:58,740 --> 00:16:04,615
[machinery whirring]
266
00:16:04,746 --> 00:16:06,878
Come take a look.
267
00:16:07,009 --> 00:16:10,621
This is like say, sugar cane,
and then they pressed it inside,
268
00:16:10,752 --> 00:16:13,494
and then the juice
will come free.
269
00:16:13,624 --> 00:16:18,760
[machine clicking]
270
00:16:18,890 --> 00:16:21,850
But sometimes,
it could be that your hand
271
00:16:21,981 --> 00:16:23,939
was stuck into the press.
272
00:16:24,070 --> 00:16:28,030
When your hand gets stuck
in the machine,
273
00:16:28,161 --> 00:16:32,513
the only thing they did
was to chop your hand off.
274
00:16:32,643 --> 00:16:36,517
Because they couldn't,
wouldn't stop the machine...
275
00:16:36,647 --> 00:16:38,693
So, someone will come
running and cut it off.
276
00:16:38,823 --> 00:16:41,522
There was always someone
around here with a machete.
277
00:16:41,652 --> 00:16:43,959
Someone stood here
with a machete...
278
00:16:44,090 --> 00:16:45,743
- Yes.
- ...just in case that happened.
279
00:16:45,874 --> 00:16:47,745
Just in case,
and it happened often
280
00:16:47,876 --> 00:16:50,661
because the people worked
16, 18 hours a day
281
00:16:50,792 --> 00:16:52,620
and you get tired.
282
00:16:52,750 --> 00:16:56,450
And a mistake with such
a machine often happens.
283
00:16:56,580 --> 00:16:58,887
That's the price of sugar.
284
00:16:59,018 --> 00:17:00,458
That's the price
of sugar, of course.
285
00:17:00,584 --> 00:17:03,631
And the Africans
on "The Leusden,"
286
00:17:03,761 --> 00:17:07,548
they didn't even give them
this chance to come here
287
00:17:07,678 --> 00:17:10,855
or try and live their eight
years of life expectancy
288
00:17:10,986 --> 00:17:13,075
or to get away.
289
00:17:13,206 --> 00:17:15,599
They were murdered because
the captain took a wrong turn.
290
00:17:15,730 --> 00:17:19,429
They weren't even
worth the chance.
291
00:17:19,560 --> 00:17:24,826
♪
292
00:17:24,956 --> 00:17:32,956
[footsteps]
293
00:17:34,792 --> 00:17:38,666
♪
294
00:17:38,796 --> 00:17:40,711
I've come to where
the slave trade,
295
00:17:40,842 --> 00:17:44,063
which became
the biggest business
296
00:17:44,193 --> 00:17:46,935
in the Western Hemisphere began:
Lagos.
297
00:17:47,066 --> 00:17:50,808
Here, Portugal's ruler,
Henry the Navigator,
298
00:17:50,939 --> 00:17:53,811
established the first naval
trade routes to West Africa.
299
00:17:53,942 --> 00:17:56,075
♪
300
00:17:56,205 --> 00:17:59,469
In 1444, the very first
enslaved Africans
301
00:17:59,600 --> 00:18:03,691
were brought to this square.
302
00:18:03,821 --> 00:18:05,954
So, I see a statue there
of Henry the Navigator
303
00:18:06,085 --> 00:18:09,566
who's celebrated here
as some kind of visionary.
304
00:18:09,697 --> 00:18:13,527
But in reality, he also
started the slave trade.
305
00:18:13,657 --> 00:18:16,747
[speaking Spanish]
306
00:18:27,193 --> 00:18:30,065
So, take me back
to this moment in history
307
00:18:30,196 --> 00:18:32,502
where Africans,
right in this square,
308
00:18:32,633 --> 00:18:35,897
were sold like objects.
309
00:19:02,010 --> 00:19:06,232
Africans buried in a mass grave
were recently found here.
310
00:19:06,362 --> 00:19:10,627
And today, the site has been
turned into a mini golf course.
311
00:19:35,086 --> 00:19:38,046
- They were Africans?
- Yeah.
312
00:19:38,177 --> 00:19:40,527
How many skeletons did you find?
How many humans?
313
00:19:45,009 --> 00:19:47,838
It's very strange for me
to be looking at a mini-golf
314
00:19:47,969 --> 00:19:51,494
and imagining
that it's a mass grave.
315
00:19:51,625 --> 00:19:52,625
Yeah.
316
00:20:05,769 --> 00:20:07,858
His hands are tied
behind his back.
317
00:20:18,217 --> 00:20:21,829
- She's holding a baby - Mm-hmm.
318
00:20:21,959 --> 00:20:24,440
It kind of shows you that
the suffering of the Africans
319
00:20:24,571 --> 00:20:27,138
is not part
of people's consciousness.
320
00:20:27,269 --> 00:20:28,879
Instead of building
a memorial here,
321
00:20:29,010 --> 00:20:31,708
they built a golf course.
322
00:20:31,839 --> 00:20:36,626
♪
323
00:20:36,757 --> 00:20:37,845
[bird caws]
324
00:20:37,975 --> 00:20:42,850
♪
325
00:20:42,980 --> 00:20:45,200
After navigating
the jungle creek successfully,
326
00:20:45,331 --> 00:20:47,724
we're now deep
in rural Suriname,
327
00:20:47,855 --> 00:20:50,074
halfway to the mouth
of the Maroni River
328
00:20:50,205 --> 00:20:54,253
where we will search for
the location of "The Leusden."
329
00:20:54,383 --> 00:20:57,038
Our next stop is
a small town called Albina.
330
00:20:57,168 --> 00:20:59,170
Here we're meeting
Dr. Balai's colleagues
331
00:20:59,301 --> 00:21:00,365
who will take us
to the river mouth
332
00:21:00,389 --> 00:21:02,696
and help us
in the search process.
333
00:21:02,826 --> 00:21:05,742
Hi. How are you?
This is Jerzy Gawronski.
334
00:21:05,873 --> 00:21:07,831
Long time no see.
335
00:21:07,962 --> 00:21:08,789
Kramer, nice to meet you.
336
00:21:08,919 --> 00:21:10,834
I am the archeologist.
337
00:21:10,965 --> 00:21:11,985
"The Leusden,"
it is somewhere out there
338
00:21:12,009 --> 00:21:13,248
by the mouth of
the Maroni River,
339
00:21:13,272 --> 00:21:15,883
so I invite you aboard,
and let's find it.
340
00:21:16,013 --> 00:21:17,276
- Awesome.
- Okay, let's.
341
00:21:22,629 --> 00:21:28,069
♪
342
00:21:28,199 --> 00:21:30,158
Archeologist Jerzy Gawronski
343
00:21:30,289 --> 00:21:32,943
and marine expert Steve Moore
344
00:21:33,074 --> 00:21:36,295
have spent years
researching with Dr. Balai.
345
00:21:36,425 --> 00:21:38,775
Now we're joining them
in their efforts
346
00:21:38,906 --> 00:21:41,082
to pinpoint the location
of the shipwreck
347
00:21:41,212 --> 00:21:43,867
and expose the story
to the world.
348
00:21:43,998 --> 00:21:51,998
♪
349
00:21:59,970 --> 00:22:01,276
With these historical maps
350
00:22:01,407 --> 00:22:02,427
together with
the crew's testimony,
351
00:22:02,451 --> 00:22:05,759
we were able to identify
several target areas
352
00:22:05,889 --> 00:22:07,369
for the wreck of "The Leusden."
353
00:22:07,500 --> 00:22:13,114
The ship arrives here around
the 30th of December, 1737.
354
00:22:13,244 --> 00:22:15,812
They described that they
followed the coast
355
00:22:15,943 --> 00:22:18,293
from the east,
and then early morning
356
00:22:18,424 --> 00:22:21,122
on the 1st of January,
they saw a river mouth.
357
00:22:26,127 --> 00:22:30,044
There was very heavy rain,
like a wall of water,
358
00:22:30,174 --> 00:22:31,828
very heavy winds.
359
00:22:31,959 --> 00:22:34,831
[gulls chirping]
360
00:22:34,962 --> 00:22:37,486
And then in the fog,
they saw the corner of land.
361
00:22:37,617 --> 00:22:38,966
They hit a sandbank...
362
00:22:39,096 --> 00:22:42,099
[screaming]
363
00:22:42,230 --> 00:22:43,971
...and got stuck,
364
00:22:44,101 --> 00:22:45,775
they lost the rudder, and there
was a big, massive hole.
365
00:22:45,799 --> 00:22:49,411
[screaming]
366
00:22:49,542 --> 00:22:52,022
And at that point they knew
there was no saving the ship.
367
00:22:52,153 --> 00:22:53,763
They called it
already in the account
368
00:22:53,894 --> 00:22:55,374
they called it a "wreck."
369
00:22:55,504 --> 00:22:57,221
They called the ship not
anymore "the ship,"
370
00:22:57,245 --> 00:22:59,334
but they called it "the wreck."
371
00:22:59,465 --> 00:23:01,162
In order to get
an idea what happened,
372
00:23:01,292 --> 00:23:03,382
we also have a map
from that period.
373
00:23:03,512 --> 00:23:06,254
This is a map from 1777
indicating more or less
374
00:23:06,385 --> 00:23:08,822
the situation
during the wreckage.
375
00:23:08,952 --> 00:23:11,346
And you see a number
of sandbanks.
376
00:23:11,477 --> 00:23:14,958
And on one of these sandbanks,
the ship must be stuck.
377
00:23:15,089 --> 00:23:17,787
Jerzy, I'm wondering
with the silt
378
00:23:17,918 --> 00:23:19,267
and the currents going through,
379
00:23:19,398 --> 00:23:21,617
how that's going
to affect the dive.
380
00:23:21,748 --> 00:23:23,924
Well, in these circumstances
the visibility
381
00:23:24,054 --> 00:23:26,883
is reduced sometimes
to zero because of the presence
382
00:23:27,014 --> 00:23:29,843
of all this silt
floating in the water.
383
00:23:29,973 --> 00:23:31,322
But let's hope for the best.
384
00:23:31,453 --> 00:23:33,368
So we won't know until
we get out there, huh?
385
00:23:33,499 --> 00:23:34,238
No, and it can change
day by day.
386
00:23:34,369 --> 00:23:38,286
[seabirds calling]
387
00:23:38,417 --> 00:23:40,419
This river mouth is huge.
388
00:23:40,549 --> 00:23:43,770
It's over three miles wide,
so the first step
389
00:23:43,900 --> 00:23:47,121
in pinpointing the shipwreck
is to scan the possible targets
390
00:23:47,251 --> 00:23:49,689
on the riverbed with
a specialized metal detector.
391
00:23:49,819 --> 00:23:51,865
♪
392
00:23:51,995 --> 00:23:56,478
[splash]
393
00:23:56,609 --> 00:23:59,089
The mission now is to find
a trail of metallic debris.
394
00:24:12,581 --> 00:24:15,802
We go back and forth
over the square mile
395
00:24:15,932 --> 00:24:19,109
we've targeted as the last
resting place of "The Leusden."
396
00:24:19,240 --> 00:24:23,287
♪
397
00:24:23,418 --> 00:24:24,724
The work takes days.
398
00:24:24,854 --> 00:24:32,854
♪
399
00:24:33,515 --> 00:24:34,255
There has never been
much shipping activity
400
00:24:34,385 --> 00:24:36,387
in these waters.
401
00:24:36,518 --> 00:24:39,347
So if we find any sign of metal,
402
00:24:39,478 --> 00:24:41,828
that would strengthen our theory
that this is the site
403
00:24:41,958 --> 00:24:43,351
of the underwater wreck.
404
00:24:43,482 --> 00:24:46,833
[speaking native language]
405
00:24:46,963 --> 00:24:49,879
"The Leusden" is so important
for the history of slave trade.
406
00:24:50,010 --> 00:24:51,533
We have to find it.
407
00:24:51,664 --> 00:24:54,797
After five days we still
haven't picked up any signals.
408
00:24:54,928 --> 00:25:01,891
♪
409
00:25:02,022 --> 00:25:03,414
But then, suddenly...
410
00:25:03,545 --> 00:25:05,001
Yeah, we're coming
to the end of that line,
411
00:25:05,025 --> 00:25:06,853
I think we got something.
412
00:25:06,983 --> 00:25:08,047
- Yes, there's something there.
- Yeah, yeah, definitely.
413
00:25:08,071 --> 00:25:09,351
We are seeing some
sort of target
414
00:25:09,420 --> 00:25:10,944
or something magnetic
down there.
415
00:25:11,074 --> 00:25:12,434
We need to pull it in,
have a look.
416
00:25:12,467 --> 00:25:15,252
There's finally a lead,
417
00:25:15,383 --> 00:25:17,298
and we stop to
verify the target.
418
00:25:17,428 --> 00:25:20,606
Almost 300 years
after the disaster,
419
00:25:20,736 --> 00:25:23,522
fingers crossed, we may be
floating right over the wreck.
420
00:25:23,652 --> 00:25:28,527
♪
421
00:25:28,657 --> 00:25:31,530
From a small business
in the town of Lagos, Portugal,
422
00:25:31,660 --> 00:25:34,968
the slave trade
became a worldwide industry,
423
00:25:35,098 --> 00:25:38,275
creating cities
like Rio de Janeiro.
424
00:25:38,406 --> 00:25:43,367
♪
425
00:25:43,498 --> 00:25:47,328
4% of the enslaved were
brought to North America.
426
00:25:47,458 --> 00:25:51,114
The Caribbean received 36%,
427
00:25:51,245 --> 00:25:54,335
14% went to Spanish America
428
00:25:54,465 --> 00:25:59,470
and 46% of the total
came to Brazil.
429
00:25:59,601 --> 00:26:02,343
During construction
for the 2016 Olympic Games,
430
00:26:02,473 --> 00:26:04,519
old ruins were discovered here,
431
00:26:04,650 --> 00:26:06,956
unveiling one
of the darkest parts
432
00:26:07,087 --> 00:26:09,611
of Rio De Janeiro's past.
433
00:26:09,742 --> 00:26:11,458
[SADAKNE] This is called the
"Valongo," and this dates back
434
00:26:11,482 --> 00:26:14,094
about 200 years.
435
00:26:14,224 --> 00:26:17,401
And the thing that might
shock you to imagine
436
00:26:17,532 --> 00:26:20,448
is that this is a wharf,
437
00:26:20,579 --> 00:26:24,495
so the water actually came
all the way up to here.
438
00:26:24,626 --> 00:26:27,107
So, if we had been standing here
200 years ago,
439
00:26:27,237 --> 00:26:29,500
what would we have seen
happening here in this wharf?
440
00:26:29,631 --> 00:26:34,288
The Valongo was a port
logistics infrastructure
441
00:26:34,418 --> 00:26:35,550
for human traffic.
442
00:26:35,681 --> 00:26:38,422
If we were standing here
200 years ago,
443
00:26:38,553 --> 00:26:41,948
we would have been
deemed fit for market.
444
00:26:42,078 --> 00:26:44,341
At that time,
445
00:26:44,472 --> 00:26:48,519
half of Rio De Janeiro's
population was enslaved.
446
00:26:48,650 --> 00:26:50,826
And you could come
to the Valongo
447
00:26:50,957 --> 00:26:54,134
and you could buy
enslaved Africans by weight.
448
00:26:54,264 --> 00:26:55,570
Give me a sense of the scale.
449
00:26:55,701 --> 00:26:58,268
How many people
were brought here?
450
00:26:58,399 --> 00:27:00,401
We're talking
three to four million
451
00:27:00,531 --> 00:27:03,578
stolen Africans
over hundreds of years.
452
00:27:03,709 --> 00:27:06,494
We are actually
looking at the site
453
00:27:06,625 --> 00:27:09,453
of one of the greatest
crimes of humanity.
454
00:27:09,584 --> 00:27:13,370
In all of history.
In all of human history.
455
00:27:13,501 --> 00:27:14,541
And just like in Portugal,
456
00:27:14,589 --> 00:27:17,766
the enslaved who
were not of use anymore
457
00:27:17,897 --> 00:27:19,159
were simply discarded.
458
00:27:20,987 --> 00:27:23,946
In 1996, a young couple
bought this house,
459
00:27:24,077 --> 00:27:26,142
and they started to dig up
in the back to do some, uh,
460
00:27:26,166 --> 00:27:27,341
improvements on the property.
461
00:27:27,471 --> 00:27:29,038
And up came bones.
462
00:27:29,169 --> 00:27:30,474
Bones?
463
00:27:30,605 --> 00:27:32,868
And then more bones,
and then more bones.
464
00:27:32,999 --> 00:27:35,392
This is the cemetery
of "The New Blacks."
465
00:27:35,523 --> 00:27:39,396
♪
466
00:27:39,527 --> 00:27:41,964
Why does it have that name?
467
00:27:42,095 --> 00:27:44,750
The New Blacks was a category
of enslaved Africans.
468
00:27:44,880 --> 00:27:47,448
This described the Africans who
were what we might think of
469
00:27:47,578 --> 00:27:49,363
as "fresh off the boat."
470
00:27:49,493 --> 00:27:51,539
These are the newly arrived.
471
00:27:51,670 --> 00:27:57,197
These are the people
who barely survived the passage.
472
00:27:57,327 --> 00:28:00,243
We're looking at something
incredibly harrowing to see.
473
00:28:00,374 --> 00:28:02,637
This is someone
who was enslaved,
474
00:28:02,768 --> 00:28:04,595
who was a young woman
around 20 years of age.
475
00:28:04,726 --> 00:28:07,555
Initially,
there was an intention
476
00:28:07,686 --> 00:28:10,471
to have a proper cemetery
with individual graves,
477
00:28:10,601 --> 00:28:13,604
and very quickly,
this got out of hand.
478
00:28:13,735 --> 00:28:16,172
And this place turned
into a mass grave
479
00:28:16,303 --> 00:28:20,437
where bodies were just
thrown into this area.
480
00:28:20,568 --> 00:28:22,439
And then the residents
of Rio De Janeiro,
481
00:28:22,570 --> 00:28:24,920
they began to throw their trash.
482
00:28:25,051 --> 00:28:27,357
And then when the smell
would get so bad,
483
00:28:27,488 --> 00:28:29,620
they'd light it on fire
and burn it all down,
484
00:28:29,751 --> 00:28:32,362
and then start
the process again.
485
00:28:32,493 --> 00:28:36,453
Do we know how many Africans
were disposed of
486
00:28:36,584 --> 00:28:41,371
in this incredibly inhumane way,
in this cemetery here?
487
00:28:41,502 --> 00:28:43,112
At least 30,000.
488
00:28:43,243 --> 00:28:47,464
♪
489
00:28:47,595 --> 00:28:52,556
♪
490
00:28:52,687 --> 00:28:54,080
In the target area,
491
00:28:54,210 --> 00:28:55,603
Steve and Jerzy
492
00:28:55,734 --> 00:28:57,736
have managed to identify
a set of coordinates
493
00:28:57,866 --> 00:29:02,392
as the potential location
for the wreck of "The Leusden."
494
00:29:02,523 --> 00:29:04,655
We can see here
the target we just got.
495
00:29:04,786 --> 00:29:06,570
There's two passes
here, identical.
496
00:29:06,701 --> 00:29:09,660
So that is a definite hit...
497
00:29:09,791 --> 00:29:12,359
- Oh, wow, okay.
- ...and we've done it twice.
498
00:29:12,489 --> 00:29:14,404
- Is that still there?
- Yeah.
499
00:29:14,535 --> 00:29:15,536
That's incredible.
500
00:29:15,666 --> 00:29:17,320
I don't want
to get ahead of myself,
501
00:29:17,451 --> 00:29:18,731
but we do know
that "The Leusden"
502
00:29:18,757 --> 00:29:21,542
dropped more than one anchor,
503
00:29:21,672 --> 00:29:25,372
and it was carrying
a number of cannons.
504
00:29:25,502 --> 00:29:27,417
That's definitely
something iron,
505
00:29:27,548 --> 00:29:31,770
either an anchor, a few cannons,
a cluster of shackles.
506
00:29:31,900 --> 00:29:34,685
It could be something
really big and really deep
507
00:29:34,816 --> 00:29:36,663
or it could be something not so
big just under the surface.
508
00:29:36,687 --> 00:29:38,646
Ah... okay, got it.
509
00:29:38,777 --> 00:29:40,624
So we're in the right place.
We have the right substance.
510
00:29:40,648 --> 00:29:42,800
Yes, the right target, the right
signal, the right everything.
511
00:29:42,824 --> 00:29:44,104
- Awesome.
- Everything is right.
512
00:29:44,130 --> 00:29:47,220
♪
513
00:29:47,350 --> 00:29:49,613
Finally,
we have a definite target,
514
00:29:49,744 --> 00:29:52,181
and it's time to dive
and see if we can find it.
515
00:29:52,312 --> 00:29:55,750
♪
516
00:29:55,881 --> 00:29:58,361
As the senior diver
on the expedition,
517
00:29:58,492 --> 00:29:59,623
Kramer will go down first.
518
00:29:59,754 --> 00:30:01,408
It's incredibly dangerous.
519
00:30:01,538 --> 00:30:03,758
He has to try and overcome
strong currents,
520
00:30:03,889 --> 00:30:06,761
low visibility
and venomous stingrays
521
00:30:06,892 --> 00:30:09,720
that feed on the bottom
of the riverbed.
522
00:30:09,851 --> 00:30:11,873
Do you still want to put your
jacket on in the water or...?
523
00:30:11,897 --> 00:30:14,464
During the dive, there will be
no direct communication
524
00:30:14,595 --> 00:30:16,510
between Kramer and us.
525
00:30:16,640 --> 00:30:20,470
So, a rope is attached to him
and in case of an emergency,
526
00:30:20,601 --> 00:30:21,601
we can pull him up.
527
00:30:21,645 --> 00:30:25,432
[indistinct conversations]
528
00:30:25,562 --> 00:30:27,608
- Have you got a hand?
- Yeah. What?
529
00:30:27,738 --> 00:30:29,523
- Pieces are coming off.
- You good?
530
00:30:29,653 --> 00:30:30,805
- You're gonna lock it down.
- I've got it.
531
00:30:30,829 --> 00:30:34,223
It's just me, but it's not.
532
00:30:34,354 --> 00:30:36,791
♪
533
00:30:36,922 --> 00:30:39,663
I'm sensing the souls
of 600-plus,
534
00:30:39,794 --> 00:30:41,752
and I want to find them.
535
00:30:41,883 --> 00:30:44,016
Kramer,
just go over the signals.
536
00:30:44,146 --> 00:30:45,669
One long pull,
return the signal,
537
00:30:45,800 --> 00:30:47,976
"I'm okay. Are you okay?"
538
00:30:48,107 --> 00:30:50,283
Two: "I am coming up."
539
00:30:50,413 --> 00:30:52,589
Or, four:
"There's a problem come up"
540
00:30:52,720 --> 00:30:54,809
or "we have a problem come up."
541
00:30:54,940 --> 00:30:59,596
I want to be able to come up
and say yes, they're here.
542
00:31:02,077 --> 00:31:07,213
We've found them. We've done
what Dr. Balai called us for...
543
00:31:07,343 --> 00:31:10,042
♪
544
00:31:10,172 --> 00:31:13,697
...to try and give them peace
545
00:31:13,828 --> 00:31:17,223
and hopefully, on some level,
a proper burial.
546
00:31:22,097 --> 00:31:27,363
The currents are really strong,
and the water is super murky.
547
00:31:27,494 --> 00:31:29,713
This makes it much more
difficult for Kramer
548
00:31:29,844 --> 00:31:31,454
and dangerous.
549
00:31:31,585 --> 00:31:32,705
It'll be really hard to spot
550
00:31:32,803 --> 00:31:34,457
those venomous stingrays
down there.
551
00:31:34,588 --> 00:31:36,590
Kramer this is for sweeping
on the bottom
552
00:31:36,720 --> 00:31:38,635
for any stingrays, yeah?
553
00:31:38,766 --> 00:31:40,550
Good luck!
554
00:31:40,681 --> 00:31:48,681
♪
555
00:31:55,696 --> 00:31:59,178
[breathing through tank]
556
00:32:37,303 --> 00:32:42,525
♪
557
00:32:42,656 --> 00:32:43,657
[thunderclap]
558
00:32:47,269 --> 00:32:49,445
"The Leusden" had hit a sandbank
559
00:32:49,576 --> 00:32:50,857
and was sinking
in the river mouth.
560
00:32:50,881 --> 00:32:54,798
[screaming]
561
00:32:54,929 --> 00:32:59,325
At that moment, the captain
made a fateful decision.
562
00:32:59,455 --> 00:33:03,416
[screaming]
563
00:33:03,546 --> 00:33:05,766
[hammering]
564
00:33:05,896 --> 00:33:09,944
[screaming]
565
00:33:10,075 --> 00:33:13,817
What he did was
to tell the sailors
566
00:33:13,948 --> 00:33:15,602
to nail down the hatches.
567
00:33:15,732 --> 00:33:21,608
[screaming]
568
00:33:21,738 --> 00:33:24,872
[screaming]
569
00:33:25,003 --> 00:33:27,614
He decided at that moment
570
00:33:27,744 --> 00:33:32,010
to murder 664 human beings.
571
00:33:33,881 --> 00:33:36,710
The sailors sat on
the hatches all night.
572
00:33:36,840 --> 00:33:39,669
[all screaming]
573
00:33:44,065 --> 00:33:49,418
By morning, all the Africans
below deck were dead,
574
00:33:49,549 --> 00:33:51,725
drowned in shallow waters.
575
00:33:51,855 --> 00:33:54,597
Then the captain and crew
took the lifeboats
576
00:33:54,728 --> 00:33:56,686
and made it to shore.
577
00:33:59,776 --> 00:34:01,474
There he is.
He's on the surface.
578
00:34:01,604 --> 00:34:03,650
Coming around.
579
00:34:03,780 --> 00:34:11,780
♪
580
00:34:11,919 --> 00:34:13,616
- You all right, Kramer?
- Yeah.
581
00:34:13,747 --> 00:34:15,966
How was it?
582
00:34:16,097 --> 00:34:18,230
- All blacked out.
- Completely black?
583
00:34:18,360 --> 00:34:19,753
- Yeah.
- Can't see a thing?
584
00:34:19,883 --> 00:34:21,494
Can't... Can't see
a thing down there.
585
00:34:21,624 --> 00:34:23,539
♪
586
00:34:23,670 --> 00:34:24,975
I was feeling around
587
00:34:25,106 --> 00:34:27,761
to see if I could
feel something down there.
588
00:34:27,891 --> 00:34:29,850
Really didn't feel
anything, right?
589
00:34:29,980 --> 00:34:33,332
But... Yeah, just sandy and black.
590
00:34:33,462 --> 00:34:34,942
♪
591
00:34:35,073 --> 00:34:36,900
This is a murder scene,
592
00:34:37,031 --> 00:34:40,295
and the souls of over
600 Africans are down there.
593
00:34:40,426 --> 00:34:45,518
So, on some level,
you want to feel like
594
00:34:45,648 --> 00:34:47,737
you can hear them
calling to you, right?
595
00:34:47,868 --> 00:34:50,566
Um...
596
00:34:50,697 --> 00:34:56,094
But... it was just silence.
Dead silence.
597
00:35:02,100 --> 00:35:05,059
Diving conditions
are unlikely to get any better.
598
00:35:05,190 --> 00:35:08,193
Dredging is now
the only remaining option.
599
00:35:08,323 --> 00:35:11,587
And if we're in the right spot
that would involve bringing up
600
00:35:11,718 --> 00:35:13,087
the bones of the dead
from the river bottom.
601
00:35:13,111 --> 00:35:16,070
[indistinct conversation]
602
00:35:16,201 --> 00:35:20,335
We know that most likely,
directly below us
603
00:35:20,466 --> 00:35:23,730
is the final resting place
of 664 people
604
00:35:23,860 --> 00:35:24,731
who were murdered.
605
00:35:24,861 --> 00:35:26,733
♪
606
00:35:26,863 --> 00:35:29,736
We collectively decided
that at this moment,
607
00:35:29,866 --> 00:35:34,132
the best thing to do
is to let the dead rest.
608
00:35:37,178 --> 00:35:40,312
There is one thing that
I can't get out of my head.
609
00:35:40,442 --> 00:35:42,575
Had the Africans been set free
610
00:35:42,705 --> 00:35:44,838
to flee into
the surrounding jungle,
611
00:35:44,968 --> 00:35:46,666
would they have survived?
612
00:35:46,796 --> 00:35:51,540
Dr. Balai has one more secret
to share with us.
613
00:35:51,671 --> 00:35:53,716
♪
614
00:35:53,847 --> 00:35:55,022
Lost ships like "The Leusden"
615
00:35:55,153 --> 00:35:58,460
and millions
of Africans who died
616
00:35:58,591 --> 00:36:01,985
didn't prevent the slave trade
from gaining momentum.
617
00:36:02,116 --> 00:36:05,728
There was simply too much money
to be made.
618
00:36:05,859 --> 00:36:10,472
Bristol was literally built on
the backs of enslaved Africans.
619
00:36:10,603 --> 00:36:13,693
[MARK] So, this is the key site
and all the warehouses
620
00:36:13,823 --> 00:36:15,085
down the side here.
621
00:36:15,216 --> 00:36:17,044
In fact, that one
still survives today.
622
00:36:17,175 --> 00:36:20,090
There's the church
on the horizon.
623
00:36:20,221 --> 00:36:22,136
It gives you an idea
of what life is like.
624
00:36:22,267 --> 00:36:25,183
The cranes,
the forest of ships' masts.
625
00:36:25,313 --> 00:36:28,011
Can you give me a sense
of the numbers of slaves
626
00:36:28,142 --> 00:36:30,753
that were actually
carried on ships
627
00:36:30,884 --> 00:36:32,102
built right here in Bristol?
628
00:36:32,233 --> 00:36:33,471
Well, we're talking
up to 2,000 ships
629
00:36:33,495 --> 00:36:35,105
would have left this very spot.
630
00:36:35,236 --> 00:36:39,501
And around 600,000
people were bought
631
00:36:39,632 --> 00:36:42,852
into slavery by Bristol
merchants on Bristol ships.
632
00:36:42,983 --> 00:36:45,115
♪
633
00:36:45,246 --> 00:36:48,162
I can't help but notice one name
634
00:36:48,293 --> 00:36:52,166
seems to be absolutely prevalent
in this part of the city.
635
00:36:52,297 --> 00:36:55,909
The name Edward Colston
is literally everywhere.
636
00:36:56,039 --> 00:37:00,348
He is kind of one of the revered
father figures of Bristol
637
00:37:00,479 --> 00:37:02,176
and is remembered as one
638
00:37:02,307 --> 00:37:04,613
of the great benefactors
of charities,
639
00:37:04,744 --> 00:37:06,920
hospitals, and schools.
640
00:37:07,050 --> 00:37:08,158
But his early career
was involved
641
00:37:08,182 --> 00:37:11,185
with the Royal African Company
642
00:37:11,316 --> 00:37:14,057
that was set up
to trade with Africa
643
00:37:14,188 --> 00:37:18,236
in ivory and in gold
and in slaves.
644
00:37:18,366 --> 00:37:20,716
♪
645
00:37:20,847 --> 00:37:22,520
What do you see when you
look up at this statue?
646
00:37:22,544 --> 00:37:24,851
Well, I see one of Bristol's,
647
00:37:24,981 --> 00:37:27,201
I suppose favorite,
honored sons, Edward Colston,
648
00:37:27,332 --> 00:37:30,900
who represents a period
in Bristol's history.
649
00:37:31,031 --> 00:37:33,033
I think we should have
a much wider narrative
650
00:37:33,163 --> 00:37:35,557
around who he is and what he did
651
00:37:35,688 --> 00:37:38,256
and a better understanding
of who Edward Colston is.
652
00:38:36,488 --> 00:38:38,838
[SAM] In many cases,
when slave ships went down
653
00:38:38,968 --> 00:38:40,318
no money was lost.
654
00:38:40,448 --> 00:38:42,972
The ship's owner would
make an insurance claim
655
00:38:43,103 --> 00:38:45,323
for the murdered Africans.
656
00:38:45,453 --> 00:38:49,065
But the economics of
the system began to unravel
657
00:38:49,196 --> 00:38:52,678
with the British
slaver "The Zong."
658
00:38:52,808 --> 00:38:58,118
The crew of that ship claimed
that in November of 1781,
659
00:38:58,248 --> 00:39:00,338
supplies onboard were
running dangerously low.
660
00:39:00,468 --> 00:39:08,468
♪
661
00:39:08,824 --> 00:39:16,824
[shouting]
662
00:39:17,833 --> 00:39:19,095
[whip cracks]
663
00:39:19,226 --> 00:39:24,144
[shouting]
664
00:39:24,274 --> 00:39:26,102
[blow lands]
665
00:39:26,233 --> 00:39:28,104
[shouting]
666
00:39:28,235 --> 00:39:33,022
♪
667
00:39:33,153 --> 00:39:37,766
So they threw more than
130 Africans overboard
668
00:39:37,897 --> 00:39:39,115
to lighten the load.
669
00:39:39,246 --> 00:39:41,640
♪
670
00:39:41,770 --> 00:39:44,860
These massacres were not
unusual on slave ships.
671
00:39:44,991 --> 00:39:47,254
What was unusual this time
672
00:39:47,385 --> 00:39:51,389
was that the insurance
company refused to pay.
673
00:39:51,519 --> 00:39:53,129
♪
674
00:39:53,260 --> 00:39:55,393
And the case went to court.
675
00:39:55,523 --> 00:39:57,264
♪
676
00:39:57,395 --> 00:40:00,093
We're here to look at
the original trial documents.
677
00:40:00,223 --> 00:40:03,444
♪
678
00:40:03,575 --> 00:40:06,186
[JAMES] What I've dug out here
is an extraordinary document.
679
00:40:06,316 --> 00:40:08,971
It is the report
of the court case,
680
00:40:09,102 --> 00:40:12,801
1783 of the infamous Zong case.
681
00:40:12,932 --> 00:40:15,891
♪
682
00:40:16,022 --> 00:40:19,068
These slaves,
valued at 30 pounds a man.
683
00:40:19,199 --> 00:40:22,985
They threw over
this part of "the cargo."
684
00:40:23,116 --> 00:40:27,163
"The case of
the slaves was the same
685
00:40:27,294 --> 00:40:30,166
as if horses had been
thrown overboard."
686
00:40:33,300 --> 00:40:35,998
This is just one case that
illustrates a huge industry.
687
00:40:36,129 --> 00:40:37,826
Usually, I guess prior to that,
688
00:40:37,957 --> 00:40:39,219
you make a claim they paid it.
689
00:40:39,349 --> 00:40:40,414
- Yeah.
- It was that simple.
690
00:40:40,438 --> 00:40:42,004
And the court
had to make a decision:
691
00:40:42,135 --> 00:40:43,215
do the insurers pay or not?
692
00:40:43,266 --> 00:40:47,357
♪
693
00:40:47,488 --> 00:40:51,405
The matter left to the jury is
whether it was from "necessity."
694
00:40:51,536 --> 00:40:52,275
They said the reason we are
throwing them overboard:
695
00:40:52,406 --> 00:40:53,886
there isn't enough water.
696
00:40:54,016 --> 00:40:55,278
There was a navigational error.
697
00:40:55,409 --> 00:40:57,249
They'd overshot Jamaica.
They ran out of water.
698
00:40:57,367 --> 00:40:58,519
Said they were running
out of water...
699
00:40:58,543 --> 00:41:00,370
Said they were
running out of water.
700
00:41:00,501 --> 00:41:01,522
...but the evidence proved
there was still enough water
701
00:41:01,546 --> 00:41:06,507
to sustain the crew
and the cargo.
702
00:41:06,638 --> 00:41:09,075
There clearly was water.
So that argument falls flat.
703
00:41:09,205 --> 00:41:11,077
And what happened in the hearing
704
00:41:11,207 --> 00:41:14,254
is the bad guys lost,
so to speak.
705
00:41:14,384 --> 00:41:16,169
They wanted money
for murdering people,
706
00:41:16,299 --> 00:41:17,494
and they didn't get the money,
707
00:41:17,518 --> 00:41:19,999
but they didn't lose
on morality.
708
00:41:20,129 --> 00:41:21,000
They lost on a technicality.
709
00:41:21,130 --> 00:41:22,697
It was a technicality.
710
00:41:22,828 --> 00:41:23,568
That was what the case
was about, isn't it?
711
00:41:23,698 --> 00:41:25,352
It is about legal
technicalities.
712
00:41:25,483 --> 00:41:28,224
Are the murders covered
by the insurance policy?
713
00:41:28,355 --> 00:41:30,139
Morality in this is
actually out the window.
714
00:41:30,270 --> 00:41:32,141
There's no sense that
this is a moral debate.
715
00:41:34,317 --> 00:41:36,406
The judge is Lord Mansfield.
716
00:41:36,537 --> 00:41:38,713
The judge is Lord Mansfield,
the Lord Chief Justice.
717
00:41:38,844 --> 00:41:41,847
Held up as the great
architect of maritime law
718
00:41:41,977 --> 00:41:43,457
in 18th century.
719
00:41:43,588 --> 00:41:46,242
He rules against
the owners of the ship,
720
00:41:46,373 --> 00:41:48,810
but these guys don't
get tried for murder.
721
00:41:48,941 --> 00:41:50,396
He knows that if he makes
a moral judgment about slavery
722
00:41:50,420 --> 00:41:52,553
and the slave trade,
723
00:41:52,684 --> 00:41:55,164
and if he said there's
something dubious about this,
724
00:41:55,295 --> 00:41:57,142
he knows that begins to unravel
the whole economics
725
00:41:57,166 --> 00:41:59,038
of the Atlantic slave system.
726
00:41:59,168 --> 00:42:02,302
So this Lord Mansfield just
did it all on a technicality.
727
00:42:02,432 --> 00:42:03,172
He didn't really care.
728
00:42:03,303 --> 00:42:05,131
No, maybe not.
729
00:42:05,261 --> 00:42:08,264
Let me show you something
that might shed a new light
730
00:42:08,395 --> 00:42:10,440
on Lord Mansfield
731
00:42:10,571 --> 00:42:13,313
in terms of what this is
and what happened at the time.
732
00:42:13,443 --> 00:42:16,316
Oh, hey, guys!
733
00:42:16,446 --> 00:42:18,100
Introducing...
734
00:42:18,231 --> 00:42:21,539
- Ahh.
- ...Dido Elizabeth Bell.
735
00:42:21,669 --> 00:42:27,370
♪
736
00:42:27,501 --> 00:42:30,156
She's the daughter of
Lord Mansfield's nephew,
737
00:42:30,286 --> 00:42:34,290
and he brought her to live
in Lord Mansfield's house.
738
00:42:34,421 --> 00:42:37,163
She was raised
with his daughter,
739
00:42:37,293 --> 00:42:40,558
supposedly, as equals.
740
00:42:40,688 --> 00:42:44,474
Either way, the question
is whether having her
741
00:42:44,605 --> 00:42:48,478
in that household colored
Lord Mansfield's...
742
00:42:48,609 --> 00:42:50,089
- Judgment.
- ...judicial action.
743
00:42:50,219 --> 00:42:51,569
Well, I did not expect this.
744
00:42:51,699 --> 00:42:53,658
A picture like this,
a painting like this
745
00:42:53,788 --> 00:42:55,398
in those days,
746
00:42:55,529 --> 00:42:56,550
putting them
on an equal footing.
747
00:42:56,574 --> 00:42:58,401
We do know that when he died,
748
00:42:58,532 --> 00:43:00,490
he left her an equal share
of his estate.
749
00:43:00,621 --> 00:43:02,580
But at the same time,
was she really equal?
750
00:43:02,710 --> 00:43:06,192
She's got the tropical fruit
that was very common
751
00:43:06,322 --> 00:43:09,456
as an accessory for African
servants in paintings
752
00:43:09,587 --> 00:43:10,738
belonging to the aristocracy.
- Oh, really?
753
00:43:10,762 --> 00:43:14,026
She's got the turban.
It says, "I'm exotic."
754
00:43:14,156 --> 00:43:15,699
She's got
the big South Sea pearls though.
755
00:43:15,723 --> 00:43:17,092
She has the pearls and
she's dressed in fine clothes.
756
00:43:17,116 --> 00:43:18,596
Yeah.
757
00:43:18,726 --> 00:43:20,574
So I feel like this painting
conveys the ambivalence
758
00:43:20,598 --> 00:43:22,904
of her status at the time.
759
00:43:24,514 --> 00:43:29,215
I was angry at
Lord Mansfield for ruling
760
00:43:29,345 --> 00:43:31,609
for the good guys
but on a technicality.
761
00:43:31,739 --> 00:43:34,481
Now you think he's a good guy
because he had a Black girl
762
00:43:34,612 --> 00:43:36,198
living in his house?
- It's not just a Black girl.
763
00:43:36,222 --> 00:43:37,919
It's family. - Okay.
764
00:43:38,050 --> 00:43:39,723
He's leaving money,
and that puts me into his mind,
765
00:43:39,747 --> 00:43:42,663
and I'm thinking whoa,
maybe at that time,
766
00:43:42,794 --> 00:43:46,580
the only thing he could do
is find on a technicality.
767
00:43:46,711 --> 00:43:49,539
This reveals his soul,
and at the end of the day,
768
00:43:49,670 --> 00:43:54,283
the fact is
that he just made a ruling
769
00:43:54,414 --> 00:43:56,494
that was the beginning of
the end of the slave trade.
770
00:43:56,546 --> 00:43:59,854
Most of the time
we don't hear the voices
771
00:43:59,985 --> 00:44:02,465
of the African people,
of Black people,
772
00:44:02,596 --> 00:44:04,598
of people who had
a history of enslavement
773
00:44:04,729 --> 00:44:06,818
because they haven't left
written records.
774
00:44:06,948 --> 00:44:09,124
All we have to go by
is paintings
775
00:44:09,255 --> 00:44:11,474
that were commissioned
by their white benefactors
776
00:44:11,605 --> 00:44:15,043
or diaries left by
white people who met them.
777
00:44:15,174 --> 00:44:16,523
- Right.
- I would love to know
778
00:44:16,654 --> 00:44:19,352
what Dido's life
was really like.
779
00:44:22,485 --> 00:44:27,360
♪
780
00:44:40,460 --> 00:44:43,332
There's something more
I want to show you.
781
00:44:43,463 --> 00:44:46,466
We are going out to
a place called Akalikondre.
782
00:44:46,596 --> 00:44:50,252
It's a "Maroon" village,
as they call it.
783
00:44:50,383 --> 00:44:52,428
And the Maroons
are escaped slaves.
784
00:44:52,559 --> 00:44:53,386
I call them
"freedom fighters"...
785
00:44:53,516 --> 00:44:55,257
Freedom Fighters.
786
00:44:55,388 --> 00:44:57,303
...because they fought
the plantation owners...
787
00:44:57,433 --> 00:44:58,565
Okay.
788
00:44:58,696 --> 00:44:59,696
...killed them... - Wow.
789
00:44:59,784 --> 00:45:01,960
...went away,
took people with them,
790
00:45:02,090 --> 00:45:06,268
went into the woods
and started new communities.
791
00:45:06,399 --> 00:45:14,399
♪
792
00:45:20,413 --> 00:45:21,564
Do we wait for someone
to meet us?
793
00:45:21,588 --> 00:45:24,199
Yeah.
794
00:45:24,330 --> 00:45:26,636
We're actually going
to meet the descendants
795
00:45:26,767 --> 00:45:29,552
of the escaped slaves
from the plantations
796
00:45:29,683 --> 00:45:31,250
here in Suriname.
797
00:45:31,380 --> 00:45:35,733
♪
798
00:45:52,401 --> 00:46:00,279
[speaking native language]
799
00:46:00,409 --> 00:46:02,542
Kinga.
800
00:46:02,672 --> 00:46:04,500
Kramer.
801
00:46:07,503 --> 00:46:09,157
Hi. Alannah.
802
00:46:09,288 --> 00:46:12,508
♪
803
00:46:12,639 --> 00:46:16,208
The air was just thick
with anticipation.
804
00:46:16,338 --> 00:46:17,992
It was two cultures meeting.
805
00:46:18,123 --> 00:46:19,602
♪
806
00:46:19,733 --> 00:46:22,562
We can walk with them?
807
00:46:22,692 --> 00:46:24,782
Everyone wants to be
on their best behavior,
808
00:46:24,912 --> 00:46:28,524
us especially, for the captain
of that village.
809
00:46:28,655 --> 00:46:31,440
Is that it? Okay, is that it?
810
00:46:31,571 --> 00:46:33,921
- We'll follow them.
- We'll follow them.
811
00:46:34,052 --> 00:46:39,231
[indistinct conversations]
812
00:46:50,372 --> 00:46:53,462
[laughing]
813
00:46:53,593 --> 00:46:59,251
♪
814
00:46:59,381 --> 00:47:00,730
We all sat down kind of stiff.
815
00:47:00,861 --> 00:47:04,256
It was a little awkward
at first.
816
00:47:04,386 --> 00:47:06,649
But then the first thing
the captain did
817
00:47:06,780 --> 00:47:09,478
was say a blessing
and perform a libation.
818
00:47:11,654 --> 00:47:12,694
[speaking native language]
819
00:47:55,133 --> 00:47:56,525
[speaks native language]
820
00:47:56,656 --> 00:48:00,529
♪
821
00:48:00,660 --> 00:48:03,358
The overwhelming thing
that I got from them
822
00:48:03,489 --> 00:48:05,665
was a sense of pride.
823
00:48:05,795 --> 00:48:08,537
They live
a very meager existence,
824
00:48:08,668 --> 00:48:10,365
but they're happy.
825
00:48:10,496 --> 00:48:12,367
They're happy and they're proud.
826
00:48:12,498 --> 00:48:15,718
A very proud people
because they fought
827
00:48:15,849 --> 00:48:16,849
and won their freedom.
828
00:48:16,894 --> 00:48:19,505
Oh, that looks delicious.
829
00:48:19,635 --> 00:48:21,075
This is...
[speaking native language]
830
00:48:21,202 --> 00:48:22,725
- Oh, okay.
- This is Tomtom.
831
00:48:22,856 --> 00:48:24,510
We call it Tomtom.
832
00:48:25,990 --> 00:48:30,342
- Oh, wow.
- It's peanuts with rice.
833
00:48:30,472 --> 00:48:32,692
- Peanuts and rice?
- [laughing]
834
00:48:32,822 --> 00:48:35,825
It smells delicious.
835
00:48:35,956 --> 00:48:39,525
That was a couple
of hundred years ago, right?
836
00:48:39,655 --> 00:48:42,745
But they are aware
of what took place.
837
00:48:42,876 --> 00:48:45,487
Their children are aware
of what took place.
838
00:48:45,618 --> 00:48:47,315
They teach their history.
839
00:48:47,446 --> 00:48:50,144
♪
840
00:48:50,275 --> 00:48:53,669
Yeah, an overwhelming
sense of pride.
841
00:48:53,800 --> 00:48:55,584
♪
842
00:48:55,715 --> 00:48:58,936
It made me feel good
843
00:48:59,066 --> 00:49:03,114
that even in the midst
of all that brutality,
844
00:49:03,244 --> 00:49:05,464
the pride
and the fighting spirit
845
00:49:05,594 --> 00:49:07,335
of African people remained.
846
00:49:07,466 --> 00:49:13,385
♪
847
00:49:13,515 --> 00:49:14,690
Thank you.
848
00:49:27,921 --> 00:49:30,750
Good? Thank you.
849
00:49:33,100 --> 00:49:37,975
♪
850
00:50:09,702 --> 00:50:10,790
Thank you.
851
00:50:12,792 --> 00:50:17,014
I couldn't help
but imagine or wonder,
852
00:50:17,144 --> 00:50:19,799
the African captives
that were on "The Leusden,"
853
00:50:19,929 --> 00:50:21,583
they could have had this life.
854
00:50:21,714 --> 00:50:22,714
♪
855
00:50:22,758 --> 00:50:24,456
What if?
856
00:50:24,586 --> 00:50:26,675
What if they hadn't
been murdered?
857
00:50:26,806 --> 00:50:30,505
And what if they hadn't
nailed down the hatches?
858
00:50:30,636 --> 00:50:34,031
If they hadn't sat on
the hatches to make sure
859
00:50:34,161 --> 00:50:37,686
that they drowned and killed
every last one of them?
860
00:50:37,817 --> 00:50:40,689
They could have
saved themselves.
861
00:50:40,820 --> 00:50:43,692
It could have been just
another Maroon village.
862
00:50:43,823 --> 00:50:48,001
Baisha, do you know
what country in Africa
863
00:50:48,132 --> 00:50:50,743
you're from or where
everybody is from?
864
00:50:50,873 --> 00:50:52,832
[speaking native language]
865
00:50:52,962 --> 00:50:56,662
- They said Ghana.
- Okay.
866
00:50:56,792 --> 00:50:59,534
Ghana is the main place
where they come from.
867
00:50:59,665 --> 00:51:00,927
How do they know?
868
00:51:01,058 --> 00:51:02,885
[speaking native language]
869
00:51:03,016 --> 00:51:06,672
Their ancestors.
From their grandparents.
870
00:51:06,802 --> 00:51:09,631
The other told the other
and so on.
871
00:51:09,762 --> 00:51:11,981
As slaves they come from there.
872
00:51:12,112 --> 00:51:13,853
Baisha, have you
ever been to Africa?
873
00:51:13,983 --> 00:51:15,637
No.
874
00:51:15,768 --> 00:51:17,552
- Do you want to go?
- Yeah.
875
00:51:17,683 --> 00:51:19,511
- Yeah.
- [laughing]
876
00:51:19,641 --> 00:51:21,904
If you did get the chance to go,
877
00:51:22,035 --> 00:51:23,515
would you call that home?
878
00:51:23,645 --> 00:51:24,994
Or is this home?
879
00:51:25,125 --> 00:51:28,955
When we go there,
I come back to here.
880
00:51:29,086 --> 00:51:30,870
- This is home.
- This is home.
881
00:51:31,000 --> 00:51:33,481
This is my home.
882
00:51:35,179 --> 00:51:37,877
- Aw, you guys, this is it!
- Yeah.
883
00:51:38,007 --> 00:51:40,097
Captain, thank you.
884
00:51:40,227 --> 00:51:41,663
♪
885
00:51:41,794 --> 00:51:42,882
[laughing]
886
00:51:43,012 --> 00:51:44,666
[all laugh]
887
00:51:46,451 --> 00:51:51,586
♪
888
00:51:52,979 --> 00:51:54,894
[laughing]
889
00:51:54,918 --> 00:51:57,918
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